Induction Course for new M&E Engineers

19 – 21 May 2014

Cold Water Plumbing Design

Ir. M. Saravanan
Director
Jurutera Perunding Inspirasi Sdn Bhd
COLD WATER PLUMBING DESIGN

1. Rules and Regulations governing Cold Water Plumbing Design

 Local Authority requirements

 British Standards 6700:1987

 Guide to the Water Supply Rules and ‘Panduan Kaedah-Kaedah Bekalan Air’

 Plumbing Engineering Services Design Guide (U.K.)

 ASPE (American Society of Plumbing Engineers)

 CP310:1965 – Water Supply

 SPAN ( Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara), New Water Supply Rules,

Regulations and Uniform Technical Guidelines (UTG).

2. Functions of various Firms and Organisations in Cold Water Design and

Installations

2.1 Owner

(i) Decide on the type of buildings etc., residential apartments, office building,
shopping complex to be built at selected location.

(ii) Allocate budget for cold water plumbing installations and appoint various
consultants for the proposed development.

(iii) Have their own project management team to liaise with all the relevant
consultants.

(iv) Award the contract of supplying, installing, testing and commissioning of cold
water plumbing system to the successful tenderer upon recommendations from
the M&E consultant.

2.2 Architect

(i) Leads a team of consulting engineers in completing the particular project.

(ii) Prepares the complete set of preliminary architectural drawings that includes
proposed locations and sizes of M&E rooms for cold water plumbing services.

(iii) Arrange technical meetings with M&E consultant to finalise the proposed
locations and sizes of M&E rooms, etc., water tanks, pump rooms and plumbing
shafts.

(iv) Prepares final architectural drawings that includes all the relevant cold water
plumbing services requirements.

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2.3 Consultants

2.3.1 Civil and Structural Consultant

(a) Responsible for the design of internal cold water reticulation system

(b) Submits external water reticulation plans to the Local Authority and
obtain approval.

2.3.2 Mechanical and Electrical Consultant

(a) Responsible for the design of internal cold water reticulation system and
material specified for the plumbing system.

(b) Submits internal water reticulation plans to the Local Authority for
record.

(c) Prepares tender drawings, tender document, tender report, construction

drawings and certificate of payment for the supply, installation, testing
and commissioning of cold water plumbing system.

(d) Certifications of the all the inspections and testing on site and that the
plumbing installation has been constructed in accordance with the
submitted plans.

(e) To submit form G5 ( Certificate of Compliance and Completion) CCC

upon the completion of works to local authority.

2.4 Contractor

(i) The nominated contractor will undertake the responsibility of supplying,

installing, testing and commissioning of cold water plumbing system.

(ii) Prepares shop drawings, as-built drawings and operation & maintenance
manual (O/M).

(iii) Arrange for authority inspection upon completion of the installation.

(iv) To appoint the registered plumber( Permit Holder) to supervise and certify that
all the plumbing installation works as been as carried out as per submitted
drawings and as per SPAN requirements.

2.5 Authority

(i) Check the internal cold water reticulation drawings and issue the letter of denial
(Surat penafian).

(ii) Conduct inspection of the completed installation if necessary

(iv) Issue of water meters.

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3. Cold Water System Design for Buildings

3.1 Plumbing Cold Water Terminology

Absolute Pressure : It equals the sum of the gauge pressure and the
atmospheric pressure corresponding to the barometer.

Air test : A test that is applied to the plumbing system upon its
completion, but before the building is plastered.

Ambient temperature : The prevailing temperature in the immediate vicinity or the

temperature of the medium surrounding an object.

Anchor : A device used to fasten or secure pipes to the building or

structure.

Backflow : The flow of water or other liquid, mixtures or substances

into the distributing pipes of a potable supply from any
source or the source other than its intended use.

Black pipes : Steel pipe that has not been galvanised.

Burst pressure : Pressure which can be slowly applied to a valve at room

temperature for 30 sec without causing rupture.

Bushing : A pipe fitting for connecting a pipe with a female fitting of

larger size. It is a hollow plug with internal and external
threads.

Butt weld joint : A welded pipe joint made with the ends of two pipes
butting each other, the weld being around the periphery.

Cavitation : A localised gaseous condition that is found within a liquid

stream.

Companion flange : A pipe flange to connect with another flange or with a

flanged valve or the fitting. It is attached to the pipes by
threads welding or other method and differs from a flange
which is an integral part of a pipe of fitting.

Compression fitting : A fitting designed to a pipe or tube by means of pressure

or friction.

Compression joint : A multi piece joint with cup shaped threads nuts which,
when tightened, compress tapered sleeves so that they
form a tight joint on the periphery of the tubing they
connect.

Coupling : A pipe fitting with female threads only which is used to

connect two pipes in straight line.

Elbow : A fitting that makes an angle between the adjacent pipes.

The angle is 90.

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 Erosion : The gradual destruction of metal or other materials by the
abrasion action of liquids, gas solids or mixtures of these
materials.

Expansion joint : A joint whose primary purpose is to absorb longitudinal

thermal expansion in the pipe line due to heat.

Fitting : The connector or closure for the fluid lines and passages.

Fitting, compression : A fitting which seals and grips by manual adjustable

deformation.
Fitting, flared : A fitting which seals and grips by a performed flared at the
end of the tube.

Fixture unit : A measure of the probable hydraulic demand on the water

(Loading unit) supply by various types of plumbing fixtures. The supply
fixture unit value for particular fixture depends on its
volume rate of supply, on the time duration of a single
supply operation and on the average time between
successive operations.

Flow pressure : The pressure in the water supply pipe near the water
outlet while the faucet or water outlet is fully opened and
flowing.

Potable water : Water which is satisfactory for drinking, culinary and

domestic purposes and meets the requirements of the
health authority having jurisdiction.

Water hammer : The forces, pounding noises and vibration, which develop
in a piping system when a column of non-compressible
liquid flowing in the pipeline at a given pressure and
velocity is stopped abruptly.

3.2 Standards applicable for Cold Water Plumbing System Design

 British Standards 6700:1997

British Standards Specification for design, installation, testing and maintenance of

services supplying water for domestic use within buildings and their curtilages.

3.3 Computation of water demand for various types of building

Three methods of consumption estimate normally practised are:

(i) Based on local water work authority requirements that are normally applied to
housing estates, flats and hotels.& UTG by SPAN

(ii) Based on Rule 224 (Uniform Water Supply Rules).

(iii) Based on actual recording of daily water consumption. This method is applied to
hospitals, expressed in terms of gallons per bed.

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UTG (Uniform technical Guidelines) requires the minimum capacities of the storage
cisterns to be as shown in Table 1 below:

Table 1
Types of building Minimum nominal capacity
Dwelling houses (rural) 800 litres /unit
Low Cost Houses ( Rural and Urban) 800 litres /unit
Dwelling houses and flats with 1300 litres /unit
individual storage (urban)
Multi Storey flats with shared storage 1000 litres/unit
Semi-Detached/Bungalows 1500 litres/unit
Shop house( 1 Storey)/Low Cost Shop 2000 litres/unit
Shop house( Double Storey) 3000 litres/unit
Shop house ( 3 storey) 4100 litres /unit
Shp houses ( 4 storey) 4550 litres/unit

If the capacity of a storage required cannot be obtained from Table 1, it should be

calculated based on the figures given in Table 2 and the number of persons
using/working/residing in the building would be the minimum storage capacity being
equal to the quantity required for one day’s use.

Table 2
Types of building Storage requirement
Offices/Shopping complex/Commercial 1000 litres/100 sq.m
Community centres 1000 litres/100 sq.m
Hotels 270 litres/person
Hostels 180 litres/person
Day schools/kindergarden 30 litres/person
Boarding School 180 litres/person
Educational Institutions( day type) 100 litres/student
Educational Institutions with hostel 250 litres/student
Restaurant 14 litres/person
Hospital 1500 litres/bed
Airport 25 litres/passenger
Wet market 1500 litres/stall
Dry market 450 litres/stall
Light industrial Workshop 1500 litres/unit
Warehouse 1500 litres/unit
Mosque or other places of worship 50 litres /person

When the number of persons using/working/residing in the building in not known, the
capacity of the storage cistern can be estimated from the number of fittings installed
in the building. The storage requirement for each fitting should be as given in Table 3
below:

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 Table 3
Fittings Storage requirement/fitting/day
Shower 450–900 litres
Slipper bath 910 litres
Water closet 180 litres
Lavatory basic 90 litres
Sink 90 litres
Urinal 180 litres
Bed pan washer 180 litres
Wash up sink 225 litres

3.4 Tank sizing method and types of tank available in the market

The total storage capacity of the suction and the storage cistern (elevated tank)
should not be less than that required for one day’s use. Further, the suction cistern
should not hold more than 1/3 the quantity of water for one day’s use nor should the
cistern contain less than the quantity required for one-hour pumping without inflow
into the cistern. Generally, the suction tank contains 1/3 of the total water demand
and the elevated tank contains 2/3 of the total water demand.

Capacity in relating to a cistern means the capacity measured up to the water level
unless otherwise stated and is not a nominal capacity which is the volume calculated
from the overall internal dimension of the cistern. It is to be noted that the effective
tank capacity can be estimated by estimating the effective height as follows:

Effective tank height = nominal tank height - *free board - minimum height above
bottom of tank.

*Free board = clearance above top water level inside the cistern.

The free board level depends on the ballcock valve size:

Ballcock valve mm Free board (mm)

40mm and less 150
50 250
65 300
75 350
100 400

There are several types of tanks available in the market and these are listed below for
reference:

R.C. (reinforced concrete 1. These tanks are constructed mostly in

tanks) basements and recommended when there is
space constrain and odd space available for the
water tanks.
2. The life span is estimated to be very long and no
maintenance is required.
3. The cost is higher than pressed steel galvanised
tanks.
4. HDPE lining is required

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 FRP (fibre reinforced 1. These tanks are popular now and vastly being
plastic) tanks used due to longer life span estimated at 25
years and minimal corrosion at bolted joints.
2. The cost is higher compared to the tanks
mentioned above.
3. The maximum height allowed is 3 meter.

Poly tanks 1. These are the moulded tanks and available in

standard sizes.
2. The cost is the cheapest compared to the types
of tank mentioned above.

3.5 Introduction of various cold water system for buildings

3.5.1 Upfeed System

Where the pressure in the water main is sufficient to distribute water

throughout the entire building, an upfeed system such as shown in Figure 1 is
used. The height of the building that may be served without pumps to boost
the water pressure depends on the available pressure in the water main, the
requirement of the fixtures and local authority requirement. The pressure
available under non-flow conditions is called the static pressure. With water
flow, there is a pressure loss due to friction as water flows through the pipes.
Therefore, the residual pressure at the point of use under flow conditions is
the static pressure minus the pressure loss due to friction.

3.5.2 Downfeed System (Gravity Feed System, Elevated Water Tank System)

In an elevated water tank system, such as the simplified system shown in

Figure 2, water is pumped from the water main to an elevated water storage
tank located above the highest and most hydraulically remote point in the
water supply system of the building. The height of the water tank provides
additional static head, resulting in higher pressure in the water distribution
system. For each 2.31 ft. (0.7m) elevation of the tank, there is an increase in
the pressure of 1 psi (6.9 kpa).

An elevated tank system is made up of the following components:

(i) A suction tank that acts as a buffer tank or break tank between the
elevated tank and public water main pipe. It is a requirement of the
water works authority to prevent pressure fluctuations in the water main.

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 (ii) A gravity tank that stores water at atmospheric pressure.

(iii) Pumps that fill the tank by pumping water from its source.

(iv) Controls that turn pumps on and off when the water inside the tank
reaches the preset value.

(v) Alarms that alert operating personnel that a malfunction exists.

3.5.3 Pneumatic Direct Water System

Pneumatic Direct Water System is basically designed for provision of drinking

water for high rise buildings. Under the gravity feed system, all the water
supplied to the various appliances including drinking taps come from the roof
tank and there is a risk of the water in the roof tank becoming contaminated.
Hence, it would be preferred to have drinking water supplied direct from the
water main. However, for high rise buildings, the pressure in the main may
not be sufficient to supply all the drinking water appliances and a pneumatic
water system is used to overcome this problem.

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 Besides the provision of drinking water, the pneumatic water system is also
used when the pressure required at the appliances cannot be by gravity feed
system. For example, certain appliances such as flush valves, bed pan
washer or even an instantaneous water heater requires high pressure to
operate satisfactorily. If these are located at the highest level of a building,
the gravity feed system would not be able to provide the required pressure.
The basic components of a pneumatic water system are:

 Suction tank
 Booster pump
 Pneumatic tank with or without air compressor

3.6 Sizing of Cold Water Supply Pipe

In designing cold water supply installations, an assessment must be made of the

probable maximum water flow. In most buildings, it seldom happens that the total
number of appliances installed are ever in use at the same time and therefore, for
economic reasons, it is usual for a system to be designed for a peak usage which is
less than the possible maximum usage. The probable demand will depend upon the
type of sanitary appliances, the type of building in which they are installed, and the
frequency of usage.

The Plumbing Institute has devised a method of assessing the probable maximum
demand based upon the theory of probability. With this method, loading unit (fixture
unit) rating has been devised for each type of sanitary appliance based on its rate of
water delivery, the time the taps are open during usage and simultaneous demand for
a particular type of appliance. Table 4 gives the rate of flow, pipe size, loading units
and minimum pressure.

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Table 4
Appliances Rate of flow Pipe size Loading Minimum
(LPM/GPM) (mm) units pressure (meter
head)Commercial
W.C. flushing 6.8/1.5 15 2 7
Wash basin tap 9.0/2.0 15 1.5 – 3.0 7
Basin spray tap 2.3/0.5 15 1.5 7
Bath tap (20mm) 18.1/4.0 20 10 7
Bath tap (25mm) 36.4/8.0 25 10 8
Shower (nozzle) 9.0/2.0 25 3 8
Sink tap (0.5) 11.4/2.5 15 3–5 8
Sink tap (0.75) 18.1/4.0 20 3–5 8
Sink tap (1.0) 36.4/8.0 25 3–5 8
Flush valve 50/11 25 10 10.5

By multiplying the number of each type of appliance by its appropriate loading unit
and adding the results together, a figure for the total loading units is obtained which if
applied to Figure 4 enables the recommended design flow rate to be read off.

Figure 4 – Loading units and design flow rates

It is best to determine the pipe size after the schematic drawings have been
completed, as the whole system could be clearly seen. Two fundamental factors
governing pipe sizing are velocity and frictional loss. Normally, velocity is limited to a
maximum of 3.0 m/s and minimum 0.5 m/s. Friction rate is usually kept below
10m/100m.

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The design approach also varies between a down feed system and a pressurised
system. For the downfeed system, frictional loss is always the controlling factor
whereas velocity is always the factor to be considered in a pressurised system.

The diameter of the pipe necessary to give a required flowrate will depend upon the
head of the water available, the smoothness of the internal bore of the pipe and the
effective length of the pipe. An allowance for the frictional resistance set up by fittings
such as elbows, tees, taps and valves must be added to the actual length of the pipe.
Tables 5 and 6 give allowance for fittings and draw off taps expressed in the
equivalent pipe lengths. To determine the diameter of a pipe length must be
calculated. A calculation sheet and a pipe sizing graph for cold water system are
attached for reference.

However, in certain situations like for the range of showers in a sports pavilion or the
range of wash basins in a hostel, the pipework has to be designed for full flow as it is
highly likely that all the appliances may be in use at the same time.

Table 5 – Equivalent Pipe Lengths ( Copper, plastics and stainless steel)

Bore of the Elbow Tee Stop Valve Check

pipes(mm) Valve
m m m m
12 0.5 0.6 4.0 2.5
20 0.8 1.0 7.0 4.3
25 1.0 1.5 10.0 5.6
32 1.4 2.0 13 6
40 1.7 2.5 16 7.9
50 2.3 3.5 22 11.5
65 3.0 4.5 5.5 -
73 3.4 5.8 34 -

Table 6 – Loss of Head through Draw-off Taps and Equivalent Pipe Lengths
Fitting Flow rate tap Equivalent pipe length
(BS1010)* fully open Loss of head Copper Galvanised
mild steel
gal/min ft ft ft
½ in. pillar tap 2 1.7 9 13
½ in. bib tap 2½ 2.5 9 13
¾ in. bib or 4 2.5 28 18
pillar tap
1 in. bib or 8 5.0 71 43
pillar tap

*BS1010 – Draw-off taps and stop valves for water services (screwdown pattern)

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3.7 Sizing of booster pumps and hydro-pneumatic pumps

3.7.1 Booster pumps (transfer pump)

Pumps should be sized to deliver the quantity of water required for one day’s
use.

Office building 6 – 8 hours

Residential building 8 – 16 hours

3.7.2 Hydro-pneumatic pumps

The pump flowrate shall be equal to or greater than the estimated maximum
demand of the system. The discharge head of the pump is equal to the
maximum pressure of the tank (P2).

P2 = KP1 where K is the pressure ratio and P1 is the maximum

pressure of the tank
and
P1 = static head of hydraulically furthest appliance + pressure drop in
piping + pressure required at appliance.

K = 1.5 (optimum value)

3.8 Pumps and accessories

Pumps are primarily of three types: centrifugal, reciprocating and rotary. The most
commonly used pumps in residential and commercial buildings are centrifugal pumps.
Centrifugal pumps used in plumbing systems are classified on the basis of internal
casing design as volute or regenerative (turbine). On the basis of the main direction
of discharge of liquid, impellers are classified as radial axial or mixed flow. The most
commonly used centrifugal pumps are as follows:

 End suction centrifugal pump

 Vertical multi stage pump
 Horizontal split casing pump
 Vertical split casing pump

The performance curve is the easiest and most satisfactory way to show graphically
the relationship between head, capacity, horsepower, etc. of any pump.

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 The line sloping from left to right represent the varying quantities of liquid delivered by
the pump with variations in head. The intersection of this line with the zero delivery
line shows the ‘shut off head’ or pressure developed by the pump when the discharge
valve is shut. The curve showing the horsepower to drive the pump slopes upward in
the opposite direction, with the lowest point at the shut-off pump. These two lines
show the complete performance of the pump for the one speed for which the curve is
plotted. Another curve showing the efficiency of the pump is usually plotted on the
same sheet. This efficiency curve shows the amount of usable work done by the
pump in percentage of power delivered to the pump shaft.

3.9 Water hammer

Water hammer is a pulsating type of noise which may, on occasion, be heard

emanating from a pipework installation. The noise is caused mainly by shock waves
which are set up when water, which is flowing at high velocity, is suddenly arrested.
The practical conditions which can create this adverse effect are the too rapid closure
of manual valves, or the virtual instantaneous closure of automatic control valves.
Pumped pipe water supplies are also liable to water hammer if provision is not made
at the design stage. Plumber type pumps for example give a pulsating type of
discharge which may require damping out. Cases have occurred of water hammer
damage although little audible sound was present. Premature failure of valves, joints
and the loosening of supports and clips are common examples of such damage.
Gravity water installations do not, as a rule, give rise to the problem but when water
velocities exceed 3 m/s, water hammer conditions may exist. The increasing use of
pressurized domestic water system in the U.K. could well lead to an increase in the
incidence of water hammer if proper precautions are not taken at the design stage.

4. Cold Water Plumbing Materials

4.1 Copper tubing

Copper tubing which is manufactured from 99.9% pure copper. Plumbing copper tube
is manufactured in four different wall thickness or types K, L, M and DWV (drainage,
waste and vent). Type K copper tubing has the heaviest wall thickness. Copper tube
should comply with BS 2871 Part 1 (Table X) or ASTM B88 (American Standard).

4.2 Plastic pipes

PLASTIC pipes, or more accurately, thermoplastic pipes, have been in use in

plumbing applications since the late 1970s. There are several thermoplastics that are
being used for the plumbing services such as ABS,HDPE,PVC and PPR .
Thermoplastics can be sub-divided into two main categories, i.e Amorphous and
Crystalline. Amorphous material uses bonding agents such as ABS Solvent Cement,
while Crystalline uses heat such as HDPE butt/Electro Fusion.

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4.3 Plumbing valves

4.3.1 Gate valve

The gate valve provides a straight through passage for the flow of fluid. The
valve is used extensively where uninterrupted flow is required with minimum
pressure drop. It is not recommended for regulation and should only be used
in fully opened or fully closed position.

4.3.2 Globe valve

The valve is designed to stop or regulate the fluid flow. Ideal for regulating
because wear by erosion around the seating is evenly distributed. Positive
closure. High pressure drop due to tortuous flow path.

4.3.3 Check valve

Frequently called a non-return valve or reflux valve, this valve is self-acting

and prevents reversal of flow. The swing type and the lift type check valves
are most commonly used.

4.3.4 Ball valve

There are two basic forms of ball valves, the floating ball and trunnion
mounted ball. It has 90 dg turned operation and is relatively compact.

4.3.5 Butterfly valve

Quick operation. Good regulating characteristics. Temperature limited by

seating material on resilient seated types. Metal-to-metal seated type does
not give tight shut-off. Disc mechanism always in fluid flow.

4.4 Water meters

The water meter is installed at the end of the water service pipe, either directly inside
or outside of the building walls, in accordance with local plumbing code restrictions.
Three types are installed by the plumber as follows:

(i) Disk meters : A disk meter is used for measuring the flow of water
through small water services and are available in sizes
from 5/8 inch to 2 inches.

(ii) Turbine meters : A turbine meter is used in buildings in which water is

used in large and constant volume and is available in
2, 3, 4 and 6 inch sizes.

(iii) Compound meters : A compound meter is a water meter that unites a disk
and a turbine meter in one body. Compound meters
are made in 2 to 10 inch sizes for use in buildings in
which there is large fluctuation in water flows.

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5. Joining, Installing and Supporting Pipes

5.1 Galvanised steel threaded joints

Screwed joints in steel piping shall be made with screwed socket joints using wrought
iron, steel or malleable cast-iron fittings. A thread filler shall be used (PTFE tape or
proprietary sealants). Exposed threads left after jointing shall be painted or, where
installed underground, thickly coated with bituminous or other suitable corrosion
preventative in accordance with BS 5493. Since all pipe fittings are tapped with the
internal (female) pipe thread at the factory when they are manufactured, the plumber
need only make the external (male) pipe thread. The vertical piping must be secured
at sufficiently close intervals to keep the pipe in alignment.

Therefore, it is recommended to support the pipe at each storey in height. The

horizontal pipe shall be supported at 12 foot intervals. It is a common practice in
plumbing installation that for pipe sizes 3 inches and below, screw and socketed
joints are used and for pipe sizes above 3 inches, flange joints are used,

5.2 Copper tubing joints

The three most common methods of joining copper tubing that a plumber will use are
the solder joint with capillary fittings, the flared joint, and the compression joint. Solder
joints are used on water lines and drainage lines. The flared joints are commonly
used on underground water supply tubing. The compression is most commonly used
on the exposed water supply tubing to plumbing fixtures. Solder joints depend on
capillary drawing free-flowing molten soldered into the gap between the fitting and the
tube. The vertical piping must be secured at sufficiently close intervals to keep the
pipe in alignment. Therefore, it is recommended to support the pipe at each storey in
height. The horizontal pipe shall be supported at 10 foot intervals.

5.3 Plastic pipe joints

The various types of plastic pipes and fittings are joined together with one of three
methods, depending on the physical use to which the particular plastic piping will be
put. The three methods used by plumbers to join plastic pipes and fittings are:

(i) The solvent weld joint.

(ii) The insert fitting joint.
(iii) The flare fitting joint.

6. Testing and Inspecting the Plumbing System

The air test of water supply piping is made by attaching an air compressor to any
suitable opening and closing all other inlets and outlets to the system with the
appropriate pipe cap of plug, or with testing plugs. Water supply and distribution
piping is normally tested at 1½ times the working pressure or 150 psig, whichever is
greater. The test period is usually 12 to 24 hours.

A hydrostatic test is a test in which the pipe being tested is filled with water and
submitted to additional water pressure. A hydrostatic test is the common test for
water main and water service piping. The procedure for applying a hydrostatic test is

15
to fill the pipes being tested completely with potable water (after sealing all openings)
and then to force additional water into the pipes with a hydrostatic test pump.

Since the testing of plumbing systems is a very important part of the plumber’s work,
the apprentice should become acquainted with the procedure that is followed for all
plumbing tests. The procedure for all plumbing test follows the eight points listed
below:

(i) Assemble the testing apparatus.

(ii) Seal all openings.
(iii) Apply the test.
(iv) Check for leaks.
(v) Fix defects.
(vi) Call for an inspection and test.
(vii) Assist the inspector at time of test.
(viii) Remove testing apparatus on completion of test and inspection.

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Appendices

Appendix E : Pipe Sizing Calculations ( BS 6700 : 1987).

Pipe Sizing Graph for ABS Class 12 and Class 15.

Sample of Standard Forms from SYABAS for internal plumbing.

SPAN announcement for approval of internal plumbing.

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