Lecutre 1: enzyme and cell signaling

2 Carbohydare metabolism

3 Lipid metabolism

4 Amino acid metabolism

5 Integration and regulation

How to mark in the exam:

20% final exam

5% attendance

5% exercise

10% presentation

Notes:

Enzyme: biocatalyst

What kind other macromolecule catalyst: RNA

Very interesting!

1. General properties of enzymes

- All proteins some small RNA
- Increase the rate of reaction(lower Ea)
- Not changed after reaction
a. Nomenclature
 End in ase
 Describe function
 Common name
 Descbribe both the substrate
 Not clear enough
b. Classified:
6 groups (big groups)
 Oxidoreductases :
 Hydrolases
 Transferase
 Ligases
 Lyases
 Isomerases

+ during 4 lectures, lots of enzymes=>collected and memorize gradually

- 2 ways enzyme works:

 Lock and key
  Induced fit: more flexible and obviously
c. Ea

2. Kinetics and inhibition

a. Reaction kinetics
- Mechaelis-Menton:
Page 203
Km small: need small amounts ( bind affinity substrate and enzyme higher)
When do we need/adjust
- Lineweaver-Burk
Old, can compute how where itll go
- Allosteric enzyme
“Allosteric enzymes function
through reversible, noncovalent binding of regulatory
compounds called allosteric modulators or allosteric
effectors, which are generally small metabolites or
cofactors.” More in page 235
Most in our bodies.
Don’t need to add max substrate but can modify the enzyme
 Affect enzyme activities:
+ non- competitive inhibitor
+ competitive inhibitor
Bieu do :
3. Biochemical signaling
a. Overview
- 3 types:
Endocrine
Paracrine
Autocrine
- Signal transmission
- 2 type of response :
A map
- Steps : 7 steps
7 signal termination:
She will ask about how to stop the signaling
b. Signaling molecules
- Proteins
- Peptides
- Hydrophobic small molecules
- Hydrophilic small
- Some more
 Primary messengers:
Signal binds to receptor
-> recruit proteins( what kind?)
Second messengers signal transduction
 Then cell responses depends on lots of other things(types of tissues,…)
 Second messengers: Common ones (look for more details)
Differences between?
 What is G protein?
3 parts alpha, beta, gamma, binding sites for GDP, links to receptor
When beta and gamma disassociated, GDP->GTP
Will activate
->
- Receptors for signaling
- G protein coupled receptors:
- (7TM receptors)
- Epinephrine signal for glycogen breakdown (exam)
- G protein coupled
- Ways to stop(3 ways)
1st cAMP degraded,
2nd G protein auto switch off: GTP->GDP dephosphorylation (quay lai qua trinh g protein
tren)
Why is it so quick?
- What happened if ligand stucks?
The process keep

3rd target to receptor

- Death’s dispensary