Biology VCE Unit 3, Chapter 3 Test

Chapter 3 Nucleic acids, gene structure and
regulation Total marks 15
Chapter test
Name: ______________________ Class: ______ Date: ______
Section A: Multiple choice (8 marks)
1 What is the composition of the backbone of DNA?

A alternating sugar and phosphate molecules
B complementary base pairs
C alternating sugar and base molecules
D a polysaccharide
2 Below is a list of bonds between molecules.

I between a hydrogen atom of one water molecule and the oxygen atom of another
water molecule
II between bases in a DNA molecule base pair
III between two amino acid molecules of a dipeptide
Which of these bonds are hydrogen bonds?
A I only
B II only
C I and II only
D II and III only
3 A DNA molecule consists of two strands in which

A the percentage of adenine is the same in each strand.
B the percentage of adenine is the same as that of thymine in each strand.
C the percentage of adenine is the same as that of thymine in the whole molecule.
D the percentage of adenine is the same as that of uracil in the whole molecule.
Copyright © Pearson Australia 2016 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) ISBN 978 1 4886 1123 0 Page 1
4 A certain gene codes for a polypeptide that is 90 amino acids long. Approximately how
many nucleotides long is the mRNA that codes for this polypeptide likely to be?
A 30
B 90
C 180
D 270
5 Why are the messenger RNA molecules received by eukaryotic ribosomes shorter than
the messenger RNA molecules formed by transcription of DNA?
A Sections of messenger RNA formed using the promoter region are deleted.
B Start codons are not at the end of the messenger RNA molecule.
C Introns are removed before the messenger RNA is translated.
D Exons are removed before the messenger RNA is translated.
6 The diagram below represents an animal cell.
Source: © sciencepics/Shutterstock
In which of the labelled locations do the processes of transcription and translation

occur?
Transcription Translation
A IV I
B V II
C IV III
D V I
7 Which molecule is used in transcription but not in translation?
A DNA polymerase
B protease
C ribosome
D RNA polymerase
8 Where does the RNA polymerase attach during the process of transcription?
A the 5’ CAP
B the operator
C the promoter
D the start codon
Section B: Short answer (7 marks)
1 There are two types of nucleic acids: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid
(RNA).
a Define ‘nucleic acids’.
b Compare the structures of DNA and RNA.
2 a State the three types of RNA.
b Outline the functions of RNA in protein synthesis.
3 a Describe the genetic code.
b Define the terms ‘degenerate’ and ‘universal’ as they relate to the genetic code.
4 a Define the term ‘gene’.
b Distinguish structural genes from regulatory genes.
c Outline the structure of eukaryotic genes.
5 a Distinguish gene regulation in eukaryotes from gene regulation in prokaryotes.
b Using the lac operon in E. coli as an example, explain how gene regulation by
transcriptional factors expressed by regulatory genes can occur.
Multipart questions
1 The diagram below shows the structure of a ribosome during protein synthesis.
a State the names of the structures labelled I, II, III and IV.
b State whether the mRNA strand will be read from left to right, or from right to left,
during translation.
c The sequence of nucleotides in an mRNA strand is:

5’ A U G G G G A C G A A G G G U U U C U A A G U U A U C 3’
Using the information in the table below, write down the polypeptide strand formed.
First base in Second base in codon Third base in

codon codon
U C A G
U Phe Ser Tyr Cys U
Phe Ser Tyr Cys C
Leu Ser – – A
Leu Ser – Trp G
C Leu Pro His Arg U
Leu Pro His Arg C
Leu Pro Gln Arg A
Leu Pro Gln Arg G
A Ile Thr Asn Ser U
Ile Thr Asn Ser C
Ile Thr Lys Arg A
Met Thr Lys Arg G
G Val Ala Asp Gly U
Val Ala Asp Gly C
Val Ala Glu Gly A
Val Ala Glu Gly G
d Explain briefly how termination of translation occurs.
e Identify at least two locations within a eukaryotic cell where translation occurs.
2 The table below shows details of certain genes found in humans.
Gene Gene size mRNA size Number of

(kb)* (kb) introns
Beta globulin 1.5 0.6 2
Albumin 25.0 2.1 14
Phenylalanine hydroxylase 90.0 2.4 12
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane 250.0 6.5 26

conductance regulator
Dystrophin 2 500.0 17.0 70
*kilobase pairs
a Calculate the average size of introns for the albumin gene. Show your working.
b Describe the relationship between gene size and number of introns.
c Calculate the maximum number of amino acids that could be produced by

translating dystrophin mRNA.

Biology VCE Unit 3, Chapter 3 Test

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Chapter 3 Nucleic acids, gene structure and

regulation Total marks 15

Name: ______________________ Class: ______ Date: ______

Section A: Multiple choice (8 marks)

1 What is the composition of the backbone of DNA?

2 Below is a list of bonds between molecules.

3 A DNA molecule consists of two strands in which

6 The diagram below represents an animal cell.

In which of the labelled locations do the processes of transcription and translation

Section B: Short answer (7 marks)

b Compare the structures of DNA and RNA.

b Outline the functions of RNA in protein synthesis.

3 a Describe the genetic code.

b Distinguish structural genes from regulatory genes.

c Outline the structure of eukaryotic genes.

5 a Distinguish gene regulation in eukaryotes from gene regulation in prokaryotes.

c The sequence of nucleotides in an mRNA strand is:

First base in Second base in codon Third base in

U Phe Ser Tyr Cys U

Phe Ser Tyr Cys C

Leu Ser – Trp G

C Leu Pro His Arg U

Leu Pro His Arg C

Leu Pro Gln Arg A

Leu Pro Gln Arg G

A Ile Thr Asn Ser U

Ile Thr Asn Ser C

Ile Thr Lys Arg A

Met Thr Lys Arg G

G Val Ala Asp Gly U

Val Ala Asp Gly C

Val Ala Glu Gly A

Val Ala Glu Gly G

2 The table below shows details of certain genes found in humans.

Gene Gene size mRNA size Number of

Beta globulin 1.5 0.6 2

Albumin 25.0 2.1 14

Phenylalanine hydroxylase 90.0 2.4 12

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane 250.0 6.5 26

Dystrophin 2 500.0 17.0 70

c Calculate the maximum number of amino acids that could be produced by

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