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Accepted Manuscript

Title: Design of Piezoelectric Ocean-wave Energy Harvester


using Sway Movement

Authors: Won Seop Hwang, Jung Hwan Ahn, Se Yeong Jeong,


Hyun Jun Jung, Seong Kwang Hong, Jae Yoon Choi, Jae Yong
Cho, Jung Hun Kim, Tae Hyun Sung

PII: S0924-4247(17)30666-0
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.sna.2017.04.026
Reference: SNA 10082

To appear in: Sensors and Actuators A

Received date: 30-11-2016


Revised date: 5-4-2017
Accepted date: 17-4-2017

Please cite this article as: Won Seop Hwang, Jung Hwan Ahn, Se Yeong Jeong, Hyun
Jun Jung, Seong Kwang Hong, Jae Yoon Choi, Jae Yong Cho, Jung Hun Kim, Tae Hyun
Sung, Design of Piezoelectric Ocean-wave Energy Harvester using Sway Movement,
Sensors and Actuators: A Physicalhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2017.04.026

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Design of Piezoelectric Ocean-wave Energy Harvester using Sway
Movement
Won Seop Hwang, Jung Hwan Ahn, Se Yeong Jeong, Hyun Jun Jung, Seong Kwang Hong, Jae Yoon Choi,

Jae Yong Cho, Jung Hun Kim, and Tae Hyun Sung*

Department of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763,

Republic of Korea
*
Corresponding author: sungth@hanyang.ac.kr

Highlights for the paper entitled “Design of Piezoelectric Ocean-wave Energy Harvester using Sway
Movement”

 We design a piezoelectric ocean-wave energy harvester (POEH) that can harness wave energy.
 The POEH uses a ball-and-rail mechanism to induce cantilever vibrations.
 The POEH yields improved voltage and power output than cantilever system.
 Our device can be used for low-frequency energy harvesting applications.

Abstract

The use of energy harvesting technologies for supplying power generating energy to wireless devices and

sensors, particularly in scenarios where it is difficult to exchange or recharge batteries, has recently attracted

considerable research attention. In this context, we report the design of a piezoelectric energy harvesting system

that can be used to harvest energy from the ocean. The harvester is composed of a piezoelectric cantilever structure

and a magnet as the tip-mass of the piezoelectric module, atop which a rail (tube) with a metal ball is positioned.

The system is tested with a setup that simulates ocean waves. Our findings indicate that our approach can be

utilized in the design of multipurpose piezoelectric energy harvesting systems for low frequency vibration and in

“sea-based” applications involving buoys and boats.

Keywords: Piezoelectric energy harvesting, cantilever structure, multi-directional vibration, ocean wave energy

1. Introduction

The depletion of fossil fuels and alarming climate change has triggered extensive research on renewable energy
in the last few decades. In this context, recent research focus has shifted to developing energy harvesting

technologies for supplying power to wireless devices and sensors, which are generally low-power devices that run

on batteries. The use of such energy harvesting to supply power becomes particularly important for devices in

which it is difficult to exchange or recharge batteries[1–5].

In this backdrop, general energy-harvesting technologies based on kinetic energy include electromagnetic,

electrostatic, and piezoelectric energy harvesting. Among these, piezoelectric energy harvesting has attracted

considerable interest, since it can deliver high energy density and voltage [6]. Further, it can also be easily applied

to various environments [7–11].

Most piezoelectric energy harvesting systems utilize cantilever-type structures in their operation, and these

cantilevers offer only a narrow resonance frequency bandwidth. Here, we remark that in piezoelectric energy

harvesters, increased strain yields increased power, and cantilever vibrations at the resonance frequency yield high

strain. Since the resonance frequency is of a large value with a narrow bandwidth, researchers have focused on

increasing the bandwidth and reducing the resonance frequency [12–18]. One study was conducted to figure out

tendency of the resonance frequency of it along change of physical conditions of a piezoelectric cantilever beam.

In detail, they compared the resonance frequency and the output power at constant sinusoidal excitation by

extending the weight of the tip mass at the free end of the piezoelectric cantilever beam or the length of the

substrate [12]. The research shows the resonance frequency decreased and the output power increased as the

weight of the tip mass or the length of the substrate increased. However, such approaches to reduce the resonance

frequency are not practical under low-frequency and irregular-vibration conditions, which are encountered, for

example, in systems that are based on wave energy or human motion. In this backdrop, here, we present our design

of a harvester that facilitates free vibrations of the cantilever in its natural (or first resonant) frequency. In our

system, we utilize magnetic force to enable free vibration of the cantilever.

Here, we remark that typical cantilever system can generate vibrations along only one of several directions;

however, natural environments (such as the ocean) can provide vibrational energy from several directions. In other

words, typical cantilever structures can convert mechanical energy to electrical energy along only one direction.

To overcome this issue, our piezoelectric energy harvester is designed to generate energy from two directions.

The proposed piezoelectric ocean wave energy harvester (POEH)consists of a magnet and a metal ball on a rail

or tube. We analyze our setup for operation in an ocean environment, and we utilize a capacitor for energy storage.

2. Design of piezoelectric energy harvester


The POEH is composed of a basic cantilever structure and a magnet attached to the free end of the piezoelectric

module. On top of the magnet, we position a rail (tube) over which a metal ball can move to and fro. When the

harvester is inclined at an angle (due to impingement by ocean waves), the metal ball rolls along the rail, leading

to vibration of the piezoelectric module through attraction between the ball and magnet. In the initial part of the

harvester operation, the metal ball attaches itself to the magnet, and the harvester generates power upon this impact.

Even during impact of the harvester with the metal ball, the device remains structurally sound due to the constraint

of maximum vibrating displacement induced by the rail length. After initial impact with the magnet, the metal

ball rolls beyond the magnet, and the harvester vibrates with its primary resonance frequency (natural frequency).

The resonance frequency of the cantilever structure is expressed as

(1)

where represents the effective stiffness and the effective beam mass. The effective stiffness can

be written as

∑ ∑ (2)

where and represent the width and length of the beam, the number of cantilever layers, with

denoting piezoelectric vibrations and the electrode vibrations. Further, and represent the Young’s

modulus and height of the layer in question, respectively, where subscript indicates the piezoelectric layer and

the electrode layer. The effective beam mass is defined as follows:

0.23 ∑ ∑ (3)

Here, denotes the weight of the tip-mass and and the densities of the piezoelectric and electrode

layers, respectively [19]. Here, we note that increase in the weight of the magnet leads to decrease in the resonance

frequency. This attribute can be used to generate more power from the piezoelectric unit.

The specifications of the piezoelectric device are shown in Fig. 2, with the device properties being listed in

Table 1.

3. Experiments and results

To study the “sway” conditions (simulating the ocean) of our energy harvesting system, we utilized the

experimental setup shown in Fig 3. We first positioned three piezoelectric devices in an array with the magnets(tip-
mass), and this setup was placed in a circular frame. In the middle of the circular frame, we set up the rail with

the metal ball. Next, the magnet of each piezoelectric module was positioned under the rail. Subsequently, we

drilled a hole through the center of the circular frame, through which we placed a spindle with two bearings to

ensure smooth spinning of the frame. Next, we used a shaker and a displacement sensor to induce the required

“sloping” of the device to simulate device displacement by ocean waves. The angle of slope induced by the

vibration of the shaker can be derived through trigonometry as

(4)

Here, denotes the height of vibration induced by the shaker, and the radius of the circular frame, with

being measured from the end of the circular frame to its center.

Next, we measured the POEH angle under normal harvester operation. We also simultaneously measured the

POEH output voltage as a function of the cantilever displacement. In other words, this experiment can indicate

that the height of the wave that is required for satisfactory POEH operation. We set the vibrating frequency to 0.5

Hz, which is the average frequency of ocean waves [20], with the displacement of the shaker being set in the range

of 10 mm to 15.2 mm in steps of 0.04 mm. From Fig. 4, we observe that the POEH works satisfactorily when the

displacement is over 11.2 mm, which corresponds to a slope of 8.4°. Under normal POEH operation, the measured

peak voltages were similar for displacements >11.2 mm, since the harvester undergoes the same vibrational

displacement at its natural frequency regardless of the ball speed. Consequently, there is no significant in the

harvester’s output.

Next, we measured the open-circuit voltage of the harvester (Fig. 5). In the figure, the top curve denotes the

input wave with the bottom one showing the corresponding open-circuit voltage (after rectifier). It shows

frequency up-conversion[21], 0.5 Hz (frequency of the shaker) to 31 Hz (frequency of the POEH). The maximum

open-circuit voltage was 21.1 V for a displacement of 13.2 mm.

We measured the maximum power obtained for three different shaker displacements: 11.2 mm, 13.2 mm, and

15.2 mm, for different output resistances, as shown in Fig. 6. From the figure, we observed that the power level

and matching impedance were similar for all three cases. This result indicates that the output power does not

strongly depend on the harvester displacement. Further, the maximum power was 68.9 μW with an impedance

of 95 kΩ for a displacement of 13.2 mm.

We next conducted experiments to determine the value of the matching capacitor required for maximum power

storage, since the amount of energy stored is dependent on capacitance. In this regard, a popular method adopted
in previous researches is the measurement of the voltage of the capacitor from charging [22,23]. However, in this

approach, the oscilloscope that is used for measurement also acts as a load, consuming the capacitor’s charged

energy. Fig. 7 and 8 graphically illustrate this problem. When two probes are connected to the same capacitors

successively: C1 and C2, the discharge is faster in the first case: C1.

Therefore, in order to more accurately measure the capacitor output, we applied the following method. First, to

ensure that the same amount of power was transferred from the harvester to the capacitor, we tilted the harvester

10 times with same shaker displacement and frequency. Next, we connect the probe to the capacitor and, compared

first peak voltage with that measured by oscilloscope. We determined that capacitances of 1 μF and 2.2 μF

yielded the maximum voltage (12 V), and the maximum stored energy was 512 μJ at 100 μF.

4. Conclusion

We demonstrated a piezoelectric energy harvesting system that can harvest energy from low-frequency

vibrations such as those induced by ocean waves. Since the popularly used cantilever system suffers from the

problems of a narrow resonance frequency, unidirectional operation, and low power generation at low frequencies

(ocean waves have frequencies of 0.5–1 Hz), our proposed harvester was designed with the use of a metal ball

moving along a rail positioned over a magnet attached to the harvester. The cantilever freely vibrated with its

natural frequency along both the horizontal and vertical directions because of the system design. The resulting

frequency up-conversion and impact generation yielded greater power. In the study, we measured the normal

harvester operating angle, open-circuit voltage of the harvester, and output power at various impedance matching

values. We also determined a suitable matching capacitor for the harvester.

Compared to previous energy harvester using ocean wave, the proposed harvester can be fabricated as much

smaller scale [24,25]. In addition, the proposed harvester can be the first multi-directional POEH compared to

previous harvester [9]. We believe that our “multi-directional vibration” approach can be used to develop

piezoelectric energy harvesters operating at low frequencies and apply in “sea-based” applications involving

buoys and boats.

5. Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Energy Technology Development Project (KETEP) grant funded by the

Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy, Republic of Korea (Piezoelectric Energy Harvester Development and

Demonstration for Scavenging Energy from Road Traffic System, Project No. 20142020103970).

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Biographies

Won Seop Hwang received the Bachelor of electrical engineering degree from

Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea in 2015. He is currently

pursuing his M.Sc & Ph.D. degree from Hanyang University. His research interests include mechanical

modelling of energy harvester, designing of power circuit system and wireless sensor network.

Jung Hwan Ahn was born in Seoul, Republic of Korea in 1990. He received the

B.Sc. degree from Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. He undergoes

Ph.D course in same university now. His major is electrical engineering.


Se Yeong Jeong received his B.Sc. in 2014 Electronic in Engineering from Seoul National University

of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea. He is pursuing M.Sc & PhD integrated course under

direction of Professor Tae-Hyun Sung at the Department of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang

University. His research interests include optimization of energy harvesting

system and circuit designing for Application.

Hyun Jun Jung received the Bachelor of engineering (electrical) degree from Seoul National

University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea in 2012. He received his Master of electrical

engineering degree from Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea in 2014 and then he started his

Ph.D. degree from Hanyang University in the field of energy harvesting system. His research interest
includes mechanical and electrical modeling of energy harvesting system and wireless sensor

network.

Seong Kwang Hong received his B.S. in Electrical Engineering from Soongsil

University, South Korea. And he has been a M.S. & Ph.D. integrated student in

Hanyang University of Seoul, South Korea since 2012. His research interests

include of renewable energy harvesting system and renewable energy harvesting

interface circuit.
Jaeyoun Choi received his Bachelor of Electrical and Computer Engineering

degree from University of Seoul from Korea in 2012. He is currently pursuing his

MS degree from Hanyang University. His research interests include wireless

communication using energy harvesting technologies.

Jae Yong Cho received the Bachelor degree in the Department of Electronic Engineering
degree from Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea in 2014. He is currently pursuing his
Ph.D course in the Department of Electrical Engineering from the same university. His
research interests include energy harvesting system and energy harvesting circuit designing
for application and energy storage device.
Jeong Hun Kim was born in Suwon, Republic of Korea in 1984. He received the

B.Sc. degree from Suwon Science College, Suwon, Republic of Korea in 2008. He

undergoes Ph.D course in the Department of Electrical Engineering in Hanyang

University. His research interests include mechanical modeling of piezoelectric

energy harvesting system.

Tae Hyun Sung received a B.A. (1982), an M.S. (1987) in inorganic material

engineering from Hanyang University and a Ph.D. (1991) in Material Science and

Engineering from Tokyo Institute of Technology. He worked at International

Superconductivity Technology Center (ISTEC) as a researcher (1992). He was in Massachusetts

Institute of Technology (MIT) as a Post doc. (1995). He worked at the Korea Electric Power Research

Institute (KEPRI) as a group leader of superconductivity group. Also, he was selected as a “Top 100

Engineers” by IBC (International Biographic Centre), is the member of the National Academy of

Engineering of Korea (NAEK). Since 2009, he has been professor of Department of Electrical

Engineering, Hanyang University. His research interests include superconductivity, electrical material,

energy storage device, and piezoelectric energy harvesting technology.


Figure captions

Fig. 1. Schematic of piezoelectric energy harvester (left panel) and its operation (right panel)

Fig. 2. Specifications of piezoelectric device used in the study


Fig. 3. Experimental setup used to evaluate the POEH in sway condition

Fig. 4. Graph for the relationship between peak output voltage and shaker displacement

Fig. 5. Open-circuit voltage of the POEH (after rectifier) and input wave
Fig. 6. Output power of the POEH for three different shaker displacement
Fig. 7. Setup for verification of discharge phenomenon by oscilloscope
F i g . 8 . Ve r i f i c a t i o n r e s u l t o f d i s c h a r g e p h e n o m e n o n b y o s c i l l o s c o p e

Fig. 9. Measurement of charged voltage and energy for each capacitance


Table 1 Properties of piezoelectric device used in the study

Properties Value

Density (g/cm3) 7.6

Dielectric constants (ε33T/ε0) 21

Piezoelectric charge constants (×10-12 m/V): d33, d31 450, -200

Piezoelectric voltage constants (×10-3 V m/N): g33, g31 22.1, -11.1

Elastic constants (×10-12 m2/N):SE11, SD11 13.8, 11.8

Stainless steel (SUS-304) N/A

Density (g/cm3) 8

Young’s modulus (GPa) 193

Tip-mass magnet (g) 4

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