Information Management & Computer Security

An analysis of mobile credit card usage intentions

Hanudin Amin,
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IMCS
15,4 An analysis of mobile credit card
usage intentions
Hanudin Amin
260 Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia

Abstract
Purpose – Many banks consider mobile-based technologies have improved the banking services
through introduction of new banking facilities. One of the latest facilities developed in this area is the
“mobile credit card.” The purpose of this study is to examine the factors that determine intention to use
mobile credit card among Malaysia bank customers, as their new way in conducting payment
transactions.
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Design/methodology/approach – The technology acceptance model (TAM) was used as the base
model in order to develop the modified version of TAM to better reflect mobile credit card. In the
modified model, perceived credibility and the amount of information on mobile credit card were added,
in addition to perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use.
Findings – Results suggest that perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, perceived credibility and
the amount of information on mobile credit cards are important determinants to predict Malaysia bank
customers’ intentions to use mobile credit card. Needless to say, the paper is exploratory in nature.
Research limitations/implications – This study suffers from two limitations. The discussion of
these limitations is provided in the last part of this paper.
Practical implications – Useful to Islamic banking institutions planning further mobile credit card
services for their customers.
Originality/value – Extends the understanding of TAM to newly emerging context of mobile credit.
Keywords Credit cards, Malaysia, Communication technologies, Banking, Islam
Paper type Research paper

Information Management &
Computer Security
Vol. 15 No. 4, 2007
pp. 260-269
q Emerald Group Publishing Limited
0968-5227
DOI 10.1108/09685220710817789
Introduction
The development in mobile-based technologies has provided many chances for new
innovation for banks, with the mobile credit card as the latest banking gadget in this
area. By definition, mobile credit card is a payment solution by which bank customers
would be able to make payment and receive payment on account for the purchase or
sale of goods via handheld mobile phone, on a credit basis. In our mobile phones, a
credit card function can be integrated into a bank customers’ mobile phone by
including multi-application a smart card for a particular credit card. In fact, a mobile
credit card offers two advantages. First, it allows bank customers to shop wirelessly
and more flexibly with their mobile phones (Swartz, 2001). Second, it is more secure
(Sahut, 2006; Hun, 2005; and Swartz, 2001) because mobile credit card is equipped with
personal identification number which makes it safer than the traditional modes of
payment. Considering mobile credit card as a new innovation, therefore it is necessary
for banks offer the system to their existing customers as their new competitive weapon.
In Malaysia, the mobile credit card became available in 2005. Islamic banking
institutions such as Hong Leong Bank and Bank Bumiputra Bhd. recently offered the
innovation. By definition, “Islamic banking institutions” refers to both Islamic and
conventional banks that run the Islamic banking products and services at their banking
channels. Despite the availability of mobile credit card in Malaysia, there is a potential
 that the system has remained unnoticed by customers, or is seriously under-used. Mobile credit
This may happen because the mobile credit card concept is still at its infancy stage and is card usage
considered relatively new among Malaysia bank customers. There is a need, therefore to
examine the factors determining Malaysia bank customers’ intention to use the mobile intentions
credit card. To achieve this goal, this study extends the applicability of the technology
acceptance model (TAM) in a mobile credit card context. Choosing TAM was based on
its parsimony and predictive power which make it easy to apply in different information 261
system (IS) devices (Guriting and Ndubisi, 2006; Pikkarainen et al., 2004; Kleijnen et al.,
2004; Venkatesh and Morris, 2000). Furthermore, TAM provides a good point to
understand better the relationship between perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use,
perceived credibility, the amount of information on mobile credit card and usage
intentions. Prior studies have ignored the mobile credit card acceptance in their focus of
research (Guriting and Ndubisi, 2006; Amin et al., 2006; Kleijnen et al., 2004; Ramayah
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et al., 2003). In more details, Guriting and Ndubisi (2006) and Ramayah et al. (2003) have
focused their study on TAM for internet banking. Moreover, Amin et al. (2006) and
Kleijnen et al. (2004) have focused their study on TAM for SMS banking and wireless
finance, respectively. None of these studies draws attention to suggest TAM for mobile
credit card perhaps because the concept is still relatively new. Consequently, the current
study will extend TAM for mobile credit card, and develops a comprehensive version of
TAM to reflect better the mobile credit card concept. However, depending on the specific
technology context, additional constructs are required to reflect newly emerging
technologies. Since, many researchers have found that security and privacy influence
consumer behavior (Luarn and Lin, 2005; Kleijnen et al., 2004; Wang et al., 2003;
Warrington et al., 2000; Hoffman et al., 1999), the author has decided to add this variable
to the TAM. The author also proposes the second construct (the amount of information
on mobile credit card) to enhance the understanding of an individual’s acceptance
behavior of mobile credit card. By explaining usage intention from the bank customer’s
perspective the findings of this research will not only help commercial banks to develop
better user-accepted mobile credit card systems, but also provide insights into how to
present the newly emerging context of mobile credit card to potential users.
The paper proceeds as follows: the next section will present the research model.
Followed by the section that provides a discussion on literature review and hypotheses
development. Followed by the section that renders a discussion on research methods
employed in this study. The penultimate section will provide findings of the research in
order to support the research objective. Finally in the last part, contributions, practical
implications and limitations of the study are discussed.

Research model
The research model shown in Figure 1 is a direct modification of the TAM (Davis et al.,
1989), modified to better reflect the mobile credit card. This model includes perceived
usefulness and perceived ease of use (Davis, 1989) as the base model. Since, TAM was
created for a general explanation of the determinants of IS acceptance, therefore, this
study will integrate other independent variables. There are two of them, notably,
perceived credibility (Wang et al., 2003) and the amount of information on mobile credit
card (Pikkarainen et al., 2004). The previous research also revealed the relationship
between perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness (Kleijnen et al., 2004; Wang et al.,
2003; and Davis et al., 1989). Based on these studies, the following model was developed.
 IMCS
PU
15,4

PEOU

262 USINT

PC

AIMC
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Figure 1. Notes: PU=Perceived usefulness; PEOU=Perceived ease of use;

Research model PC=Perceived credibility; AIMC= The amount of information on
mobile credit card and USINT=Usage intentions

Literature review and hypotheses development

Perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use are the fundamental elements for TAM.
Davis (1989) defined perceived usefulness as the degree to which a person believes that
using a particular system would enhance his or her job performance was based on.
There is extensive research in the IS community that provides evidence of the
significant effect of perceived usefulness on usage intentions (Cheong and Park, 2005;
Chiu et al., 2005; Luarn and Lin, 2005). Moreover, Cheong and Park (2005) and Chiu et al.
(2005) found that perceived usefulness positively influences online purchase intentions
and mobile internet, respectively. These studies results are consistent with the Luarn
and Lin (2005) findings, who found that perceived usefulness has a positive effect on
usage intentions of mobile banking. The reason of allowing this measure in this study
is that Malaysia bank customers exploit the mobile credit card because it is useful for
payment transactions. Hence, perceived usefulness is qualified to apply in this study.
The following hypothesis is tested:
H1. Perceived usefulness has a positive effect on Malaysia bank customers’ usage
intentions.
The second measure in the TAM original constructs is perceived ease of use. Perceived
ease of use refers to the degree to which a person believes that using a particular
system would be free of effort (Davis, 1989). Extensive research over the past decade
provides evidence of the significant effect perceived ease of use on usage intentions
(Guriting and Ndubisi, 2006; Ramayah et al., 2003, 2002; Adams et al., 1992; Davis,
1989). Moreover, Guriting and Ndubisi (2006) found that perceived ease of use had a
significant positive effect of behavioral intention to use online banking in Malaysia
Borneo. Likewise, bank customers are likely to adopt online banking when it is easy to
use (Guriting and Ndubisi, 2006). The study by Ramayah et al. (2003) conducted
in Penang found that perceived ease of use has proven to have significant impact on
intention to use internet banking. The result corroborates the findings by Ramayah et al.
(2002), Adams et al. (1992) and Davis et al. (1989). Based on these findings, it is expected
that the general causalities found in TAM are also applicable to mobile credit card.
 In addition, Davis et al. (1989) proposed that perceived ease of use is an antecedent of Mobile credit
perceived usefulness. Results from previous research also revealed the significant affect card usage
of perceived ease of use to perceived usefulness (Kleijnen et al., 2004; Wang et al., 2003;
Davis et al., 1989). Thus, based on these findings, the following hypotheses are intentions
suggested:
H2. Perceived ease of use has a positive effect on Malaysia bank customers’ usage 263
intentions.
H3. Perceived ease of use has a positive effect on the perceived usefulness of
mobile credit card.
Besides, the two general constructs of TAM, the usage intentions for mobile credit card
can also be affected by the security and privacy concerns of Malaysia bank customers.
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Indeed, these issues are classified as perceived credibility. This perceived credibility
refers to the two important dimensions namely security and privacy (Wang et al.,
2003). By definition, perceived credibility is one’s judgment on the privacy and security
issues of the mobile credit card system. Further, Wang et al. (2003) found perceived
credibility is significantly related to the technology acceptance of internet banking.
Luarn and Lin (2005) also found that there exists a positive causality between
perceived credibility and intention to use mobile banking. In more detail, the
importance of security and privacy to the acceptance of banking technologies has been
noted in many banking studies (Howcroft et al., 2002; Polatoglu and Ekin, 2001; Sathye,
1999). Based on these findings, perceived credibility is also applicable to mobile credit
card context:
H4. Perceived credibility has a positive effect on Malaysia bank customers’ usage
intentions.
In addition, the last construct added to TAM is the amount of information on mobile
credit card. In general, the amount of information related to mobile credit card is
important. If an individual has adequate information on mobile credit card, there is a
higher possibility he or she will adopt the system. Furthermore, extensive research
over the past decade provides evidence of the significant effect of information on newly
emerging technologies and usage intentions (Pikkarainen et al., 2004; Sathye, 1999;
Howard and Moore, 1982). According to Sathye (1999) the low awareness of online
banking is a major factor causing people ignore online banking because of their lack of
knowledge of the system. Howard and Moore (1982) reported that consumers must be
aware of the new product prior to the adoption. Pikkarainen et al. (2004) found
information possessed by bank customers has a positive affect over online banking
acceptance. The importance of knowledge of computer-based technologies is
appropriate to extend to mobile credit card. Mobile credit card acceptance also relies
on the information published by banks to their bank customer. Based on these
findings, the following hypothesis is tested:

H5. The amount of information on mobile credit card has a positive effect on
Malaysia bank customers’ usage intentions.
 IMCS Research methods
15,4 Subjects
The data for this study are obtained through a survey questionnaire conducted in
Labuan and Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. The survey was conducted in January
2007. A convenience sampling of bank customers was conducted. The data collection
method was based on personally administered questionnaire to the customers of banks
264 in Labuan and Kota Kinabalu. In this study, participation of bank customers was
based on voluntary basis. Indeed, mobile credit card is a relatively new phenomenon in
Labuan and Kota Kinabalu, therefore the current study focused on the intention to
use of mobile credit card among bank customers instead of actual use. A total of
150 questionnaires were distributed, but only 108 (72 percent) usable responses were
usable. The descriptive statistics of the respondents are summarized in Table I.
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Measures
The questionnaire items were extracted from selected studies. Questionnaire items
were adapted from prior studies which are described as follows: perceived usefulness
(Davis, 1989), perceived ease of use (Davis, 1989), perceived credibility (Wang et al.,
2003) and the amount of information on mobile credit card (Pikkarainen et al., 2004). In
the questionnaire, the respondents are required to rate their level of agreement with
statements using five-point scales ranging from “strongly disagree” (1) to “strongly
agree” (5). Prior to the further study, the questionnaire was pre-tested using four
lecturers majoring in banking and marketing. The final measures are displayed in
Appendix (Table AI).

Hypotheses testing and discussion of results

The regression analysis was conducted to reveal how different factors affect the use of
mobile credit card. The result of this analysis is described in Table II. Theoretically,
this study confirms the appropriateness of the TAM in predicting mobile credit card
acceptance in Malaysia. Evidently, perceived usefulness is significantly associated
with usage intentions (t ¼ 2.356, p-value ¼ 0.020). This result is consistent with the
previous studies (Cheong and Park, 2005; Chiu et al., 2005; Davis, 1989). This explains
that bank customers will use mobile credit card when it is useful for payment purpose.

Profile Description Respondents Percentage

1. Gender Male 50 46.3

Female 58 53.7
2. Age Less than 20 2 1.9
21-30 77 71.3
31-40 21 19.4
41-50 6 5.6
Above 50 2 1.9
3. Religion Moslems 96 88.9
Buddhist 1 0.9
Hindu 1 0.9
Christian 10 9.3
Table I. 4. Status Single 78 72.2
Demographic results Married 30 27.8
 Mobile credit
Model 1 Model 2 Cronbach’s a value
card usage
(Constant) USINT (1.577) PU (1.171) – intentions
PU 0.269 (0.020 *) – 0.8587
PEOU 0.390 (0.020 *) 1.124 (0.000 *) 0.7361
PC 0.272 (0.008 *) – 0.7919
AIMC 0.475 (0.000 *) – 0.8668 265
USINT – – 0.7389
F statistic 49.371 (0.000 *) 143.898 (0.000 *) –
R 0.799 0.759 –
R2 0.638 0.576 –
Adjusted R 2 0.624 0.572 – Table II.
Hypotheses testing and
Note: *Significant at 5 percent level Cronbach’s a value
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Table II further shows that perceived ease of use (t ¼ 2.368, p-value ¼ 0.020) is
significantly related to usage intentions. This explains that when mobile credit card is
easy to use, bank customers feel that they need less effort to operate the system.
Table II additionally shows that perceived ease of use is significantly associated with
perceived usefulness (t ¼ 11.996, p-value ¼ 0.000). This is consistent with previous
studies (Kleijnen et al., 2004; Wang et al., 2003; Davis et al., 1989) which found that
perceived ease of use is highly associated with perceived usefulness of the adoption of
technological products and services. Consequently, the greater perceived ease of use,
the more likely that mobile credit card is useful for bank customers in Malaysia.
Perceived credibility is significantly associated with usage intentions (t ¼ 2.696,
p-value ¼ 0.008) that explains its appropriateness in explaining Malaysia bank
customers’ intention to use mobile credit card. The current result is consistent with the
previous research (Luarn and Lin, 2005; Wang et al., 2003). This result reveals that
mobile credit card must be secure to use in order to attract adoption from customers of
banks. In fact, although an individual may believe that mobile credit card is useful and
ease to use, he or she may consider the issue of security and privacy before adoption.
The result also indicates that the amount of information on mobile credit card that
possessed by bank customers is positively correlated with use (t ¼ 4.479,
p-value ¼ 0.000) which supported by the previous study findings (Pikkarainen et al.,
2004; Sathye, 1999). In this study, the amount of information on mobile credit card has
the higher ability to predict and explain the intention of bank customer to adopt the
system. Therefore, it is an important effort that the banks are required to create
awareness on mobile credit card to the Malaysia bank customers in order to instill
knowledge and thus encourage customer adoption. Altogether, perceived usefulness,
perceived ease of use, perceived credibility and the amount of information on mobile
credit card accounted for 64 percent of the variance in usage intentions. Consequently,
H1, H2, H3, H4 and H5 are supported.

Conclusion and practical implications

This study is a pioneering effort in applying the TAM to the newly emerging context
of mobile credit card, which has recently become available in Malaysia. The results
indicate that all the hypothesized relationships in the core model were confirmed. The
contributions of this study to technology acceptance are threefold. First, it successfully
 IMCS applied the TAM in mobile credit card, different from the systems examined in prior
15,4 studies. Consistent with previous studies (Guriting and Ndubisi, 2006; Cheong and
Park, 2005), perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use were found to be significant
antecedents of the intention to use mobile credit card. Second, this study supports
Luarn and Lin’s (2005) research that found a significant direct relationship between
perceived credibility and behavioral intention to use mobile banking, and so extends its
266 applicability to mobile credit card. Third, the amount of information on mobile credit
card was also found to have a significant influence on behavioral intention.
Furthermore, this study supports Pikkarainen et al.’s (2004) research that found a
significant direct relationship between the amount of information and behavioral
intention to use online banking, and therefore extends its applicability to mobile credit
card. Our results explain that, TAM constructs are sufficient in explaining newly
emerging context of mobile credit, but additional features should be added to better
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reflect this system. The modified model employed here, is then, named as mobile credit
card acceptance model.
About the study implications, this study provides important information for
practitioners (i.e. banks), academicians (i.e. lecturers) and bank customers. On the
practitioners’ side, the bank management should create favorable beliefs of usefulness,
ease of use in the customer regarding their mobile credit card. This could be done by
organizing a training course on mobile credit card to increase the familiarity of
customers with the system. Additionally, the bank management should offer a mini
guide that provides the details about mobile credit card, and available all the time at
the bank branches. On the academicians’ side, this study will be able to increase the
base of knowledge on mobile credit card, thus encourages for more future research in
the same area. For bank customers, this banking gadget will offer more alternative in
conducting payment transactions, in addition to cash and the traditional credit card.
Finally, this study has two issues to address. Firstly, this study suffers from the
small size of sample. Secondly, this study only used a few measures; other potential
measures are not included in the model. However, these limitations are not too serious
since they provide a direction for future study in the same area. Indeed, the latter
creates an opportunity for future research. To tackle this limitation, future study
should increase the sample size by incorporating Malaysia bank customers from other
cities. The former could be improved by adding new measures (i.e. perceived financial
cost and perceived self-efficacy) in the model in order to make the analysis more
interesting and accurate. Despite these limitations, this study has explored the mystery
of mobile credit card acceptance in Malaysia, thus it useful for both academicians and
practitioners.

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5th ed., Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Karjaluoto, J., Mattila, M. and Pento, T. (2002), “Factors underlying attitude formation towards
online banking in Finland”, International Journal of Bank Marketing, Vol. 20 No. 6,
pp. 261-72.
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Laforet, S. and Li, X. (2005), “Consumers’ attitudes towards online and mobile banking in China”,
International Journal of Bank Marketing, Vol. 23 No. 5, pp. 362-80.
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Appendix

PU 58%

1.124*** 0.269***

PEOU 0.390***
USINT
0.272*** 64%

PC
0.475***

AIMC

Notes: ***Significant at 5 percent level; PU=Perceived usefulness;

Figure A1. PEOU=Perceived ease of use; PC=Perceived credibility;
Results for research model AIMC=The amount of information on mobile credit card and
USINT=Usage intentions
 Mobile credit
Measures Code Research items
card usage
PU PU1 Using mobile credit card would enhance my intentions
effectiveness in conducting payment transactions
PU2 Using mobile credit card would improve my
performance in conducting payment transactions
PU3 Using mobile credit card makes it easier for me to 269
conduct payment transactions
PU4 I would find mobile credit card is useful in my
payment transactions
PEOU PEOU1 Learning mobile credit card is easy for me
PEOU2 It would be easy for me to become skillful at using
mobile credit card
PEOU3 Since, mobile credit card uses my mobile phone,
hence mobile credit card is easy to use
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PC PC1 I trust in the ability of mobile credit card to protect

my privacy
PC2 Mobile credit card is really secure to use
AIMC AIMC1 I have generally received enough information about
mobile credit card
AIMC2 I received enough information about the benefits of
mobile credit card
AIMC3 I obtain information on mobile credit card via bank
management
USINT USINT1 My general intention to use mobile credit card is very
high
USINT2 I will think about using mobile credit card Table AI.
USINT3 I will use mobile credit card in the future Research measures

Corresponding author
Hanudin Amin can be contacted at: hanudin_zu@yahoo.com

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