Hydraulic Pipe Sizing

TERASEN PIPELINES (TRANS MOUNTAIN) INC.
ENGINEERING STANDARDS AND PRACTICES
STATION & TERMINAL PIPING DESIGN

MP1110, Revision 3, January 2000
MP1110 Revision 3 January 21, 2000 Page 2 of 44
Title: STATION & TERMINAL PIPING DESIGN
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 SCOPE...............................................................................................................................7
2.0 REFERENCED PUBLICATIONS...................................................................................8
3.0 DEFINITIONS ...................................................................................................................9

3.1 Isolation Valve .......................................................................................................9
3.2 Main Line ...............................................................................................................9
3.3 NPS ........................................................................................................................9
3.4 PN...........................................................................................................................9
3.5 Sectionalizing Valve .............................................................................................9
3.6 Station Piping ........................................................................................................9
3.7 SMYS .....................................................................................................................9
4.0 PIPING DESIGN.............................................................................................................10

4.1 General ................................................................................................................10
4.1.1 Minimum Pipe Size ................................................................................... 10
4.1.2 Maximum Pipe Size .................................................................................. 10
4.1.3 Prohibited Pipe Sizes................................................................................ 10
4.1.4 Materials ................................................................................................... 10
4.2 Design Conditions ..............................................................................................10
4.2.1 Design Pressure ....................................................................................... 10
4.2.2 Design Temperature................................................................................. 11
4.2.3 Design Fluids ............................................................................................ 11
4.3 Pressure Design.................................................................................................11
4.3.1 Design Wall Thickness ............................................................................. 11
4.3.2 Pressure Relief ......................................................................................... 11
4.3.3 Pressure Class.......................................................................................... 12
4.3.4 Pump Shut-off........................................................................................... 12
4.3.5 Positive Displacement Pumps .................................................................. 12
4.4 Hydraulic Design ................................................................................................12
4.4.1 Station Pipe Sizing.................................................................................... 12
4.4.2 Valve Sizing .............................................................................................. 13
4.5 Branch Connections ...........................................................................................13
4.5.1 Branch Connections < 50% of Run Diameter.......................................... 13
4.5.2 Branch Connections ≥ 50% of Run Diameter .......................................... 14
4.5.3 Reinforced Branch Connections............................................................... 14

4.5.4 Branch Connection and Weld Spacing .................................................... 15
5.0 PIPING COMPONENTS ...............................................................................................16

5.1 Flanges ................................................................................................................16
5.1.1 General ..................................................................................................... 16
5.1.2 Hub design................................................................................................ 16
5.2 Fittings..................................................................................................................16
5.2.1 Design Wall Thickness ............................................................................. 16
5.2.2 Increased Thickness................................................................................. 16
5.2.3 Reducers................................................................................................... 17
5.2.4 Scraper Tee Fittings ................................................................................. 17
5.2.5 Threaded and Socket-Welding Fittings .................................................... 17
5.2.6 Piping Unions ............................................................................................ 17
5.3 Joint Design.........................................................................................................17
5.3.1 General ..................................................................................................... 17
5.3.2 End Preparations ...................................................................................... 18
5.4 Elbows and Bends .............................................................................................19
5.4.1 Elbows....................................................................................................... 19
5.4.2 Reducing Elbows ...................................................................................... 19
5.4.3 Miter Bends............................................................................................... 19
5.4.4 Bends Made From Pipe............................................................................ 19
6.0 PIPING LAYOUT............................................................................................................20

6.1 General ................................................................................................................20
6.1.1 Pipe Routing ............................................................................................. 20
6.1.2 Consistency .............................................................................................. 20
6.1.3 Maintainability ........................................................................................... 20
6.1.4 Operability ................................................................................................. 20
6.1.5 Safety ........................................................................................................ 20
6.1.6 Environment.............................................................................................. 20
6.1.7 Dead Legs................................................................................................. 21
6.1.8 Dikes and Berms ...................................................................................... 21
6.1.9 Aboveground Vs Buried Piping Systems ................................................. 21
6.2 Clearances ..........................................................................................................22
6.2.1 Minimum Vertical Clearances................................................................... 22
6.2.2 Piping Access ........................................................................................... 22
6.2.3 General Piping Clearances....................................................................... 23
6.2.4 Minimum Pipe Rack Clearances .............................................................. 24
6.3 Valves...................................................................................................................24
6.3.1 General ..................................................................................................... 24
6.3.2 Accessibility .............................................................................................. 24
6.3.3 Chain Operators ....................................................................................... 25
6.3.4 Handwheel Access................................................................................... 25
6.3.5 Valve Installation, Vertical Handwheel Orientation .................................. 26
6.3.6 Valve Installation, Horizontal Handwheel Orientation.............................. 26
6.3.7 Relative Valve Elevation........................................................................... 27
6.3.8 Valves Below Grade ................................................................................. 27
6.3.9 Valve Body Cavity/Bonnet Pressure Relief.............................................. 27
6.3.10 Globe Type Control Valves....................................................................... 28
6.3.11 Check Valves............................................................................................ 28
6.3.12 Ball Valves ................................................................................................ 28
6.3.13 Safety Relief Valves.................................................................................. 28
6.3.14 Thermal Relief Valves............................................................................... 29
6.3.15 Valve Selection ......................................................................................... 29
6.4 Centrifugal Pumps..............................................................................................29
6.4.1 General ..................................................................................................... 29
6.4.2 Flange Loads ............................................................................................ 30
6.4.3 Piping Reducers ....................................................................................... 30
6.4.4 Restrictions on Elbows in Suction Piping ................................................. 30
6.4.5 Vertical Elbows in Suction Piping ............................................................. 30
6.4.6 Horizontal Elbows in Suction Piping......................................................... 30
6.4.7 Temporary Strainers................................................................................. 30
6.4.8 Vents and Drains ...................................................................................... 30
6.4.9 Pump Selection......................................................................................... 31
6.5 Vent and Drain Systems ...................................................................................31
6.5.1 General ..................................................................................................... 31
6.5.2 Vent and Drain Piping (NPS 2 and smaller)............................................. 31
6.5.3 Equipment Isolation and Drains ............................................................... 31
6.5.4 Pipe Header Termination Drains .............................................................. 31
6.5.5 Vents on Buried Piping ............................................................................. 31
6.5.6 Drain Piping Slopes .................................................................................. 32
6.5.7 Open Drain Header Systems ................................................................... 32
6.5.8 Closed Drain Header Systems ................................................................. 32
6.5.9 Expansion Chambers ............................................................................... 32
7.0 PIPING STRESS AND FLEXIBILITY..........................................................................33

7.1 General ................................................................................................................33
7.2 Analysis................................................................................................................33
7.3 Design Criteria ....................................................................................................34
7.4 Routing .................................................................................................................34
7.5 Expansion Joints ................................................................................................35
7.6 Piping Supports ..................................................................................................35
7.6.1 Pipe Support Layout ................................................................................. 35
7.6.2 Anchoring and Guides .............................................................................. 35
7.6.3 Anchor Blocks........................................................................................... 35
7.6.4 Welded Pipe Supports .............................................................................. 36
7.7 Piping Spans .......................................................................................................36
8.0 BURIED PIPING AND CROSSINGS ..........................................................................38

8.1 Design Wall Thickness ......................................................................................38
8.1.1 General ..................................................................................................... 38
8.1.2 Minimum Wall Thickness.......................................................................... 38
8.1.3 Road Crossings ........................................................................................ 38
8.2 Location and Alignment .....................................................................................39
8.2.1 General ..................................................................................................... 39
8.2.2 Road Crossings ........................................................................................ 39
8.3 Pipe Clearances .................................................................................................39
8.3.1 Minimum Cover......................................................................................... 39
8.3.2 Minimum Crossing Clearances ................................................................ 39
8.3.3 Minimum Lateral Clearances.................................................................... 40
8.4 Backfill ..................................................................................................................41
9.0 PROTECTIVE COATINGS ...........................................................................................41

9.1 Exposed Piping ...................................................................................................41
9.2 Buried Piping .......................................................................................................41
9.2.1 General ..................................................................................................... 41
9.2.2 Girth Weld Coatings.................................................................................. 41
10.0 INSULATION...................................................................................................................42
10.1 Insulation Materials and Application................................................................42
10.1.1 Exterior Piping........................................................................................... 42
10.1.2 Interior Piping............................................................................................ 42
10.1.3 Buried Piping ............................................................................................. 42
10.1.4 Vessels and Tanks.................................................................................... 42
10.1.5 Valves and Equipment.............................................................................. 42
10.1.6 Personnel Protection................................................................................. 42

10.2 Insulation Thickness ..........................................................................................43
10.3 Insulation Cladding and Accessories ..............................................................43
10.4 Surface Preparation ...........................................................................................43
10.5 Application of Insulation ....................................................................................43
11.0 EXAMINATION AND TESTING ...................................................................................44

11.1 Examinations .......................................................................................................44
11.2 Testing..................................................................................................................44
APPENDICES
Appendix A: Standard Piping Classes

Appendix B: General Piping Details
Appendix C: Anchor Block Calculations
Appendix D: Pipe Support Design
Appendix E: Environmental Design Data for Canadian Facilities
1.0 SCOPE
This standard is a guide to mandatory design practices for station piping. This
standard shall be limited to systems transporting liquid hydrocarbons including:
crude oil, condensate and liquid petroleum products. This standard shall be
further limited to the design of Low Vapour Pressure (LVP) systems intended for
Category I service.
The scope of this standard includes all pressure pipe, valves, fittings and auxiliary
components used in tank farms, pump stations and terminals. This standard does
not cover the design of Main Line piping systems. The designer is cautioned that
this standard is not a comprehensive design handbook; it does not do away with
the need for the designer or for competent engineering judgement.
The requirements of this standard shall not be applied retroactively to existing
installations, but shall apply to the extension, repair, maintenance, and upgrading
of such installations.
FIGURE 1.0.A -- SCOPE DIAGRAM
Note: Facilities indicated by heavy lines are within the scope of this standard,
light lines indicate facilities not within the scope.
2.0 REFERENCED PUBLICATIONS

Some referenced publications are supplemented or qualified, or both, by specific
requirements in this standard; referenced publications should therefore be applied
only in the context of this standard.
Canadian Standards Association (CSA)

CSA Z662-99 Oil and Gas Pipeline Systems
American Petroleum Institute

API 610, 1995 Centrifugal Pumps for Petroleum, Heavy Duty Chemical, and
Gas Industry Services
API 1102, 1993 Steel Pipelines Crossing Railroads and Highways
National Energy Board Act

SOR/99-294 Onshore Pipeline Regulations
Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Standards

MP1100 Pipe Selection a nd Specification
MP1200 Fitting Selection and Specification
MP1300 Valve Selection and Specification
MP2215 Scraper Tee Fittings
MP2217 Induction Pipe Bending
MP2219 Full-Encirclement Saddles
MP3102 Piping Insulation Requirements
MP3110 Station Piping Fabrication
MP3901 Joining Program
MP4111 Station Hydrostatic Test Procedure
GC3101 External Coating of Piping, Components and Structural Steel
GC3102 External Coating of Buried Piping
GC3103 External Coating of Girth Welds on Buried Pipe
3.0 DEFINITIONS
3.1 Isolation Valve

A valve used to isolate facilities such as pumping stations, tank farms,
refineries, terminals, drain lines, and vents from the main line.
3.2 Main Line

Those items through which oil industry fluids are conveyed, which includes
pipe, components, and any appurtenances attached thereto, up to and
including the isolating valves used at stations and other facilities.
3.3 NPS
NPS means Nominal Pipe Size , and the NPS system of nominal size
designation is contained in standards prepared by the American Society of
Mechanical Engineers.
3.4 PN
PN means Pressure Nominal and the PN system of nominal pressure class
designation is contained in standards prepared by the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO). The numerical part of the
designation approximates the maximum cold working pressure rating in bars
(100 kPa).
3.5 Sectionalizing Valve

A valve for isolating a section of pipeline.
3.6 Station Piping

This includes all pipe, components, and any appurtenances at Pump
Stations, Tank Farms, and Terminals downstream from the first station
isolating valve or sectionalizing valve within the station.
3.7 SMYS
SMYS means Specified Minimum Yield Strength. This is the minimum
yield strength prescribed by the specification or standard under which the
material is produced.
4.0 PIPING DESIGN
4.1 General
4.1.1 Minimum Pipe Size

With the exception of instrumentation piping, the minimum size of
piping shall be NPS 1, including drains, vents, and flushing
connections. If smaller lines are required, stainless steel tubing
should be considered.
4.1.2 Maximum Pipe Size

The maximum pipe size for station applications shall be NPS 24.
NPS 30 pipe within stations shall be limited to the piping up to any
scraper barrels (this restriction is due to the fact that under standard
test procedures, NPS 30, 12.7 mm wall, grade 359 piping is limited to
an MOP of 9570 kPA, the MOP for PN 100 is 9930 kPa).
4.1.3 Prohibited Pipe Sizes

Pipe sizes NPS 1¼, 2½, 3½ and 5 shall not be used. Pipe sizes
NPS 14, 18, 22, 26, and 28 should be avoided. Mechanical
equipment or instrument connections of NPS 1¼, 2½, 3½ and 5 shall
change to a permissible piping size, immediately adjacent to the
equipment.
4.1.4 Materials
The material requirements for pipe, piping components and non-
metallic elements (ie. gaskets, elastomers) shall be in accordance
with the requirements of Appendix A.
4.2 Design Conditions
4.2.1 Design Pressure

The maximum operating pressure (MOP) shall equal the design
pressure for the pressure class specified in Table 4.2.1.A.
TABLE 4.2.1.A -- DESIGN PRESSURES
Pressure Class PN 20 PN 50 PN 100

(ANSI 150) (ANSI 300) (ANSI 600)
Design Pressure (kPa) 1900 4960 9930
4 Hr Test Pressure (kPa) 2375 6210 12415
1 Hr Test Pressure (kPa) 2850 7450 14900
Terasen Pipelines (Trans
A B C
Mountain) Inc. Piping Class
4.2.2 Design Temperature

The pipeline operating (or fluid) temperature range is -5°C to 25°C.
The design temperature range of this standard is -29°C to 50°C.
Design temperatures outside of this range are beyond the scope of
this standard. Ambient temperature ranges must be considered when
specifying materials that are not at pipeline temperature.
4.2.3 Design Fluids

The table lists the nominal properties for various hydrocarbons that
flow in station piping systems:
TABLE 4.2.3.A -- PROPERTIES OF DESIGN FLUIDS

Viscosity Vapour
2
Density (mm /sec Pressure Flash
3
Fluid (kg/m ) @ 10°C) (kPa) Point(°C)
Light Crude Oil 825 - 860 6 - 15 25 - 60 <-40
Heavy Crude Oil 920 - 930 220 - 300 40 - 50 <-40
Condensate 695 - 745 0.7 - 0.8 40 - 70 <-40
MTBE 740 0.35 @ 20°C 53.5 -26
Gasoline 695 - 735 0.4 - 0.45 85 - 105 <-40
Diesel 830 - 865 1-5 0 - 10 40
Methanol 795 0.7 12.8 15
Jet Fuel (Type A) 820 2.0 4.0 38
4.3 Pressure Design
4.3.1 Design Wall Thickness

The minimum wall thickness for above ground piping shall be:
TABLE 4.3.1.A: MINIMUM WALL THICKNESS, ABOVE GROUND PIPING

Pipe Size Rating Nipple Size Rating
NPS 1 to 2 XS (Sch 80) ≤ NPS 1 Sch 160
NPS 3 to 10 STD (Sch 40) NPS 1½ to 2 XS (Sch 80)
NPS 12 to 30 Appendix A
4.3.2 Pressure Relief

Relief valves shall be used to prevent excessive pressure build up in
any piece of equipment or piping system segment that can be
isolated with a valve, or check valve. Thermal relief valves shall be in

accordance with paragraph 6.3.14.
4.3.3 Pressure Class

The pressure class for any section of piping not protected by a relief
valve shall be equal to the maximum pressure which can be
developed as a result of pump shut-off, inadvertent valve closure, or
static head (note: thermal relief valves are inadequate for this type of
protection).
4.3.4 Pump Shut-off

For piping subject to pump shut-off pressure, the design pressure
shall exceed the maximum suction pressure plus the pump shut-off
head.
4.3.5 Positive Displacement Pumps

Piping located downstream of a positive displacement pump shall be
protected by a pressure relief valve or have a design pressure that
exceeds the stalling pressure of the pump. The pressure relieving
device shall be independent of any internal pump relief valve and
shall be installed between the pump and the first block valve on the
pump's discharge. The relieving capacity of the pressure relieving
device shall be equal or exceed the capacity of the pump.
4.4 Hydraulic Design
4.4.1 Station Pipe Sizing

Pressure systems such as pump suction and discharge lines,
manifold piping, and metering systems should be sized using Figure
4.4.A. With the exception of pump suction lines, in situations where
economics justify, the flow rates may exceed those indicated by
Region 2, but should not include those in Region 4.
FIGURE 4.4.A – HYDRAULIC PIPE SIZING
4000
Region 3
Short
3500
runs only
Region 4
3000 Avoid applications
in this region
Flow Rate (m 3/hr)
2500
Region 2
2000 Discharge
Piping
1500
1000 Region 1
Suction Piping
500
0
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Pipe Size (NPS)
4.4.2 Valve Sizing

In order to minimize erosion damage, vibration, and noise, the
velocity of flow through valves should not exceed 7.6 m/s. Block
valve sizing shall be in accordance with Terasen Pipelines (Trans
Mountain) Inc. Standard MP1300.
4.5 Branch Connections
4.5.1 Branch Connections < 50% of Run Diameter

Branch connections less than 50% of the run pipe size should be
made with wrought steel reducing tees, extruded outlet fittings, or
integrally reinforced, forged steel, branch outlet fittings which abut the
run pipe. Such outlet fittings include: weldolets®, sockolets® or
threadolets® . Direct stub-ins shall only be permitted on
atmospheric drain lines.
4.5.2 Branch Connections ≥ 50% of Run Diameter

Except as permitted by 4.5.2(a) and (b), branch connections greater
than or equal to 50% of the run pipe size shall be made with straight
tees, reducing tees, or extruded outlet fittings.
a) Pad-type reinforcement shall be permitted for applications

where the branch pipe is at least one pipe size less than the run
pipe. The reinforcement shall be in accordance with CSA Z662.
b) Forged steel outlet fittings shall be permitted for applications
where the branch pipe is at least one pipe size less than the run
pipe, for the following classes and sizes:
i) Piping Class A (PN 20), run pipe size = NPS 16
ii) Piping Class B (PN 50), run pipe size = NPS 4
TABLE 4.5.A -- BRANCH CONNECTION SELECTION GUIDE

BRANCH SIZE
¾ 1 1½ 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 16 20 24
24 O O O O W W W W W RT RT RT T
20 O O O O W W W W RT RT RT T
H 16 O O O O W W W RT RT RT T
E
12 O O O O W W RT RT RT T
A
D 10 O O O O W W RT RT T
E 8 O O O O W RT RT T
R 6 O O O O RT RT T
4 O O O RT RT T SW = SOCKET WELDING TEE
S T = STRAIGHT TEE
3 O O O RT T
I RT = REDUCING TEE
Z 2 SW SW SW SW W = WELDOLET®
E 1½ SW SW SW O = OTHER OLETS:
SOCKOLET®
1 SW SW
ELBOLET®
¾ SW THREADOLET®
4.5.3 Reinforced Branch Connections

When reinforced branch connections are used, the branch piping
shall be made from XS pipe. As a minimum, the XS pipe stub shall
extend from the run pipe to 150 mm past the re-pad or saddle outlet
before any reduction in wall thickness. Full-encirclement saddles
shall be in accordance with Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain)
Inc. Standard MP2219, Full-Encirclement Saddles. Re-pads shall
include tapped vent holes for weld testing.
4.5.4 Branch Connection and Weld Spacing

The minimum distance between any two girth welds or any
combination of fillet and girth weld shall be 100 mm. The minimum
distance between adjacent branch connections shall be in
accordance with 4.5.4.A.
FIGURE 4.5.A -- MINIMUM DIMENSIONS FOR LOCATIONS OF BRANCH CONNECTIONS
TABLE 4.5.A -- MINIMUM DIMENSIONS FOR LOCATIONS OF BRANCH CONNECTIONS

BRANCH SIZE
B
A?
¾ 1 1½ 2 3 4 6 8 10
¾ 150 150
B
1 150 150 160
R
A 1½ 150 160 170 180
N
C 2 150 170 170 180 190
H 3 260 310 310 310 310 510
S 4 290 340 340 340 340 540 575

I 6 330 380 380 380 380 580 610 650
Z 8 360 410 410 410 410 610 650 680 720
E
10 410 450 450 450 450 660 690 730 760 810
Table 5.4.A is based on PN 100 (600 ANSI) flanges.

5.0 PIPING COMPONENTS
5.1 Flanges
5.1.1 General
Raised face, weld neck flanges should be used for permanent
piping. Slip on flanges should be avoided. If slip on flanges are
used, they shall be double welded (welded on the inside and outside
diameter). Except as permitted by clause 5.1.2, the material grade
shall conform to the requirements of Appendix A.
5.1.2 Hub design

A flange with a SMYS less than that of the mating pipe may be used
provided that there is a corresponding increase in thickness of the
hub at the welding end of the flange. The hub thickness shall be
such that the product of its nominal thickness and its SMYS is equal
to or greater than the respective product for the mating pipe.
However, the ratio of the SMYS of the pipe to that of the flange shall
not exceed 1.5. The end preparation shall conform to the
requirements of 5.3.5. When pipe of greater wall thickness than
required is used, match boring of the pipe ends to suit the flange
thickness is permitted.
5.2 Fittings
5.2.1 Design Wall Thickness

Except as permitted by clause 5.2.2, the design wall thickness and
material grade for wrought steel butt-welding fittings shall be
equal to or greater than that of the mating pipe it is attached to, and
not less than that specified in Appendix A.
5.2.2 Increased Thickness

A fitting with a SMYS less than that of the mating pipe may be used
provided that there is a corresponding increase in the fitting wall
thickness. The fitting wall thickness shall be such that the product of
its nominal thickness and its SMYS shall be equal to or greater than
the respective product for the mating pipe. However, the ratio of the
SMYS of the pipe to that of the fitting shall not exceed 1.5. The end
preparation shall conform to the requirements of 5.3.5. When pipe of
greater wall thickness than required is used, match boring of the pipe
ends to suit the fitting thickness is permitted.
5.2.3 Reducers
Concentric or eccentric reducers joining pipes of different thickness
should be specified for the thicker wall, with end preparation as per
subsection 5.3.5.
5.2.4 Scraper Tee Fittings

Tees with branch sizes NPS 12 and larger, in piping designed for
internal inspection shall have scraper guide bars in accordance with
Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Standard MP2215.
5.2.5 Threaded and Socket-Welding Fittings

Forged-steel threaded and socket-welding fittings, including forged
outlet fittings, plugs, and unions shall be ANSI Class 3000. Cast iron
and brass fittings shall not be used for liquid hydrocarbon service.
5.2.6 Piping Unions

Pipe unions shall be limited to drain piping and shall not be used in
pressure piping systems. Unions in drain systems shall be located
on the downstream or low pressure side of header drain valves.
5.3 Joint Design
5.3.1 General
Typical piping joints are welded, flanged or threaded. Piping systems
should be designed to minimize the number of joints, and should be
welded wherever possible. Joints on piping shall be in accordance
with the requirements of Table 5.3.1.A.
TABLE 5.3.1.A - JOINT SELECTION GUIDE

Joint Type
Application Socket Butt
Threaded
Welded Welded
PN 20 = NPS 1½ ? ?
PN 20 > NPS 1½ Temporary only ? ?
Drain Systems ? ? ?
Buried Piping Prohibited ? ?
PN 50 & PN 100 Prohibited Prohibited ?

5.3.2 End Preparations

Transition between ends of unequal thickness shall be accomplished
by the means illustrated in Figure 5.3.5.A.
FIGURE 5.3.5.A -- END PREPARATIONS
a) Standard End Preparation of b) Standard End Preparation for Pipe

Butt-Welding Fittings and
Optional End Prep. for Pipe
c) Internal Diameters Unequal d) External Diameters

for materials of unequal Unequal
SMYS
for materials of unequal SMYS

 SMYS1 
t2 = t1   and t2 ≤ 1.5 t1
 SMYS 2 
e) External and Internal Diameters Unequal
t1 = design wall thickness of the mating pipe

t2 = design wall thickness of the fitting or thicker pipe
SMYS1 = SMYS of pipe
SMYS2 = SMYS of fitting or thicker pipe
1) Where the fitting is tapered within its design thickness (t2), the taper angle (a) shall be;
° ° ° °
Wrought Fittings: 14 ≤ a ≤ 30 , Flanges: 14 ≤ a ≤ 18
°
2) Where the taper is outside the design thickness, the minimum angle is 0 (wrought fittings only);
3) Undimensioned angles and lands shall be in accordance with either figure a or b.
4) In the case of match boring pipe of greater wall thickness than required, t1 is the thickness of the
fitting and t2 is the thickness of the pipe, with the corresponding reversal in SMYS1 and SMYS2.
5.4 Elbows and Bends
5.4.1 Elbows
Long radius elbows shall be used in permanent piping for sizes NPS
3 and larger. Because of their poor hydraulic characteristics, short
radius elbows are to be avoided, particularly in pump suction piping
and upstream of valves, flow measuring equipment, and
instrumentation connections. One exception is the use of short
radius elbows in safety relief valve discharge piping to minimize the
moment and forces on the valve.
5.4.2 Reducing Elbows

Because of their high relative cost and quality assurance problems,
reducing elbows should be avoided. If reducing elbows are
unavoidable, they must be carefully specified and inspected during
fabrication.
5.4.3 Miter Bends

Miter bends shall be avoided and their use is prohibited on PN 50
and PN 100 piping.
5.4.4 Bends Made From Pipe

It shall be permissible to use bends made from pipe in accordance
with the following:
a) Cold pipe bends shall be limited to a minimum radius of 40 pipe

diameters.
b) Induction Bends shall be in accordance with Terasen Pipelines
(Trans Mountain) Inc. Standard MP2217, Induction Pipe
Bending.
c) Bends for lines designed for internal inspection shall have a
minimum bend radii as listed in Table 5.4.4.A.
TABLE 5.4.4.A -- MINIMUM BEND RADII

Pipe Size (NPS ) ≤4 6-8 ≥ 10
Minimum Radius (Pipe Diameters) 20 10 8
6.0 PIPING LAYOUT
6.1 General
The overall piping arrangement should be neat, orderly, and economical
based on the following guidelines:
6.1.1 Pipe Routing

Multiple adjacent piping runs should be routed parallel to one another
and at a common elevation. Branches off the main lines should be
from the top or bottom of the pipe in order to avoid interference with
an adjacent line.
6.1.2 Consistency
Piping layouts at multiple identical pieces of equipment should be
alike for familiarity and ease of operation.
6.1.3 Maintainability
All piping and equipment requiring regular attention by operating and
maintenance personnel should be readily accessible. Adequate,
clear working spaces, of at least 1m, should be provided around
equipment such as pumps and valves. Piping should be self
supporting for ease of equipment removal.
6.1.4 Operability
Piping shall be designed such that operating personnel can perform
their functions in an efficient manner. Not every valve and instrument
can be ideally located, but priorities can be established by
consideration of the frequency of operation and degree of physical
effort required.
6.1.5 Safety
Stairs, ladders, and platforms shall be provided with adequate head
room and lateral clearance. Equipment, valves and other piping
components shall be located such that they do not create hazards.
Special care shall be taken in the placement of valve stems. Every
effort shall be made to keep such projections out of the area between
1400 to 1800 mm (face level) above grade.
6.1.6 Environment
At large integrated manifold systems, overhead cranes complete with
roof systems should be provided to shelter workers and equipment
from the elements and minimize the amount of rainwater runoff to be
processed. These manifolds shall also include liner systems and

sumps to collect and contain leakage.
6.1.7 Dead Legs

Industry experience has shown that dead legs (sections of pipe which
do not experience flow under normal conditions) are subject to
internal corrosion and thus should be avoided. These volumes also
present contamination problems and shall be minimized on any clean
product systems.
6.1.8 Dikes and Berms

Wherever possible, pumps, operating valves and fire fighting valves
shall be located outside diked areas to provide access to this
equipment during a spill or fire.
6.1.9 Aboveground Vs Buried Piping Systems

Aboveground piping systems are preferred, but the designer shall
consider the following:
a) aboveground piping is accessible for visual inspection,

maintenance and repair;
b) piping modifications are usually easier to complete on
aboveground piping due to the absence of excavation
requirements;
c) aboveground piping will be affected by radiant heat;
d) aboveground piping provides more flexibility for movement in all
planes. Flexibility may be necessary to accommodate uneven
settlement, shifting foundations, soil movement, earthquakes,
movements from line shocks and movements from thermal
expansion.
e) underground piping may be necessary for gravity drain systems;
f) underground piping requires better coating and cathodic
protection;
6.2 Clearances
6.2.1 Minimum Vertical Clearances

Minimum vertical clearances between finished grade (or top of floor
plate) and the bottom of the piping, insulation, or support beam
(whichever controls) are to be as specified in Table 6.2.1.A.
TABLE 6.2.1.A -- MINIMUM VERTICAL CLEARANCES

Minimum
Location
Clearance
Above railroad tracks from base of rail 6.8 m
Above major roads open to unrestricted traffic (such
as periphery of manifold area limits) 5.5 m
Within manifold and metering areas:
Above internal roadways provided for access of
maintenance and fire fighting equipment 4.25 m
Above grade, at pipe racks, where access is
required for:
1. vehicular equipment 4.25 m
2. portable (temporary) service equipment only 3.05 m
Above walkways and elevated platforms 2.15 m
Above grade in paved or unpaved areas
(measured from grade to underside of pipe
flange, Dimension C in Table 6.2.5.A) 0.3 m
6.2.2 Piping Access

Piping shall be designed in order to maintain the minimum width of
accessway specified in Table 6.2.2.A.
TABLE 6.2.2.A -- MINIMUM WIDTH OF ACCESSWAY

Location Width
Manifold area a) Primary 1.50 m
accessway b) Secondary 0.91 m
Platform and walkways 0.81 m
6.2.3 General Piping Clearances

There shall be a minimum clearance of 75 mm between pipe flanges
and any obstructions in confined spaces such as pits or beneath
grating. This spacing shall be maintained even in the absence of
pipe flanges
FIGURE 6.2.3.A -- MINIMUM PIPING CLEARANCES
TABLE 6.2.3.A -- MINIMUM PIPING CLEARANCES (mm)

Pipe Size A B C
1 135 135 365
1½ 155 155 Critical 380
service
2 160 160 applications 385
3 180 180 such as unit 405
and station
4 210 210 valves 440
6 255 255 480
8 285 285 1010 510
10 330 330 1040 555
12 355 355 1060 580
16 420 420 1100 645
20 480 480 1150 710
24 545 545 1200 770
30 640 640 1280 865
Clearances are based on PN 100 ( 600 lb. ) flanges.
6.2.4 Minimum Pipe Rack Clearances

Minimum horizontal center to center spacing between uninsulated
lines shall be as shown in Table 6.2.4.A. Spacing may also be
governed by movement of lines due to expansion.
TABLE 6.2.4.A -- MINIMUM SPACING BETWEEN CENTERLINES (mm)

Pipe 1 1½ 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 16 20 24 30
Size
30 475 475 500 550 575 625 650 700 750 775 825 875 950
24 450 450 450 475 525 550 575 625 650 700 750 800
20 400 400 425 425 450 475 525 550 575 625 675
16 325 350 350 375 400 425 475 500 525 575
12 275 300 300 325 350 375 400 450 475
10 250 275 275 300 325 350 375 400
8 225 250 250 275 300 325 350
6 200 225 225 250 250 275
4 175 175 200 200 225
3 150 150 175 175 Pipe spacing based on:
½ OD small pipe + OD large flange) + 25 mm
2 125 125 150 This chart is based on the use of a PN 50 flange on the
larger pipe size. Insulated lines or PN 100 flanges will
1½ 125 125 require larger clearances.
1 125
6.3 Valves
6.3.1 General
Valves should be installed with their stems oriented between the
vertical upward (preferred) and 45° from vertical positions. Horizontal
valve installations should be avoided. Valves shall not be installed
upside down. The following safety hazards must be avoided when
determining stem orientation: head and knee interference, tripping
hazards, and valve stems at eye level in the horizontal plane. The
valve handwheel size shall not be reduced to accommodate the
piping arrangement.
6.3.2 Accessibility
In determining the location of valves in piping systems, accessibility
for operation and adequate space for maintenance shall be provided.
The use of extended stems should be considered in order to avoid
unnecessary loops or turns in the piping.
6.3.3 Chain Operators

The use of chain operators should be avoided. In general, only
infrequently used valves should be located with their handwheel
centerline higher than 1400 mm above grade. Platforms should be
provided for any valves required in piping above this elevation. An
exception to this requirement would be a high point vent.
6.3.4 Handwheel Access

A minimum of 100 mm clearance shall be provided around the entire
circumference of all handwheels. For valve handwheels behind
obstructions, such as handrails, the following shall apply:
a) In the case of vertical handwheels, the entire handwheel shall

be within 400 mm of the outer edge of the obstruction, which
shall not exceed 1200 mm in elevation above grade. No other
obstacle shall interrupt the space between the obstruction and
an elevation of 1800 mm. In the case of handrails, the
handwheel stem can either penetrate through the rail, or a
section of rail in front of the handwheel can be removable
(dropbar section) to facilitate access.
b) In the case of horizontal handwheels, one half of the handwheel
diameter shall be within 400 mm of the outer edge of the
obstruction and all other restrictions mentioned in 6.3.4(a) shall
apply.
FIGURE 6.3.4.A -- HANDWHEEL CLEARANCE
VERTICAL HORIZONTAL
6.3.5 Valve Installation, Vertical Handwheel Orientation

Valves installed with their handwheel in the vertical should have the
handwheel centerline located at an elevation between 1000 mm and
1200 mm above grade or platform grating as shown in Figure
6.3.5.A (optimal elevation 1100 mm). Installations below 800 mm
should be avoided and reserved for infrequently used valves such as
header drain valves.
FIGURE 6.3.5.A -- VALVE INSTALLATION - VERTICAL HANDWHEEL
6.3.6 Valve Installation, Horizontal Handwheel Orientation

Valves installed with their handwheel in the horizontal should have
the handwheel located at an elevation between 1000 mm and 1200
mm above grade or platform grating as shown in Figure 6.3.6.A
(optimal elevation 1100 mm). Installations below 800 mm should be
avoided and reserved for infrequently used valves such as header
drain valves.
FIGURE 6.3.6.A -- VALVE INSTALLATION - HORIZONTAL HANDWHEEL
6.3.7 Relative Valve Elevation

Water emulsified in crude oil can precipitate out of solution and
collect at low points in piping. To prevent this accumulation and the
subsequent freezing potential at valves, a valve shall be placed at an
elevation equal to or higher than that of the highest piping header
that it is connected to (refer to Figure 6.3.7.A).
FIGURE 6.3.7.A -- RELATIVE VALVE ELEVATION
NEVER AVOID BETTER BEST
6.3.8 Valves Below Grade

All below grade valves shall be located in valve boxes and provided
with an extended stem and handwheel above grade. Burial of below
grade valves is not permitted.
6.3.9 Valve Body Cavity/Bonnet Pressure Relief

Valves NPS 8 and larger that do not have integral pressure relief,
such as wedge gate valves, soft sealing plug valves and some
ball valves shall be installed complete with body cavity pressure
relief valves piped to an open drain system, or to the connected

piping. The body cavity can be vented to the adjacent piping using
connections provided on the valve body.
6.3.10 Globe Type Control Valves

Control valves should be installed with the valve stem in the vertical
upright position. There should be a minimum of three diameters of
straight pipe both upstream and downstream of the control valve,
unless otherwise recommended by the manufacturer. This practice
reduces turbulence in the fluid entering and leaving the valve.
6.3.11 Check Valves

Check valves are used to control the direction of flow and cannot be
relied upon for positive shut off in the reverse direction. The
preferred installation of any check valve is in a horizontal piping run.
Check valves shall not be installed in vertical down flow piping.
Check valves are highly susceptible to chattering due to upstream
turbulence caused by fittings. In the absence of specific
recommendations from the manufacturer, a minimum of five
diameters of straight pipe should be provided upstream of all check
valves. For check valves in horizontal piping, the hinge pin
orientation shall be:
a) vertical for dual plate wafer type check valves;

b) horizontal for regular swing type check valves.
6.3.12 Ball Valves

Ball valves shall not be installed in vertical piping runs. In crude
service when the valve is closed, dirt or grit can settle on top of the
ball. Upon opening the valve, these solids can damage the seats or
the ball itself.
6.3.13 Safety Relief Valves

In the absence of any manufacturers recommendations, the following
guidelines should be followed for the arrangement and installation of
safety and relief valves of the direct spring loaded type:
a) All relief valves shall be installed in the vertical upright position

on top of a horizontal run of pipe. The valve should be located
at least one header diameter away from any butt weld.
b) No header branch penetration should be made in the same
circumferential cross section as the safety valve inlet nozzle.
c) Where more than one safety valve or service branch are to be

installed in the same header run, a minimum dista nce of 610
mm or three times the sum of the nozzle inside radii, whichever
is greater shall be provided between the nozzles.
d) Where more than two safety valves are located in the same
header run, the spacing between valves should be varied such
that the distance between two adjacent valves differs by at least
an inlet nozzle diameter.
e) The relief valve outlet piping shall consist of the mating flange
and a fitting to fitting short radius elbow in order to keep the
moment and forces imposed on the valve to a minimum.
6.3.14 Thermal Relief Valves

Thermal relief valves shall be ¾ MNPT x 1 FNPT, Consolidated®
model 1990C-DL-1 pressure relief valve or approved equal. Unless
the piping or equipment protected has not been designed to full
flange rating, thermal relief valve set pressures shall in accordance
with Table 6.3.14.A. Note: the thermal relief valve set pressure
should be taken into consideration when sizing the MOV's.
TABLE 6.3.14.A B THERMAL RELIEF VALVE SET PRESSURES

Piping Class MOP (kPa) Set Pressure (kPa)
PN 20 1,900 2,000
PN 50 4,960 5,200
PN 100 9,930 10,400
6.3.15 Valve Selection

Valve selection shall be in accordance with Terasen Pipelines
(Trans Mountain) Inc. Standard MP1300. Cast iron valves shall not
be used for hydrocarbon service.
6.4 Centrifugal Pumps
6.4.1 General
Piping systems at pump locations shall be designed to allow for
pump removal and maintenance. At locations with multiple pumps,
each pump should have isolation valves and a check valves. The
piping should be designed to minimize flanges loads on the pump
and flexible connections to pumps shall be avoided. Flexible
connections shall not be permitted for pumps with drivers greater
than 3 kw in size.
6.4.2 Flange Loads

The suction and discharge piping must be supported independently
of the pump such that minimal load is transmitted to the pump
flanges. API Standard 610, Centrifugal Pumps for General
Refinery Service , should be consulted when designing suction and
discharge piping. Allowable pump flange loads are given in section
2.4 and in Appendix F -Criteria for Piping Design.
6.4.3 Piping Reducers

When a reduction in pipe size is required at the pump suction, an
eccentric reducer with the flat side up shall be used.
6.4.4 Restrictions on Elbows in Suction Piping

Only long radius elbows are to be used at or adjacent to any pump
suction connection.
6.4.5 Vertical Elbows in Suction Piping

In the suction piping of horizontal double suction pumps, an elbow
may be fitting to fitting if in the vertical plane with flow from above or
below.
6.4.6 Horizontal Elbows in Suction Piping

When the suction piping is in the horizontal plane, provide at least
four diameters of straight pipe between the pump suction connection
and the first elbow. Eccentric reducers may be included in this
straight section.
6.4.7 Temporary Strainers

Pump suction lines should be designed to accommodate a
temporary, in-line, conical type strainer used during pump
commissioning.
6.4.8 Vents and Drains

Pump drains include: high point vents to evacuate trapped air; casing
drains to drain pumps for maintenance; and seal drains(/vents) on
the mechanical seal gland plates to take away fluid discharged from
leaking seals. High point vents and casing drains shall be hard piped
to a closed drain system. Seal drains shall be connected to an
open drain system to prevent the liquid from the casing drain exiting
the seal drain.
6.4.9 Pump Selection

Pumps with cast iron pressure containing components shall not be
used for hydrocarbon service. Centrifugal pumps shall be in
accordance with API Standard 610, Centrifugal Pumps for
General Refinery Service.
6.5 Vent and Drain Systems
6.5.1 General
High-point vent and low-point drain connections shall be provided
on all piping systems. These connections provide a means of
flooding and draining piping systems and equipment for hydrostatic
testing and during start-up and shutdown. The recommended design
of vents and drains shall be as shown in Appendix B.
6.5.2 Vent and Drain Piping (NPS 2 and smaller)

The first vent or drain connection off any line, vessel, or other
component shall have a block valve installed as close as possible to
the connection. The nipple from this connection shall be socket-
welded and the opposite end shall be threaded to accept the block
valve.
6.5.3 Equipment Isolation and Drains

Piping systems shall be provided with adequate valves to isolate
pumps, strainers, meters, and other equipment or vessels for
maintenance. These pieces of equipment should be connected to
drain headers. If drain connections are not provided on the
equipment body, drains shall be provided on the piping inside the
limits of the isolation valves.
6.5.4 Pipe Header Termination Drains

A pipe header shall be terminated with a blind flange complete with
drain as shown in Appendix B. Pipe caps shall be avoided as a
means of terminating pipe headers.
6.5.5 Vents on Buried Piping

Vents or drains on buried piping shall be made with a T.D.
Williamson style hot-tap fitting, as shown in Appendix B.
Regardless of function, the fitting shall always be installed on top of
the pipe. Prior to commissioning, the vent shall be plugged, capped
and covered with a vent protector.
6.5.6 Drain Piping Slopes

In general, drain systems are non-pressurized gravity flow piping and
should have a minimum slope of 10 mm rise per 1 m run of pipe.
6.5.7 Open Drain Header Systems

Any drain point that is open to atmosphere either by design or for
inspection should be connected to an open drain header. Typical
applications include those that can be characterized as low pressure
and/or low volume sources such as valve body cavity bleeds and
pump seal drains. Because these drain points are open to
atmosphere, another drain source at a higher elevation or under
pressure could force fluid to flow out through these open locations.
Therefore, relative elevations, expected drain volumes, and
pressures should be reviewed when designing connections to open
drain systems.
6.5.8 Closed Drain Header Systems

Applications that should be connected to closed drain headers are
those that can be characterized as high pressure and/or high volume
sources. Such applications include: pump case or equipment drains,
safety relief device outlets, and piping header drains. In a closed
drain system, drain connections from a large range of elevations can
be tied into the same header system.
6.5.9 Expansion Chambers

Where it is impractical to route separate lines from closed and open
drain headers to a sump or slop tank, the headers can be connected
by use of an expansion chamber or blow-off box. The expansion
chamber should be vented to atmosphere and designed in
accordance with the requirements of Appendix B. For high volume
systems, installation of a high level alarm in the expansion chamber
should be considered.
7.0 PIPING STRESS AND FLEXIBILITY
7.1 General
Piping systems shall have sufficient flexibility to prevent thermal expansion or
contraction or movements of piping supports from causing:
a) failure of piping or supports from over stress or fatigue;

b) leakage at joints; or
c) detrimental stresses or distortion in piping and valves or connected
equipment, resulting from excessive thrusts and moments in the piping.
7.2 Analysis
Piping stress and flexibility analysis is required for NPS 4 and larger piping
when:
a) it is connected to rotating equipment;
b) it is connected to equipment subject to differential settlement;
c) it forms part of a pressure relieving system;
d) the operating pressures e xceed 7000 kPa; or
e) the operating temperature is outside the shaded area in Figure 7.2.A.
FIGURE 7.2.A – ANALYSIS REQUIREMENTS
Analysis required for applications outside the shaded area

315
175
-25
2 4 6 8 10 12
Pipe Size (NPS)

7.3 Design Criteria

Section 4.6 of CSA Z662 provides concepts, data and methods for
determining the requirements for flexibility in a piping system. These
requirements include:
a) that the computed stresses at any point due to displacements in the

system shall not exceed allowable stresses;
b) that reaction forces shall not be detrimental to supports or connected
equipment; and
c) that the computed movement of the piping shall be within any
prescribed limits, and properly accounted for in the flexibility
calculations.
If it is determined that a piping system does not have adequate inherent
flexibility, means for increasing flexibility shall be provided in accordance with
7.4. Flexibility calculations shall be based on the following data:
TABLE 7.3.A -- REQUIRED DATA FOR FLEXIBILITY CALCULATIONS

Modulus of Elasticity (E) 207,000 MPa
-6
Linear Coefficient of Expansion (a) 12 x 10 /°C
Poisson's Ratio (v) 0.30
Minimum ?T (TOperating - TInstalled) 20°C
7.4 Routing
The following guidelines shall be used to obtain the required flexibility using
the minimum amount of pipe, fittings, and expansion loops:
a) The use of a straight run of pipe between two pieces of equipment or

between two anchor points should be avoided.
b) A piping system between two anchor points in a single plane should, as
a minimum, be L-shaped, ie. two runs of pipe and a single elbow.
c) A piping system between two anchor points with the piping in two
planes should, as a minimum, consist of two L-shaped runs of pipe, one
in the horizontal plane and another in the vertical plane.
d) When the expected thermal expansion in any given pipe run is high, the
use of an anchor at or near the center of the run will distribute the
expansion in two directions.
e) For systems consisting of a large diameter main line and multiple

smaller branch lines, the branches must be flexible enough to withstand
the expansion in the main header.
7.5 Expansion Joints

Bellows or packed expansion joints shall not be permitted. Proper piping
design techniques, anchoring of piping and stress analysis shall be used to
eliminate the need for flexible connections.
7.6 Piping Supports

Pipe supports, anchors and guides shall be designed in accordance with
Appendix D of this standard. The design of piping supports shall be based
on all concurrently acting loads transmitted to such supports. These loads
shall include weight effects, loads induced by service pressures,
temperatures, vibration, wind, earthquake, shock and displacement strain.
Pipe supports shall also be designed to prevent wear and corrosion of the
pipe.
7.6.1 Pipe Support Layout

Where possible, equipment such as valving, metering or strainers,
shall be supported by the attached piping. Where large pieces of
equipment such as pumps or heavy valves require individual support,
provision shall be made for support of the piping if the equipment is
removed.
7.6.2 Anchoring and Guides

To protect equipment such as pumps, tanks and valves from excess
mechanical loading, anchors and guides shall be installed to control
movement or to direct expansion into those portions of the system
which are designed to absorb them. Anchor structures and guides
shall be designed to preve nt wear and corrosion of the piping. In
addition to thermal forces and moments, the effects of friction in other
supports shall be considered in the design of such anchors and
guides.
7.6.3 Anchor Blocks

Stresses and deflections occur in pipelines at the transition from the
below ground (fully restrained) to the above ground (unrestrained)
condition. Analysis of the stresses and deflections in the transition
areas, resulting form internal pressure and temperature change shall
be in accordance with Appendix C of this standard.
7.6.4 Welded Pipe Supports

Nonwelded attachments are preferred, but where welded
attachments are required (ie. anchors, pipe supports) for piping sizes
and classes listed in Table 7.6.4.A, such attachments shall be welded
to a separate cylindrical member that totally encircles the pipe. The
encircling member shall be welded to the pipe by continuous
circumferential welds.
TABLE 7.6.4.A -- WELDED SUPPORTS REQUIRING FULL ENCIRCLEMENT

Piping Class Pipe Size (NPS)
Class B (PN 50) 20 - 30
Class C (PN 100) 8 - 30
7.7 Piping Spans

The maximum allowable distance between pipe supports shall be as given in
Table 7.7.A for each of the cases depicted in Figure 7.7.A.
Note: Spans listed in Table 7.7.A are designed to limit piping deflections to 6.35 mm. Do
not apply where concentrated weights such as heavy valves or heavy fittings exist.
FIGURE 7.7.A -- MAXIMUM SPAN BETWEEN SUPPORTS
4
TABLE 7.7.A -- MAXIMUM SPAN BETWEEN SUPPORTS

Pipe MAXIMUM SPAN (mm)
Size
(NPS) L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7
1½ 4900 4000 4000 3700 3700 -- --

2 5500 4300 4600 4000 4000 -- --
3 6700 5200 5500 4600 4300 4900 --
4 7600 5800 6100 4900 4900 5200 --
6 8800 7000 7300 5500 5500 5800 7000
8 10100 7900 8200 6100 6400 6400 7600
10 11000 8500 9100 6400 7000 7700 7900
12 11900 9400 9800 6700 7300 7300 8200
14 12200 9800 10100 6700 7600 7600 8500
16 12800 10100 10700 7000 8200 8200 8800

20 14000 11100 11600 7300 8800 8800 9400
24 14900 11900 12200 7600 9400 9400 9800
8.0 BURIED PIPING AND CROSSINGS
8.1 Design Wall Thickness
8.1.1 General
The mi nimum design wall thickness for buried piping shall be
determined by the following design formula:
t = pipe design wall thickness (mm)

PD P = design pressure (kPa)
t=
2SF D = pipe outside diameter (mm)
S = specified minimum yield strength (k Pa)
F = design factor (0.80)
8.1.2 Minimum Wall Thickness

Notwithstanding 8.1.1, the minimum thickness for buried piping shall
be:
TABLE 8.1.2.A -- MINIMUM WALL THICKNESS, BURIED PIPING

Pipe Size (NPS) Pipe Wall Thickness (mm)
<6 per Appendix A
6 - 14 6.35
16 - 30 7.92
8.1.3 Road Crossings

Notwithstanding 8.1.1 and 8.1.2, the minimum requirements for
buried, uncased road crossing piping shall be (based on 1.2 m of
cover):
TABLE 8.1.3.A -- MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR ROAD CROSSINGS

Pressure Class Size (NPS) Min. Thickness (mm) Min. Grade
20 7.92
PN 50 (ANSI 300) 24 9.53 241
30 12.7
10 7.92 241
12 9.53 241
PN 100 (ANSI 600) 16 9.53 290
20 9.53 359
24 - 30 12.7 359
8.2 Location and Alignment
8.2.1 General
Wherever possible, buried piping should be located in straight runs
on flat ground. Steep slopes should be avoided. In areas where
steep slopes cannot be avoided, piping should be located such that it
follows the fall line of the slope.
8.2.2 Road Crossings

Where buried piping crosses a road, the angle of intersection should
be as near to 90 degrees as possible. In no case should it be less
than 30 degrees. The crossing piping should be uncased.
8.3 Pipe Clearances
8.3.1 Minimum Cover

Piping should be buried at a constant depth below grade with a
minimum cover as given in Table 8.3.1.A (Measured from the top of
pipe to the top of the surface).
TABLE 8.3.1.A -- MINIMUM DEPTH OF COVER

Location Minimum Cover
under bottom of ditches 0.9 m
non travelled surfaces 1.0 m
road crossings 1.2 m
FIGURE 8.3.1.A -- ROAD CROSSING
8.3.2 Minimum Crossing Clearances

Where lines cross the angle of intersection should be as near to 90
degrees as possible. At the point of crossing, a minimum clearance
of 300 mm should be maintained between the two lines.
8.3.3 Minimum Lateral Clearances

Lines running parallel should be buried at the same elevation with
minimum lateral clearances shown in Table 8.3.3.A. Where lines are
located at different elevations, the lateral spacing shall be increased
such that an excavation extending from the lower most pipe, along a
45° line, does not intersect the bedding of the upper pipe, (Figure
8.3.3.A).
TABLE 8.3.3.A -- MINIMUM LATERAL CLEARANCES

Pipe Size Clearance (mm)
< NPS 6 600
≥NPS 6 1000
Figure 8.3.3.A -- LATERAL CLEARANCE ON PIPING AT UNEQUAL ELEVATIONS

8.4 Backfill
With the exception of bored sections or piping installed in compressible soils
all buried piping should be backfilled in a manner consistent with the cross-
section illustrated in Figure 8.3.3.A. The bedding material should be sand or
fine sand and gravel. If the native soils excavated for the trench are
unsuitable or cannot otherwise be screened, the sand bedding shall be
imported from an appropriate borrow site. Bedding should be placed around
the pipe in a manner to prevent damage to the coating and mechanically
compacted using vibratory equipment to 95% standard Proctor maximum
dry density.
9.0 PROTECTIVE COATINGS
9.1 Exposed Piping

All external surfaces of exposed, carbon steel piping shall be coated in
accordance with Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Standard
GC3101.
9.2 Buried Piping
9.2.1 General
All external surfaces of buried, carbon steel piping shall be coated in
accordance with Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc.
Standard GC3102. Alternative coating systems are listed in
Appendix A.
9.2.2 Girth Weld Coatings

Girth welds and other uncoated pipe and fittings on pre-coated piping
shall be coated in accordance with Terasen Pipelines (Trans
Mountain) Inc. Standard GC3103.
10.0 INSULATION
10.1 Insulation Materials and Application

Insulation materials, including insulating cement and insulation covering,
shall not contain asbestos. Approved insulation materials are listed in
Appendix A.
10.1.1 Exterior Piping

Piping shall generally be insulated with preformed mineral wool or
spun glass fibre with the following exceptions:
a) all piping up to 2150 mm above grade shall be insulated with

calcium silicate (where the pipe goes underground, the calcium
silicate shall stop 300 mm above grade per 10.1.3).
b) any piping that is exposed to spray or moisture shall be
insulated with cellular glass type insulation.
10.1.2 Interior Piping

Piping located within enclosed buildings, with the exception of those
circumstances mentioned in 10.1.1 b). Shall be insulated with
preformed mineral wool or spun glass fibre.
10.1.3 Buried Piping

Buried piping shall be insulated with cellular glass foam from 300 mm
above grade to a depth of 1 m below grade. Unless otherwise
required by heat loss, piping extending below this depth shall not be
insulated.
10.1.4 Vessels and Tanks

Vessels shall be insulated with mineral wool blanket insulation. For
tanks or vessels installed on or within 1 m of the ground, the bottom
600 mm of insulation shall be cellular glass.
10.1.5 Valves and Equipment

Valves and equipment shall be insulated with prefabricated, reusable
boxes of insulated fabric covers that can be entirely removed for
maintenance. Valve stems shall remain exposed. Prefabricated
boxes shall use either calcium silicate or mineral wool for insulation.
10.1.6 Personnel Protection

Piping and equipment with operating temperatures above 651C shall
be insulated to protect personnel.
10.2 Insulation Thickness

Unless higher operating temperatures warrant greater thickness, the
thickness of thermal insulation shall be in accordance with Table 10.2.A.
TABLE 10.2.A -- MINIMUM INSULATION THICKNESS (mm)

Pipe Size (NPS)
Insulation Class [1 1½ - 4 6 8 - 20 24 - 30
Energy conservation* 25 40 50 50 65
Personnel Protection 25 25 25 40 40
* Thickness is based on a maximum operating temperature of 95°C
10.3 Insulation Cladding and Accessories

Components of dissimilar metals subject to galvanic corrosion shall not be
brought into contact with each other. Plated or clad accessories shall not be
used. Cladding and insulation accessories shall conform to Appendix A.
10.4 Surface Preparation

Piping and equipment surfaces shall be prepared and primed in accordance
with Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Standard GC3101.
Insulated piping, with the exception of any exposed surfaces such a flanges
or nozzles, shall be top coated.
10.5 Application of Insulation

The application of insulation shall be in accordance with Terasen Pipelines
(Trans Mountain) Inc. Standard MP3102.
11.0 EXAMINATION AND TESTING

This section outlines the minimum mandatory examination and testing
requirements for station piping.
11.1 Examinations
All nondestructive examinations (visual, radiographic, liquid penetrant and
magnetic particle) shall be in accordance with Terasen Pipelines (Trans
Mountain) Inc. Standard MP3901.
11.2 Testing
All pressure piping and atmospheric drain systems shall be hydrostatically
tested in accordance with Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc.
Standard MP4111. Where pre-tested assemblies are installed, the numbers
of "tie-in" welds not subjected to a pressure test shall be minimized to the
extent possible.

Hydraulic Pipe Sizing

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TERASEN PIPELINES (TRANS MOUNTAIN) INC.

ENGINEERING STANDARDS AND PRACTICES

STATION & TERMINAL PIPING DESIGN

2.0 REFERENCED PUBLICATIONS...................................................................................8

3.0 DEFINITIONS ...................................................................................................................9

4.0 PIPING DESIGN.............................................................................................................10

4.5.3 Reinforced Branch Connections............................................................... 14

5.0 PIPING COMPONENTS ...............................................................................................16

6.0 PIPING LAYOUT............................................................................................................20

7.0 PIPING STRESS AND FLEXIBILITY..........................................................................33

8.0 BURIED PIPING AND CROSSINGS ..........................................................................38

9.0 PROTECTIVE COATINGS ...........................................................................................41

10.1.6 Personnel Protection................................................................................. 42

11.0 EXAMINATION AND TESTING ...................................................................................44

Appendix A: Standard Piping Classes

FIGURE 1.0.A -- SCOPE DIAGRAM

2.0 REFERENCED PUBLICATIONS

Canadian Standards Association (CSA)

American Petroleum Institute

National Energy Board Act

Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Standards

3.1 Isolation Valve

3.2 Main Line

3.5 Sectionalizing Valve

3.6 Station Piping

4.0 PIPING DESIGN

4.1.1 Minimum Pipe Size

4.1.2 Maximum Pipe Size

4.1.3 Prohibited Pipe Sizes

4.2 Design Conditions

4.2.1 Design Pressure

TABLE 4.2.1.A -- DESIGN PRESSURES

Pressure Class PN 20 PN 50 PN 100

4.2.2 Design Temperature

4.2.3 Design Fluids

TABLE 4.2.3.A -- PROPERTIES OF DESIGN FLUIDS

4.3 Pressure Design

4.3.1 Design Wall Thickness

TABLE 4.3.1.A: MINIMUM WALL THICKNESS, ABOVE GROUND PIPING

4.3.2 Pressure Relief

isolated with a valve, or check valve. Thermal relief valves shall be in

4.3.3 Pressure Class

4.3.4 Pump Shut-off

4.3.5 Positive Displacement Pumps

4.4 Hydraulic Design

4.4.1 Station Pipe Sizing

FIGURE 4.4.A – HYDRAULIC PIPE SIZING

4.4.2 Valve Sizing

4.5 Branch Connections

4.5.1 Branch Connections < 50% of Run Diameter

4.5.2 Branch Connections ≥ 50% of Run Diameter

a) Pad-type reinforcement shall be permitted for applications

TABLE 4.5.A -- BRANCH CONNECTION SELECTION GUIDE

4.5.3 Reinforced Branch Connections

4.5.4 Branch Connection and Weld Spacing

FIGURE 4.5.A -- MINIMUM DIMENSIONS FOR LOCATIONS OF BRANCH CONNECTIONS

TABLE 4.5.A -- MINIMUM DIMENSIONS FOR LOCATIONS OF BRANCH CONNECTIONS

S 4 290 340 340 340 340 540 575

Table 5.4.A is based on PN 100 (600 ANSI) flanges.

5.0 PIPING COMPONENTS

5.1.2 Hub design

5.2.1 Design Wall Thickness

5.2.2 Increased Thickness

5.2.4 Scraper Tee Fittings