,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; tsHr;rp epiyfs;

FRAMING OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp 1757-y; Nkw;nfhz;l gpshrpg; NghhpdhYk;> 1764-y; eilngw;w gf;]hH NghH
%ykhfTk; tq;fhsj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpaJ. mjidj; njhlHe;J fk;ngdp ifg;gw;wp Ml;rp nra;j epyg;gFjpfspd; epHthfj;ij
Nkw; nfhs;tjw;fhf Mq;fpNya ghuhSkd;wk; njhlf;fj;jpdpy; fk;ngdpapd; Ml;rpapd; fPo; cs;sNghJ 5 gl;lar; rl;lq; fis
,aw;wpaJ. gpd;dH Mq;fpNyNa Nguurpd; fPo; Ml;rp nfhz;Ltug;gl;l gpd; dH ,e;jpa muR rl;lq;fis ,aw;wp
gphpl;b\; ,e;jpahit Mlrp epHthfk; nra;jJ.

xOq;FKiwr; rl;lk; - 1773

 fk;ngdpapd; nray;ghLfis xLf;FKiw nra;tjw;fhf Ntz;b Mq;fpNya ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l Kjy;
rl;lkhFk;.
 ,J 1773-k; Mz;L epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
 ,J tpy;ypak; Nfhl;ilapd; MSeiu tq;fhsj;jpd; ftHdH n[duyhf epakdk; nra;jJ.
 mtUf;F MNyhrid nrhy;tjw;fhf Ntz; b ehd;F cWg;gpdHfisf; nfhz;l ftHdh; n[duhy; epHthf FOtpidAk;
epHzak; nra;jJ. Kjy; ehd;F cWg;gpdHfshd fp.fpNshthpq;> khz;rd;> ghHLty; kw;Wk; gpypg;];
gpuhd;rp]; Nghd;NwhHfs; rl;lj;jpNyNa rl;lj;jpNyNa nrhy;yg; gl;bUe;jJ.
 epHthf FO cWg;gpdHfspd; gjtpf;fhyk; Ie;J Mz;LfshFk;.
 tq;fhsj;jpd; ftHdh; n[duypd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nkl;uh]; kw;Wk; gk;gha; khfhzq;fs; itf;fg;gl;ld. NghH kw;Wk;
mikjp Nghd;w tptfhuq;fspy; fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk; Nkyhz;ik nra;a ftHdH n[duYf;F mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,e;jpahtpw;fhd xU cr;r ePjpkd;wj;ij cUthf;fpaJ. rH vyp[h ,k;Ng vd;gtH
 ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; cr;r ePjpkd;w jiyik ePjpgjpahf epakdk; nra;ag;gl;lhH.

rl;lj;jpd; FiwghLfs;
 ,e;jpahtpw;fhf Mq;fpNyaHfspdhy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l rl;lq;fspd; kpf NkhrkhdJ vd;gJ nrhy;yj;jf;f tifapdpy;
vz;zw;w Fiwfisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
 ftHdH n[duy; kw;Wk; fTd;rpy; kw;Wk; cr;r ePjpkd;wk; Mfpa ,uz;bw;Fk; ,ilNa mjpfhu tuk;ngy;iy
KOiahf gphpf;fg;glhj fhuzj;jpdhy; ,t; tpuz;Lf;Fk; ,ilNa vg;nghOJk; xU Nkhjy; fhzg;gl;lJ.
 khfhzq;fs; KOikahd fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nfhz;Ltug;gltpy;iy.
 ,jd; tpisthf Fiwfis eptHj;jp nra;tjw;fhf 1781-k; Mz;L ePjpr;rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. ,e; j
rl;lj;jpd; %ykhf cr;r ePjpkd;wk; kw;Wk; ftHdH n[duypd; fTd;rpy; ,uz;Lf;Fk; ,ilNa tuk;ngy;iy njspthf
tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ.
 fk;ngdpapd; gFjpfs; Kjd; Kjyhf 1781-k; Mz;L rl;lj;jpdpy;jhd; ,e;jpahtpy; ,q;fpyhe;jpd; gFjpfs; vd;W
Kjd; Kjyhf $wg;gl;lJ.

gpl; ,e;jpar; rl;lk; - 1784

 ,q;fpyhe;jpd; gpujkuhd ,isa gpl; -bdhy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l rl;lk; vd;gjhy; gpl; ,e;jpa rl;lk; vdg;gl;lJ.
 ,e;j rl;lj;jpd; gpujhd Nehf;fk; yz;ldpy; cs;s fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd; jhaf muR epHthfk; njhlHghdJ.
 ,J ,q;fpyhe;jpdpy; ,e;jp tptfhuq;fSf;fhdj; Jiwapid cUthf;fpaJ. ,J NghHL M/g; fd;l; Nuhy; (Board of
Control) fl;Lg;ghl;L FOtpidAk; mjw;fhd jiytH gjtpiaAk; cUthf;fpaJ.
 ,af;FdH FOtpw;F fk;ngdp gzpaplq;fis epug;Gtjw;fhd mjpfhujijj; njhFj;jJ.
 ,e;jpahtpy; ftHdH n[duypd; epHthf FO cWg;gpdHfspd; vz;zpf;ifapid
ehd;fpypUe;J %d;whf Fiwj;jJ. fk;ngdp gilfspd; gilj; jsgjp mjdpy; xUtuhf
,Ug;ghH.
,e;jpahtpdpy; fk;ngdp tptfhuq;fis ,af; FdHfs; FO kw;wk; NghHL M/g; fd;l;Nuhy;
Mfpa ,uz;Lk; xU Nru fl;Lg;ghL nra;jJ. ,J ,ull;ilf; fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiw
vd;wiof;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j Kiwahd 1858-k; Mz;L ,e;jpa muR rl;lk; tiuapYk;
ePbj;jJ.
jiyaplhf; nfhs;ifapid gpd;gw;wTk;> jiyaPl;Lg; NghHfis jLf;fTk; toptif
nra;jJ.
gl;lar; rl;lk; - 1786
fhud;thyp]; gpuGtpw;F rpwg;G mjpfhuq;fis toq;Ftjw;fhf epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. mjd;gb
ftHn[duy; kw;Wk; uhZt gilj; jsgjp Mfpa ,uz;L gjtpf;Fk; ,tH xUth; trk;
xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ.
gl;lar; rl;lk; - 1793
NghHL M/g; fd;l; Nuhypd; jiytH kw;Wk; mjd; cWg;gpdHfs; rk;gs nryTfs; ,e;jpa
tUthapypUe; J nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J gpd;dhspy; 1919 – k; Mz;L epWj;jg;gl;lJ.
fk;ngdpapd; Ml;rp NkYk; 20 Mz;LfSf;F ePl;bg;G nra;ag;gl; lJ.
gl;lar; rl;lk; - 1813
fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd; Ml;rp NkYk; 20 Mz;LfSf;F ePl;bg;G nra;ag;gl;lJ.
fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd; thzpg KW;Whpik xopf;fg;gl;lJ.
gphpl;b\; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s fk;ngdpapd; gFjpfspd; murpay; rhrd hPjpahd epiyapid
Kjd; Kjyhf njspthf tiuaiw nra;jJ.
,e;jpahtpd; ,yf;fpak; kw;Wk; fy;tp tsHr; rpf;fhf Ntz;b Mz; L NjhWk; &.1>00>000 / -
xJf;fPL nra;a toptif nra;jJ.
fk;ngdp gzpapdpy; Nru Kd; gapw;rp fl;lhak; vdf; $wpaJ. uhZt gapw;rpf;fhf
mb];Nfhk; Ng vd;Dk; ,lj;jpdpy; uhZt fy; Y}hpAk;> rptpy; gapw;rpf; fhf n`a;ypGHhpapYk;
xU rptpy; fy;Y}hpapidAk; epWtpaJ.
kjg; gpur;rhuk; nra;a fpUj;Jt rka gug;G rq;fq;fSf;F mDkjp toq;fg;gl;lJ.

gl;lar; rl;lk; - 1833

rPdhTldhd fpof;fpe; jpa fk;ngdpapd; Njapiy kw;Wk; xgpak; thzpg Kw;Whpik
xopf;fg;gl;lJ.
,JtiuapYk; xU thzpg mikg;ghf ,Ue; j rp.rp. fk;ngdp jw;nghOJ Kw;wpYk; xU
murpay; epWtdkhf khwpaJ.
tq;fhsj;jpd; ftHdH n[duy; vd;w gjtpapd; ngaH ,e;jpahtpd; ftHdH n[duy; vd;W
ngaH khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. mjd;gb tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuG ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; ftHdH
n[duyhf epakdk; nra;ag;gl;lhH.
khfhzq;fs; rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; mjpfhuj;ij ,oe;jd. ,e;jpah KOikf;Fk; ftHdH
n[duypd; epHthf FO rl;lq;fis ,aw;Wk;. vdNt khfhzq;fs; rl;lk; ,aw;Wjypy;
Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;jd.
,e;jpahtpw;F rl; lq;fis njhFg;gjw;fhf Ntz;b Xl;Lhpik ,y;yhky; ftHdH n[duypd;
epHthf FOtpdpy; xU rl;l cWg;gpdH NrHf;fg;gl;lhH. nkf;fhNy gpuG Kjy; rl;l
cWg;gpduhf epakdk; nra;ag;gl;lhH. mtH rl;l Mizaj;jpd; jiytuhfTk; epakdk;
nra;ag;gl;lhH.
xw;iwahl;rp Kiw mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
ve;jtpjkhd ghugl;rkpd;wp ,e;jpaHfSf; Fk; fk;ngdpapy; gzpaplq;fs; toq;f toptif
nra;ag;gl;lJ.
kjk;> epwk; Nghd;w fhuzq;fisf; fhl;b fk;ngdpapd; gzpaplq;fSf;F ,e;jpah;fis
ghugl;rk; fhl;lf; $lhJ vd;W $wpaJ.
mbik Kiwapid xopf;f toptif nra;ag;gl;L mjd;gb gpd;dH 1843-k; Mz;L
,e;jpahtpy; mbik Kiw xopf;fg;gl;lJ.
gl;lar; rl;lk; 1853
fk;ngdpapd; Ml;rp ePl;bg;G ve;jtpjkhd fhy epHzak; nrhy;yg;glhky; ePl;bg;G
nra;ag;gl;lJ.
tq;fhs khfhzj;ij epHthfk; nra;tjw;fhf Ntz;b mjd;nfd;W jdpj;j xU ftHdh;
n[duy; epakdk; nra;ag;gl;lhH.
,jw;fhf ,e;jpahtpd; ftHdH n[duy; $Ljy; gzpahf tq;fhsj;jpd; ftHduhfTk;
nray;gl;L te;jhH. vdNt Kjd; Kjyhf ftHdH n[duy; vt;tpjkhd $Ljy;
nghWg;Gfs; ,y;yhky; ntWk; ftHdH n[duyhf kl;Lk; nray;gl;lhH.
mt;tifapdpy; ly;n`srp gpuG ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; ftHdH n[duyhf epakdk;
nra;ag;gl;lhH.
(tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuGtpw;Fk;> ly;n`srp gputpw;Fk; ,ilNa NtWghl;ilf; fhz;f)
rl;l cWg;gpdH ftHdy; n[duy; epHthf FOtpd; KO cWg;gpduhf epakdk;
nra;ag;gl;lhH.
ftHdH n[duy; rl;lkpaw;Wk; FOtpid cUthf;fpaJ. ,Jjhd; gpd;dhspy; gbg;gbahf
,e;jpa rl;lkpaw;Wk; mit (m) ,k;gPhpay; rl;lkd;wk; (m) kj;jpa rl;lkd;wkhf
gpd;dhspy; cUg;ngw;wJ.

fk;ngdpapd; gzpaplq;fs; ,af;FdH FOtpdhy; epakdk; nra; ag;gl;L tUk; Kiw

xopf;fg;gl;L> mjw;Fg; gjpyhf ,dp tUq;fhyq;fspy; Nghl;bj; NjHtpd; %yk; epakdk;
nra;ag;gLk; vd;W njhptpj;jJ.
mjw;fhd nkf;fhNy gpuGtpd; jiyikapdpy; xU rptpy; rHtP]; fkp\id epakdk;
nra;jJ.
,e;jpahtpd; rl; lq;fis kWMa;T nra;tjw;fhf ,q;fpyhe;jpy; xU rl;l fkp\id
epakdk; nra;jJ.
tpf;Nlhhpah Nguurpapd; gpufldk; - 1858
,e;jpag;ngUk; Gul;rp 1857 – f;Fg; gpwF fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd; Ml;rp 1858 – y;
xopf;fg;gl;L> gphpl;b\; Nguurpapd; fPo; nfhz; L tug;gl;lJ. ,e;jpa kf;fs; kw;Wk; RNjr
kd;dHfspd; ek;gpf;ifapid ngwTk;> Mq;fpNyaH Ml;rpapd; epiyg;ghl;bid njhptpf;fTk;
xU gpufldj;ij ntspapl;lhH.
,g;gpufldk; 1858 – y; fhdpq; gpuGtpdhy; myfghj; jHghhpy; gpufldk; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
RNjr kd;dh;fspd; jj;Jf; nfhLf;Fk; chpik Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. mtHfSld;
nra;Jf; nfhz;l xg;ge; jq;fs; kjpf;fg;gLk; vd;W nrhy;yg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpaHfSf;F gzpaplq;fs; toq;fTk;> kjr; Rje;jpuk; toq;fg;gLtJk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpa muRr; rl;lk; - 1858
Nguurpapd; fPo; Ml;rp nfhz;Ltug;gl;lg; gpd;dH ,aw;wg;gl;l Kjy; rl;lk;
,jd;gb fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd; Ml;rp xopf;fg;gl;L Nguurpapd; fPo; f; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
1784 – k; Mz;L Kjyhf ,Ue;J te;j ,ul;ilf; fl;Lg;ghLKiw xopf;fg;gl;lJ.
NghHL M/g; fd;l;Nuhy; kw;Wk; mjd; jiytH gjtp Nghd;wit xopf;fg;gl;L mjw;Fg;
gjpyhf ,e;jpahtpw;fhd ntspAwTr; nrayhsH vd;w gjtp cUthf;fg;gl;L NghHL M/g;
fd;l;Nuhypd; filrp jiytuhd rH rhHy]; Tl;> ,e;jpahtpw;fhf Kjy; ntspAwT
nrayuhf epakdk; nra;ag;gl;lhH.
,g;gjtpf;fhd Cjpak; ,e;jpa tUthapypUe; J toq;fg;gLk; (1919 tiu)
,af;FdH FO xopf;fg;gl;L mJ ,e;jpa fTd;rpyhf cUkhw;wk; ngw;wJ. ,J
,e;jpahtpw;fhd ntspAwT nrayhsUf;F MNyhrid toq;Fk; FOthf nray;gl;lJ.
 muRg; gzpaplq;fs; rptpy; rHtP]; Njh; tpd; %ykhf epakdk; nra;ag;gLk;.
ftHdH n[duy; gjtpapd; ngaH itrpuha; vd;W khw;wk; ngw;wJ.
,e;jpa fTd;rpy; rl;lk; - 1861
,J kj;jpapYk;> khfhzq;fspYk; rl;lkd;wq;fis cUthf;fpaJ.
itrpuhapd; rl;lkd;w FO kj;jpa rl;lkd;w FOthf epakdk; nra; jJ.
Jiw rhHe;j Kiw my;yJ Nfgpndl; Kiw mwpKfk;.
mtruepiy ruj;Jfs; Kjd; Kjyhf mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
gl;n[l; Kiw mwpKfk;.
ml;tNfl; n[duy; gjtp cUthf;fk;.
,e;jpa fTd;rpy; rl;lk; - 1892

kj;jpa rl;lkd;wj;jpw;F Kjd; Kjyhf NjHjy; vd;w gjj;jpidg; gad;gLj;jhJ NjHjy;

Nghd;w kiwKfkhd ruhk;rj;ij mwpKfk; nra;jJ.
kj;jpa rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdHfs; epakdk; %ykhf epug;gl;lhh;fs;.
khfhz rl;lkd;wq;fSf;fhd cWg;gpdHfs; cs;shl;rp kd; wq;fspdhy; NjHT
nra;ag;gl;ldH.
,e;jpa muRr; rl;lk; - 1909
,J ftHdH n[duy; kpz;Nlh gpuG kw;Wk; ,e;jpahtpw;fhd ntspAwTr; nrayhsH khHyp
gpuGtpdhy; nfhz;Ltug; gl;lJ. vdNt kpz;Nlh-khHyp rPHjpUj;jq;fs; vdg;gLfpwJ.
Kjd; Kjyhf Neub NjHjy; Kiw mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
K];yPk;fSf;F tFg;Gthj ,lxJf;fPl;L Kiwapid mwpKfk; nra;jJ. vdNt K];yP k;
cWg;gpdHfis NjHT nra;a K];yPk; thf;fhsHfs; kl;LNk thf;fspj;J NjHT nra;tH.
ftHdH n[duy; kw;Wk; ftHdhpd; epHthf FOtpdpy; Kjd; Kjyhf ,e;jpaHfs; epakdk;
nra;ag;gl;ldH.
mt;tifapdpy; rj;Nae; jpu gpurhj; rpd;fh ftHdH n[duypd; epHthf FOtpdpy; epakdk;
nra;ag;gl;l Kjy; ,e;jpaH MthH.
,e;jpa muRr; rl;lk; - 1919
,r;rl;lkhdJ ftHdH n[duy; nry;k;];NghHL kw;Wk; ,e;jpahtpw;fhd ntspAwTr;
nrayhsH khz;NlF Nghd; Nwhuhy; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. vdNt ,J khz;NlF nry;k;];
NghHL rPHjpUj;jq;fs; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
1917-k; Mz;L khz;NlF gpugptpdhy; gpufldk; nra;ag;gl;l khz;NlF gpufldk; (m)
Mf];l; gpufldk; ,r;rl;lj;jpd; Kd;Nehf;fkhf Vw;fdNt mwptpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
,J khfhzq;fspy; ,ul;ilahl;rp Kiwapid mwpKfk; nra;jJ.
kj;jpapy; <uit rl;lkd;wj;ij mwpKfk; nra;jJ.
khfhz gl;baypy; cs;s tptfhuq;fs; xJf; fg;gl;lit (khw;wg;gl;lit)> xJf;fg;glhjit
(khw;wg;glhjit) vd ,uz;lhf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpahtpw;fhd ntspAwT nrayhsUf; fhd Cjpak; ,e;jpa tUthapypUe;J
nfhLf;fg;gl;L te;j Kiw epWj;jg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpahtpy; tptfhuq;fSf;fhf> ,e;jpa murpdhy; yz;ldpy; ,e;jpa i` fkp\dH vd;w
gzpaplk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
Mbl;lH n[duy; vd;w gzpaplk; gjtp cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
eNue;jpu kz;ly; vdg;gLk; RNjr kd;dHfspd; mitapid cUthf;f rl;l toptif
nra;ag;gl;lJ.
,e;jpar; muRr; rl;lk; - 1933
,e;jr; rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gLtjw;F Kd;ghf 1919 – k; Mz;L rl;lj;ij kWMa;T nra;tjw;fhf
epakdk; nra;ag;gl;l irkd; fkp\ddpd; mwpf;if> %d;W tl;lNkir khehLfspd;
epfo;Tfs;> 1932 g+dh xg;ge;jk;> gl;yH FOtpd; mwpf;ifg; Nghd;w midj;Jk;
xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;L ,e;jpa muRr; rl;lk; 1935 – Mf nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.

,e;jr; rl;lk; 1937 – k; Mz;L eilKiwf;F te;jJ.

,J khfhzq;fspy; ,ul;ilahl;rp Kiwapid xopj;jJ.
kj;jpapdpy; ,ul;ilahl; rp Kiwapid mwpKfk; nra;jJ.
gphpl;b\; ,e;jpa khfhzq;fs; kw;Wk; RNjr kd;dH rk];jhdq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw
cs;slf;fpa xU $l;lhl;rp / $l;likg;G Kiwapid mwpKfk; nra;jJ. Mdhy; RNjr
kd;dHfs; xg;Gjy; nfhLf;fhj fhuzj;jpdhy; ,r;rl;lj;jpd; $l;lhl;rp $W (my;yJ)
kj;jpa muR gFjpahdJ. ,Wjp tiuapYk; eilKiwf;F nfhz;Ltug;gltpy;iy.
,e;jpa hprHt; tq;fp cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. (1935) $l;likg;gpw;fhd ePjpkd;wk; (Fader Court)
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,Jjhd; gpd;dhspy; cr; r ePjpkd;wkhf cUkhw;wk; ngw;wJ. ,J 1937 –
y; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
,r;rl;lj;jpd;gb khfhzq;fSf;F jd;dhl;rp toq;fg;gl;lJ. mjd;gb 1937 – k; Mz; L
khfhzr; rl;lkd;wq;fSf;fhd NjHjy; eilg;ngw;wJ.

,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; cUthf;fk;

FRAMING OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

,e;jpa murpayikg;ghdJ murpay; eph;za rigahy; cUthf;fg;gl;L Vw;Wf;

nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
ke;jphprigapd; fhhpaj; jpl;lk; ( Cabinet Mission ) 1946d; gb murpay; eph;za rig 1946-k;
Mz;L etk;gh; khjk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
,jd; mq;fj;jpdh;fs; khfhzr;rigfspd; ( Provincial Assemblies ) %ykhf xU kpy;ypad;
kf;fs; njhiff;F xUth; vd;w tpfjg;gb kiwKfkhf Njh;njLf;fg;gl;ldh;.
murpay; eph;za rigapy; nkhj;jk; 389 cWg;gpdh;fs; ,Ue;jdh;. mth;fSs; 296 Nghh;
khfhzr; rigapd; cWg;gpdh;fshy; Njh;e; J vLf;fg;gl;lth;fs;. kw;wth;fs; murh;fshy;
Msg;gl;l khfhzq;fspdhy; (Princley States ) epakpf;fg;gl;lth;fs;.
,jd; Kjy; MNyhridf; $l;lk; 1946 Mk; Mz;L brk;gh; khjk; 9Mk; ehs; rr;rpjhde;j
rpd;fhit ,ilf;fhyj; jiytuhff; nfhz;L eilngw;wJ.
1946 Mk; Mz;L brk;gh; 11 Mk; ehs; lhf;lh; uhN[e;jpugpurhj; murpay; eph;zak; rigapd;
jiytuhfj; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;.
tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j „ Fwpf;Nfhs; jPh;khdk; ‟ ( Objective Resolution ) gz;bl;
[t`h;yhy; NeU mth; fshy; murpay; eph;za rigapy; 1946k; Mz;L brk;gh; 13k; ehs;
nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
murpay; eph;za rig 13 Kf;fpa FOf;fis murpay; mikg; ig cUthf;Ftjw;fhf
mikj;jJ.
 1947Mk; Mz;L Mf];l; 29k; ehs; tiuTf;FO lhf;lh; B. R. mk;Ngj;fhh; (gPkhuht; uhk;[p
mk;Ngj;fhh;) jiyikapy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
1947k; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; khjk; ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;gpd; Kjy; tiuT jahhpf;fg;gl; lJ.
tiuTf;FOtpdhy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; tiuT 1948Mk; Mz;L gpg;uthp
21k; ehs; mitj; jiythplk; rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl; lJ.
1948k; Mz;L etk;gh; 15 Kjy; 1949k; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; 17 tiu ,e; jpa murpayikg;gpd;
tiuT xt;nthU \uj; Jf;fshf ghprPyidf;F vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
1949k; Mz;L etk;gh; 26k; ehs; ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;G ,e; jpa kf;fshy; murpay;
eph;za rigapd; %ykhf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;L rl;lkhf ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpa murpayikg;G murpay; eph;za rigahy; mjd; filrp ehshd 1950k; Mz;L
[dthp 24k; ehs; mjd; cWg;gpdh;fshy; ifnaOj;jplg;gl;lJ.
1950Mk; Mz;L [dthp 26k; ehs; ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;G KOtJkhf eilKiwf;F
te;jJ.
,e;jf;fhyf; fl;lj;jpy; murpay; eph;za rig jw;fhypf ghuhSkd;wkhf nray;gl;lJ.
(1947 Mf];l; 15> 1949 etk;gh; 26).
,e;jpa murpay; mikg;Ng cyfpd; KjyhtJ ePskhd murpayikg;ghf fUjg;gl;lJ.
Muk;gj;jpy; ,t;turpayikg;G 22 gphpTfisAk; 395 xg;ge;jq;fisAk; 8
ml;ltizfisAk; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
murpay; Kiw eph;zak; nra;af;$ba rig murpay; mikg;ig cUthf;f 2 tUlq;fs;
11 khjq;fs; kw;Wk; 18 ehl;fis vLj;Jf; nfhz;lJ.
,jw;fhf 6.4 Nfhb &gha; muRg;gzk; nrytopf;fg;gl;lJ.
Njrpaf;nfhbapd; tiuglk; murpay; eph;za rigahy; 1947k; Mz;L [_iy khjk; 22k;
ehs; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
Njrpa fPjk; murpay; eph;za rigahy; 1950Mk; Mz;L [dthp 24k; ehs; Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpahtpd; murpay; eph;za rig 1949k; Mz;L etk;gh; khjk; 26k; ehs; ,e;jpa
ghuhSkd;wkhf khw;wg;gl;lJ.
jdJ nrhe;j murpayikg;igf; nfhz;l xNu ,e;jpa khepyk; [k;K fh\;kPh;.
1952k; Mz;L ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;fhd Kjy; Njh;jy; eilngw;wJ.
1951k; Mz;L ,e;jpa murpayikg;G Kjd;Kiwahf jpUj;jg;gl;lJ.
1991k; Mz;L nly;yp ,e;jpahtpd; jiyefug; gFjpahf;fg;gl;lJ.
fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapdhy; ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; tiuT jahhpf; fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w
Nfhhpf;if 1935k; Mz;L murpay; Kiw eph;zak; nra;af;$ba rigapy; vOg;gg;gl;lJ.
Mq;fpNya muR ,f;Nfhhpf;ifis 1940k; Mz;L Mf];l; nfhilapd; NghJ Vw; Wf;
nfhz;lJ.
 K];yPk; rPf;fpah;fs; kw;Wk; nghJg;gphptpdh; MfpNahUf;F mth;fspd; kf;fs; njhif
tpfpjg;gb ,lq;fs; xJf;fg;gl;lJ.
1947k; Mz;L [_d; 3k; Njjpapy; nksd;l;ghl;ld; gpuGtpd; jpl;lg;gb ghfp];jhd; ehl;bd;
gphpTk; me;ehl;bw;fhd jdpahd murpay; Kiw eph;zak; nra;af;$ba rigAk;
mwptpf;fg;gl;ld.
,jd; njhlh;r;rpahf ghfp];jhd; ehl;bw;Fl; gl;l gFjpfshd fpof;F tq;fk;> tlNkw;F
vy;iy khfhzk;> Nkw;F gQ;rhg;> rpe;J> gYrp];jhd;> m];]hkpd; rpy;nfl; khtl;lk;
Mfpatw;wpypUe;J Njh; e;njLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdh;fs; ,e;jpa murpay; Kiw eph;zak;
nra;af;$ba rigapd; cWg;gpdh;fshf fUjg; gltpy;iy.
tlNkw;F vy;iy khfhzk; kw;Wk; rpy;nfl; Mfpait nghJ [d thf;nfLg;gpd; %yk;
ghfp];jhdplNk ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;lJ.
Mifahy; gphptpidf; F gpwF ,e;jpa murpay; Kiw eph;zak; nra;af;$ba rigapd;
cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;if 299 Mf Fiwe;jJ.
Murpay; Kiw eph;zak; nra;af;$ba rigapd; Kjy; MNyhridf; $l;lk; K];yPk;
yPf;fhy; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;lJ.
jpU. B. N. uht; murpay; Kiw eph;zak; nra;af;$ba rigapd; rl; l MNyhrfuhf
epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
tiuTf;FOtpd; cWg;gpdh;fs; N. NfhghyRthkp Ia;aq;fhh;> my;yhjp fpU\;zRthkp
Ia;ah; K. M. Kd; \p KfkJ rJy;yh P. L. kpl;lh; (gpd; dh; ,tUf; Fg;gjpyhf N. khjt;uht;
epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;) kw;Wk; T. P. nfa;jhd; (,th; 1948y; ,we;jjhy; ,tUf;Fg; gjpyhf T. T.
fpU\;zkhr;rhhp epakpf; fg;gl;lhh;.)
lhf;lh; B. R. mk; Ngj;fhh; ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; je;ij vd;wiof;fg;gl;lhh;.
394k; xg;ge;jj;jpd;gb> FbAhpik> Njh;jy;> ghuhSkd;wk;> jw;fhypf kw;Wk; khwf;$ba
cld;gbf;iffis nfhz;l tpjpfs; ( Articles ) 5> 6> 7> 8> 9> 60> 324> 366> 367> 379> 380>
388> 391> 392 kw;Wk; 393 Mfpait ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;G Vw;W;f nfhs;sg;gl;l ehs;
Kjy; (1949 etk;gh; 26) mkYf;F te;jd. kw;w cld;gbf;iffs; ,e;jpa murpayikg;G
njhlq;fg;gl;l ehs; Kjy; (1950 [dthp 26) mkYf;F te;jd.
395tJ xg;ge;jj;jpd;gb ,e;jpa muRr;rl;lk; 1935 kw;Wk; ,e;jpa Rje;jpur; rl; lk; 1947
Mfpatw;Wf;F gjpyhf murpay; mikg;G nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; ,ay;G ( NATURE OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION )
1. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G xU KO $l;lhl;rp ehL my;y
2. ,J xU miuFiw $l;lhl;rp

murpay; mikg;gpd; Mjhuq;fs;

SOURCE OF THE CONSTITUTION

Contact & WhatsApp No: 9626538744 Page 10

,e;jpa muRr;rl;lk;: 1935 ( GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT OF 1935)

,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; %d;wpy; ,uz;L gFjpf;F Nky; ,e;jpa muRr;rl;lk; 1935y;
,Ue;J vLf;fg;gl;lJ.
murpaypd; mbg;gil mikg;G> khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspilNaahd cwT>
mtru epiyg;gpufldk;> $l;lhl; rp Kiw> $l; lhl;rp jj;Jtj;Jld; $ba ePjpj;Jiw kw;Wk;
MSehpd; mYtyfk; njhlh;ghd cld;gbf;iffs; ,r;rl; lj;jpypUe;J vLj;Jf;
nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
mnkhpf;f murpayikg;G ( THE US CONSTITUTION )
FbauRj; jiytiu KbTfs; vLf;ff;$ba jiytuhfTk; Kg;gilfspd; jiytuhfTk;
epakpj;jy;> Jizf; FbauRj;jiytiu khepyq;fs; mitapd; MNyhrid
rigj;jiytuhf epakpj;jy;> mbg;gil chpikfspd; kPjhd kNrhjh> ePjpj;Jiwapd;
Rje;jpuk;> rl;lk; njhlh;ghd kW ghprPyid> KfTiu kw;Wk; cr;rePjpkd;wk; kw;Wk;
cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; eP jpgjpfis ePf;Fjy; Mfpait njhlh;ghd cld;ghLfs;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;

Mq;fpNya murpayikg;G ( BRITISH CONSTITUTION )

rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; eilKiwfs;> rl;lj;jpd; tpjpKiwfs;> xw;iw FbAhpik Kiw kw;Wk;
mikr;rh;fSf;fhd nghWg;Gfisf; nfhz;l ghuhSkd;w Ml;rpKiw
fdlhtpd; murpayikg;G ( CANADIAN CONSTITUTION )
khepyq;fs; ,ilNaahd cwT> kj;jpa muRf;Fk; khepyq;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa
mjpfhuq;fis gfph;e;jspg;gJ> ( Residuary List ) typikahd kj;jpa muRld; $ba
$l;likg;G kw;Wk; vQ;rpa mjpfhuq;fis kj;jpa murplNk xg;gilg;gJ Mfpait
njhlh;ghd cld;gbf;iffs;.
Ihp\; murpayikg;G ( IRISH CONSTITUTION )
murhq;fj;jpd; topfhl;Lk; newpKiwfs;> FbauRj;jiytiu Njh;e;njLf;Fk; Kiw>
khepyq;fsitapd; cWg;gpdh;fis FbauRj;jiyth; epakpj;jy;.
n[h;kdpapd; nta;kh; murpayikg;G ( WEIMAR CONSTITUTION OF GERMANY )
mtru epiy gpufldj;jpd; NghJ mbg; gil chpikfis jw;fhypfkhf ePf;Fk;
cld;ghLfs;.
M];jpNuypa murpayikg;G ( AUSTRALIAN CONSTITUTION )
xd;Nwhnlhd;W xj;Jg;Nghfpd;w nghJg;gl;bay; kw;Wk; tpahghuk; tzpfk; kw;Wk; ghpkhw;wk;>
xj;Jiog;NghL $ba $l;lhl;rp kw;Wk; ghuhSkd;w Kd;Dhpikfs; Mfpait njhlh;ghd
cld;gbf;iffs;.

Kd;Diu

Contact & WhatsApp No: 9626538744 Page 11

(THE PREAMBLE)

murpayikg;gpd; Kd; Diu murpay; eph;za rigahy; epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;ba Kf;fpa

Fwpf;Nfhs;fis mikj;J nfhLj;jJ.
gz;bl; NeU mth;fshy; njhptpf;fg;gl;l Fwpf;Nfhs; jPh;khdNk murpayikg;gpd;
Kd;diuahdJ.
cr;r ePjp kd;wj;jpd; ghh;itapy; ,k; Kd;DiuahdJ> ,e; jpa murpayikg;ig
cUthf;fpath;fspd; kdq;fis jpwe;J njhpe;J nfhs;s cjTk; rhtp Nghd;W
fUjg;gl;lJ.
 ,J ,e;jpa kf;fspd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fisAk; ( Ideals )> MirfisAk; ( Aspirations )
cs;slf;fpaJ.
Murpayikg;G (42tJ jpUj;jk;) rl;lk; 1976 ,e;j Kd;Diuia khw;wp „ rkj;Jt ‟
kjr;rhh;gw;w kw;Wk; xUq;fpize;j vd;Dk; thh;j;ijfis mjDld; Nrh;j;jJ.
Kd;Diu ePjpf;F mg;ghw;gl;lJ MFk;.
,k;Kd;Diu murpayikg;gpd; Fwpg;gpl;l cld;ghLfis myl;rpak; nra;a KbahJ.

Kd;Diu:
,e;jpa kf;fshfpa ehq;fs; ,e;jpahit ,iwahz;ik kpf;f> rkj;Jt>
kjr;rhh;gw;w> [dehaf Fbaurhf fl;b vOg;GNthk; vd;W cWjp nfhs;fpNwhk;.
NkYk; r%f> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; murpay;> ePjp> fUj;Jr;Rje;jpuk;> fUj;ij
ntspapLk; Rje;jpuk;> ek;gpf;if ve;j kjj;ijak; gpd;gw;Wk; kw;Wk; topgLk;
Rje;jpuk;> midtUf; Fk; rk me;j];J kw;Wk; tha;g;G Mfpait midj;J
Fbkf;fSf;Fk; toq;fg;gLk;. jdpkdpj khpahijia kjpf;Fk; xw;WikAk;>
xUikg;ghLk; rNfhjuj;JtKk; cila ,e;jpahit cUthf;FNthk;. vq;fsJ
murpay; eph;za rigapy; nra;af;$ba ,e;j 1949Mk; Mz;L etk;gh; 26Mk; ehs;
,e;jpa murpay; mikg;G Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;L rl;lkhf ,aw;wg;gl;L vq;fSf;F
toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

,e;jpa khepyq;fSk; A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSk;

(THE UNION AND ITS TERRITORY: PART – I)

ghujkhfpa ,e;jpahthdJ khepyq;fspd; If;fpakhFk; ( Union of States ) vd;w tpjp 1

$Wfpd;wJ.
,e;jpahthdJ $l;lhl; rp mjpfhuj;ij kj;jpa muRld; gfph; e;J nfhs;Sk; khepyq;fis
cs;slf;fpaJ.

,e;jpahtdJ rpijaf;$ba khepyq;fisf; nfhz;l rpijf;f Kbahj If;fpak; MFk;.

tpjp - 3> Gjpa khepyq;fspd; cUthf;fk; khepyq;fspd; vy;iyfs;> gug;gsT> kw;Wk;
ngah;fis khw;wp mikg;gNj gw;wpf; $Wfpd;wJ.
ghuhSkd;wk; rhjhuz ngUk;ghd;ik ngWtjd; %yk; Gjpa khepyq;fis cUthf;fTk;
Vw;fdNt ,Uf;Fk; khepyq;fspd; vy;iyfs;> gug;gsT kw;Wk; ngah;fis
khw;wpaikf;fTk; KbAk;.
FbauRj;jiyth; rpghhpR> nra;jhyd;wp Gjpa khepyq;fis cUthf;fNth Vw;fdNt
,Uf;Fk; khepyq;fspd; vy;iyfs;> gug;gsT> ngah;fs; Mfpatw;iw khw;wp mikf;fNth
NfhUk; kNrhjhit ghuhSkd;w mitfspy; mwpKfg;gLj;j KbahJ.
jw;NghJ 28 khepyq;fSk;> 7 A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSk; cs;sd.
1952k; Mz;L etk;gh; 17Mk; ehs; Kjy; mkYf;F te;j tpjp-370d; gb [k;K fh\;kPh;
khepyk; rpwg;G me; j];J ngw;Ws;sJ. ,k;khepyj;jpd; jdpahd murpayikg;G
[k;Kfh\;kPhpd; murpay; eph;za rigahy; tiuag;gl;L 1957> [dthp 26 Kjy; mkYf;F
te;jJ.
khepyq;fspd; kW fl;likg;G
Rje;jpuj;jpw;F gpwnkhop thhpahf khepyq;fis kWfl;likg;G nra;a Ntz;Lnkd;w
Nfhhpf;if gy gFjpfspy; ,Ue;Jk; vOk;gpaJ. Nkhopthhpahf khepyq;fis khw;wpaikf;f
Ntz;Lnkd;w Nfhhpf;ifia Ma;T nra;tjw;fhf 1947 Mk; Mz;L etk;gh; khjk; SK jhh;
fkp\id kj;jpa muR mikj;jJ.
jhh; fkp\dpd; ghpe;Jiufis ghprPyid nra;a 1948 Mk; Mz;L n[a;g;G+h; efhpy;
eilngw;w fhq;fpu]; $l;lj;jpd; NghJ %d;W cWg;gpdh;fis nfhz;l FO xd; W
mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j FOtpd; %d;W cWg;gpdh;fspd; ngauhy; ,f;FO n[tpgp ( JVP )
FO vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. ([t`h;yhy; NeU> ty;yggha; gNly;> gl;lhgp rpj;juhikah).
khepyq;fis kWfl;likg;G nra;a nkhopapid mbg;gilahf nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w
Nfhhpf;ifia ,f;FO epuhfhpj;jJ.
NkYk; ,f;FO ghJfhg;G> xw;Wik kw;Wk; nghUshjhutsh;r;rp MfpaitNa
kWfl;likg;gpw;fhd Nehf;fq;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; $wpaJ. ,jd; ghpe;Jiufis
fhq;fpu]; nraw;FO 1949 Mk; Mz;L Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ. Mdhy; nkhopthhpahf
khepyq;fis gphpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nfhhpf;if njd;dpe;jpahtpy; Fwpg;ghf njYq;F NgRk;
gFjpfspy; typAWj;jg;gl;lJ.
njYq;F NgRk; gFjpfspy; Vw;gl;l Gul;rpapd; tpisthf njYq;F NgRk; gFjpfis
kWfl;likg;G nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nfhhpf;ifia fhq;fpu]; Vw;W Me;jpug;gpuNjr
khepyj;ij 1953Mk; Mz;L mikj;jJ.
,g;gpur;rpidia KOikahf Ma;R nra;a ,e;jpa muR jpU. /ghry; myp vd;gthpd;
jiyikapy; khepy kWfl;likg;G Ma;Tf;FOtpid 1953Mk; Mz;L mikj;jJ.
`hpjaehj;Fd;];U kw; Wk; Nf. vk;. gdpf;fh; MfpNahh; ,f; FOtpd; kw;w cWg;gpdh;fshth;.
1955Mk; Mz;L rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl;l ,f;FOtpd; mwpf;ifapy; nkhopthhpahf khepyq;fis
khw;wpaikf;Fk; Nfhhpf; if Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

gy;NtW tiffspyhd 27 khepyq;fis 16 khepyq;fshfTk; 3 A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fshfTk;

khw;wpaikf;f ,f;FO ghpe;Jiu nra;jJ.
,f;FOtpd; ghpe;Jiufis mkyhf;Ftjw;fhf ,e;jpa ghuhSkd;wk;> khepy
kWf;fl;likg;Gr; rl;lk;> 1956 vd;Dk; rl;lj;ij ,aw;wpaJ.

,e;jpa khepyq;fSk;> A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSk;

(THE STATES AND THE UNION TERRITORIES OF INDIA)

khepyk; /
A+dpad; gpuNjrk;
jiyefuk;
kf;fs;
njhif
fy;tp
mwpT
khepyj;jpd;
nkhop
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; i`juhghj; 75727541 61.11 njYq;F> cUJ
mUzhr;ryg;gpuNjrk; <lhefh; 1091117 54.74 nkhdgh> mfh> kprp
m];]hk; jp];g+h; 26638407 64.28 m];]hkpd; gq;fyh
gPfhh; ghl;dh 8287179 47.33 ,e;jp
rl;b];fh; uha;G+h; 20795956 65.18 ,e;jp
Nfhth ghdh;[p 1343998 82.32 nfhq;fdp> Nghh;j;Jfyp
F[uhj; fhe;jpefh; 50596992 69.97 F[uhj;jp
`hpahdh rz;bfh; 21082989 68.59 ,e;jp
`pkhryg;gpuNjrk; rpk;yh 6077248 77.13 ,e;jp> gfhhp
[k;Kfh\;kPh; =efh; 10069917 54.46 fh\;kPhp> lhh;fp> cUJ>
ylhf;fp
[hh;fz;l; uhQ;rp 26909428 54.13 ,e;jp
fh;ehlfh ngq;fSh; 52733958 67.04 fd;dlk;
Nfush jpUtde;jGuk; 3183619 90.92 Kiyahsk;
kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; Nghghy; 60385118 64.11 ,e;jp
kfhuh\;buh Kk;ig 96752247 77.27 kuhj;jp
kzpg;G+h; ,k;ghy; 2388634 68.87 kzpg;G+hp
Nkfhyah \py;yhq; 2306069 63.31 fhrp> fhNuh> n[ae;jpah
kpNrhuk; ma;];thy; 891058 88.49 kpNrh> Mq;fpyk;
ehfhye;J Nfh`pkh 1988636 67.11 M];]hkP];> ehfh>
Mq;fpyk;
Xhprh GtNd]; th; 36706920 63.61 Xhpah
gQ;rhg; rz;bfh; 24289296 69.95 gQ;rhgp> ,e;jp
uh[];jhd; n[a;g;G+h; 56473122 61.03 ,e;jp> uh[];jhdp
rpf;fpk; fhq;lhf; 540493 69.68 Nyg;fh> G+l;bahNeghyp
jkpo;ehL nrd;id 62110839 73.47 jkpo;

jphpGuh mfhjyh 3191168 73.66 gq;fyh> kzpg;G+hp

cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; yf;Ndh 166052859 57.36 ,e;jp
cj;juhQ;ry; Nluh^d; 8479562 72.28 ,e;jp
Nkw;Ftq;fk; nfhy;fj;jh 80221171 69.72 gq;fsh

A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs;
(UNION TERRITORIES)

khepyk; /
A+dpad; gpuNjrk;
jiyefuk;
kf;fs;
njhif
fy;tp
mwpT
khepyj;jpd;
nkhop
me;jkhd;
epf;Nfhghh; jPTfs;
Nghh;l;/gpNsh; 356265 81.18 me;jkhdp
rz;bfh; rz;bfh; 900914 81.76 ,e;jp> gQ;rhgp
jhj;uhehfh;`Ntyp Rpy;t];]h 220451 60.03 kuhj;jp> F[uhj;jp>
nfhq;fdp> &yp
lhkd;> ilA+ lhkd; 158059 81.09 kuhj;jp> F[uhj;jp
nly;yp (Njrpa
jiyefh;
gpuNjrk;)
nly;yp 13782976 81.82 ,e;jp> cUJ> gQ;rhgp
yl;rj;jPTfs; ftuj;jp 60595 87.52 kiyahsk;> k`hy;yk;
ghz;br;Nrhp ghz;br;Nrhp 973829 81.49 jkpo;> gpnuQ;R
,e;jpah GJnly;yp 1027015247 65.38 Ml;rpnkhop ,e;jp

FbAhpik
( CITIZENSHIP – PART – II )
gpd;tUk; Ie;J Kiwfspd; %yk; ,e;jpa FbAhpikiag; ngwyhk;
gpwg;gpd; %yk; ( By Birth )
guk;giuapd; %uk; ( By Desent )
gjptpd; %yk; ( By Registration )
Fbkf;fshf Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjd; %yk; ( By Naturalisation )
gpuNjrq;fspd; xd;wpizg;gpd; %yk; ( By incorporation of Territories )

FbAhpikia ,of;Fk; %d;W Kiwfs; ( Three modes of losing Citizenship )

Jwj;jy; ( Renunciation ): FbAhpikia jhdhf Kd;te;J Jwg;gJ
KbTf;F tUjy; ( Termination ): rl;lj;jpdhy; FbAhpik KbTf;F tUjy;

ePf;Fjy; ( Deprivation ): jtwhd topfis gpd;gw;wp gjpT Kiwapd; %yNkh

my;yJ Fbkf;fshf Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; Kiwapd; %yNkh ngw;w FbAhpikia
fl;lhakhf KbTf;F nfhz;L tUjy;

mbg;gil chpikfs;
( FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS (PART – III )

1. murpayikg;gpd; %d; whk; gFjp ( PART – III ) mbg;gil chpikfspd; gl;baiy

nfhz;bUf;fpwJ
,e;jpa muRr;rl;lk; 1935 f;Fk; jw;nghOJs; s murpay; mikg;gpw;Fk; cs;s kpf
Kf;fpakhd tpj;jpahrk; ,e;j mbg;gil chpikfNs MFk;.
Murpayikg;gpd; ,e;j mj;jpahakhdJ ,e; jpa murpayikg;gpd; mbg;gilfSs;
xd;W. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; %d;whk; gFjp murpayikg;gpd; %iyf;fy;
( Cornerstone ) vd;Wk; ehd;fhk; gFjpNahL (murhq;fj;jpd; topfhl;Lk; newpKiwfs;)
Nrh;j;J murpayikg;gpd; kdrhl;rp ( Conscience ) vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
kf;fshy; muRf;F toq;fg;gl;l mjpfhuq;fspd; Mf;fpukpg;gpy; ,Ue;J kf;fspd;
chpikfisAk;> Rje;jpuq;fisAk; fhg;ghw;w mbg;gil chpikfs; mtrpakhdit
MFk;.
,t;tbg;gil chpikfshdJ murpd; rl; lk; ,aw;Wk; kw;Wk; KbntLf;Fk;
mjpfhuq;fspd; vy;iyfshFk;.
,e;j chpikfs; jdpkdpjdpd; mbg;gil chpikfshf fUjg;gLfpd;wd.
Vnddpy;> ,it xU kdpjd; mwpT> xOf;fk; kw;Wk; Md;kh Mfpait rhh;e;j
me;j];jpid mila ,it mtrpaj;NjitahFk;.
mbg;gil chpikfspd; mwptpg;ghdJ kf;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;L cs;s rpy
Rje;jpuq;fis kjpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W muRf;F epidT+l;LfpwJ.
Kdpjdpd; muir tpl rl;lj;jpd; muir mikg;gNj mbg;gil chpikfisg;
gw;wpa mj;jpahaj;ij ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;NghL Nrh;jjjd; Nehf; fkhFk;.
mbg;gil chpikfshdJ tiuaWf;fg;gl;l chpikfs; MFk;. mit jdp
kdpjh;fSf;F kpifg;gbahd mjpfhuq;fis toq;Ftjpy;iy.
17-tJ kw;Wk; 24-tJ tpjpfs; tiuaiwaw;w chpikfs; MFk;. mjhtJ
KOikahd chpikfs; ( Absolute Rights )
ghugl;rj;jpw;F vjpuhd chpik (tpjp 15 (2) jP z;lhikf;F vjpuhd chpik (tpjp 17)
kw;Wk; Ruz;lYf;F vjpuhd chpik (tpjp 23 kw;Wk; 24) Mfpait
jdpkdpjh;fSf;F vjpuhfTk; epiwNtw;wg;glf; $bait mFk;.
,e;jpahtpd; midj;J rl;lq;fisAk;> rl;l rk;ge;jkhd kWghprPyid nra;a tpjp
13 toptFf;fpd;wJ ( Judicial Review )

rl;lg;G+h; tkhd kWghprP yid ( Judicial Review ) vd;gJ ve;j rl;lkhtJ ,e;jpa
murpayikg;gpd; %d;whtJ gphptpypUe;J NtWgl;L my;yJ Kuz;gl;L ,Ue;jhy;
mr;rl;lj;ij murpay; mikg;G rhuhjJ vd;W mwptpf;f cr;r ePjpkd;wk; kw;Wk;
cah;ePjp kd;wq;fSf;Fk; cs;s mjpfhukhFk;.
,e;jpa murpayikg;G rpy Fwpg;gpl;l #o;epiyfspy; jhdhfNt mbg;gil
chpikfis jw;fhypfkhf ePf;Ftjw;F Njitahd cld;gbf;iffisf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. cjhuzkhf tpjp 352d; fP o; mtru epiy gpufldj;jpd; nghJ
mbg;gil chpikfis jw;fhypfkhf ePf;fpf; nfhs;syhk; (mjhtJ Nghh; my;yJ
ntspehLfspd; Mf;fpukpg;G)
,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; tpjp 359d; fPo; FbauRj; jiyth; rpy Fwpg;gpl;l my;yJ
midj;J mbg;gil chpikfisAk; mtru epiy gpufldj; jpd; NghJ xU
ntspg;gilahd mwptpg;gpd; %yk; jw;fhypfkhf epWj;jp itf;f KbAk;.
44tJ jpUj;jr;rl;lk; (1978): mtru epiy gpufldj;jpd; NghJ $l tpjp 20 kw;Wk;
21 Mfpatw;iw jw;fhypfkhf uj;J nra;tij (Fw;wj;jpw;fhfj;
jz;bf;fg;gLtjpypUe;J fhj;jy; kw;Wk; thOk; kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l chpikfis
fhj;jy;) jilnra;fpd;wJ.
1. rkj;Jt chpik: ( RIGHT TO EQUALITY : 14-18)
tpjp 14: EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW & EQUAL PROTECTION OF THE LAW .
xU murhdJ ve;j xU jdp kdpjDf;Fk; “ rl;lj;jpd; Kd; midtUk; rkk; ”
vd;gijNah midj;J rl;lq;fSf;Fk; ghJfhg;G mspg;gijNah kWf;f KbahJ vd;W
$WfpwJ.

mbg;gil chpik tiffs;: ( Classification of Fundamental Rights ):

mbg;gil chpikfspy; 6 FOf;fs; cz;L: * rkj;Jt chpik (tpjp 14-18) * Rje;jpu
chpik (tpjp 19-22) * Ruz;lYf;F vjpuhd chpik (tpjp 23 & 24) * kj chpik
(tpjp 25 – 28) * gz;ghL kw;Wk; fy;tp chpikfs; (tpjp 29 kw;Wk; 30) * rl;lg;gb
ghpfhuk; NjLk; chpik (tpjp 32)

tpjp 15: (PROHIBITION OF DISCRIMINTION ON THE GROUNDS OF RELIGION,

RACE, CASTE,
SEX OR PLACE OF BIRTH )
15(1) ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; 15k; tpjp kjk;> ,dk;> [hjp> ghypdk; kw;Wk; gpwg;gplk;
Mfpatw;iw
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ghugl;rj;ij jilnra;fpd;wJ.
tpjp 15> xU muR ve;j xU FbkfidAk; kjk;> [hjp> ghypdk; kw;Wk; gpwg;gplk;
Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; kl;Lk; ghugl;rkhf elj;jf;$lhJ vd;W mwpTWj;Jfpd;wJ.
tpjp tpyf;Ffs;:

15 (3) Foe;ijfSf;fhfTk;> ngz;fSf;fhfTk; rpwg;G rYiffs; toq;fyhk;.

15 (4) r%fk; kw;Wk; fy;tp hPjpahf gpd;jq;fpath;fSf;fhf [hjp mbg;gilapy; ,l
xJf;fPL toq;fyhk;.
tpjp 16: ( EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY IN MATTERS OF PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT )
nghJ Ntiy tha;g;G njhlh;ghd tp\aq;fspy; midtUf;Fk; rk tha;g;G
16 (1) ve;j xU FbkfDk; kjk;> [hjp> ghypdk;> guk;giu> gpwg;gplk; my;yJ trpg;gplk;
Mfpatw;wpd;
mbg;gilapy; khepy murpd; Ntiy tha;g;GfSf;F jFjpapy;yhjtuhf fUjg;glNth
my;yJ
ghugl;rkhf elj;jg;glNth $lhJ.
tpjp tpyf;Ffs;:
16 (3) ,Ug;gplj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,lxJf;fPL Ntiy thag;Gfspy; mspf;fg; glyhk;
( Residence )
16 (4) r%f kw;Wk; fy;tp hPjpahf gpd; jq;fpath;fSf;F [hjpthhpahf ,lxJf;fPL toq;fyhk;
( Reservation )
16 (5) kjj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; Ntiytha;g;Gfspy; ,lxJf;fPL toq;fyhk; ( Religion )
tpjp 17: jPz;lhik xopg;G ( ABOLITION OF UNTOUCHABILITY )
jPz;lhik xopf;fg;gl;L> mij ve;j tbtpYk; nray;gLj;JtJ jil nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
rl;lj;jpd;gb jPz;lhik vd;gJ jz;lidf;Fhpa Fw;wkhFk;
 murpayikg;Ng ,e;j tpjpapd; fPo; ve;j xU jz;lidiaAk; eph;zapf;ftpy;iy
jPz;lhikf;fhd tuaiw ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; ,y;iy
jPz;lhik xopg;Gr; rl;lk; 1955> ,J 1976-y; jpUj;jg;gl;L ,e;jpa FbAhpikapay; rl;lk;
vd;W $wg;gl;lJ
tpjp 18: gl;lq;fspd; xopg;G ( ABOLITION OF TITLES )
,uhZtk; my;yJ fy;tpapy; rpwg;G epiy Mfpait jtpu NtW ve;j gl;lq;fisAk; -
muR mspf;f KbahJ
,e;jpahtpd; ve;j FbkfDk; may;ehLfspd; gl;lq;fis Vw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$lhJ
murpd; fPo; Ntiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; may; ehLfisr; Nrh;e;jth;fs; me;ehLfspy; ,Ue; J
mDkjpapd;wp gl;lq;fs; ngWtijAk; ,J jil nra;fpd;wJ
tpjp 18> Fw;wj;jpw;fhd ve;j jz;lidiaAk; eph;zapf;ftpy;iy
jz;lidf;fhd rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; Rje;jpuk; ghuhSkd; wj;jpw;F cs;sJ
ghuj uj;dh> gj;k tpG+\d;> gj;k= Nghd;w gl;lq;fs; mspg;gJ tpjp 18I kPwpajhfhJ
2. Rje;jpu chpik: tpjp 19 : [dehaf chpikfs; ( DEMOCRATIC RIGHTS )
murpayikg;gpd; 19k; tpjp ,e;jpa Fbkf;fSf;F gpd;tUk; 6 mbg;gil chpikfs; /
Rje;jpuq;fis toq;Ffpd;wJ.
Ngr;Rhpik kw;Wk; fUj;ij ntspapLk; chpik
Mikjpahf MAjq;fspy;yhky; $Lk; chpik

Fofk; my;yJ FOf;fis cUthf;Fk; chpik

,e;jpa gpuNjrj;jpd; ve; j gFjpf;F Ntz;LkhdhYk; NghFk; chpik
,e;jpag;gpuNjrj;jpd; vg; gFjpapy; Ntz;LkhdhYk; trpf;Fk; my;yJ FbNaWk; chpik
nrhj;Jhpik (44tJ jpUj;jr; rl;lk; 1978 My; ePf;fg;gl;L tpjp 300 A f;F khw;wg;gl;lJ)
ve;j tpj Ntiy> tpahghuk; kw;Wk; njhopy; elj;Jk; chpik

tpjp 19y; Fwpg;gplg;gl; Ls;s 6 mbg;gil Rje;jpuq;fSk; KOikahdit my;y. ehl;bd;

ghJfhg;G> may;ehLfSld; el;GwT> nghJ xOq;F> khpahij> xOf;fKiw> ePjpkd;w mtkjpg;G>
mguhjk; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; epahakhd epge;jidfis muR tpjpf;f KbAk;.

tpjp 20 : Fw;wq;fSf;fhf jz;bf;fg;gLtjpypUe;J ghJfhg;G

( PROTECTION IN RESPECT OF CONVICTION FOR OFFENCES )
,e;j ghJfhg;G gpd;tUk; 3 tifahd jz;lidfSf;F vjpuhdjhFk;.
fle;j fhy epfo;r;rpfSf;Fk; nghUe;jf;$ba rl;lk; ( EX-POST FACTO LEGISLATION )
,jw;F xU rl;lk; ,aw;wp mij Kd; Njjpapl;L mky; gLj;JtJ vd;W nghUs;
,e;j mjpfhuk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F murpayikg;ghy; toq;fg;gLfpwJ
,J r%ftpay; rl;lq; fSf;F kl;Lk; nghUe; Jk;> Fw;wtpay; rl;lq;fis Kd; Njjpapl;L
mky;gLj;j KbahJ
,ul;il jz;lid ( DOUBLE JEOPARDY )
xU kdpjd; xU Fw;wj;jpw;fhf xNu xU Kiw kl;LNk jz;bf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; NkYk;
mjpfhuj;jpy; ,Ug;gthpdhy; eph;zapf;fg;gl;l fhyj;jpw;F kl;LNk jz;bf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
 xU r%f mYtyh; Fw;wj;jpw;fhf Ntiyapy; ,Ue;J epue;jukhf eP f;fg;gl;bUe;jhy; mJ
,ul;il jz;lidapd; fPo; tuhJ. NkYk; mth; kPJ ePjp kd;wj;jpYk; tof;F njhluyhk;
jd;id rk;ge;jg;gLj;Jtjw;F my;yJ cl;gLj;Jtjw;F vjpuhd jil
(PROHIBITION AGAINST SELF NATION )
Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;l vtUk; mtUf;F vjpuhfNt rhl;rp nrhy;y fl;lhag; gLj;jg;glf;$lhJ
Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;l vtUk; mf;Fw;wk; ep&gpf; fg;gLk; tiu epuguhjpahfNt fUjg;gLthh;
vd;gNj Fw;wtpay; rl;lj;jpd; mbg;gil nfhs;ifahFk;
tpjp 21: thOk; chpik kw;Wk; jdpkdpj Rje;jpuk; (PROTECTION OF LIFE AND
PERSONALIBERTY )
rl;lj;jhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l eilKiwfspd; gb my;yhky; vthplk; ,Ue;Jk; thOk; chpik
kw;Wk; jdpkdpj Rje;jpuq;fis gwpf;f ,ayhJ
tpjp 22: ifJ kw;Wk; fhtypy; itg;gjw;F vjpuhd ghJfhg;G
(PROTECTION AGAINST ARREST AND DETENTION IN CERTAIN CASES )

xU mjpfhhp ve;j xU egiuAk; ifJ nra;tjw;fhd my;yJ fhtypy; itg;gjw;fhd

rhpahd fhuzj;ijj; njhptpf;fhky; ifJ nra;aNth my;yJ fhtypy; itf;fNth
KbahJ.
ifJ nra;ag;gl;l> fhtypy; itf;fg;gl;l egh; mUfpy; cs;s ePjpgjp Kd;
ifJnra;ag;gl;l 24 kzp Neuj;jpw;Fs; M[h; gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; (tpLKiw ehl;fisAk;>
gazj;jpd; Neuj;ijAk; jtpu)
ePjpgjp $wpa fhyf;nfLtpw;F Nky; fhtiy ePl;bf;f KbahJ
3. Ruz;lYf;F vjpuhd chpik ( RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION )
tpjp 23: kdpjh;fspd; rl;l tpNuhjkhd th;j;jfk; kw;Wk; fl;lhaj; njhopyhsh; Kiwia
jilnra;jy;
kdpjh;fspd; rl;l tpNuhjkhd th;j;jfk; kw;Wk; nfhj;jbik kw;Wk; fl;lhaj; njhopyhsh;
Kiwapd; gpw tbtq;fs; Mfpait jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.
,e;j cld;gbf;ifia kPWk; ve;jr; nraYk; rl;lj;jpd;gb jz;lidf;Fhpa Fw;wkhFk;.
kdpjh;fspd; rl;l tpNuhjkhd th;j;jfk; vd;why; Mz;fisAk;> ngz;fisAk; nghUl;fis
tpw;gJ Nghy; tpw;gid nra;tJ kw;Wk; ngz;fisAk;> Foe;ijfisAk; xOf;fkw;w
fhhpaq;fSf;fhf tpw;gJ vd;gJ nghUs;.
tpjp 24: njhopyfq;fspy; Foe;ijfis gzpakh;j;Jtij jil nra;jy;
(PROHIBITION OF EMPLOYMENT OF CHILDREN IN FACTORIES etc., )
14 taJf;Fl;gl; l Foe; ijfis jPq;F tpistpf;ff; $ba gzpfspy; gzpakh;j;Jtij
jil nra;tNj tpjp 24d; rhuk; MFk;
,e;j cld;gbf;if Foe;ijfspd; tho;tpd; eydpYk;> ghJfhg;gpYk; mf;fiw
nfhz;Ls;sJ
4. kj chpik (25 – 28) ( RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION )
,e;jpah kjr; rhh;gw;w ehL. Kj ek;gpf;ifapy;yh ehNlh my;yJ ehj; jpf ehNlh my;y.
muR vy;yh kjq;fisAk; ghJfhf;fpd;wJ. Mdhy; vjpYk; jiyapLtjpy;iy. ,J rh; t
jh;k rk;gth vd;Dk; goikahd ,e;jpaf; Nfhl;ghl;by; ek;gpf;if nfhz;Ls;sJ.
tpjp 25: kdrhl;rpg;gb elg;gjw;F kdjpy; epidj;jij ntspapy; $Wtjw;F> kjj;jpy; cs;s
 tp\aq;fis nra;tjw;F kw;Wk; kjj;ij gug;Gk; Rje;jpuk; ( FREEDOM OF
CONSCIENCE, PROFESSION, PRACTICE AND PROPAGATION OF RELIGION )
nghJ xOq;F> xOf;f Kiw kw;Wk; MNuhf;fpak; kw;Wk; ,g;gFjpapd; kw;w
cld;gbf;iffs; Mfpatw;Wf;F cl;gl;L midtUf;Fk; kdrhl; rpapd; gb elf;Fk; ve;j
njhopYk; nra;Ak; kw;Wk; kjj;ij gug;Gfpd;w chpik cz;L.
kjj;ij gug;Gk; chpik vd;gJ kw;w egh;fis xU Fwpg;gpl; l kjj;jpy; NrUkhW
J}z;Ltij Fwpf;fhJ
tpjp 26 : kjr;rk;ge;jkhd tptfhuq;fis eph;tfpf;Fk; chpik ( FREEDOM TO MANAGE
RELIGIOUS
AFFAIRS )

nghJ xOq;F xOf; fKiw kw;Wk; MNuhf;fpak; Mfpatw;wpw;F cl;gl;L midj;J

kjj;jpdUk; gpd;tUk; chpikfis ngWfpd;wdh;
kjr;rk;ge;jkhd kw;Wk; Nrit Ghpfpd;w fhuzq;fSf;fhf ];jhgdq;fis mikj;J
eph;tfpf; Fk; chpik
kjr;rhh;ghd mjd; nrhe;j tp\aq;fis eph;tfpf;Fk; chpik
mirAk; kw;Wk; mirah nrhj;Jf;fis itj;Jf; nfhs;s kw;Wk; thq;Fk; chpik
rl;lj;jpd; gb mr;nrhj; ij eph;tfpf;Fk; chpik
kdrhl;rp ( CONSCIENCE ): XU Fbkfd; my;yJ Fbkfs; jhd; tpUk;Gk; topapy;
,iwtDldhd cwit tsh;j;J nfhs;s toq;fg;gl;Ls;s
tiuaiwaw;w cs;Rje;jpuk;
ntspaply; (PROFESS ): xUtUila ek;gpf; iffis gfpuq;fkhfTk; Rje;jpukhfTk;
ntspapLjy;
mDrhpj;jy; (PRACTICE ): kjj;jhy; eph;zapf;fg;gl;l flikfs;> kw;Wk; rlq;Ffis mDrhpj;jy;
kw;Wk; kj ek;gpf;iffis ntspf;fhl;Ljy;
gug;Gjy; (PROPAGATE ): jdJ kjj;jpd; fUj;Jf;fis gug;Gjy; ,J ahiuAk; fl;lhag;
gLj;jhky; jdJ fUj;Jf;fis ntspapLtJk; kw;wth;fis
J}z;LtJk; kl;LNk MFk;.
tpjp 27: xU Fwpg;gpl;l kjj;jpd; tsh;r;rpf;fhf thp nrYj;Jk; chpik
( FREEDOM AS TO PAYMENT OF TAXES FOR PROMOTION OF ANY
PARTICULAR
RELIGION )
kjr;rk;ge;jkhd fhuzq;fSf;fhf thp nrYj;Jk;gb ve;j xU egiuAk; fl;lhag;gLj;j
KbahJ
ve;j kjj;jpw;fhtJ muR Nrit Ghpe;jhy; mr; Nritf; fl;lzj; ij gf;jh;fsplkpUe;J
t#ypf;f muRf;Fr; Rje;jpuk; cz;L.
tpjp 28 : rpy fy;tp epiyaq;fspy; elf;Fk; kjg; NghjidfspYk; kj topghl;bYk; fye;J
nfhs;Sk;
Rje;jpuk;
fy;tp epiyaq;fis ehd;F tiffshf gphpf; fpwJ.
o KOtJk; murhy; tiffshf gphpf;fpwJ
o Murhy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl; lit
o murplkpUe;J cjtp ngWk; gs;spfs;
o kjj;jpduhy; mikf;fg;gl;L murhy; eph;tfpf;fg;gLk; gs;spfs;
Kjy; tifiar; Nrh;e; j gs;spfspy; kj Nghjidfs; elj;jf;$lhJ
,uz;lhk; kw;Wk; %d;whk; tifiar; Nrh;e; j gs;spfspy; kjg; Nghjidfs; elj;jyhk;.
Mdhy; khzth;fis fl;lhak; tUk;gb tw;GWj;jf;$lhJ

ehd;fhk; tifiar; Nrh;e;j gs;spfspy; kjg; Nghjidfs; elj;j ve;j epge;jidfSk;

,y;iy

kj chpikf;fhd epge;jidfs; my;yJ

fl;Lg;ghLfs;
( RESTRICTIONS ON FREEDOM OF RELIGION )

kj chpikahdJ nghJ xOq;F> xOf;fk; kw;Wk; MNuhf;fpak; Mfpatw;wpw;Fl;gl;lJ.

cjhuzkhf kjj;jpd; ngauhy; ahUk; jPz;lhikiaf; filgpbf;f KbahJ
ehfhpfkw;w Kiwapy; cilazpaf; $lhJ
xUth; kw;nwhUtiu fl;lhakhf kjk; khw;wf;$lhJ
jiyg;ghif mzptJ rPf;fpa r%fj;jpy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mdhy; vt;tsT
nghpa jiyg;ghif Ntz;LkhdYNkh my;yJ vj;jid jiyg;ghif Ntz;LkhdhYNkh
mzpaf;$lhJ
kj eilKiwfSld; $ba nghUshjhu> epjp> murpay;> kjr;rhh;gw;w nray;fis
xOq;FKiwg;gLj;Jjy;> cjhuzkhf gf;hPj; gz;bifapd; NghJ gRf;fisg; gyp
nfhLg;gJ kjj;jpd; kpf Kf;fpa mq;fk; my;y.
r%f ey;tho;T kw;Wk; rPh;jpUj;jj;jpw;Fk; kj eilKiwfSf;Fk; ,ilNa Kuz;ghJ
Vw;gl;lhy; kjk;jhd; ,zq;fp my;yJ fPo;g;gbe;J nry;y Ntz;Lk;
kjj;jpd; ngauhy; r%f mePjpfs; filgpbf;fg; glf;$lhJ. gyjhug; gof;fk; ,e;J kjj;jpd;
Kf;fpa mq;fk; my;y. vdNt ,ij xOq;FKiwg;gLj;j ,aYk;.
5. fyhr;rhu kw;Wk; fy;tp chpikfs; (29 & 30) ( CULTURAL & EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS )
tpjp 29: gz;ghL> fy;tp> chpikfs;> rpWghd;ikahpd; eyd;fhj;jy;
,e;jpag; gpuNjrj;jpy; my;yJ mjd; gFjpfspy; trpf;Fk; ntt;NtW ,dq;fis Nrh;e;j
Fbkf;fs; mth;fSf; nfd;W jdpahd nkhop> vOj;JKiw kw;Wk; gz;ghL Mfpatw;iwf;
nfhz;bUg;gh;. mtw;iwg; ghJfhf;Fk; chpik mk;kf;fSf;F cz;L.
tpjp 30: rpWghd;ikapdh; fy;tp epiyaq;fis mikf;fTk; eph;tfpf;fTk; chpik cz;L
kjk; kw;Wk; nkhopapd; mbg;gilapyhd midj;J rpWghd;ikapdUk; jq;fspd; tpUg;gg;gb
fy;tp epWtdq;fis mikf;fTk; eph;tfpf;fTk; KbAk;
NkYk;> ,J kjk;rhh;e; j> fy;tp kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L epWtdq;fSf;F mirah nrhj;Jf;fis
thq;fTk;> itj;jpUf;fTk; tpw;fTk;> chpik mspf;fpd;wJ
6. rl;lg;gb ghpfhuk; NjLk; chpik ( RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES )
tpjp 32: rl;lg;gb ghpfhuk; NjLk; chpik
,J mbg;gil chpikfis mkyhf;Ftjw;fhf cr;r ePjp kd; wj;jhy; toq;fg;gl;l
tiuaiwfis tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.
 ,ij lhf;lh; gp. Mh;. mk;Ngj;fhh; mth;fs; mbg;gil chpikfspd; mbg;gil
( Fundamental of Fundamental Rights ) vd;Wk; murpay; mikg;gpd; ,jaKk;> Md;khTk;
vd;W $Wfpd;whh;.
mbg;gil chpikfis mkyhf;Ftjw;fhf gytifahd cj;juTfis ntspapLk; chpik
( Writ ) 32MtJ tpjpapd; fPo; cr;rePjp kd;wj;jpw;F cs;sJ.
cj;juTfis ntspapLk; chpik ( Writ ) ,q;fpyhe;jpd; murpayikg;gpypUe; J vLj;Jf;
nfhs;sg;gl;l KiwahFk;.
gpd;tUtd cj;juTfspd; Ie;J tiffshFk;: ( WRIT ):
1. ePjpkd;wq;fspd; Kd; epWj;jy; cj;juT> my;yJ Ml;nfhzh; ePjpg; Nguhiz ( HABEAS
CORPUS )
(mjhtJ ePjp kd;wj;jpd; Kd; xUtiu M[h; gLj;jNtz;Lk; vd;gJ ,jd; fUj;jhFk;)
o ,t;tifahd cj;juT muR kw;Wk; jdp kdpjh;fspd; jd;dpr;irahd nray;fspy; ,Ue; J
xUtiu fhg;ghw;Wtjw;fhf toq;fg;gLk;
o ghjpf;fg;gl;lth; my;yJ ghjpf;fg;glhjth; ahh; Ntz;LkhdhYk; ,e; j tof;if Nghlyhk;
o ghjpf;fg;gl;lth; ,j;jifa eltbf;iff;F vjpuhf e\;l <L Nfhu KbAk;
2. nghJf;flik nra;aitj;jy; cj;juT my;yJ fl;lis ePjpg; Nguhiz ( MANDAMUS )
o ,t;tifahd cj;juthdJ nghJ mjpfhhpf; Nfh my;yJ mYtyUf; Nfh my;yJ fPo; ePjp
kd;wq;fSf;Nfh rl;l chpikfis mkyhf;Ftjw;fhf toq;fg;gLk;
o ,e;j cj;juit FbauRj; jiyth; kw;Wk; MSeh;fSf;F vjpuhf toq;fKbahJ
o ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fs; kl; Lk; muR mjpfhhpfis vjph;j;J kl;Lk; Nghl KbAk;
o ,t;Tj;jutpdhy; jd;Dhpikfis mkyhf;f KbahJ
3. jil ePjpg; Nguhiz (PROHIBITION )
o ,t;tifahd cj;juTfs; fPo; ePjp kd;wq;fs; jdJ mjpfhu tuk; ig kPWk; NghJ Nky;
ePjp kd;wq;fspdhy; fP o; ePjp kd;wq;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk;
o ,e;j cj;jutpd; Nehf;fk; fPo; ePjp kd;wq;fis mtw;wpd; mjpfhu tuk;gpw;Fs;
itj;jpUg;gNj MFk;
o Jil ePjpg; Nguhizf;Fk;> fl;lis ePjpg; Nguhizf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s NtWghL
vd;dntdpy; fl;lis ePjpg; Nguhizia eph;thf kw;Wk; rl;l mjpfhhpfSf;F
toq;fKbAk;. Mdhy; jil ePjpg; Nguhizia rl;l mjpfhhpfSf;F kl;LNk
toq;fKbAk;.
4. Mtz Nfl;G ePjp Nguhiz ( CERTIORARI )
o ,J jil ePjpg; Nguhiziag; Nghd;wNjahFk;
o ,e;j cj;juthdJ fPo; ePjp kd;wq;fs; jdJ mjpfhu tuk;gpid kP wp toq;fpa jPh;g;gpid
uj;J nra;tjw;fhf ntspaplg;gLk;
o ,e;j cj;jutpd; Nehf;fk; fPo; ePjpkd;wq;fis mtw;wpd; mjpfhuq;fis rhpahfg;
gad;gLj;jr; nra;tJk; mtw;Wf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;glhj mjpfhuq;fis mit gad;gLj;jhky;
ghh;j;Jf; nfhs;tJNk MFk;
5. mjpfhuj;ij tpsq;f itj;jy; cj;juT my;yJ chpik tpdh ( QUO WARRANTO )
,t;tifahd cj;juT mjpfhuj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; xUth; mj; jifa mjpfhuj;jpw;F
jFjpAilath; jhdh vd Muha;tjw;fhf ntspaplg;gLk;.
Fwpg;G: ,e;j cj;juTfis ntspapl fhyf;nfL vJTk; murpay; mikg;ghy;
eph;zapf;fg;gltpy;iy. ,J ePjpkd;wq;fspd; KbTf;Nf tplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Fbkf;fSf;Fhpa mbg;gil chpikfs; ( Fundamental Rights Exclusive to the Citizens )

tpjp 15: ,dk;> kjk;> [hjp> ghypdk; & gpwg;gplk; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; kl;Lk;
NtWghl;bid
jilnra;jy;
tpjp 16: nghJ Ntiytha;g;G rk;ge;jkhd tptfhuq;fspy; midtUf;Fk; rktha;g;G
tpjp 19: Ngr; Rhpik njhlh;ghd rpy chpikfis ghJfhj;jy;
tpjp 30: rpWghd;ikapdh; fy;tp epiyaq;fis mikf;fTk; eph;tfpf;fTk; chpik

,e;jpa kz;zpy; cs;s midtUf;Fk; cz;lhd chpikfs; (tpNuhj ehLfis

Nrh;e;jth;fis jtpu)
tpjp 14: rl;lj;jpd; Kd; midtUk; rkk; kw;Wk; midtUf;Fk; rkkhd rl;lg;ghJfhg;G
tpjp 20: Fw;wq;fSf;fhf jz;bf;fg;gLtjpypUe; J ghJfhg;G
tpjp 21: thOk; chpik kw;Wk; jdp kdpj Rje;jpuq;fspd; ghJfhg;G
tpjp 23: kdpjh;fspd; rl;l tpNuhjkhd tpahghuk; kw;Wk; fl;lha njhopyhsh; Kiwia
jil nra;jy;
tpjp 25: kjr;Rje;jpuk;
tpjp 27: xU Fwpg;gpl; l kjj;jpd; Nkk;ghl;bw;fhf thp nrYj;Jk; Rje;jpuk;

muRf; nfhs;ifapd; topfhl;b newpfs;

( DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY )
PART – IV

,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; 36ypUe;J 51tJ tpjpfs; tiu topfhl;b newpfs; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; ,e;j mk;rk; mah;yhe;jpd; murpayikg;gpy; ,Ue;J Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gl;lJ
,J cyfk; KOtJk; cs;s muRfshy; r%f eyj;ij fUj;jpf; nfhz;L Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gl;ljhFk;
,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; topfhl;b newpfs; rkj;Jtk;> fhe;jpak;> Nkw;fj;jpa gz;ghl;L
kak;> kw;Wk; ,e;jpa Rje;jpuj;jpd; nfhs;iffs; Mfpatw;wpd; fyitNaahFk;
,it muRf;F topfhl; Lk; newpfshfNth> mwpTiufshfNth ,Uf;Fk;
 36tJ tpjp kf;fs; ey;tho;tpw;F Njitahd r%f xOq;fpizg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W
$Wfpd;wJ
topfhl;b newpfs; murhq;fj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;Jgit my;y. Mdhy; mit xU ehl;b;d
muRf;F mbg;gilahFk;. muR topfhl;b newpfis gpd;gw;Wk; flik cilajhFk;
muR topfhl;b newpfis nray;gLj;jtpy;iy vdpy; kf;fs;> ePjpkd;wq;fis mZf
KbahJ
topfhl;L newpfis ePjpj;Jiwapd; mjpfhu tuk;gpw;F mg;ghw;gl; litahf cUthf;f
fhuzk; vd;dntd;why; mtw;Wf;F murplNk ,y;yhj rpy tsq;fs; Njitg;gLfpd;wd
topfhl;b newpKiwfis fPo;f;fz;l 3 jiyg;Gfspd; fPo; tifg;gLj;jyhk;
rkj;Jt newpfs;: ( SOCIALIST PRINCIPLES )
1. tpjp 38: kf;fspd; eytho;fpid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf r%f xOq;fpid ghJfhj;jy;
2. tpjp 39 : tUkhd cah;T jho;Gfis Fiwf;f Kidjy;
3. tpjp 39 ( a ): rk ePjp kw;Wk; vspjhd rl;l cjtp
4. tpjp 39 ( b ): xU r%fj;jplk; ,Uf; Fk; %yg;nghUs; tsq;fis midj;J r%fj;jpw;Fk;
gadspf;Fk;
tifapy; gfph;e;jspj;jy;
5. tpjp 39 ( c ): rpyhpd; ifapNyNa vy;yh nrhj;Jf;fSk; ,Ug;gij jLj;jy;
6. tpjp 39 ( d ): rkkhd Ntiyf;F rkkhd Cjpak;
7. tpjp 39 ( e ): njhopyhsh;fspd; MNuhf;fpak; cly; typik kw;Wk; Foe;ijfspd; ,sk;
gUtk;
Mfpait J\;gpuNahfg;gLj;jf;$lhJ
8. tpjp 42 : NtiyfSf;F epahakhd kw;Wk; kdpjhgpkhdKs;s epge;jidfs;
kw;Wk; gpurtfhy tpLg;G
9. tpjp 43( a ): njhopw;rhiyfspd; eph; thfj;jpd; njhopyhsh;fSk; gq;Nfw;gJ
fhe;jpa newpfs;: ( THE GANDHIAN PRINCIPLES )
1. tpjp 40: fpuhkg; gQ;rhaj;Jf;fis mikg;gJ
2. tpjp 46: jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; goq;Fbapdh; kw;Wk; r%fj;jpd; gpw eyptile;j gphpTfis
Nrh;e; Njhhpd; fy;tp kw;Wk; nghUshjhu eyidf; fhj;jy;
3. tpjp 48: gRf;fs; fd;Wf;Fl;bfs; kw;Wk; ghy; nfhLf;Fk; kw;Wk; ghuk; Rkf;Fk; tpyq;Ffis
nfhy;tij jilnra;Ak; nghUl;L fhy;eil guhkhpg;igAk;
gaph;j;njhopiyAk; tpQ;Qhd Kiwapy; khw;wp mikj;jy;
4. tpjp 43: Fbirj; njhopy;fis Nkk;ghL milar; nra;jy;
5. tpjp 47: cly; eyj;jpw;F CWtpistpf;ff;f$ba Fb> Nghijg;nghUs;fs; kUe;Jfs;
Kjypatw;iw tpyf;Fjy;
Nkw;fj;jpa jhuhska nfhs;iffs;: ( THE WESTERN LIBERAL PRINCIPLES )
1. tpjp 44: midj;J Fbkf;fSf;Fk; nghJthd r%f tpjpfs;
2. tpjp 45: 14 taJf;Fl;lg;l Foe; ijfSf;F ,ytr fl; lha fy;tpaspj; jy;
3. tpjp 50: eph;thfj;JiwapypUe;J ePjpj;Jiwia gphpj;jy;
4. tpjp 51: cyf mikjpiaAk; ghJfhg;igAk; fhj;jy;
mbg;gil chpikfSf;Fk; muR nfhs;ifapd; topfhl;L newpfSf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s
NtWghLfs;:
( DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES )
1. mbg;gil chpikfs; ,e;jpa “ murpay; ” [dehafj;jpd; mbg;gilia mspf;fpd;wd.
Mdhy; muRf;nfhs;ifapd; topfhl;b newpfs; “ r%f ” kw;Wk; “ nghUshjhu ” [dehafj;jpd;
,ay;Gfis vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd.
2. mbg;gil chpikfs; murpd; vjph;kiwahd flikfshFk;. mjhtJ murpd;
eltbf;iffSf;F vjpuhdit. Mdhy; muRf; nfhs;ifapd; topfhl;b newpfNsh
murhdJ Fbkf;fSf; F nra;a Ntz;ba Neh; kiwahd flikfshFk;
3. mbg;gil chpikfs; ePjpj;Jiwapd; mjpfhutuk;gpw;Fl;gl;lit. murpd; topfhl;b newpfs;
ePjpj;Jiwapd; mjpfhu tuk;gpw;F mg;ghw;gl;litahFk;

DPSPs ADDED BY 42
ND
AMENDMENT ACT (1976 )
1. 39 A – rkePjp - rkePjp> ,ytr rl;l cjtp
2. 48 A - Rw;Wg;Gwj;ij ghJfhj;jy;
3. 43 A - njhopw;rhiy eph;thfpj; jy; njhopyhsh;fSk;
gq;nfLj;jy;
4. 45 A - Foe;ijfspd; eyidf; fhj;jy;

DPSPs ADDED BY 44
th
AMENDMENT ACT (1978 )
1. 38 (2) - tUkhdk;> jFjp> me;j];J> tha;g;G ,it midtUf;Fk; rkkhf fpilg;gJ

mbg;gil flikfs;
( FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES )
PART – IV - A

1. ,it ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; 42-tJ jpUj;jr; rl;lk; 1976d; %yk; Nrh;f;fg;gl; lJ

2. ,J u\;a Kiwia mbg;gilahf nfhz;lJ
3. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; gFjp IV A -y; Gjpjhf Nrh;f;fg;gl;l 51- a tpjpa;d fPo; ,e;jpa
kf;fSf;Fhpa 11 flikfs; tphpthf $wg;gl;Ls;sd.
4. cyfpd; NtW ve;j [dehaf ehLk; mbg;gil flikfsif; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy [g;ghd;
kl;Lk; rpy flikfis Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ
5. chpikfSk; flikfSk; xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhlh;Gilait. ,f;flikfs; murpayikg;G
Fbkf;fSf;F Fwpg;gpl;l rpy mbg;gil chpikfis toq;Fk; mNj Neuj;jpy;

[dehafj;jpd; rpy tpjpfis mth;fs; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; $Wfpd;wJ vd;W

Fbkf;fSf;F epidT+l; Lfpd;wd.
nfhbg;gpur;rpid kw;Wk; Gjpa nfhb tpjpfs;: ( FLAG CONTROVERSY AND THE NEW FLAG
CODE )
1. gioa nfhb tpjpfs; goikahd rpy cld;ghLfis nfhz;bUe;jd. NkYk; mit
nfhbapid Vw;Wk; chpikia rpy egh;fSf;F kl;LNk chpj;jhdjhf $wpaJ
2. [pz;lhy; epWtdj;jpd; Jizj;jiytuhd etPd; [pz;lhy; jdJ nfhbNaw;Wk; chpik
kPjhd fl;Lg;ghl;il vjph;j;J 7 tUlq;fSf; F Kd; nly;yp cah; ePjp kd;wj;jpy; nghJ
ey tof;F njhlh;e;jhh;
3. nly;yp cah;ePjp kd;wk; %th;zf;nfhbapid Vw;Wk; chpik mbg;gil chpik vd;W
$wpaJ. ,jd; njhlh; r;rpahf cr;r ePjpkd;wk; nfhb tpjpfis jsh;j;Jk; Nfhhpf;ifia
Ma;T nra;tjw;fhf FO xd;wpid mikf;FkhW ghpe;Jiuj;jJ
4. ,jd; tpisthf muR xU FOtpid mikj;J mf;FOtpd; ghpe;Jiufspd; mbg;gilapy;
,e;jpa mikr;ruit %th;zf;nfhbapid Vw;Wtjpy; cs;s Njitaw;w fbdkhd
tpjpfisj; jsh;j;jpaJ
nfhbtpjpfs;:
1. #hpa cjaj;jpypUe;J kiwAk; tiu kl;LNk nfhb gwf;f Ntz;Lk;
2. fpoe;j nfhbfs; gwf;ff; $lhJ
3. jiuapy; gLkhW nfhb gwf;ff; $lhJ
4. murhy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl; lth;fisj; jtpu kw;w ahUila ,Wjp Ch;tyj;jpYk; gad;gLj;jf;
$lhJ
5. kw;w fl;rp nfhbfis tpl NkNy gwf;f Ntz;Lk;
6. kw;w ehl;Lf; nfhbfSf;F rkkhf gwf;fyhk;
7. I. eh. nfhb kl;LNk ek; Njrpa nfhbia tpl NkNy gwf;f KbAk;
8. Clfq;fspy; mr;rplf;$lhJ
9. ePs> mfyq;fs; 3:2 vd; w Kidapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

Fbkf;fSf;Fhpa II mbg;gilf; flikfs;

( Eleven Fundamental Duties for Citizens )
1. murpayikg;gpd; topepw;fTk;> Njrpaf; nfhbiaAk;> Njrpa fPjj;ijAk; kjpj;J
elf;f Ntz;Lk;
2. ek;Kila Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhd Njrpag; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F Cf;fkspj;j cah;e;j
Nehf;fq;fis Nghw;wp tsh;j;J gpd;gw;w Ntz; Lk;
3. ,e;jpahtpd; ,iwikiaAk;> xw;WikiaAk;> KOikiaAk; Mjhpj;J jq;fp
fhg;ghw;w Ntz;Lk;
4. Njitg;gLk; Nghnjy; yhk; ehl;il ghJfhf;fTk; Njrpa Nrit nra;aTk;
Ntz;Lk;
5. ,e;jpa kf;fs; vy;Nyhhplj;Jk; NghJkhd rNfhjuj;Jtj;ij tsh;f;f Ntz;Lk;.

ngz;fSf;F ,opT cz;lhFk; nray;fis mwNt iftpl Ntz;Lk;

6. ek;Kia gyjug;gl;l ehfhpfj;jpd; rpwe;j kuig> kjpj;J Ngz Ntz;Lk;
7. ,aw;ifr; #oy;fis Nghw;wp ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;
8. tpQ;Qhd Nehf; F> kdpjhgpkhdk; Muha;e;J rPh;jpUj;jk; nra; Ak; kdepiy
Kjypatw;iw tsh;j;Jf; nfhs; s Ntz;Lk;
9. nghJ nrhj;Jf;fis ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;. td; Kiwia iftpl Ntz;Lk;
10. jdpj;j kw;Wk; $l;lhd nray;fspy; rpwg;ghf nrayhw;Wk; jd;ik %ykhf
cah;e;j epiyfisAk; rhjidfisAk; epfo;j;jp> ehlhdJ njhlh;e;J
Kd;Ndw Ntz;Lk;
11. midtUf;Fk; fl;lha fy;tp (Gjpjhf ,izf;fg;gl;lJ)

,e;jpa eph;thfk;
( THE UNION EXECUTIVE )
PART – IV

FbauRj;jiyth;: ( THE PRESIDENT )

1. ,e;jpaf; FbauRj;jiytuhf xUth; ,Ug;ghh; vd;W tpjp 52 $Wfpd;wJ
2. tpjp 53> eph; thf mjpfhuq;fs; FbauRj;jiythplk; ,Uf;Fk; vd;fpd;wJ
3. FbauRj;jiytNu ,e; jpa ehl;bd; jiyth; Mdhh;
4. mth; ngausTf;F kl;LNk ehl;bd; jiytuhf tpsq;Ffpwhh;
5. FbauRj;jiytiu Njh;e;njLg;gJ njhlh;ghd cld;ghLfs; tpjpfs; 54 kw;Wk; 55> NkYk;
FbauRj;jiyth; kw;Wk; Jiz FbauR jiyth; (Njh;jy;) rl;lk; 1952 (1974 Mk; Mz;L
jpUj;jg;gl;lJ) Mfpatw;wpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ
6. kj;jpa ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U rigfspd; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdh;fSk;> khepy
rl;lrigfSf;F Njh;e; njLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdh;fSk; mlq;fpa Njh;jy; FOtpdhy; ,e;jpa
FbauR jiyth; Njh;e; njLf;fg;gLfpwhh;
7. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfs; khepyj;jpd; fPo;rig rl;lg;Nguitf;Fk; Nky;rig
rl;lNkyitf;Fk; (,U rigfs; nfhz;l rl;lkd;wq;fspy;) epakpf; fg;gl;l cWg;gpdh;fs;
( Nominated Members ) FbauRj; jiytiu Njh;e;njLf;Fk; Njh;jypy; gq;Nfw;f khl;lhh;fs;.
8. FbauRj;jiyth; Njh;jy; ufrpa> xw;iw khw;W xl;nlLg;gpd;> %yk; rkr;rPuhd (Proportional Representation )
gq;fspg;G Kiwapd; gb eilngWk;.
khepyj;jpd; kf; fs; njhif 1
9. xU vk; . vy; . V. Xl; L kjpg; G = ------------------------------------------------------------------------- X ------------
rl;lrigapd; vk; .vy; .Vf; fspd; vz;zpf; if 1000
khepy rl;lrigfspd; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspd; Xl;L kjpg;G
10. xU vk; .gp.apd; Xl;L kjpg;G = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Njh; e;njLf;fg;gl;l nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspd;

vz;zpf;if
11. FbauRj;jiytuhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLtjw;F 50 % Nkyhf nry;yj;jf;f Xl;Lf;fis
ngwNtz;Lk;
12. FbauRj;jiyth; Njh;jy; kiwKfkhdjhd xd;whFk;
13. FbauRj;jiyth; Njh;jypy; VNjDk; gpur;rpid Vw;gl;lhy; cr;r eP jpkd;wj; jpw;F kl;LNk
jiyapl mjpfhuk; cz;L
14. ,g;gpur;rpidia Njh;jy; Kbtile;j gpd;dNu cr;rePjp kd;wj;jpd; Kd; nfhz;L tuKbAk;
15. Njh;jy; FOtpy; ,Uf; Fk; fhypaplq;fisg; gw;wp ve;j kDTk; gjpT nra;a KbahJ
16. FbauRj;jiytuhf Njh;e;jnjLf;fg;gLk; egUf;F gpd;tUk; tpjpfis murpayikg;G
tpjpf;fpd;wJ
o ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpduhfNth khepy el; lkd;w cWg;gpduhfNth ,Uf; ff; $lhJ
o murhq;f Cjpak; ngWk; Ntiyg;ghh;f;ff; $lhJ
o mtuJ Cjpak; kw;Wk; rYiffs; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; jPh;khdpf;fg;gLk;
o mtuJ Cjpak; kw;Wk; gbfs; mtuJ gjtpf;fhyj;jpy; Fiwf;fg;glf;$lhJ
17. ghuhSkd;wk; kw;Wk; khepy rl;lrigfspd; cWg;gpduhf ,Ug;gth; FbauRj; jiytuhf
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhy; mth; cWg;gpdh; gjtpia ,of;f Ntz;Lk;
18. FbauRj; jiyth; jdJ mYtyf trpg;gplj;jpy; ,ytrkhf jq;f chpik cz;L
19. ,e;jpa jiyika ePjpgjp FbauRj; jiytUf;F gjtpg;gpukhdk; nra;J itg;ghh;
20. FbauRj; jiyth; 5 tUl fhyk; gjtp ePbg;ghh;
21. mth; jdJ gjtpia uh[pdhkh nra; tjw;fhd fbjj;ij Jizf; FbauR jiythplk;
mspg;gjd; %yk; jdJ gjtpia vg;nghOJ Ntz;LkhdhYk; uh[pdhkh nra;ayhk;
22. Jizf; FbauRj;jiythplk; mspf;fg;gLk; ve;j uh[pdhkh gw;wpa tptuKk;> kf;fsit
rghehafUf; F njhptpf; fg;glNtz;Lk;
23. murpayikg;ig kPwpa Fw;wj;jpw;fhf FbauRj;jiyth; mtuJ gjtpf;fhyk; KbAk;
Kd;dNu gjtpapypUe;J tpyf;fg;glyhk; ( Impeachment )
24. ,U ghuhSkd;w rigfspd; ve;j rigapy; Ntz;LkhdhYk; ,f;Fw;wr;rhl;il njhlq;fyhk;
25. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ehd; fpd; xU gq;fpw;F Fiwahj cWg;gpdh;fs; ifnaOj;jpl;L 14
ehl;fSf;F Kd; djhf FbauRj;jiyth; kPjhd Fw;wr;rhl;Lfis jPh;khd tbtkhf
rkh;g;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;
26. Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fis njhlq;Fk; rigapd; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspy; %d;wpy; xU gq;F
cWg;gpdh;fs; mtw;iw Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhy; kW rigapy; mf;Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fs; Muhag;gLk;
27. Fw;wr;rhl;Lfs; Muhag;gLk; nghOJ FbauRj; jiyth; rigapy; ,Uf;f chpik cz;L
28. me;j rigAk; %d;wpy; ,U gq;F ngUk;ghd; ikahy; Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fis Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhy;
Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fis Vw;Wf; nfhz;l ehspypUe;J FbauRj;jiyth; gjtpapypUe;J
ePf;fg;gLthh;
29. FbauRj;jiyth; gjtp ePf;fk; XusT rl;leilKiwiaf; nfhz;ljhFk;. ( Quasi Judicial )
30. FbauRj;jiyth; gjtpapy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ ,we;J tpl;lhNyh my; yJ uh[pdhkh nra;J
tpl;lhNyh my;yJ Fw;w tprhuiz nra;J tpyf;fg;gl;L tpl;lhNyh my;yJ Ntnwe;j

fhuzj;jpw;fhfNth jiyth; gjtp ntw;wplkhdhy; Jizf;FbauRj;jiyth; FbauRj;

jiytuhf nray;gLthh;
31. Jizf;FbauR jiyth; FbauRj; jiytuhf nray;gLk; NghJ mtUf;F FbauRj;
jiytUf;Fz;lhd vy;yh mjpfhuq;fSk;> CjpaKk;> nryTg;gbfSk;> rpwg;G rYiffSk;
cz;L
32. rhjhuz #o;epiyfspy; FbauRj;jiyth; gjtp ntw;wplkhdhy; mg;gjtpapd; fhyk;
Kbtjw;Fs; Gjpa FbauRj; jiyth; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLthh;
33. FbauRj;jiythpd; ,wg;G> uh[pdhkh> gjtp eP f;fk; kw;Wk; Ntnwe;j fhuzq;fshYk; gjtp
ntw;wplkhdhy; 6 khj fhyj;jpw;Fs; Gjpa FbauRj;jiyth; Njh;e;njLf;fg;glNtz;Lk;

FbauRj;jiythpd; eph;thfj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs;: ( EXECUTIVE POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT )

1. ,e;jpa murpd; midj; J eph;thfj;Jiw nray;fSk; mthpd; ngauhNyNa eilngWfpd;wd
2. mthpd; ngauhy; toq;fg;gLk; cj;juTfs; vt;tifapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W mth;
tpjpKiwfs; tFf;fyhk;
3. FbauRj;jiyth; murpd; nray;fis NkYk; vspikahf khw;wTk;> mjw;fhf
mikr;rh;fis epakpf;fTk; tpjpKiwfis tFf;f KbAk;
4. FbauRj;jiyth;> gpujkiuAk;> gpujkhpd; MNyhridapd; Nghpy; kw;w mikr;rh;fisAk;
epakpf;fpd;whh;
5. mth; ,e;jpahtpd; jiyik tof;fwpQiu ( Attorney General ) epakpj;J mtUf;fhd
Cjpaj;ij eph;zak; nra;fpd;whh;
6. jiyik jzpf;if fl;Lg;ghl;L mjpfhhp ( Comptroller & Auditor General ) jiyik Njh;jy;
Mizah; kw;w Njh;jy; Mizah;fs;> nghJg;gzpfofj;jpd; jiyth; kw;Wk; cWg;gpdh;fs;
khepy MSeh;fs;> epjpf;FOtpd; jiyth; kw;Wk; cWg;gpdh;fs; Nghd;wth;fisAk;
FbauRj; jiyth; epakpf;fpd; whh;
7. eph;thfk;> rl;lq;fs; Mfpait gw;wp ve;j nra;jpfisAk; mth; gpujk ke;jphpaplk; Nfl;L
njhpe;J nfhs;syhk;
8. mikr;ruitapdhy; Muhag;glhky; jdp xU mikr;ruhy; vLf;fg;gl;l KbtpidAk; >
mikr;ruitapd; Ma;Tf;F tplg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;W FbauRj;jiyth; Nfhuyhk;
9. jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh;> goq; Fbapdh; kw;Wk; gpw;gLj;jg;gl;Nlhhpd; epiyia Ma;t nra;a xU
FOtpid mth; mikf;fyhk;
10. mth; kj;jpa khepy kw;Wk; khepyq;fSf;fpilNaahd xj; Jiog;ig Nkk;gLj;j
khepyq;fSf;fpilNaahd xU FOtpid mikf;fyhk;
11. mth; A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fis MSeh; my;yJ Mizah; my;yJ eph;thfp MfpNahhpd;
%yk; Neubahf eph;tfpf;fyhk;
rl;lj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs;: ( LEGISLATIVE POWERS )
1. FbauRj; jiytUk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Xh; mq;fkhfNt tpsq;Ffpwhh; (tpjp – 79) ,jd;
mbg;gilapy; mtUf;F gpd;tUk; rl;lj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs; cz;L

2. FbauRj;jiyth; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfisAk; $l;lTk; my;yJ xj;jp itf;fTk;

kw;Wk; kf;fsitia fiyf;fTk; ,aYk;
3. kf;fsit rghehafh; jiyikapy; ,U mitfSk; ,ize;j $l;L $l;lj; njhliuf;
$l;lTk; KbAk;
4. mth; Gjpjhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLk; Kjy; $l;lj;njhlhpd; njhlf;fj;jpYk;> xt;nthU Mz;Lk;
$Lk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Kjy; $l;lj;njhlhpd; njhlf;fj;jpYk; ciu epfo;j;jyhk;
5. kf;fsitapd; rghehafh; kw;Wk; Jiz rghehafh; Mfpa ,U gjtpfSk; fhypahf
,Uf;Fk; Neuj;jpy; mitapd; nray;fis jiyik tfpj;Jr; nry;y kf;fsit
cWggpduhf cs;s xUtiu FbauRj;jiyth; epakpf;fyhk;
6. ,yf;fpak;> mwptpay;> fiy kw;Wk; r%fg;gzpfs; Mfpatw;wpy; ey;y mwpTk; mDgtKk;
cila 12 egh;fis mth; khepyq;fsitf;F epakpf;fyhk;
7. Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa r%fj;jpdh; ,Utiu kf;fsitf;F epakpf;fyhk;
8. mth; Njh;jy; Mizaj;Jld; fye;jhNyhrpj;J ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fspd; jFjpfis
eph;zapf;fyhk;
9. rpy tifahd kNrhjhf;fis mwpKfg;gLj;j FbauRj;jiythpd; Kd; mDkjp Njit.
Cjhuzk; ,e;jpa njhFg;G epjpapy; ,Ue;J nryTnra;Ak; kNrhjh> ,e;jpa khepyq;fspd;
vy;iyfis khw;wp mikj;jy; my;yJ Gjpa khepyq;fis cUthf;Fk; kNrhjh
10. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l kNrhjh> FbauRj; jiythplk; mDg;gg;gLk; NghJ
mth;
mk;kNrhjhtpw;F mDkjp mspf;fyhk;
mDkjp mspf;fhky; epWj;jp itf;fyhk;
jpUg;gp mDg;gyhk; (mJ epjp kNrhjhthfNth my;yJ murpayikg;G jpUj;j
kNrhjhfNth ,y;yhtpby;) ghuhSkd;w kW ghprPyizf;fhf jpUg;gp mDg;g KbAk;
11. Mdhy; mt; thW mDg;gg;gLk; kNrhjh jpUj; jg; gl;Nlh my;yJ jpUj;jg;glhkNyh kPz;Lk;
,U rigfshYk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;L FbauRj; jiytUf;F mDg;gg;gl;lhy; mth; mDkjp
mspj;jhf Ntz;Lk;
12. ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; kNrhjhf; fis jil nra;Ak; my;yJ epuhfhpf; Fk;
chpik FbauRj;jiytUf;F cz;L. epuhfhpf;Fk; chpik gpd;tUk; 4 tifg;gLk;. ( Veto
Powers )
KOikahd epuhfhpg;G: mjhtJ kNrhjhtpw;F mDkjp mspg;gij epWj;jp itg;gJ
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l epuhfhpg;G: rl;lrigfspy; mjpfgl;r ngUk;ghd;ik ngWtjd;
%yk; uj;J nra;ag;glf;$baJ
jw;fhypf epuhfhpg;G: ,J rl;lrigapy; rhjhuz ngUk;ghd;ik ngWtjd; %yNk
uj;J nra;ag;glf;$baJ
jhkjg;gLj;Jk; epuhghpg;G: mDkjp toq;f jhkjpj;jy; MFk; (Pocket Veto )
13. ,e;jpa FbauRj; jiythpd; ,e;j mjpfhukhdJ KOikahd> tiuaWf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk;
jhkj epuhfhpg;gpd; fyitahFk;. RUf;fkhf $wpdhy; ,e;jpa FbauR jiytUf;Fk;
tPl;Nlh mjpfhuk; vd;gJ ghf;nfl; tPl;Nlh mjpfhuk; kl;LNk

14. Khepy rl;lrigahy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l kNrhjh khepy MSeuhy; FbauRj;jiythpd;

ghh;itf;F mDg;gg;gLk; NghJ mth;
kNrhjhtpw;F mDkjpaspf;fyhk;
mDkjpaspg;gij epWj;jp itf;fyhk;
khepy rl;lrigapd; kW ghprPyidf;F mDg; Gk;gb MSeUf;F topfhl;lyhk; (mJ
gz kNrhjhthf ,y;yhtpby;)
Fwpg;G: khepy rl;lrigapdhy; kPz;Lk; mk;kNrhjh epiwNtw;wg;gl;L FbauRj;jiythplk;
mDg;gg;gl;lhy;> mth; xg;Gjy; toq;fhkYk; ,Uf;f KbAk;. vdNt khepy kNrhjh jhf;fy; kPJ
FbauRj;jiytUf;F KOikahd epuhfhpg;G chpik cz;L.
15. ghuhSkd;w $l;lj;njhlh; eilngwhj fhyq;fspy; 123tJ tpjpg; gb FbauRj;jiyth;
mturr; rl; lq;fisg; gpwg;gpf;fyhk;. ghuhSkd;wk; kPz;Lk; $ba 6 thuq;fSf;Fs; ,e;j
mtrur; rl;lq;fs; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;glNtz;Lk;
16. FbauRj;jiyth; mtru rl;lj;ij jpUk;gg;ngwTk; KbAk;
17. mtrur; rl;lq;fis ghuhSkd;wk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;shtpl;lhy; mit mjpfgl;rkhf 6 khjq;fs;
kw;Wk; 6 thuq;fs; tiu nry;Yk; (Voiu khjq;fsy;y)
18. jiyik jzpf;if fl;Lg;ghl;L mjpfhhp> nghJg;gzpf;FO epjpf;FO Nghd;w rpytw;wpd;
mwpf;iffis FbauRj;jiyth; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Kd; rkh;g;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;
murpayikg;gpy; FbauRj;jiythpd; epiy: ( CONSTITUTIONAL POSITION OF THE
PRESIDENT )
1. kf;fsit kw;Wk; khepyq;fsit Mfpatw;NwhL Nrh;e; J FbauRj;jiytUk;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; xU mq;fkhthh;
2. FbauRj;jiyth; Njh;jYf;F Nghl;bapLk; eghpd; ngaiu Njh;jy; FOtpid Nrh; e;j 50 Ngh;
Kd;nkhopaTk;> 50 Ngh; topnkhopaTk; Ntz;Lk;
3. xUth; vj;jid Kiw Ntz;LkhdhYk; FbauRj;jiytuhfj; Njh;e;njLf;fg;glyhk;
4. FbauRj; jiyth; 50>000 &gha; khjr;rk;gskhf ngWfpd;whh;. jw;nghOJ &.1>50>000.00
5. FbauRj;jiyth;> Jizf;FbauRj;jiyth; Mfpa ,uz;L gjtpfSk; xNu Neuj;jpy;
ntw;wplkhdhy; cr;r ePjp kd;w jiyik ePjpgjp (mtUk; ,y;yhj NghJ mLj;j ePjpgjp)
Gjpa FbauRj;jiyth; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLk; tiu FbauRj;jiythpd; gzpfis
Nkw;nfhs;thh;
6. ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; ,Jtiu xNu xUKiw jiyik ePjpgjp M. ,jaj;Jy;yh FbauRj;
jiythpd; gzpfis [Piy 20> 1969 Kjy; Mf];l; 20> 1969 tiu Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.
7. ePjpgjp M. ,jaj;Jy;yh mth;fs; xUth;jhd; FbauRj;jiythpd; gzpfis ,UKiw ,U
NtW mjpfhuq;fspy; ,Ue;J nfhz;L Nkw;nfhz;l xNu egh; Mthh;. Kjy; Kiw 1969k;
Mz;L cr;r ePjpkd;w jiyik ePjpgjpahfTk; ,uz;lhtJ Kiw 1982 Mk; Mz;L
mf;Nlhgh; khjk; Jizf; FbauRj;jiytuhfTk; ,Ue;J nfhz;L FbauRj; jiythpd;
gzpfis Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.
8. FbauRj; jiyth; Njh;jy; tuyhw;wpy; tp. tp. fphp mth;fs; jhd; RNar;ir Ntl;ghsuhf
epd;W 1969 Mk; Mz;L ntw;wp ngw;w xNu FbauRj;jiyth; Mthh;

9. 1977 Mk; Mz;L [Piy khjk; ePyk; rQ;rPt nul;b mth;fs; ahUk; vjph;j;J kDjhf;fy;
nra;ahjjhy; Nghl;bapd;wp FbauRj;jiyth; gjtpf;F Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;
10. ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; jhf;fy; nra;ag;gLk; ve;j kNrhjhTk; FbauRj;jiythpd; mDkjp ngw;w
gpwNf rl;lkhf ,aw;wg;gLk;
11. 1986 Mk; Mz;L mQ;ry; top kNrhjh jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;L FbauRj;jiyth; fpahdp
nrapy; rpq; mth;fshy; epWj;jp itf;fg;gl;L gpd;dh; 1989 Mk; mz;L jpUk;gg; ngwg;gl;lJ
12. r%f Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j tp\aq;fspy; FbauRj;jiyth; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
mwpTiuiaf; Nfhuyhk; . Mdhy; mt;twpTiu FbauRj;jiytiuf; fl;LgLj;jhJ.
FbauRj; jiythpd; rkNahrpj mjpfhuq;fs; ( Directionary owers of the President )
1. FbauRj; jiyth; vg;NghJk; mikr;ruitapd; MNyhridg;gbNa
nray;gLthh;. Mdhy; gpd;tUk; #o;epiyfspd; NghJ kl;Lk; mth; jdJ
rkNahrpj mwptpd;gb nray;glyhk;
2. ve;j fl;rpf;Fk; kf;fsitapy; ngUk;ghd;ik fpilf;fhj Neuq;fspy; gpujkh;
gjtpf;F Nghl;bapLgth; fspy; xUtiu gpujkuhf epakpf;Fk; NghJ
3. mikr;ruit ngUk;ghd;ik ngw ,ayhjjhfp tpl;l gpd; dh; mikr;rh;fs;
uh[pdhkh nra;Jtpl;L mikr;ruitia fiyj;J tpl;L Gjpa Njh;jy;
elj;Jk;gb FbauRj;jiytUf;F MNyhrid $Wk; nghOJ mth; jdJ
Kbtpd; gb nray;glyhk;. Mdhy; mth; kf;fsitapd; tho;ehs; mg;gbNa
,Uf;Fk;gbAk;> kw;nwhU muR mikf;f tha;g;gspf;Fk; tpjkhfTk; ele;J
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
4. ghf;nfl; tPl; Nlh mjpfhuj;ij cgNahfpf;Fk; nghOJ mikr; ruitapd;
mwpTiuia kPz;Lk; xUKiw kWghprPyidf;F mDg;gyhk;
5. ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l kNrhjhf;fis kPz;Lk; xUKiw
kWghprPyidf;F mDg;gp itf;fyhk;

FbauRj; jiytUf;F ,Uf;f Ntz;ba jFjpfs;

( Qualification for the Election to the Office of the President )
1. ,e;jpa Fbkfdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
2. 35 taJ epuk;gpatuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
3. kf;fsit cWg; gpduhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl jFjpAilatuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
4. kj;jpa my;yJ khepy muRfspd; fPo; Cjpak; ngWk; Ntiy ghh;g;gtuhf
,Uf;ff; $lhJ
5. Mdhy; gpd;tUk; egh;fs; muR Cjpak; ngWgth;fshf fUjg;glkhl;lhh;fs;
vdNt mth;fs; FbauRj; jiytuhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl chpik cz;L
1. jw;Nghija FbauRj;jiyth; kw;Wk; Jizf; FbauRj; jiyth;
2. khepy MSeh;
3. kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy mikr;rh;fs;

,e;jp af; FbauRj; jiytu;fs;

vz; ngau;fs; gjtpf;fhyk; rpwg;Gfs;
1 lhf;lu;.uhN[e;jpugpurhj;
26.01.1950 – 13.05.1962
,U Kiw [dhjpgjpahf ,Ue;j
xNu egu; ,tNu
2
lhf;lu; S . uhjhfpU~;zd; 13.05.1962 – 13.05.1967
Mrpupauhf ,Ue;J FbauRj;
jiytu; gjtp tfpj;jtu;
3 lhf;lu;. [hfPu; cNrd;
13.05.1967 – 03.05.1969
(,wg;G tiu)
Kjy; K];yPk; FbauRj; jiytu;
4 tp.tp.fpup
03.05.1969 – 20.07.1969
(nray;gLjy;)
fhq;fpu]; rhu;gpy; Nghl;baplhky;
Nju;e;;njLf;fg;gl;ll Kjy;
FbauRj;jiytu;
5 ePjpgjp vk;.,jaj;Jy;yh
20.07.1969 – 24.08.1969
(nray;gLjy;)
cr;rePjpkd;w jiyik ePjpgjpahf
,Ue;J FbauRj; jiytu; gjtp
tfpj;jtu;
6 tp.tp.fpup
24.08.1969 – 24.08.1974
RNal;ir Ntl;ghsu;
7 gf;UjPd; myp mfkJ
24.08.1974 – 11.02.1977
gjtpapy; ,Ue;j NghNj kuzk;
8
B.D .[hl;b 11.02.1977 – 25.07.1977
jw;fhypf FbauRj; jiytu;
9 ePyk; rQ;rpt nul;b
25.07.1977 – 25.07.1982
Nghl;bapd;wp Nju;;e;;njLf;fg;gl;l xNu
FbauRj; jiytu; kw;Wk;
,sikahdtu;
10 fpahdp n[apy; rpq;
25.07.1982 – 25.07.1987
Kjy; rPf;fpa FbauRj; jiytu;
11 vk;.,jaj;Jy;yh
06.10.1982 – 31.10.1982

12 Mu;.ntq;fl;uhkd;
25.07.1987 – 25.07.1992
KJikahd FbauRj; jiytu;
13
lhf;lu; rq;fu; jahs;
ru;kh
25.07.1992 – 25.07.1997

14 Nf.Mu;.ehuhazd;
25.07.1997 – 25.07.2002
Kjy; jypj; FbauRj; jiytu;
15
A.B.J. mg;Jy;fyhk; 25.07.2002 – 25.07.2007
Kjy; mwptpay; tpQ;Qhdp
16 M.S .gpujPgh ghl;By; 25.07.2007 – 25.07.2012
Kjy; ngz; [dhjpgjp
17 gpuzhg; Kfu;[p
25.07.2012 Kjy;
njhlu;fpwhu;

Jizf; FbauRj; jiyth;

( THE VICE PRESIDENT )

,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; 63tJ tpjp FbauRj;jiytUf;F mLj;jgbahf xU

Jizf;FbauRj; jiyth; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W $Wfpd;wJ
mth; khepyq;fsitapd; jiyth; Mthh;
Jizf; FbauRj; jiyth; khepyq;fsitapd; cWg;gpduy;y. vdNt mtUf;F
Xl;lspf;Fk; chpik fpilahJ
Jizf; FbauRj; jiyth; vd; w Kiwapy; mth; Cjpak; vJATk; ngw ,ayhj> Mdhy;
khepyq;fsitapd; jiyth; vd;w Kiwapy; mth; Cjpak; kw;Wk; nryT gbfs; ngwyhk;
97tJ tpjpapd; fPo; Jizf; FbauRj; jiyth; FbauRj; jiytuhf nray;gLk; NghJ
khepyq;fsit jiytUila gzpfis Mw;wkhl;lhh;. vdNt mg; NghJ mtUf;F
khepyq;fsitapd; jiytUf;Fz;lhd CjpaKk; nryTg;gbfSk; toq;fg;glhJ. Mdhy;
mg;NghJ mtUf;F FbauRj; jiytUf;Fhpa Cjpak; nryT gbfs; kw;Wk; vy;yh
tpjkhd rYiffSk; toq;fg;gLk;
Jizf; FbauRj; jiytiu ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,uz;L rig cWg;gpdh;fSk; mlq;fpa
Njh;jy; FOtpdh; Njh;e; njLg;ghh;fs;. me;j Njh;jy; tpfpjhr;rhu Kiwg;gbAk;> xw;iw khw;W
thf;fpd; mbg;gilapYk; ,ufrpakhfTk; elf;Fk;
Jizf; FbauRj; jiytUf;fhd gjtpf; fhyk; KbAk; Kd;dNu Njh;jy; elj;jp
Kbf;fg;gLk;
Jizf; FbauRj; jiyth; gjtp mtuJ ,wg;G> uh[pdhkh kw;Wk; gjtp ePf;fk; Mfpa
fhuzq;fspdhy; ntw;wplkhdhy; vt;tsT tpiutpy; ,aYNkh mt;tsT tpiutpy; Njh;jy;
elj;jg;gLk;. mj;Njh;jypy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLk; egh; FbauRj; jiytuhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l
ehs; Kjy; 5 tUlq;fs; gjtpapy; ePbf;fyhk;
FbauRj; jiyth; Njh;jypy; cs;sijg; Nghy 6 khj fhyj;jpw;Fs; Gjpa Jizf;
FbauRj; jiytiu Njh;e;njLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W ve;j epge;jidAk; ,y;iy
Jizf; FbauRj; jiyth; Njh;jiyg; gw;wpa toq;Ffs; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpy;
tprhpf;fg;gl;L jPh;g;G nrhy;yg;gLk;. ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPh;g;Ng ,WjpahdJ
Jizf; FbauRj; jiyth; Njh;jy; nry;yhJ vd;W ePjpkd;wk; mwptpj;jhy; mth; jdJ
flikfis Mw;Wtjw;fhf nra;j nray;fSk; nry;yhjit MfhJ
Jizf; FbauRj; jiyth; Njh;jy; njhlh;ghd tptfhuq;fis> xOq;F gLj;j
ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F chpik cz;L
xU egh; Jizf; FbauRj; jiytuhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lij Njh;jy; FOtpy; ,Uf;Fk;
ntw;wplj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; vjph;j;J thjhl KbahJ (tpjp 71)
ghuhSkd;wr; rl;lk; 1998d;gb khepyq;fsit jiythpd; khj rk;kgsk; 40>000 &gha;
MFk;. jw;nghOJ &.1>25>000
mrhjhuzkhd #o;epiyfspy; Jizf;FbauRj; jiythpd; flikfs;
( Duties of the Vice-President in Extra ordinary circumstances )
65-tJ tpjpapd;gb FbauRj; jiyth; gjtp mtuJ ,wg;G> uh[pdhkh> gjtp ePf;fk;
Mfpa fhuzq;fspdhy; ntw;wplkhdhy; Gjpa FbauRj; jiyth; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLk;
tiu Jizf; FbauR jiyth; mtuJ gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;thh;
FbauRj; jiyth; Neha; tha;g;gl;lbUe;jhNyh my;yJ ntspehLfSf;F
nrd;wpUe;jhNyh mtw;iw Jizf; FbauRj; jiyth; ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;thh;
FbauRj; jiytuhf gzpahw;Wk; fhyj;jpy; jiythpd; vy;yh mjpfhuq;fisAk; jdp
chpikfisAk;> Cjpak; kw;Wk; nryTg; gbfisAk; Jizf; FbauRj; jiyth;
ngWthh;
mth; ,e;jpa Fbkfdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
35 taJ epuk;gpatuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
khepyq;fsitf;F Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLtjw;fhd jFjpfs; cilatuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
murhq;fj;jpy; yhgk; jUk; ve;j gjtpapYk; ,Uf;ff; $lhJ

FbauRj; jiyth;> Jizf;FbauRj; jiyth;> khepy MSeh;> kj;jpa> khepy

mikr;rh;fs;> Mfpa gjtpfs; yhgk; jUk; murhq;f gjtpfshf
fUjg;glkhl;lhJ
Jizf;FbauRj; jiyth; jhd; gjtp Vw;w ehspypUe; J 5 tUlk; tiu
gjtpapy; ePbf;fyhk;. mtuJ gjtpf;fhyk; Kbe;j gpwFk; mtUf; Fg; gpwF
nghWg;Gf;F Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLth; gjtp Vw;Fk; tiuapy; Jizj;jiyth;
mg;gjtpapy; ePbg;ghh;
Jizf;FbauRj; jiytiu gjtpapypUe; J tpyf;Ftjw;fhf nfhz;Ltug;gLk;
jPh;khdk; khepyq;fsitapd; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspd; ngUk;ghd;ik MjuTld;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lhy; Jizf;FbauRj;jiyth; gjtpapy; ,Ue;J eP f;fg;gLthh;.
khepyq;fsitapd; jPh;khdj;jpw;F kf;fsitapd; xg;Gjy; Ntz;Lk;

,e;jpa Jizf; FbauRj; jiytu;fs;

vz; ngau; gjtpf;fhyk;
1
lhf;lu; S .uhjhfpU~;zd; 1952 – 1966
2 lhf;lu; [hfPu; cNrd;
1966 – 1967
3 thuffpup ntq;flfpup
1967 – 1969
4 Nfhghy; ];t&g; gjf;
1969 – 1974
5
B.D .[hl;b 1974 – 1979
6 KfkJ ,jaj;Jy;yh
1979 – 1984
7 Mu;;. ntq;fl;uhkd;
1984 – 1987
8 lhf;lu; rq;fu; jahs; ru;kh
1987 – 1992
9 Nf.Mu;.ehuhazd;
1992 – 1997
10 fpU~;zfhe;j;;
1997 – 2002
11 igNuhd; rpq; n~fhtj;
2002 – 2007
12 `kPJ md;rhup
2007 – 2012
13 `kPJ md;rhup 2012 Kjy;

,e;jpahtpd; jiyik tof;fwpQh;: ( ATTORNEY – GENERAL OF INDIA )

76tJ tpjp cr;r eP jpkd;wj;jpd; jiyik ePjpgjpahtjw;F jFjpfis ngw;wpUf;Fk; .
xUtiu ,e;jpahtpd; jiyik tof;fwpQuhf FbauRj;jiyth; epakpf;fyhk; vd;W
$Wfpd;wJ
mth; ,e;jpa murpd; Kjy; rl;l mjpfhhp Mthh; ( First Legal Officer of the Country )
FbauRj; jiyth;> Jizf;FbauRj; jiyth; Xh; xg;gPL
( Comparison between the President and the Vice – President )
1. FbauRj; jiyth; ghuhSkd;w ,U mitfSf;Fk; kw;Wk; rl;lNguitfSf;Fk;
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l Nominates cWg;gpdh;fslq;fpa Njh;jy; FOtpdhy;
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLthh;. Jizf;FbauRj;jiyth; ghuhSkd;w ,U mitfSf; Fk;
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk; epakpf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdh;fslq;fpa Njh;jy; FOtpdhy;
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLthh;
2. FbauRj; jiyth; kw;Wk; Jizf;FbauRj;jiyth; ,UtiuAk; Njh;e;njLf;Fk; Njh;jy;
tpfpjhr;rhu Kiwg;gbAk; xw;iw khw;W thf;fpd; mbg;gilapYk; eilngWk;
3. ,uz;L gjtpfSf;Fk; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLk; egh;fs; ,e;jpaf; FbkfdhfTk;> 35 taJ
epuk;gpatuhfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;
4. FbauRj; jiytuhf Njh;e;njLf;fg; gLtjw;F> kf;fsit cWg;gpduhf
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLtjw;fhd jFjpfSilatuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Jizf;FbauRj;
jiytuhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l khepyq;fsit cWg; gpduhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLtjw;fhd
jFjpfs; cilatuhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;
5. ,uz;L gjtpfSf;Fk; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLtjw;F murhq;fj;jpy; yhgk; jUk; ve;j gjtpapYk;
,Uf;ff; $lhJ. Mdhy; FbauRj;jiyth;> Jizf;FbauRj;jiyth;> khepy MSeh;>
kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy mikr;rh; Mfpa gjtpfs; murhq;fj;jpd; yhgk; jUk; gjtpfshf
fUjg;glkhl;lhJ
6. ,uz;L gjtpfSf;fhd fhyKk; gjtpNaw;w ehspypUe; J 5 tUlq;fshFk;
7. FbauRj;jiyth; jk; ifg;gl xU fbjj;ij Jizf;FbauRj;jiytUf;F vOjpf;
nfhLg;gjd; %yk; gjtp tpyfyhk;. Jizf; FbauRj;jiyth; jk; ifg;gl xU fbjj;ij
FbauRj;jiytUf;F vOjpf; nfhLg;gjd; %yk; gjtp tpyfyhk;
8. FbauRj;jiytiu gjtpapy; ,ue;J ePf;f mjw;fhd jPh;khdj;ij ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ,U
mitfspYk; jdpj;jdpahf %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F ngUk;ghd;ikAld; epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;.
Mdhy; Jizf;FbauRj; jiytiu gjtpapy; ,Ue;J ePf;f mjw;fhd jPh;khdj;ij
khepyq;fsitapy; rhjhuz ngUk;ghd;ikAld; epiwNtw;wp kf;fsitapd; xg;Gjiyg;
ngwNtz;Lk;
9. FbauRj; jiyth; ,y;yhj Neuq;fspy; mtuJ gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;fpwhh;.
10. FbauRj;jiyth; khjk; &gha; 50>000 rk;gskhf ngWfpd;wdh;. Jizf;FbauRj;jiyth;
khepyq;fsitapd; jiyth; vd;w Kiwapy; khjk; 40>000 &gha; rk;gskhf ngWfpd;wdh;.
mth; FbauRj;jiytuhf nray;gLk; NghJ khjk; 50>000 &gha; rk;gskhfg; ngWthh;

muR khWk; nghOJ jiyik tof;fwpQh; uh[pdhkh nra; a Ntz;Lk;. Gjpjhf

nghWg;Ngw;Fk; muR> jhd; tpUk;Gk; xUtiu jiyik tof;fwpQuhf epakpf;Fk;
rl;lk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l gpur;rpidfs; gw;wp ,e; jpa muRf;F mwpTiu $WtJ FbauRj;
jiytuhYk; murpayikg;ghYk; mtUf; F xJf;fg;gLk; flikfisAk; gzpfisAk;
nra;tJ Nghd;wit mtuJ gzpfshFk;
mj;jifa flikfis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf ,e;jpahtpYs;s vy; yh ePjpkd;wq;fspYk;
Kd;dpiyg;gLtjw;fhd chpik jiyik tof;fwpQUf;F cz;L
jiyik tof;fwpQh; ,e;jpa muRf;F vjpuhf MNyhrid $wNth my;yJ thjhlNth
$lhJ. mNjNghy; murpd; mDkjp ,y;yhky; xU Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;l egUf;F Mjuthf
thjhlf;$lhJ.
mth; ve;j xU epWtdj;jpYk; ,af;Feuhf nghWg;Ngw;f $lhJ
jiyik tof;fwpQh; kj;jpa khepy muRfSf;fhf ePjpkd;wq;fspy; thjhLthh;. mth; NtW
rpy jdp tof;FfspYk; M[uhfyhk; Mdhy; mt;tof;Ffspy; vjph;jug;G murhq;fkhf
,Uf;ff; $lhJ
mtUf;F rk;gsk; toq;fg;glhJ. Mdhy; mtuJ gzpfSf;fhf FbauRj;jiytuhy;
eph;zapf;fg;gLk; fl;lzk; toq;fg;gLk; ( Retainer of the Government )
jiyik tof;fwpQh; ghuhSkd;w ,U mitfspYk; cWg;gpduhf ,y;yhky; ,Ue;jhYk;>
mtUf;F ,U rigfspYk; eilngWk; MNyhridfspYk; $l;lq;fspYk; fye;J nfhs;s
chpik cz;L. Xl;lspf;f chpik ,y;iy
mth; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; cWg; gpdh; vd;w Kiwapy; midj;J rYiffSf;Fk;
ghJfhg;gpw;Fk; jFjpAilatuhthh;
jiyik tof;fwpQUf;F fPo; ,uz;L rl;l MNyhrfh;fSk; ehd;F cjtp rl; l
MNyhrfh;fSk; ,Ug;gh; ( 4 Additional Solicitor Generals )
jiyik tof;fwpQh; FbauRj; jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gl;L mtuhy; eph;zapf;fg; gLk;
Cjpaj;ij ngWthh;
jw;nghOija jiyik tof;fwpQh; ahh; vd;gij njhpe;Jf; nfhs;sTk;

jiyik jzpf;if fl;Lg;ghl;L mjpfhhp

(
THE COMPROTLLER AND AUDITOR GENERAL
)

jiyik jzpf;if fl;Lg;ghl;L mjpfhhp gw;wpa cld;ghLfs; 148 Kjy; 151 tiuapyhd
tpjpfspy; $wg;gl;Ls;sd
mth; 6 tUlq;fs; my; yJ 65 taJ ,uz;by; vJ Kd;dNjh mJ tiu gjtpapy; ePbg;ghh;
jiyik jzpf;if fl;Lg;ghl;L mjpfhhpapd; flikfs;: ( Duties of CAG )
kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRfspd; fzf;Ffis jzpf;if nra;J FbauRj;jiytUf;Nfh
my;yJ MSeUf;Nfh mwpf;if mspj;jy;
,e;jpa kw;Wk; khepyq;fspd; njhFg;G epjpapypUe;J nra;ag;gl;L ,Uf;Fk; midj;J
nrytpdq;fSk; rl;lg;gb jhd; nra;ag;gl;L cs;sd vd cWjp nra;jy;

ghuhSkd;wk; my;yJ khepy rl;lrigfspdhy; xJf;fPL nra;ag;gl; bUf;Fk; epjp mjw;fhd

fhuzj;jpw;fhf kl;LNk gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sjh vd Nkw;ghh;itapLjy;
muR epWtdq;fs;
murpd; tUthapypUe; J epjp cjtp ngWk; mikg;Gfs; Mfpatw;wpd;
fzf;FfisAk;
NkYk; rl;lg;gb Njitg;gLk; nghOJ gpw epWtdq;fspd; fzf;FfisAk;
jzpf;if nra;jy;
jiyik jzpf;if fl;Lg;ghl;L mjpfhhp (flikfs; kw;Wk; mjpfhuq;fs;) rl;lk; 1976
,aw;wg;gl;ljpypUe;J kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRfspd; fzf;Ffis jahhpg;gij tpl;Ltpl;L
mt;tuRfs; kw;Wk; nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fspd; fzf;Ffis jzpf;if nra;tJ kl;Lk;
njhlug;gl;lJ
khepy murpd; fzf; Ffis jzpf;if nra;J jahhpf;fg;gLk; mwpf;ifia khepy
MSehplk; mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. mth; mjid khepy rl;lrigapd; Kd; itg;ghh;
mt;twpf;if cldbahf ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; nghJ fzf;F FOtplk; mDg;gg;gl;L mf;FO
kPz;Lk; xU mwpf;if jahh; nra;J mjid ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Kd; rkh;g;gpf;Fk;
nghJ fzf;F FOtpdhy; mDg;gg;gl;l ,uz;lhk; mwpf;ifapd; kPjhd tpthjk;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; eilngWk;
jiyik jzpf;if fl;Lg;ghl;L mjpfhhp ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; xU mjpfhhpahthh;. NkYk; mth;
nghJ fzf;F FOtpd; fz;fSk; fhJfSk; vd;Wk; $wg;gLthh;
jiyik jzpf;if mjpfhhp khepyj;jpd; njhFg;G epjpapypUe;J gzj;ij vLj;J
tpepNahfk; nra;tij ve;j tpjj;jpYk; fl;Lg;gLj;j KbahJ
jiyik jzpf;if fl;Lg;ghl;L mjpfhhpahy; Vw;fdNt nra;ag; gl;l nrytpdq;fis
jzpf;if nra;a kl;LNk KbAk;
jw;nghOija CAG ahh; vd;gij njhpe;Jf; nfhs;sTk;

mikr;ruit: ( COUNCIL OF MINISTERS )

FbauRj;jiyth; jdJ mjpfhuj;ij nrYj;Jk;NghJ mtUf;F mwpTiu $wp Jiz
nra;tjw;F gpujkhpd; fPo; cs;s mikr;ruit ,Uf;f Ntz; Lk; vd;W 74(1)k; tpjp
$Wfpd;wJ
75k; tpjp FbauRj;jiyth; gpujkiu epakpj;J mtuJ mwpTiuapd; Nghpy; gpw
mikr;rh;fis epakpg;ghh; vd;W $Wfpd;wJ
gpujkh; gjtpNaw;w clNdNa mikr;ruit mikf;fg;gLk;
mikr;ruitapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba mikr;rh;fspd; vz;zpf;if murpay; mikg;ghy;
eph;zak; nra;ag;gltpy; iy. Mdhy; nly;yp khepy rl;lrigapd; mikr;ruitapy; kl;Lk;
rl;lrig cWg;gpdh;fspy; 10y; 1 gq;Ff; F Fiwthd mikr;rh;fNs ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. jw;nghOJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;Fk; ,e;j rl;lk; te;J tpl;lJ

75(3) tpjpapd;gb mikr;ruit kf;fsitf;F $l;Lg; nghWg;GilajhFk; ( Collective

Responsibility )
mjhtJ xU jPh;khdk; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhy; mikr;ruit KOikAkhf
rPh;FiyAk;
muRf;F xj;Jtuhj mikr;rh;fis ePf;Fk; NghJ gpujkh; FbauRj;jiytUld; fye; J
MNyhrpf;fyhk;. Vnddpy; mikr;rh;fs; xt;nthUtUk; FbauRj; jiyth;fSf;Fj;
jdpg;nghWg;Gilath;fs; Mth;
,e;jpa mikr;ruit %d;W tifahd mikr;rh;fisf; nfhz;lJ. Nfgpdl; mikr;rh;fs;>
,iz mikr;rh;fs; ( Minister of States ) Jiz mikr;rh;fs; ( Deputy Ministers )
Nfgpdl; jFjpAila mikr;rh;fs; xU Jiwapd; jiytuhth;
Nfgpdl; mikr;rh;fs; gpujkuhy; elj;jg;gLk; Nfgpdl; $l;lq;fspy; fye;J nfhs;s
chpikAilath;fs;
Nfgpdl; vd;w thh;j;ij 42tJ jpUj;jr;rl;lj;jpd;gb murpay; mikg;gpd; 352 tJ tpjpapy;
Nrh;f;fg;gl; lJ
Nfgpdl; vd;gJ mikr; ruitapd; rpwpa mikg;ghFk;
,iz mikr;rh;fs; vd;gth;fs; Nfgpdl; mikr;rh;fSf;F fPo; cs;sth;fSk; mth;fSf;F
cjtp nra;gth;fshfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wdh;
,iz mikr;rh;fSk;> Nfgpdl; mikr;rh;fSf;F ,izahd Cjpak; ngWfpd;wdh;.
,th;fSf;nfd;W jdpahf Jiwfs; vJTk; fpilahJ. Mdhy; gpujkh; tpUk;gpdhy;
,th;fis VNjDk; JiwfSf;F nghWg;ghf epakpf;fyhk;
,iz mikr;rh;fs; miof;fg;gl;lhyd;wp mikr;ruit $l;lq;fspy; fye;J nfhs;s
KbahJ
Jiz mikr;rh;fSf; F jdpahf Jiwfs; vJTk; fpilahJ. mth;fs; vg;NghJ Nfgpdl;
mikr;rh;fSf;Nfh> ,iz mikr;rh;fSf;Nfh my;yJ ,UtUf;FNkh cjtp nra;thh;fs;
Mth;fs; mikr;ruit $l;lq;fspy; fye;J nfhs;s KbahJ
mth;fSf;F Nfgpdl; mikr;rh;fistpl Fiwthd Cjpak; toq;fg;gLk;
Nfgpdl; mikr;rh;fNs ehl;bd; nfhs;iffis cUthf;Ffpd;wdh;
Nfgpdl; vd;gJ mikr;ruit $l;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; murpayikg;gpy; Vw;gl;l $Ljy;
tsh;r;rpahFk;
Fwpg;G: midj;J Nfgpdl; mikr;rh;fSk; Nfgpdl; cWg;gpdh;fs; my;yh;
xU mikr;rh; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfspy; vjpy; Ntz;LkhdhYk; cWg;gpduhf
,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy; mtUf;F> ve;j rigapy; cWg;gpduhf cs;shNuh mr;rigapy; kl;LNk
Xl;lspf;Fk; chpik cz;L
xU mikr;rh; ghuhSkd;w ,UrigfspYk; cWg;gpduhf ,y;yhtpby; gjtpNaw;w 6 khj
fhyj;jpw;Fs; ghuhSkd;w rig xd;wpy; cWg;gpduhf Ntz;Lk;
 Njh;e;njLf;fg;glhky; cWg;gpduhf ,y;yhj xUtiu kPz;Lk; mikr;ruhf epakpf;f
KbahJ

tpjp 75 (2)d; gb FbauRj;jiyth; tpUk;Gk;tiu mikr;rh;fs; gjtpapy; ePbg;ghh;fs;

gpujk ke;jphp
( THE PRIME MINISTER )

ghuhSkd;w Ml;rp Kiwapy; FbauRj;jiyth; ngaustpy; mjpfhuKilath;. Mdhy;

gpujkh; cz;ikapNyNa mjpfhuk; cilath;
FbauRj;jiyth; ehl;bd; jiyth; Mdhy; gpujkh; murhq;fj;jpd; jiyth; Mthh;
,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; fPo; cs;s xUtiu mnkhpf;f FbauRj; jiytNuhL xg;gpl
Ntz;Lnkd;why; gpujkiuj; jhd; xg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jpa FbauRj; jiytiu my;y
vd;W lhf;lh; mk;Ngj;fhh; $Wfpd;whh;
gpujkNu MSk; fl;rpapd; jiyth; Mthh;
mtNu gzpfspd; murpay; jiyth; Mthh;
neUf;fb epiyapd; NghJ gpujkNu murpay; epiyfspy; jiyth; Mthh;
mth; kj;jpa murpd; jiyik nra;jp njhlh;ghsh; Mthh;
ehl;bd; may;ehl;Lf; nfhs;iffis tFg;gjpy; gpujkh; Kf;fpa gq;fhw;Wfpd;whh;
ehl;bd; jiyth; vd;w Kiwapy; gy khepyq;fspd; gy gphpTfis Nrh;e;j kf;fis
re;jpj;J mth;fspd; Fiwfs; gw;wpa kDf;fis ngWfpd;whh;
mth; jpl;l FO> Njrpa Nkk;ghl;L Mizak; Njrpa xUq;fpizg;G FO> khepyq;fSf;F
,ilNaahd FO Mfpatw;wpd; jiyth; Mthh;
ehl;bd; murpay; eph; thf Kiwapy; gpujkh; Kf;fpag; gq;F tfpf;fpwhh;
gpujkhpd; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk;: (POWERS AND FUNCTIONS )
jdJ mikr;ruitapd; mikr;rh;fis KbT nra;tJ gpujkhpd; rpwg;GhpikahFk;.
mjhtJ gpujkuhy; ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gLk; egh;fis kl;LNk FbauRj;jiyth; mikr;rh;fshf
epakpf;f KbAk;
mikr;rh;fsplk; gy;NtW Jiwfis xJf;fp nfhLg;gJk; gpujkhpd; gzpahFk;
fUj;J NtWghl;bd; fhuzkhf xU mikr;riu gjtp tpyfNth> my;yJ FbauRj;
jiytiu mt;tikr;ruit gjtp ePf;fk; nra;Ak; gbNah Nfhuyhk;
gpujkNu mikr;ruit $l;lq;fSf;F jiyikNaw;fpwhh;. NkYk; mjd; KbTfis
eph;zapf;fpd;whh;
midj;J mikr;rh;fspd; eltbf;iffisAk; fl;Lg;gLj;jp xOq;F gLj;Jfpd;whh;
gpujkh; gjtp tpyFtjd; %yk; mikr;ruitia fiyj;J tpl KbAk;
mth; mikr;ruit $l; lj;ij vg;nghOJ Ntz;LkhdhYk; $l;lyhk;
Nfgpdl; mikg;gpd; mbg;gil gpujkNu Mthh;
mikr;ruitapy; gpujkhpd; epiy rkkhdth;fSf;nfy;yhk; Kjyhdth; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ
MSk; fl;rpapd; tho;Tk;> ,wg;Gk; gpujkNu vd;Wk; $Wfpd;whh;
 Nfgpdl; $l;lq;fis $l;lTk; epfo;r;rp epuiy KbT nra;aTk;> $l;lk; elf;Fk;
,lq;fis Njh;e;njLf;fTk; $l gpujkUf;F chpik cz;L
mth; ve;j mikr;rfj; jpd; ve;j Nfhg;gpid Ntz;LkhdhYk; Nfhu chpik cz;L. ,e;j
chpik gy mikr;rfq;fspd; xUq;fpizg;ghsh; vd;Dk; Kiwapy; gpujkUf;F cz;L
FbauRj; jiytUld; njhlh;Gila mjpfhuq;fs;: ( IN RELATION TO THE PRESIDENT )
,e;jpahtpd; jiyik tof;fwpQh;> jiyik jzpf;if fl;Lg;ghl;L mjpfhhp> nghJg;gzp
Mizaj;jpd; jiyth;> Njh;jy; Mizah;fs; epjpf;FOtpd; jiyth; kw;Wk; cWg;gpdh;fs;
Nghd;w Kf;fpa gjtpfspy; Ml;fis epakpj;jy; njhlh;ghf FbauRj;jiytUf;F gpujkh;
MNyhrid $wyhk;.
FbauRj;jiyth; kw;Wk; mikr;ruit ,ilNaahd jfty; njhlh;G ghykhf gpujkh;
nray;gLfpd;whh; (tpjp 78)
rl;lkpaw;Wjy; kw;Wk; eph;thfk; njhlh;ghd mikr;ruitapd; KbTfis
FbauRj;jiytUf;F njhptpf;fpd;whh;
mikr;ruitapy; fye;jhNyhrpf;fg;glhky; gpujkh; jhdhf vLj;j Kbtpid
mikr;ruitapd; ghprP yidf;F mDg;g Ntz;Lk; vd;W FbauRj;jiyth; Nfhhpdhy;
mt;thNw gpujkh; nray;gLthh;

gpujkhpd; epakdk; ( Appointment of the Prime Minister )

gpujkh; FbauRj; jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLthh; (tpjp 75 (1))
rhjhuz #o;epiyfspy; FbauRj; jiyth; jdJ tpUg;gg;gb gpujkiu
epakpf;fyhk;. Mdhy; FbauRj;jiyth; ghuhSkd;w kf;fsitapy;
ngUk;ghd;ik ngw;w fl;rpapd; jiytiuNa gpujkuhf epakpf;f KbAk;
ve;j fl;rpAk; ngUk;ghd;ik ngwhky; $l;lzp Ml;rp mike;jhy; FbauRj;
jiyth; jdJ tpUg;gg;gb gpujkiu Njh;e;njLf;fyhk;
FbauRj; jiyth; mtuJ fUj;Jg;gb ve;j fl;rp epiyahd muir
mikf;FNkh mjd; jiytiu Njh;e;njLf;fyhk;

xU jiytiu miof;Fk; NghJ gpd;tUk; eilKiwfis FbauRj; jiyth;

gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;
1. ek;gpf;ifapy;yh jPh;khdj;jpy; muR Njhy;tpaile;jpUe;jhy; vjph; fl;rpj;
jiytiu FbauRj; jiyth; miof;f Ntz;Lk;
2. Njh;jYf;F Kd;G cUthd $l;lzpapd; jiytiu miof;f Ntz;Lk;
3. jdpg;ngUk;ghd;ik fl;rpapd; jiytiu miof;f Ntz;Lk;
Njh;jYf;Fg; gpd;G cUthd $l;lzpapd; jiytiu miof;f Ntz;Lk;

fpr;rd; Nfgpdl; - mLg;gb ke;jphp rig ( Kitchen Cabinet )

,e;jpahtpd; midj;J gpujkh;fSk; fpr;rd; Nfgpdl; itj;J ,Ue;jdh;.
tl;lj;jpw;Fs;shd tl; lk; vd;W mh;j;jk;
cs;Nfgpdl; my;yJ fpr;rd; Nfgpdl; vd;W miof;fg;gl;l rpwpa mikg;Ng
cz;ikahd mjpfhu ikakhFk;
,J gpujkiuAk; mtuJ ek;gpf;iff;F ghj;jpukhd ,uz;L Kjy; ehd;F rf
cWg;gpdh;fisAk; cs;slf;fpajhFk;
,J Nfgpdl; cWg; gpdh;fs; kl;Lky;yhky; gpujkhpd; ez;gh;fs; FLk;g
cWg;gpdh;fs; cs;spl;l ntspahl;fisAk; nfhz;ljhFk;
[t`h;yhy; NeUtpd; cs; Nfgpdl; gNly;> Mrhj;> Ia;aq;fhh; kw;Wk; fpj;tha;
MfpNahiuf; nfhz;lJ
yhy;gfJ}h; rh];jphpapd; cs;Nfgpdl; Y. B. rthd;> ];tud;rpq; kw;Wk; G. I.
ee;jh MfpNahiuf; nfhz;lJ
jpUkjp ,e;jpuh fhe;jpapd; fhyj;jpd; cs; Nfgpdl; kpfTk; rf;jp tha;e;jjhf
,Ue;jJ. mJ Y. B . rthd;> ckh> rq;fh; jPl; rpj;> gf;UjPd; myp mfkJ> lhf;lh;
ruz;rpq; Nghd;wth;fisf; nfhz;lJ

,e;jpag; gpujkh;fs;
( PRIME MINISTERS OF INDIA )
vz; gpujkh; fl;rp fhyk;
1 gz;bl; [t`h;yhy; NeU
(1889 – 1964)
,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; (Mf];l; 15> 1947 – Nk 27>
1964)
2 Fy;rhhpyhy;ee;jh (nray;)
(1898 – 1998)
,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; (Nk 27> 1964 – [_d; 9> 1964)
3 yhy; gfJ}h; rh];jphp
(1904 – 1966)
,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; ([_d; 9> 1964 – [dthp 11>
1966)
4 Fy;rhhpyhy;ee;jh (nray;)
(1898 – 1998)
,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; ([dthp 11> 1966 – [dthp
24> 1966)
5 ,e;jpuhfhe;jp (1917 – 1984) ,e;jpuh fhq;fpu]; ([dthp 24> 1966 – khh;r; 24>
1977)
6 nkhuhh;[p Njrha;
(1896 – 1995)
[djh fl;rp (khh;r; 24> 1977 – [_iy 28>
1979)
7 nrsj;hp ruz;rpq;
(1902 – 1987)
[djh fl;rp (S) ([dthp 28> 1979 – [dthp
14> 1980)
8 ,e;jpuh fhe;jp
(1917 – 1984)
,e;jpuh fhq;fpu]; ([dthp 14> 1980 –
mf;Nlhgh; 31> 1984)
9 uh[Pt; fhe;jp
(1944 – 1911)
,e;jpuh fhq;fpu]; (mf;Nlhgh; 31> 1984 – brk;gh;
1> 1989)

10 tp];tehj; gpujhg; rpq;

(1931 - )
[djhjsk; (brk;gh; 2> 1989 – etk;gh; 10>
1990)
11 re;jpu Nrfh; (1927 - ) rkh[;thb [djh jsk; (etk;gh; 11> 1990 – [dthp
21> 1991)
12
P . V. eurpk;kuht; (1921 - )
,e;jpuh fhq;fpu]; ([_d; 21> 1991 – Nk 16> 1996)
13. mly; gpfhhp th[;gha;
(1926 - )
ghujpa [djh (Nk 16> 1996 – Nk 31> 1996)
14.
H. D. Njtnfslh (1933 - )
[djh jsk; ([_d; 1> 1996 – Vg;uy; 20>
1997)
15.
I. K . F[uhy; (1919 - )
[djh jsk; (Vg;uy; 21> 1997 – khh;r; 18>
1998)
16. mly; gpfhh; th[;gha;
(1926 - )
ghujpa [djh (khh;r; 19> 1998 – mf;Nlhgh;
13> 1999)
17. mly; gpfhh; th[;gha;
(1926 - )
ghujpa [djh (mf;Nlhgh; 13> 1999 – 2004)
18.
Dr . kd;Nkhfd; rpq;
fhq;fpu]; (2004 – 2009)
19
Dr . kd;Nkhfd; rpq;
fhq;fpu]; 2009 – 2014
20
eNue;jpu Nkhb
ghujpa [djh
26.05.2014 Kjy; njhlu;fpwhu;
,e;jpa ghuhSkd;wk; ( THE PARLIAMENT )
tpjp 79: ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mikg;G ( Constitution of the Parliament )
FbauRj;jiyth; kw;Wk; kf;fsit> khepyq;fsit vd;w ,U mitfisf; nfhz;l
ghuhSkd;wk; ,Uf;Fk;
FbauRj;jiyth; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfspYk; cWg;gpduhf ,y;yhtpbYk; mth;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; xUq;fpize;j gFjpahthh;
NkYk; mjd; eilKiwfNshL njhlh;Gila rpy gzpfisAk; Mw;Wthh;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mitfs;: khepyq;fsit ( The Rajya Sabha or the Council of States )
khepyq;fsit Njh;e; njLf;fg;gl;lth;fs;> epakpf;fg;gl;lth;fs; vd;w 2 tifahd
cWg;gpdh;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ,th;fsJ gjtpf; fhyk; 6 tUlq;fshFk;. ,th;fs; khepy
rl;lrig cWg;gpdh;fshy; kiwKfkhf Njh;e;njLf;fg; gLth;
2 tUlq;fSf;F xU Kiw ,r;rigapd; %d;wpy; xU gq;F cWg;gpdh;fs; Xa;G ngWk;
tifapy; Njh;jy; elj;jg;gLk;
khepyq;fsit ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; $l;lhl;rpapd; ,ay;Gfis gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ
tpjp 80: khepyq;fsitapy; gpd;tUgth;fs; cs;slq;fpapUg;gh; ( The Council of States shall
consists of )

12 Ngh; FbauRj;jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLth;

238 Ngh;fSf;F kpfhky; khepy muRfs; kw;Wk; A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspdhy; gpujpepjpfshf
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLth;
(nly;yp kw;Wk; ghz;br;Nrhp Mfpa A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs; kl;LNk khepyq;fsitapy;
gpujpepjpj;Jtk; ngw;Ws;sd) jw;NghJ khepyq;fsitapd; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh; vz;zpf;if
245 MFk;. ,th;fSs; 233 Ngh; Njh;e;njLf;fg; gl;lth;fs;. 12 Ngh; epakpf;fg;gl;lth;fs;
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLtj;wfhd jFjpfs;: ( Criteria of nomination )
FbauRj;jiytuhy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLk; cWg;gpdh;fs; ,yf;fpak;> mwptpay;> fiy> r%f
Nrit Mfpa Jiwfspy; mwpTk; mDgtKk; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;
ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh; ,lq;fis fhyp nra;jy;: ( VACATION OF SEATS )
cWg;gpdh; ,lq;fis fhyp nra;tJ njhlh;ghd tptuq;fs; tpjp 101y; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.
Mitahtd:
,uz;L mitfspYk; xU egh; cWg;gpduhf ,Uf;ff; $lhJ. xNu egh; ,uz;L
mitfSf;Fk; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhy; mth; xU cWg;gpdh; gjtpia Jwf;f Ntz;Lk;
Tpjp 102 (1) kw;Wk; (2)d; fPo; ,uz;L rig cWg;gpdh;fSs; vtNuDk; xUth;
jFjpapoe;jhy; ,lk; fhypahFk;
cWg;gpdh;> rghehafh; my;yJ mitj;jiytUf;F uh[pdhkh fbjk; mspj;J mf;fbjk;
mth;fshy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lhy; ntw;wplk; cUthFk;
ve;j cWg;gpduhtJ mitapd; mDkjp ,y;yhky; 60 ehl;fSf; Fk; Nky; mitf;F
tuhky; ,Ue;jhy; mtuJ ,lk; fhypahdjhf muR mwptpf;Fk;
khepyq;fsit cWg;gpduhtjw;fhd jFjpfs;: ( Qualification for the Membership of Rajya Sabha )
,e;jpa Fbkfdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
 30 taJf;Fl;gl;ltuhf ,Uf;f $lhJ
mth; xU rhjhuz Fbkfd; - ve;j khepyk; my;yJ A+dpad; gpuNjrj;jpypUe; J
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl cs;shNuh mjd; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l thf;fhsuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
muR Cjpak; ngWk; Ntiyapy; ,Uf;ff; $lhJ
khepyq;fsitapd; mjpfhhpfs; ( Officers of the Raja Sabha )
jiyth;: ,e;jpa Jizf;FbauRj; jiytNu khepyq;fsitapd; jiytuhthh;.
FbauRj;jiyth; gjtp ntw;wplkhf ,Ue; J mg;gjtpapid ,th; Vw;Wf;nfhs;shky;
,Uf;Fk; tiu khepyq;fsitapd; eilKiwfSf;F jiyikNaw;fyhk;
Jizj;jiyth;: Jizj; jiytuhf khepyq;fsit cWg;gpdh;fSs; xUth;
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLthh;. jiyth; ,y;yhj Neuq;fspy; Jizj;jiyth; mitf;F
jiyikNaw;ghh;
kf;fsit: ( Lok Sabha or the Lower House )
,e;jpa Fbkf;fshy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdh;fisf; nfhz;bUg;gjhy; kf;fsit
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; gpugykhd mit MFk;.

FbauRj;jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLk; Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa r%fj;ijr;rhh;e;j 2 cWg;gpdh;fis

jtpu kw;w midtUk; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lth;fshth
Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa r%fj;ijr; rhh;e;jth; fs; ve;j njhFjpapYk; mjpf mstpy;
,Ug;gjpy;iy. vdNt mth;fSf;F Kiwahd gpujpepj;jJtk; fpilg;gjpy;iy vd;gNj
FbauRj; jiythpd; fUj;jhFk;
murpayikg;gpd; gb kf;fsitapd; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh; vz;zpf;if 552 ,jpy;
khepyq;fspypUe; J 530 Ngh;> A+dpad; gpuNjrj;jpypUe;J 20 Ngh; kw;Wk; Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa
r%fj;jpypUe;J epakpf;fg;gl;l 2 Ngh; MfpNahh; cs;sdh;. Mdhy; murpayikg;G
kf;fsitf;F mjd; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh; vz; zpf;ifia 545Mf (KiwNa 530 + 13 + 2)
eph;zapj;Js;sJ
kf;fsitapd; gjtp fhyk;: ( Tenure of the Lok Sabha )
kf;fsitapd; nghJthd gjtp fhyk; 5 tUlq;fshFk;. Mdhy; ,jd; gjtpf;fhyk;
KbAk; Kd;ghfNt ,jidf; FbauRj;jiyth; fiyf;fyhk;
352tJ tpjpapd; fPo; Njrpa neUf;fb epiy gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;L ,Uf;Fk; NghJ
kf;fsitapd; gjtp fhyj;ij 5 tUlq;fSf;Fk; Nky; ghuhSkd;wk; ePl;bf;f KbAk;.
Mdhy; ,e;j ePl;bg;G xU jlitapy; xU tUl fhyj;jpw;Fs; Fiwthf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
(vj;jid jlitfs; Ntz;LkhdhYk; ePl;bf;fyhk;)
neUf;fb epiy jpUk;gg;ngwg;gl;l gpwF 6 khj fhyj;jpw;F me;j ePl;bg;G mkypy;
,Uf;Fk;
tpjp 83d; fPo; kf;fsitapd; gjtpf;fhyk; 5 tUlq;fshFk;. Mdhy; 52tJ jpUj;jj;jpd;gb
,jid ghuhSkd;wk; 6 tUlq;fshf ePl;bj;jJ. Mdhy; 55tJ jpUj;jr;rl;lk; ,jid
kPz;Lk; 5 tUlq;fshf eph;zapj;jJ
kf;fsitapd; cWg;gpdh; Mtjw;fhd jFjpfs;: ( Qualifications for the membership of the Lok
Sabha )
,e;jpaf; Fbkfdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
25 taJf;Fl;gl;ltuhf ,Uf;ff;$lhJ
VNjDk; xU ,e;jpa ghuhSkd;wj;njhFjpapy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l thf;fhsuhf ,Uf; f
Ntz;Lk;
Murhq;f Cjpak; ngWk; gjtpapy; ,Uf;ff; $lhJ
kf;fsit rghehafh; kw;Wk; Jiz rghehafh;:
( The Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha )
rghehafNu kf;fsitapd; jiyth; Mthh;
,t;tpUtUk; Gjpa kf;fsit mikf;fg;gl; lgpd; kf;fsit cWg;gpdh;fSs; ,Ue; J
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLth;
rghehafh; mit eltbf;iffis jiyikNaw;W elj;Jthh;. Mit eltbf;iffspy;
rghehafhpd; KbNt ,WjpahdJ

rghehafUf; F mitapd; khpahijiaAk; Kd;DhpikfisAk; epiyepWj;Jk; flik

cs;sJ
rghehafh; ,y;yhj Neuq;fspy; Jiz rghehafh; rghehafhpd; gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;fpwhh;
kf;fsit fiyf;fg;gl;L Gjpa kf;fsit mikf;fg;gLk; tiu rghehafh; gjtpapy;
ePbg;ghh;
rghehafiuNah JizrghehafiuNah gjtpapypUe;J ePf;f 14 ehl;fs; jtzif;Fg;gpd;
rigf;F te;Js;s nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspd; ngUk;ghd;ik> ngWk; jPh;khdj;jpid
epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;
rghehafh; ghugl; rkpd; wp ele;J nfhs;thh;. VNjDk; xU thf;nfLg;gpy; ntw;wp my;yJ
Njhy;tp Vw;glhky; thf;Ffs; rkkhf gjpthFkhdhy; rghehafh; jdJ thf;if mspj;J
Njf;fepiyia KbTf;F nfhz;L tUthh;

ghuhSkd;w $l;lj;ij elj;Jtjw;F tuNtz;ba Fiwe;j gl;r cWg;gpdh;fspd;

vz;zpf;if
( Quorum )
ghuhSkd;w ,U mitfspYk; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; gj;jpy;
xU gq;F cWg;gpdh;fs; te;jhy; kl;LNk $l;lj; njhliu elj;j ,aYk;
$l;lj;njhlhpd; ,ilapy; vg;nghOjhtJ Fiwe;j gl;r cWg;gpdh;fspd;
vz;zpf;if tuhtpl;lhy; rghehafh; Fiwe; jgl;r cWg;gpdh;fs; $l;lj;jpw;F
tUk;tiu mitia xj;jpitf;f Ntz;Lk;

khepyq;fsitapd; rpwg;G mjpfhuq;fs; ( Special power of the Rajya Sabha )

rpy Fwpg;gpl;l mjpfhuq;fs; khepyq;fsitf;F toq;fg;glhky; kf;fsitf;F kl;LNk
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mitahtd:
gz kw;Wk; ePjp kNrhjhf;fis kf;fsitapy; kl;LNk njhlq;f KbAk;
gz kNrhjhtpd; ngahpy; khepyq;fsit ghpe;Jiufis mspf;f kl;LNk
,aYk;. mtw;iw kf;fsit Vw;Wf; nfhs;syhk; my;yJ Vw;Wf; nfhs;shkYk;
,Uf;fyhk;. gz kNrhjhit khepyq;fsit 14 ehl;fSf;Fs; epiwNtw;w
Ntz;Lk;. ,y;iynadpy; mJ jhdhf epiwNtwpajhf fUjg;gLk;. vdNt gz
kNrhjhf;fis epiwNtw;Wtjpy; kf;fsit mjpfhuk; ngw;W tpsq;Ffpd;wJ
 mikr;ruit kf;fsitf;F nghWg;GilajhFk;. vdNt ek;gpf;if my;yJ
ek;gpf;if ,y;yh jPh;khdj;ij ,r;rigapy; jhd; nfhz;L tu KbAk;
tpjp 352d; fPo; kf;fsit jdJ rpwg;Gf; $l;lj;jpy; FbauRj; jiytuhy;
nfhz;L tug;gl;l Njrpa neUf;fb epiyia khpeyq;fsit xj;Jf;
nfhs;shtpl;lhy; $l epuhfhpf;f KbAk;

rghehafhpd; rpwg;G epiy ( Special Postition of the Speaker )

rghehafh; gjtpF;F rpwg;G epiyia murpayikg;G toq;fpAs;sJ
mth; kf;fsitf;F Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpduhf ,Ue;jhYk; kf;fsit
fiyf;fg;gl;L Gjpa kf;fsit mikf;fg;gLk; tiu gjtpapy; ,Ug;ghh;
mth; ghuhSkd;w gzpfis fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjhy; kl;Lkpd;wp kf;fsit
fiyg;Gf;F gpd;dUk; nray;gLk; kf;fsit jiyik nrayfj;jpd;
jiytuhfTk; nray;gLtjhy; Gjpa kf;fsit mikf;fg;gLk; tiu gjtpapy;
,Ug;ghh;
rghehafUf; F kf; fsitapd; khpahijiaAk;> Kd;DhpikfisAk;
Nkk;gLj;Jk; flik cz;L. Vnddpy; mth; kf;fsitapd; gpujpepjpahf
nray;gLfpd;whh;

ghuhSkd;w $l;lj;njhlh;fs; ( Session of the Parliament )

ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; xU $l;lj;jpw;Fk; kw;nwhU $l;lj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; 6 khj
fhyj;jpw;F Nky; ,ilntsp ,Uf;ff;$lhJ. %d;W tifahd $l;lj;njhlh;fs;
cz;L
gl;n[l; $l;lj;njhlh; ( Budget Session ): ,J gpg;uthpf;Fk; Nk khjj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy;
elf;Fk;.
,J kpf Kf;fpakhd kw;Wk; ePz;l
$l;lj;njhluhFk;
gUtf;fhy $l;lj;njhlh; ( Monsoon Session ): [_iy Kjy; Mf];l; tiu
Fsph;fhy $l;lj;njhlh; ( Winter Session ): etk;gh; Kjy; brk;gh; tiu. ,J kpf
FWfpa fhy
$l;lj;njhlh;
murpayikg;gpy; rpwg;G $l;lj;njhlUf;Fk; ,lk; cz;L
,r;rpwg;Gf; $l;lk; mikr;ruitapd; ghpe;Jiufspd; Nghpy; rghehafh; my;yJ
khpeyq;fsit jiytUf;F 14 ehl;fSf; F Kd;djhf njhptpf;fg;gl;lgpd;
FbauRj;jiytuhy; $l;lg;gLk;
kf;fsit $l;lj;njhlh; eilngwhj NghJ Njrpa mtru epiyia uj;J
nr;atjw;fhf ,f;$l; lj;ij $l;Lk;gb gj;jpy; xU gq;F kf;fsit
cWg;gpdh;fs; FbauRj; jiytUf;F Nfhhpf;if tpLf;fyhk; (tpjp 352)
,jpy; mikr;ruitapd; gq;F vJTk; ,y;iy

jw;fhypf rghehafh; ( Speaker Pro-Term )

 Gjpa kf;fsit mikf;fg;gl;l clNdNa mDgtj;jpd; %j;j cWg;gpdh;
(kf;fsit cWg;gpduhf mth; gzpGhpe; Js; s tUlq;fspd; vz; zpf;ifapd;
mbg;gilapy;) FbauRj;jiytuhy; rghehafuhf epakpf;fg;gLthh;
,U cWg;gpdh;fs; rkkhf jFjp ngw;wpUg;gpd; cWg;gpdh;fspd; taJf;F
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf; fg;gLk;. kf;fsit cWg;gpdh;fSf;F cWjpnkhop
toq;Fjy; kw;Wk; Gjpa rghehafhpd; Njh; jiy jiyikNaw;W elj;Jjy;
Mfpait ,tUila gzpfshFk;
jw;fhypf rghehafhpd; gjtpf;fhyk; Gjpa rghehafh; Njh; e; njLf;fg;gl;l
clNdNa KbTf;F te;JtpLk;

vjph;fl;rpj; jiyth; ( Leader of the Opposition )

goikahd murpayikg;gpy; vjph;f;fl;rpj;jiytUf;nfd;W ve;j ,lKk;
toq;fg;gltpy;iy
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; rl; lg;gb ,J cUthf;fg; gl;L Nfgpdl; me;j];J
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
mjpf ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fisf; nfhz;l> Fiwe;jgl;rk; gj;jpy; xU gq;F
kf;fsit cWg;gpdh; fisf; nfhz;l fl;rp (MSk; fl;rpia jtpu)
vjph;fl;rpahf khWfpwJ

kf;fsitapd; fiyg;G ( Dissolution of the House )

kf;fsitapd; fiyg;G mjd; tho;ehis KbTf;F nfhz;LtUk; Gjpa
kf;fsitia Njh;e;njLf;f nghJj;Njh;jy; elj;jg;glNtz;Lk;
kf;fsit fiyg;Gf;F cl;gl;lJ vd;gJ Fwpg; gplj;jf;fjhFk;
khepyq;fsit fiyg;Gf;F cl;glhj epue;ju mikg;ghFk;
Fwpg;G: fiyg;G kf;fsitapd; tho;ehis KbTf;F nfhz; L tUk;. Mdhy;
xj;jpitg;G kf;fsitapd; $l;lj;njhliu KbTf;F nfhz;L tUk;.

ghuhSkd;wf; FOf;fs; (PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEES )

1. ghuhSkd;wk; gy fbdkhd Ntiyfis nra;a Ntz;bAs;sJ
2. fhyg;gw;whf;Fiw fhuzkhf ,t;Ntiyfspd; njhlf;f epiyfs; ,jw;nfd epakpf;fg;gl;l
FOf;fspdhy; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ
3. ,f;FOf;fs; kf;fsitiar; rhh;e;J rghehafhpd; fPo; ,Ug;git
4. ,f;FOf;fis epiy FOf;fs; kw;Wk; jw;fhypf FOf;fs; vd 2 tifg;gLj;jyhk; epiyf;
FOf;fs; epiyahditahFk;. jw;fhypf FOf;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy fhuzq;fSf;fhf
mikf;fg;gl;L mit epiw NtwpaTld; fiyf;fg;gl;LtpLk;
5. Kf;fpakhd FOf;fs; mitfspd; cWg; gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;ifNahL gpd;tUkhW
$wg;gl;Ls;sd
6. rig eltbf;iffisg; gw;wpa mwpTiu FO (15)> kjpg;gPl;Lf;FO (30)> nghJf;fzf; F
FO (22)> kDf;fis gw;wpa FO (15) jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk; goq;FbapdUf;fhd
eytho;T FO (30)
7. kjpg;gPl;L FOitj;jtpu kw;w FOf;fspd; khepyq;fsit cWg;gpdh;fSf;F %d;wpy; xU
gq;F> gpujpepjpj;Jtk; toq;fg;gLk;
8. ,f;FOf;fspd; cWg;gpdh;fs; xU tUl fhyj;jpw;F Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLthh;fs; my;yJ
epakpf;fg;gLthh;fs;. ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; cs;s fl;rpfs; midj;jpw;Fk; mitfspd;
cWg;gpdh;fSila vz;zpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; ,f;FOf;fspy; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
toq;fg;gLk;
9. ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh; fs; rk;gsk; kw;Wk; nryTg;gbfspd; kPjhd $l;Lf; FOitj;jtpu
midj;J FOf;fspd; jiyth;fisAk;> kf;fsit rghehafNu epakpg;ghh;. ,f;FOtpd;
jiyth; kl;Lk; ,f;FOtpdhNyNa Njh;e;njLf; fg;gLthh;
10. ve;nje;j FOf;fspy; vy;yhk; rghehafh; cWg;gpduhf cs;shNuh mf;FOf;fSf;nfy;yhk;
mtNu jiyth; Mthh;
11. nghJf;fzf;F FOtpd; jiytuhf kf;fsit cWg;gpdh;fSs; xUtiu rghehafh;
epakpg;ghh;. mth; nghJthf vjph;f;fl;rp cWg;gpduhf ,Ug;ghh;.

fl;rpj;jhtypw;F vjpuhf rl;lk; ( Anti-Defection Law )

fl;rp jhTk; murpay; ,e;jpa murpaypd; xU Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mk;rkhf 1967y; ,Ue;J (4-
tJ nghJj;Njh;jy;) ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ
1985y; 52-tJ murpayikg;G jpUj;jj;jpd; %yk; ghuhSkd;wk; ,ijf; ftdpj;Jf;
nfhz;lJ
,r;rl;lk; mitapd; cWg;gpdh;fs; jFjpapof;fTk; tif nra; fpwJ
,r;rl;lj;jpd; gb gpd; tUk; mbg;gilapd; fPo; xUth; cWg;gpdh; jFjp ,of;fyhk;
1. xU cWg;gpdh; ve;j fl;rp toq;fpa ,lj;jpd; %yk; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhNuh
mf;fl;rpapypUe;J jhdhf Kd;te;J tpyFjy;
2. xU cWg;gpdh; jhd; rhh;e;jpUf;Fk; fl;rpf; F FbauRj;jiyth; toq;fpa nfhulhtpw;F
vjpuhf Xl;lspj;jy;> mth; rhh;e;jpUf;Fk; fl;rp $Wk; tifapy; Xl;lspf;fhky; ,Uj;jy;
kw;Wk; mt;thW mth; Xl;lspf;fhky; ,Ue;jij mf;fl;rp Xl;nlLg;G ele;j 15
ehlf;Sf;Fs; kd;dpf; fhky; ,Uj;jy;. 1992y; cr;rePjpkd;wk; ek;gpf;if kw;Wk;
ek;gpf;ifapy;yh jPh;khdk;> gzkNrhjhf;fs; kw;Wk; ed;wpAiu Mfpatw;Wf;F kl;LNk
nfhulhtpd; gq;F mtrpak; vd;W $wpaJ. mjhtJ kw;w Neuq;fspy; cWg;gpdh;
nfhulhtpw;F vjpuhf thf;fspf;fyhk;. cr; r eP jpkd;wj;jpd;gb cWg;gpdUf;F mgpg;gpuha
Ngjk; nfhs;s chpik cz;L
3. xU RNar;ir cWg;gpdh; ve;j fl;rpapyhtJ Nrh;jy;
4. mitf;F epakpf;fg;gl; l cWg;gpdh; epakpf;fg;gl;l 6 khj fhyj;jpw;F gpwF ve;j
fl;rpapyhtJ Nrh;jy;. mjhtJ mth; 6 khj fhyj;jpw;Fs; ve;j fl;rpapyhtJ Nrh;e;jhy;
jFjpapof;f khl;lhh;
5. fl;rpapy; gpsT Vw;gLk;NghJ jdpNa Nghd FOtpd; cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapy;
%d;wpy; xU gq;if tpl Fiwthf ,Uj;jy;
6. xU fl;rpNahL kw;nwhU fl;rp ,izf;fg;gLk;NghJ ,izf;fg;gLk; fl;rpapd;
cWg;gpdh;fspy; %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F Ngh; ,izg;gpw;F xj;Jf; nfhs;shjpUj;jy;
kf;fsit rghehafh; my;yJ Jiz rghehafh;> khepyq;fsitj; Jizj;jiyth;> tpjhd;
rghtpd; rghehafh; my;yJ Jiz rghehafh; kw;Wk; tpjhd; ghp\j;jpd; jiyth;
Nghd; Nwhh; jdJ gjtpfis tpl;Ltpl;L kP z;Lk; jq;fsJ fl;rpfspy; ,ize;jhYk;
jFjpapof;fkhl;lhh;fs;.
,r;rl;lj;jpd;gb fl;rpj; jthy; njhlh;ghd tptfhuq;fspy; rghehafh; my;yJ khepyq;fsit
jiythpd; KbNt ,WjpahdJ
,ij tprhhpf;f ePjpkd; wj;jpw;F ve;j chpikAk; fpilahJ. 1991 etk;ghpy; murpayikg;G
ngQ;r; toq;fpa cr;rePjpkd;w jP h;g;gpy; murpayikg;gpd; mbg;gil fl;likg;ghd
ePjpg;Gduha;T nra;Ak; chpik vLf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lJ vd;W $wpaJ. vdNt
ePjpg;Gduha;Tf; Fl;gl;L rghehafh; my;yJ khepyq;fsitj; jiythpd; jPh;g;Ng ,WjpahdJ

Cjpaf; FOf;fs; (PAY COMMISSIONS )

Cjpaf; FO jiyth; epakdk; mwpf;if

Kjy; Cjpaf;FO
S . tujhr;rhhpahh;
1946 1947
,uz;lhk; Cjpaf;FO [fd;dhj;jh]; 1957 1959
%d;whk; Cjpaf;FO uFgph;jahs; 1970 1973
ehd;fhk; Cjpaf;FO
P. N. rpq;fhy;
1983
1986 & 1987
Ie;jhk; Cjpaf;FO uj;dNty;ghz;bad; 1994 1997
MwhtJ Cjpaf;FO
B. N. =fpU\;zh
2006 2008
MwhtJ Cjpaf; FOtpy; jpUj;jk;
nra;jth;
re;jpuNrfh;
Ashok Kumar
Mathur
2014 2015

khepy eph;thfk;
(THE STATE EXECUTIVE )

1. [k;K fh\;kPiuj; jtpu kw;w midj;J khepyq;fSk; kj;jpa muirg;Nghd;w Ml; rp

Kiwiaf; nfhz;Ls;sd
2. Khepy murpd; mjpfhuq;fs; mk;khepyj;jpw;Fl;gl;l gFjpfSf;F kl;LNk nghUe;Jk;.
Mdhy; kj;jpa murpd; mjpfhuk; ,e;jpah KOikf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;
khepy MSeh; (THE GOVERNOR)
1. Murpayikg;gpd;gb khepyq;fSf;nfd;W MSeh; ,Ug;ghh; (tpjp 153)
2. nghJthf xt;nthU khepyj;jpw;Fk; xU MSeh; ,Ug;ghh;. Mdhy; murpayikg;G (VohtJ
jpUj;jr;) rl;lk; 1956d;gb xNu egiu ,U khepyq;fSf;Nfh> A+dpad; gpuNjr
MSeuhfNth epakpf;fyhk;
3. MSeNu khepy eph; thfj;jpd; jiytuhthh;. Mdhy; mth; ,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiytiu
Nghd; Nw ngaustpw;F kl;LNk mjpfhuk; cilatuhf cs;shh;
4. xU MSeh; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l khepyq;fSf; F MSeuhf nray;gLk; NghJ rk;ge;jg;gl;l
mikr;ruitfspd; MNyhridapd; NghpNyNa nray;gLthh;
5. MSeh; kj;jpa murpd; gpujpepjahf nra;gLfpd;whh;. vdNt MSeh; ,uz;L tifahf
nray;gLthh;
epakdk; kw;Wk; tpjpfs;: (APPOINTMENT AND CONDITIONS )
1. mikr;ruitapd; ghpe; Jiufspd; Nghpy; xU khepyj;jpw;F MSeiu FbauRj;jiyth;
epakpg;ghh;
2. MSeh; kj;jpa murpd; Kftuhf nray;gl;L khepy tptfhuq;fspd; kPJ 15 ehl;fSf;nfhU
Kiw kj;jpa muRf;F mwpf;ifaspg;ghh;
3. nghJthf MSehpd; gjtpf;fhyk; 5 tUlq;fshFk;. Mdhy; mth; FbauRj;jiyth;
tpUk;Gk; tiu gjtpapy; ,Ug;ghh;
4. mLj;j MSeh; gjtpNawFk; tiu MSeh; gjtpapy; ePbf;FkhW Nfl;Lf; nfhs;sg;glyhk;
5. MSeh; FbauRj;jiytuhy; xU khepyj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhU khepyj; jpw;F khw;wg;glyhk;
6. mth; FbauRj;jiytUf;F jdJ ifg;gl xU fbjj;ij mspg;gjd; %yk; gjtpapypUe;J
tpyfpf; nfhs;syhk;
7. MSeiu gjtp ePf;fk; nra;tjpy; khepy rl; lrigf;Nfh cah;ePjp kd;wj;jpw;Nfh ve;j tpj
gq;fKk; ,y;iy
8. xU egh; vj;jid Kiw Ntz;LkhdhYk; MSeuhf epakpf;fg;glyhk;
9. xU egh; MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gLtjw;F> mth; ,e;jpaf; FbkfdhTk;> 35 taJf; F
Nkw;gl;ltuhfTk; ,Uf; f Ntz;Lk;
10. murpay; mikg;G MSeh; gjtpf;F gpd;tUk; tpjpfis tpjpf;fpd;wJ
mth; ghuhSkd;w ,U mitfspYk; khepy rl;lrigapYk; cWg;gpduhf ,Uf;ff;
$lhJ
murhq;f Cjpak; ngWk; Ntiyapy; ,Uf;ff; $lhJ
MSehpd; rk;gsk;> nryTg;gbfs; kw;Wk; rYiffs; Mfpait ,e;jpa
ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; eph;zapf;fg;gLk;
xNu egh; ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l khepyq;fSf;F MSeuhf
epakpf;fg;gl;lhy; mtuJ rk;gsKk;> nryTg;gbfSk; mk;khepyq;fspilNa
FbauRj;jiyth; eph;zapf;Fk; tpfpjg;gb gfph;e;jspf;fg;gLk;
11. mtuJ rk;gSKk;> nryTg;gbfSk; gjtpf;fhyj;jpd; ,ilNa Fiwf;fg;glf;$lhJ
12. khepy cah;ePjp kd;w jiyik ePjpgjp my;yJ mth; ,y;yhj Neuq;fspy; %j;j ePjpgjp
MSeUf;F gjtp gpukhzk; nra;J itg;ghh;
MSehpd; rk;gsk;> nryTg;gbfs; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G: (SALARY, ALLOWANCES &
IMMUNITIES TO THE GOVERNOR )
1. MSehpd; rk;gsKk; nryTg;gbfSk; khepy njhFg;G epjpapy; ,Ue; J toq;fg;gLk;
2. MSeh; (rk;gsk; kw;Wk; kw;w nryTg;gbfs;) rl;lk; 1982d; gb MSeUf;F
khjr;rk;gskhf 36>000 &ghAk;> thlif ,y;yhj murhq;f khspifAk; toq;fg;gLk;.
jw;nghOJ &.75>000
3. 1987y; ,Ue;J MSehpd; rk;gsKk; nryTg;gbfSk; mtuJ gjtpf;fhyj; jpy;
Fiwf;fg;glf; $lhJ vd;W $wg;gl;Ls;sJ
4. 361tJ tpjpa;d fPo; MSeh; jdJ mjpfhuq;fis gad;gLj;jpajw;fhfTk;> flikfis
nra;jjw;fhfTk; ve;j ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fk; gjpyspf;f Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;iy
5. MSeUf;F vjpuhf ve;j tpj Fw;wtpay; eltbf;ifAk; vLf;f KbahJ. Mdhy;
,j;jifia ghJfhg;G r%ftpay; eltbf;ifsfpy; MSeUf;F toq;fg;gltpy;iy. Mdhy;
,U khjq;fSf;F Kd;ghf Fw;wr;rhl; bid jPh;khd tbtj;jpy; MSeUf;F mspf;f
Ntz;Lk;
6. MSehpd; gjtpf;fhyj; jpy; mtUf;F vjpuhf ifJ cj;juNth my; yJ gpw jz;lidfNsh
mspf;f KbahJ
mjpfhuq;fSk;> gzpfSk;: (POWERS AND FUNCTIONS )
1. MSeh; FbauRj;jiytUf;F ,izahd eph;thf> rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; epjp rhh;e;j kw;Wk;
rl;lj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fis ngw;Ws;shh;
2. Mdhy; mth; FbauRj;jiytiug;Nghy; ntspAwT> ,uhZt my; yJ neUf;fb epiy
mjpfhuq;fis ngwtpy;iy
3. FbauRj;jiytUf;F ,y;yhj rpy rkNahrpj mjpfhuq;fs; MSeUf;F
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd
eph;thf mjpfhuq;fs;: ( EXECUTIVE POWERS )
1. khepyj;jpd; midj;J eph;thf eltbf;iffSk; MSehpd; ngauhNyNa vLf;fg;gLfpd;wd
2. mtuJ ngauhy; gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; cj;juTfs; vt;tifapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W rpy
tpjpfis MSeh; tpjpf;fyhk;
3. khepy murpd; nray;ghLfis NkYk; trjpahf khw;wTk;> mr;nray;ghLfSf;fhd
mikr;rh;fis epakpf;fTk; mth; rpy top Kiwfis tFf;fyhk;
4. mth; Kjyikr;riuAk;> Kjyikr;rhpd; MNyhrid Nghpy; kw;w mikr;rh;fisAk;
epakpf;fpd;whh;. mth;fs; MSeh; tpUk;Gk; tiu gjtpapy; ePbf;fyhk;
5. gPfhh;> kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; xhp];]h Mfpa khepyq;fspy; MSeuhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l
goq;Fbapdh; ey; tho;T mikr;rh; xUth; ,Uf; f Ntz;Lk;
6. MSeh; khepy jiyik tof;fwpQiu epakpj;J mthpd; Cjpaj;ij eph;zak; nra;thh;.
,th; MSeh; tpUk;Gk; fhyk;tiu gjtpapy; ,Ug;ghh;
7. MSeh; khepy Njh; jy; Mizaiu epakpj;J mthpd; gzpf;fhd tpjpfisAk;
gjtpf;fhyj;ijAk; eph; zapg;ghh;
8. MSeh; khepy nghJg;gzp Mizaj;jpd; jiytiuAk; cWg;gpdh;fisAk; epakpg;ghh;.
Mdhy; mth;fis FbauRj;jiyth; jhd; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;a ,aYk;. MSeuhy;
KbahJ.
9. khepy eph;thfj;ijg;gw;wpAk; nfhz;L tug;Nghfpw kNrhjhf;fisg;gw;wpAk; tptuq;fis
Kjyikr;rhplkpUe; J MSeh; Nfl;Lg; ngwyhk;
10. mikr;ruitahy; ghprPypf;fg;gl;lhy; jdp xU mikr;ruhy; vLf;fg;gl;l Kbtpid
mikr;ruitapd; ghprPyidf;F mDg;Gk;gb Kjyikr;riu MSeh; Nfl;Lf;nfhs;syhk;
11. xU khepyj;jpy; mtru epiy nfhz;LtUkhW FbauRj;jiytUf;F khepy MSeh;
mwpTWj;jyhk;. NkYk; xU khepyj;jpy; FbauRj;jiyth; Ml;rp eilngWk; NghJ
MSeUf;F FbauRj;jiythpd; gpujpepjp vd;w Kiwapy; mjpf eph;thf mjpfhuq;fs;
cz;L
12. khepy nghJg;gzp Mizaj;jpd; cWg;gpdh; fis gjtp ePf;fk; nra;a muRf;F mjpfhuk;
cz;L
13. MSeUf;F cah; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfis epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; ,y;yhtpl;lhYk;
FbauRj;jiyth; cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfis epakpf;Fk; NghJ MSeUld;
fye;jhNyhrpg;ghh;
14. MSeh; Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa r%fj;jpdUf;F tpjhd rghtpy; NghJkhd gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
,y;iynad;W epidj;jhy; mth; NkYk; xUtiu epakpf;fyhk;
15. tpjhd; ghp\j;Jk; khepyj;jpy; ,Ue;jhy; ,yf;fpak;> mwptpay;> fiy $l;LwT r%f
Nrit Mfpa Jiwfspy; mwpTk;> mDgtKk; nfhz;l egh;fis MSeh; epakpf;fyhk;.
mtUf;F tpjhd; ghp\j;jpd; cWg;gpdh;fspy; Mwpy; xU gq;F cWg;gpdh;fis epakpf;f
mjpfhuk; cz;L.

Kjyikr;rh;
( THE CHIEF MINISTER )

1. Kjyikr;rNu cz;ikapy; eph;thf mjpfhuk; cilath; NkYk; mth; khepy murpd;

jiytuhthh;
2. khepy mstpy; Kjyikr;rhpd; epiy kj;jpa mstpy; gpujkhpd; epiyf;F
,izahdjhFk;
3. kw;w mikr;rh;fs; Kjyikr;rhpd; mwpTiwapd; Nghpy; MSeuhy; epakpf;fg;gLthh;fs;
4. nghJthf tpjhd; rghtpy; ngUk;ghd;ik cila fl;rpapd; jiytNu Kjyikr;ruhf
epakpf;fg;gLthh;
5. mikr;rh;fSf;F MSh; gjtpg;gpukhzk; kw;Wk; ,ufrpa fhg;G gpukhzj;ij elj;jp
itg;ghh;
6. mikr;rh;fspd; rk;gsKk;> nryTg;gbfSk; rl;lrigapy; eph;zapf;fg; gLk;
mjpfhuq;fSk;> gzpfSk;: (POWERS AND FUNCTIONS )
mikr;ruitf;F njhlh;Gilait:
1. mikr;rh;fshf epakpf; gg;gl Ntz;bath;fis MSeUf;F ghpe;Jiug; gJ
2. mikr;rh;fSf;F ,yhf; fhf;fis xJf;fPL nra;tJ
3. fUj;J NtWghL Njhd;Wk; NghJ xU mikr;riu gjtp tpyf nrhy;yNth> me;j
mikr;riu gjtp ePf;fk; nra;Ak;gb MSeUf;F ghpe;Jiuf;fNth KbAk;
4. mikr;ruit $l;lq;fSf;F jiyikNaw;fTk;> mjd; KbTfspy; jiyaplTk; KbAk;
5. midj;J mikr;rh; fspd; eltbf;iffisAk; topelj;jTk;> xUq;fpizf;fTk;
fl;Lg;gLj;jTk; KbAk;
6. jhd; gjtp tpyFtjd; %yk; mikr;ruitia fiyf;f KbAk;
MSeUf;F njhlh;Gilait ( IN RELATION TO THE GOVERNOR )
1. Kjyikr;rNu MSeUf;Fk; mikr;ruitf;Fk; ,ilNaahd njhlh;G ghykhf
tpsq;Ffpwhh;
2. khepy eph;thfk; njhlh; ghf mikr;ruit vLf;Fk; KbTfis MSeUf;F njhptpf;fpwhh;
3. khepy eph;thfk; njhlh; ghd tptuq;fis MSeh; NfhUk; NghJ Kjyikr;rh; mspg;ghh;
4. mikr;ruitapy; tpthjpf;fg;glhky; jdp xU mikr;ruhy; vLf;fg;gl;l Kbtpid
mikr;ruitapd; ghprP yidf;F mDg;Gk;gb MSeh; Nfhhpdhy; mt;thNw Kjyikr;rh;
nray;gLthh;
5. jiyik tof;fwpQh;> khepy nghJg;gzp Mizak; kw;Wk; khepy Njh;jy; Mizaj;jpd;
jiyth;> cWg;gpdh;fs; MfpNahiu epakpg;gjpy; MSeUf;F MNyhrid toq;Fthh;
rl;l rigf;F njhlh;Gilait: ( IN RELATION TO THE STATE LEGISLATURE ):
1. khepy rl;lrig $l;lj;njhliu $l;Ljy; kw;Wk; js;spg;NghLjy; njhlh;ghf MSeUf; F
MNyhrid toq;Fthh;
2. rl;l rigapy; murpd; nfhs;iffis mwptpg;ghh;
3. Kjy;th; mjpfhuj;jpy; cs;s fl;rpapd; jiyth;> khepyj;jpd; jiyth;> khepyg;gzpfspd;
murpay; jiyikahthh;
jiyik tof;fwpQh;: ( ADVOCATE GENERAL )
1. ,tNu khepyj;jpd; Kjy; rl;l mjpfhhpahthh;
2. ,tuJ gjtpAk; gzpfSk; ,e;jpahtpd; jiyik tof;fwpQNuhL xg;gplg;glf;$bait
3. ,th; MSeuhy; epakpf; fg;gl;L mth; tpUk;Gk; tiu gjtpapy; ,Ug;ghh;
4. ,tuJ CjpaKk; MSeuhy; jPh;khdpf;fg;gLk;
5. jiyik tof;fwpQuhf epakpf;fg;gLtjw;F cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahtjw;F Njitahd
jFjpfis ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;
6. ,tUf;F rl;lrig $l;lq;fspy; fye;J nfhs;sTk; ciu epfo;j;jTk; chpik cz;L.
Mdhy; Xl;Lhpik fpilahJ
7. khepyj;jpy; cs;s vy;yh ePjpkd;wq;fspYk; Kd;dpiyg;gLtjw;fhd chpik ,tUf;F
cz;L
8. jw;Nghija ml;tNfl; n[duy; ahh; vd;gij njhpe;J nfhs;sTk;

MSehpd; rkNahrpj mjpfhuq;fs;: ( Discretionary Powers of the Governor )

 xU kNrhjhit FbauRj;jiythpd; ghh;itf;F mDg;Gjy;
xU khepyj;jpy; FbauRj;jiythpd; Ml;rpia mky;gLj;j ghpe;Jiu nra;jy;
(A+dpad; gpuNjrj;jpd; eph;thfpahf flikahw;Wjy; $Ljy; nghWg;G)
rl;lrigapy; ve;j xU fl;rpf;Fk; ngUk;ghd;ik fpilf;fhjNghJ Kjy;tiu epakpj;jy;
eph;thf kw;Wk; rl;ltptfhuq;fspd; jfty;fis Kjy;thplk; Nfl;Lg;ngWjy;
khepy rl;lrigapd; ek;gpf;ifia ep&gpf;fhj NghJ khepy mikr;ruitia
fiyj;jy;
goq;Fbapdh; khtl; l FOtpw;F Ruq;fk; Njhz;Ljy; njhlh;ghd chpkj;jpw;F m];]hk;
khepy muR toq;f Ntz;ba gq;Fj; njhifia eph;zapj;jy;
MSeUf;F FbauRj; jiythpd; topfhl;Ljypd;gb nray;gl Ntz;ba rpy
rpwg;Gf;flikfs; cz;L. ,jdbg;gilapy; MSeh; mikr;ruitAld; fye;jhNyhrpj;J>
,Wjpapy; mtuJ Kbtpd;gb nray;gl Ntz;Lk;.
mitahtd:
1. kfhuh\;buh
2. mUzhr;ry
gpuNjrk;
3. m];]hk;
4. ehfhyhe;J
5. kzpg;G+h;
6. rpf;fpk;

7. F[uhj;
:
:
:
:
:
:

tpjh;gh kw;Wk; kuj;thlhtpw;nfd jdpahf Nkk;ghl;L thhpaq;fis

mikj;jy;
khepyj;jpd; rl;lk; xOq;Fld; njhlh;TilaJ
goq;Fbapd gFjpfspd; eph;thj;NjhL njhlh;GilaJ
khepyj;jpd; rl;lk; xOq;Fld; njhlh;GilaJ
khepyj;jpd; kiyg;gpuNjrq;fpd; eph;thfj;Jld; njhlh;GilaJ
gy gphpTfis rhh;e;j kf;fspd; mikjp kw;Wk; r%f nghUshjhu
Nkk;ghl;bid cWjp nra;jy;
nrsuh\;buh kw;Wk; fl;rp Mfpatw;Wf; F jdpahd Nkk;ghl; L
thhpaq;fis mikj;jy;

khepy rl;lrig
( THE STATE LEGISLATURE )

1. xt;nthU khepy rl;lrigAk; xU MSeiuAk;> xd;W my;yJ ,uz;L mitfisAk;

nfhz;lJ
2. [k;K fh\;kPh;> gPfhh;> kfhuh\;buh> fh; ehlfh kw;Wk; cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; Mfpa khepyq;fspd;
rl;lrigfs; ,U mitfis nfhz;ljhFk;. kw;w khepyq;fs; xNu mitiaf;
nfhz;litahFk;.
Nky;rig rl;l Nkyit (tpjhd; ghp\j;): THE LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL ( VIDHAN
PARISHAD )
1. Nky;rig rl;l Nkyit cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;if khepy rl;lrig cWg;gpdh;fspd;
vz;zpf;ifapy; %d;wpy; xU gq;Ff;F kpfhkYk; 40f;F FiwahkYk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
2. ,jd; cWg;gpdh;fs; r%fj;jpd; gy;NtW gphpTfis Nrh;e;jth;fshf ,Ug;gh;
1. ,th;fSs; %d;wpy; xU gq;Ff;F Fiwahky; gQ;rhaj;Jf;fs; efuhl;rpfs; kw;Wk;
khtl;l thhpaq;fshy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl Ntz; Lk;
2. %d;wpy; xU gq;F cWg;gpdh;fs; fPo;rig rl;lg;Nguitapdhy; Njh; e;njLf;fg;gl;bUf;f
Ntz;Lk;
3. 1 / 12 gq;F cWg;gpdh;fs; %d;whz;LfSf;F Kd;djhf gjpT nra;ag;gl;l
gl;ljhhpfslq;fpa Njh; jy; FOtpdhy; Njh; e;njLf;fg;gLth;
4. 1 / 12 gq;F cWg;gpdh;fs; fy;tp epiyaq;fspy; %d;whz;LfSf;F Nky; gzpGhpe;J tUk;
Mrphpah;fslq;fpa Njh; jy; FOtpdhy; Njh; e;njLf;fg;gLth;
5. kPjpAs;s 1 / 6 gq;F cWg;gpdh;fs; ,yf;fpak;> mwptpay;> fiy> $l;LwT> kw;Wk;
nghJr;Nrit Nghd;w Jiwfspy; mDgtKs;s egh;fSs; ,Ue;J Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;L
MSeuhy; epakpf;fg;gLth;
3. kj;jpapYs;s khepyq;fsitiag; Nghd; Nw ,jidAk; fiyf;f KbahJ. ,jd;
cWg;gpdh;fspd; gjtpf; fhyk; 6 tUlq;fshFk;. xt;nthU 2 Mz; LfSf;nfhU KiwAk;
1 / 3 gq;F cWg;gpdh;fs; Xa;TngWth;
FbauRj;jiyth; kw;Wk; MSeh; - Xh; xg;gPL
(POWERS AND POSITION OF THE PRESIDENT AND THE GOVERNOR: A COMPARISON )
1. FbauRj;jiythpd; gjtp> gzp rhh;e;jij tpl rk;gpujhakhdjhFk;. Mdhy; MSehpd;
gjtp rk;gpujhakhdhYk; gzp rhh;e;jJk; MFk;
2. murpayikg;G MSeUf;F rpy rkNahrpj mjpfhuq;fis ntspg; ilahf toq;Ffpd;wJ.
Mdhy; FbauRj;jiytUf;F mj;jifa ntspg;gilahd rkNahrpj mjpfhuq;fs;
fpilahJ
3. gpd;tUk; FbauRj;jiytUf;F ,y;yhj mjpfhuq;fs; MSeUf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd
4. tpjp 163(1) d;gb MSeh; jdJ Kbtpd; gb nray;gl Ntz;ba Neuq;fis jtpu kw;w
Neuq;fspy; mtUf;F MNyhrid toq;f mikr;ruit ,Uf; Fk;. vdNt tpjp 163y;
MSehpd; rkNahrpj mjpfhuq;fs; ntspg;gilahf $wg;gl;Ls;sd
5. tpjp 163(2)d; gb ve;j tptfhukhtJ rkNahrpjkhdjh ,y;iyah vd;w Nfs;tp vOe;jhy;>
MSeh; jdJ mwptpd; gb vLf;Fk; KbNt ,WjpahdJ
6. tpjp 200d; fPo; mjpfhuq;fis gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ khepy rl;lrig epiwNtw;wpa xU
kNrhjhit FbauRj; jiythpd; ghprPyidf;F MSeh; mDg; gKbAk;. Mdhy; ,e; j
mjpfhuk; FbauRj; jiytUf;F fpilahJ
7. tpjp 356d; fPo; murpayikg;gpd;gb xU khepyj;jpy; murpayikg;gpd;gb muR elj;j
,ayhj NghJ> MSeh; khepy eph; thfj;jpid Vw;wf;nfhs;s FbauRj; jiytUf;F
miog;G tpLf;fyhk;. vdNt khepy eph; thfk; MSehpd; fP o; ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy;
eph;thfj;jpid Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; chpik FbauRj;jiytUf;F fpilahJ
8. MSeh; mikr;ruitapd; MNyhrid ,y;yhky; nray;glKbAk;
9. (FbauRj;jiyth; Ml;rpapd; NghJ) Mdhy; FbauRj;jiyth; mikr;ruitapd;
MNyhrid ,y;yhky; nray;glKbahJ. mjhtJ kj;jpapy; FbauRj;jiyth; Ml;rpia
nfhz;Ltu ,ayhJ
10. rpy khepyq;fspd; MSeh;fSf;F rpwg;Gf;flikfs; toq;fg;gl;L ,Uf;Fk; (tpjp 371).
Cz;ikapy; ,f;flikfs; FbauRj;jiytUf;F toq;fg;gl; L mtuhy; khepy
MSeh;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;litahFk;
11. ,r;rpwg;G flikfs; KOtJkhf MSehpd; mwpTilikia rhh;e;jjhFk;. mthpd; nrhe;j
Kbtpd; Nky; ve;j ePjpkd;wKk; Nfs;tp vOg;g KbahJ. ,r;rpwg;G flikfspd; fPo;
gy;NtW khepyq;fspd; MSeh;fSf;F gytpjkhd flikfs; ,Uf;Fk;
kfhuh\;buh kw;Wk; F[uhj; khepyq;fspd; MSeh;fSf;F KiwNa tpjh;gh kw;Wk;
nrsuh\;buh kz;lyq;fspd; Nkk;ghL njhlh;ghd rpwg;Gf; flikfs;
ehfhyhe;jpd; MSeUf;F ehfhf;fspd; gpur; rpidahy; khepyj;jpd; rl;lk; xOq;if
ghJfhf;Fk; rpwg;Gf;flik
kzpg;G+h; khepy MSeUf;F kiyg;gpuNjrq;fspd; FOtpd; gzpfis rhpahd Kiwapy;
ghJfhf;Fk; rpwg;Gf;flik
rpf;fpk; khepy MSeUf;F khepyj;jpd; mikjpaif; fhj;jy; kw;Wk; gy;NtW ,d
kf;fis r%f nghUshjhu epiyia Nkk;ghL mila nra;jy; Mfpa rpwg;Gf;
flikfs;
gPfhh;> kj;jpa gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; xhp];]h khepy MSeh;fSf;F goq;Fbapdhpd;
Nkk;ghl;bw;fhf jdpahf xU mikr;rfk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sjh vdf; fz;fhzpf;Fk;
rpwg;Gf;flik
vdNt MSeh; gjtp khpahij nfhz;lJk;> mjpfhuk; gilj;jJk; MFk;. Mdhy;
FbauRj;jiythpd; gjtp khpahij nfhz;lJk; nfsutk; gilj;jJNk MFk;
Nky;rig rl;l Nkyitapd; cUthf;fKk; fiyg;Gk;
( CREATION AND ABOLITON OF LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL )
1. tpjp 169d; fPo; Nky;rig rl;l Nkyitia mikf;fTk;> fiyf;fTk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F
chpik cz;L
2. Nky; rig rl;l Nkyitia cUthf;fNth> fiyf;fNth NfhUk; jPh;khdj; ij fPo;rig
rl;lg;Nguit $l; lj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;L Xl;nlLg;gpy; gq;Nfw;Fk; cWg;gpdh;fspd;
vz;zpf;ifapy; 2:3 gq;F ngUk;ghd;ik ngw;W epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;
3. ,jd; gpwF ,k;kNrhjh ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; xg;gjYf;fhf mDg;gg;gLk;. ghuhSkd;wk; ,ij
epiwNtw;wyhk;. epiwNtw;whkYk; ,Uf; fyhk;
4. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,j;jPh;khdk; rhjhuz ngUk;ghd;ikapy; epiwNtw;wg;gLk;
fPo;rig rl;lg;Nguit (tpjhd; rgh) : THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY (VIDHAN SABHA )
1. ,r;rigNa khepy rl; l rigapd; gpugykhd rigahFk;. ,jd; cWg;gpdh;fs; kf;fshy;
Neubahf 5 tUl fhyj;jpw;F Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLth;
2. ,jd; cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;if 60f;F FiwahkYk; 500f;F kpfhkYk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
3. Mdhy; FbauRj;jiytUf;F ,r;rigapd; cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia khw;wpaikf;f
mjpfhuk; cz;L. Nfhth kw;Wk; rpf;fpk; khepyq;fspd; rl;lrigfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if
60-I tpl FiwthdjhFk;
4. MSeh; ,r;rigapy; Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa r%fj;jpdUf;F NghJkhd gpujp epjpj;Jtk; ,y;iy
vdf; fUjpdhy; mr;r%fj;jpdh; xUtiu ,r;rigf;F epakpf;fyhk;

5. khepy rl;lrigapd; $l;lj;njhlh;fs; mjpfhhpfs; kw;Wk; gzpfs; Mfpait kj;jpa

ghuhSkd;wj;jij xj;jpUf;fpd;wd
MSehpd; gjtp kPjhd rh;f;fhhpa FOtpd; mwpf;if:
( SARKARIA COMMISSION REPORT ON THE OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR )
1. xU egiu MSeuhf epakpf;Fk; NghJ gpd;tUtdtw;iw kj;jpa muR gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;
vd;W rh;f;fhhpah FO $wpaJ
2. MSeiu epakpf;Fk; Kd; rk;ge;jg;gl;l khepy muir fye;J MNyhrpf;f Ntz;Lk;
3. MSeh; me;j khepyj;ijNa Nrh;e;jtuhf ,Uf;ff;$lhJ
4. Mth; xU cah;e;j ];jhdj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; eguhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;
5. mth; jd;id khepy fl;rpfspy; ,Ue;J Jz;bj;Jf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;
6. mth; rkPg fhyj;jpy; murpaypy; jPtpukhf <Lgl;bUf;ff;$lhJ
7. mth; khepyj;jpy; NtW fl;rpfs; Ml;rp GhpAk; NghJ kj;jpapy; cs;s MSq;fl;rpapid
Nrh;e;j murpay;thjpahf ,Uf;ff;$lhJ
8. rpWghd;ikapdj;ij rhh;e;jth;fSf;F tha;g;gspf;f Ntz;Lk;
9. 15 ehl;fSf;nfhUKiw MSeh; FbauRj;jiytUf;F mwpf;if mspf;Fk; Kiwia
njhlu Ntz;Lk;
10. xU kNrhjhit FbauRj;jiythpd; ghh;itf;F mDg;g MSeUf;Fs;s mjpfhuk;
njhlug;glNtz;Lk;
rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; Kiw: ( LEGISLATIVE PROCEDURE )
1. xU mitiaf; nfhz;l rigapy; rl;lkpaw;Wk; Kiw kpfTk; vspjhdjhFk;. Midj;J
kNrhjhf;fSk; tpjhd; rghtpy; jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;L> epiwNtw;wg;gl;L> MSehpd;
xg;GjYf;fhf mDg;gg;gLk;
2. Mdhy; ,U mitfs; nfhz;l rigapy; ,e;j eilKiw fbdkhdjhFk; gz
kNrhjhf;fSf;F ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; cs;s eilKiwiag; Nghd;w eilKiwia gpd;gw;w
Ntz;Lk;

tpjhd; rghtpd; cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;if (milg;Gf; Fwpf;Fs;):

( Strength of Vidhan Sabha in the States )
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; (294)> mUzhr;ryg;gpuNjrk; (60)> gPfhh; (243)> Nfhth (40)> F[uhj;
(182)> `hpahdh (90)> ,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk; (68)> [k;Kfh\;kPh; (76)> fh;ehlfh (224)>
Nfush (140)> kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; (230)> kfhuh\; buh (288)> kzpg;G+h; (60)> Nkfhyah (60)>
kpNrhuhk; (40)> ehfhyhe;J (60)> xhp];]h (147)> gQ;rhg; (117)> uh[];jhd; (200)>
rpf;fpk; (32)> jkpo;ehL (234)> jphpGuh (60)> cj; jpug;gpuNjrk; (404)> Nkw;Ftq;fk; (294)>
rl;b];fh; (90)> [hh;fz;l; (81)> cj;juhQ;ry; (70)> A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs;: ghz;br;Nrhp
(30)> nly;yp (70)

[k;Kfh\;kPhpd; tpjhd; rghtpw;F 100 ,lq;fs; cs;sd. Mdhy; mtw;Ws; 24

,lq;fs; ghfp];jhd; Mf;fpukpg;G fh\;kPiur; rhh;e;jit
midj;J A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSf;Fk; fPo;rig rl;lg;Nguit ,y;iy
nkhj;jKs;s 7 A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSs; nly;ypf;Fk;> ghz;br;Nrhpf;Fk; kl;LNk
cs;sJ

cs; ehl;L murhq;fk;

( LOCAL GOVERNMENT )

gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pak;: (PANCHAYAT RAJ )

1. gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pak; vd;Dk; nrhy; fpuhkg;Gw cs;ehl;L Ra murpid Fwpf;fpd;wJ
2. Nth; (mb kl;l mstpy; ,Ue;J) mstpypUe;J [dehafj;ij mikg;gjw;fhf ,it
me;je;j khepy rl;lrigfs; ,aw;wpa rl;lq;fspd; %yk; cUthf;fg; gl;ld
m) gy;te;j;uha; Nkj;jh FO ( Balwantray Mehta Committee )
M) mNrhf; Nkj;jh FO ( Ashok Mehta Committee )
,) G. V. K. uht; FO ( G. V. K. Rao Committee )
<) L. M. rpq;tp FO ( L. M. Singhvi Committee )
c) murpayikg;G jpUj;j kNrhjh ( Constitutionalisation )
C) 73tJ jpUj;jr; rl; lk; ( 73
rd
Amendment Act of 1992 )
fpuhk rgh ( GRAM SABHA )
,r;rl;lk; fpuhk rigNa gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa Kiwapd; mbg;gil vd;W $wpaJ
,J fpuhk mstpyhd gQ;rhj;Jf;Fl;gl;l fpuhkqf;spy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l thf;fhsh;fis
nfhz;l mikg;ghFk;
gQ;rhaj;J gFjpapy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l thf;fhsh;fis nfhz;l fpuhk rigahFk;
,J khepy rl;lrigahy; eph;zapf;fg;gLk; fpuhk mstpyhd mjpfhuq;fisAk;>
gzpfisAk; nfhz;L tpsq;Fk;
gQ;rhj;Jf;fspd; gjtpf;fhyk; ( DURATION OF PANCHAYATS )
,r;rl;lk; gQ;rhaj;Jf;fSf;F 5 tUl gjtpf;fhyj;ij toq;Ffpd;wJ
MdhYk; ,g;gjtpf;fhyk; KbAk; Kd;dNu ,jid fiyf;fyhk;
Gjpa gQ;rhaj;Jf;fhd Njh;jy;
1. Mjd; gjtpf;fhyk; KbAk; Kd;dh; my;yJ

2. fiyf;fg;gl;l ehspypUe;J 6 khj fhyj;jpw;Fs; elj;jp Kbf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;

jFjp ,og;Gfs; ( DISQUALIFICATIONS )
xU egh; khepy rl;lrigf;fhd Njh;jYf;fhf mkypy; ,Uf;Fk; rl;lj;jpd; fPNoh> my;yJ
khepy rl;lrigahy; ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lj;jpd; fPNoh jFjpapoe;jhy; mth; gQ;rhaj;J
cWg;gpduhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl KbahJ
21taJ epuk;gpa xU egiu 25 taJf;Fl;gl;ltuhf ,Uf;fpwhh; vd;w mbg;gilapy;
jFjpapoe;jtuhff; fUjKbahJ
jFjpapog;G njhlh;ghd midj;J Nfs;tpfSk; khepy rl;lrigahy; epakpf;fg;gLk;
mjpfhhpaplk; mDg;gg;gLk;
,l xJf;fPL ( RESERVATION OF SEATS )
,r;rl;lk; jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk; goq;FbapdUf;fhd ,lq;fis mth;fsJ kf;fs;
njhifapd; mbg;gilapy; midj;J epiyfspYk; cs;s gQ;rhaj;Jf;fspy; xJf;fPL
nra;Js;sJ
khepy rl;lrig gQ;rhaj;Jf;fspy; cs;s jiyth; gjtpfis jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk;
goq;FbapdUf;fhf xJf;fPL nra;ayhk;
,r;rl;lk; gQ;rhaj;Jf; fspy; cs;s nkhj;j ,lq;fspy; %d;wpy; xU gq;F ,lq;fis
ngz;fSf;F xJf;fPL nra;Js;sJ (jho;j;jg;gl;l kw;Wk; goq;Fbapdj;ij Nrh;e;j
ngz;fSf;fhf xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,lq;fSk; ,jpy; cs;slq;fpAs;sJ)
,r;rl;lk; gpw;gLj;jg;gl;l tFg;GfSf;fh gQ;rhaj;J ,lq;fisAk; mjd; jiyth;
gjtpfisAk; xJf;fPL nra;a khepy rl;l rigf;F mjpfhuk; toq;fpAs;sJ
khepy Njh;jy; Mizak; ( STATE ELECTION COMMISSION )
gQ;rhaj;J Njh;jy;fis elj;JtJk;> mjw;fhd thf;fhsh; gl;bay; jahhpg;gij
fz;fhzpg;gJk;> fl;Lg;gLj;JtJk;> khepy Njh;jy; Mizaj;jpd; gzpfshFk;
,J MSeuhy; epakpf; fg;gl;l khepy Njh;jy; Mizaiu nfhz;bUf; Fk;
mtuJ gzpfSf;fhd epge;jidfSk;> gjtpf;fhyKk; MSeuhy; epakpf;fg;gLk;
khepy cah;ePjp kd;w ePjpgjpapid gjtp ePf;fk; nra;Ak; Kiw kw;Wk; fhuzq;fspd;
mbg;gilapy; kl;LNk khepy Njh;jy; Mizaiu gjtp ePf;fk; nra;a KbAk;
,th; epakdk; nra;ag; gl;l gpd;dh; ,tuJ gzpfSf;fhd epge;jidfis khw;wf;$lhJ

MSehpd; gjtp kPjhd rh;f;fhhpa FOtpd; mwpf;if

( SARKARIA COMMISSION REPORT ON THE OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR )
xU egiu MSeuhf epakpf;Fk; NghJ gpd;tUtdtw;iw kj;jpa muR gpd;gw;w
Ntz;Lk; vd;W rh;f;fhhpah FO $wpaJ
1. MSeiu epakpf;Fk; Kd; rk;ge;jg;gl;l khepy muir fye;J MNyhrpf;f
Ntz;Lk;

2. MSeh; me;j khepyj;ijNa Nrh;e;jtuhf ,Uf;ff;$lhJ

3. mth; xU cah; e;j ];jhdj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; eguhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
4. mth; jd;id khepy fl;rpfspy; ,Ue;J Jz;bj;Jf;nfhs;sf; $lhJ
5. mth; rkPf fhyj;jpy; murpaypy; jPtpukhf <Lgl;bUf;ff;$lhJ
6. mth; khepyj;jpy; NtW fl;rpfs; Ml;rp GhpAk; NghJ kj;jpapy; cs;s
MSq;fl;rpapid Nrh;e; j murpay;thjpahf ,Uf;ff;$lhJ
7. rpWghd;ikapdj;ij rhh;e;jth;fSf;F tha;g;gspf;f Ntz;Lk;
8. 15 ehl;fSf;nfhUKiw MSeh; FbauRj;jiytUf;F mwpf;if mspf;Fk;
Kiwia njhlu Ntz;Lk;
9. xU kNrhjhit FbauRj;jiythpd; ghh;itf;F mDg;g MSeUf;Fs;s
mjpfhuk; njhlug;glNtz;Lk;

rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; Kiw ( Legislative Procedure )

xU mitiaf; nfhz;l rigapy; rl;lkpaw;Wk; Kiw kpfTk; vspjhdjhFk;. midj;J
kNrhjhf;fSk; tpjhd; rghtpy; jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;L epiwNtw;wg;gl;L> MSehpd;
xg;GjYf;fhf mDg;gg;gLk;
Mdhy; ,U mitfs; nfhz;l rigapy; ,e;j eilKiw flbdkhdjhFk; gz
kNrhjhf;fSf;F ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; cs;s eilKiwiag; Nghd;w eilKiwia gpd;gw;w
Ntz;Lk;
epjp kw;Wk; rhjhuz kNrhjhf;fs; ( Financial and Ordinary Bills )
1. ,k; kNrhjh ,U mitfshYk; epiwNtw;wg;glNtz;Lk;. Mdhy; tpjhd; ghp\j;jpw;F
tpjhd; rghtpw;F ,izahd me;j];J ,y;iy. Mdhy; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; kf;fsit
khepyq;fsit ,uz;bw;FNk rkkhd me;j];J cz;L
2. fPo;rig rl;lg;Nguitapdhy; xU kNrhjh epiwNtw;wg;gl;L Nky; rig rl;l Nkyitf;F
mDg;gg;gl;lhy; mr;rig
mr;rig kNrhjhit epuhfhpf;fyhk;
kNrhjhit rkh;gpj;j ehspypUe;J 3 khjq;fSf;F Nky; mij epiwNtw;whky;
itj;jpUf;fyhk;. my;yJ
rpy jpUj;jq;fSld; kNrhjhit epiwNtw;wp kPz;Lk; fPo;rig rl;lg;Nguitf;F
mDg;gp itf;fyhk; fPo; rig> mj; jpUj;jq;fis Vw;Wf; nfhs;sNth>
Vw;Wf;nfhs;shky; ,Uf;fNth KbAk;
3. ,uz;lhk; KiwAk; xU kNrhjh fPo; rigapdhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;L Nky; rigf;F mDg;gp
itf;fg;gl;lhy;
kNrhjh Nky;rigapdhy; epuhfhpf;fg;glyhk;
xU khjj;jpw;F Nky; kNrhjhit epiwNtw;whky; epWj;jp itf;fyhk;
fPo;rig Vw;Wf;nfhs;shj jpUj;jq;fSld; mjid epiwNtw;wyhk;

4. Nky; rigapdhy; ,uz;lhk; Kiw ve;j tbtpy; ,k;kNrhjh epiwNtw;wg;gl;lNjh mNj

tbtpy; ,U rigfshYk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;ljhf fUjg;gLk;
5. xU rhjhuz kNrhjhit jhf;fy; nra;a Nky; rigf;F mjpfhuk; cz;L. Mdhy; mij
tpjhd; rgh epuhfhpj;jhy; mk;kNrhjh KbTf;F tUk;
6. xU kNrhjhit jhf;fy; nra;Ak; NghJ ntw;wp Njhy;tp fzpf;f Kbahj msTf;F
rkkhd thf;Ffs; gjpthdhy;> kj;jpapy; cs;sijg; Nghy; ,U mitfspd; ,izg;Gf;
$l;lj;ij elj;j KbahJ
7. tpjhd; rghtpw;F nghJj;Njh;jy; eilngw;W Kbe;jTld; elf;Fk; MSehpd; ciu my;yJ
xt;nthU tUlj;jpd; Kjy; $l;lj;njhlh; Mfpa xNu xU Kiw kl;LNk ,U mitfspd;
,izg;Gj;njhlh; eilngWk;
khepy eph;thfk; ( STATE ADMINISTRATION )
1. xt;nthU khepyj;jpw;Fk; xU jiyikr; nrayfk; cz;L
2. ,JNt khepy eph;thfj; jpd; euk;G kz;lykhFk;
3. ,J khepy murpd; gy Jiwfis cs;slf;fpaJ
4. ,j;Jiwfs; murpay; mikr;rh;fshYk;> eph;thfj;jpd; nrayh;fshYk; jiyik
tfpf;fg;gLfpd;wd
5. Khepy jiyik nrayfj;jpd; jiyth; jiyik nrayh; Mthh;
6. xU nrayh; xd;W my;yJ ,uz;L jiyth;fspd; jiyth; Mthh;
7. tof;fkhf xU nrayh; %j;j I. V. v]; mjpfhhpahf ,Ug;ghh;. Mdhy;
nghJg;gzpj;Jiwf;F kl;Lk; jiyikg;nghwpahsh; jiytuhf ,Ug;ghh;
8. xU nrayh; khepy muRf;fhd nrayh; Mthh;. mth; jdpg;gl; l xU mikr;rUf;fhd
nrayh; Mthh;
mikg;G ( Organisation )
jiyik nrayf Jiwfspd; vz;zpf;if khepyj;jpw;F khepyk; NtWgLk;. midj;J
khepyq;fspYk; nghJthf ,Uf;Fk; Jiwfshtd:
nghJ eph;thfk;> cs; Jiw> epjp> Rfhjhuk;> tUtha;> tdj;Jiw> fy;tpj;jpl;lk;> rpiw>
Ntshz;ik> gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pak;> njhopyhsh; kw;Wk; Ntiytha;g;G> nghJg;gzp> $l;LwT>
njhopy;> Rq;fk; kw;Wk; thptpjpg;G> ePh;ghrdk;> kw;Wk; kpd;rhuk; rl;lk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> tpsk;guk;>
kw;Wk; jfty;> cs;ehl; L muR> rptpy;rg;is];> tPl;Ltrjp kw;Wk; r%f tho;T.
Copah;fs; (Personnel )
1. xU jiyikr; nrayfj;Jiw Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;F epakpf; fg;gl;l Copah;fisf;
nfhz;lJ. jiyikr; nrayf mYtyh;fspd; mLf;FKiw gpd;tUkhW
2. nrayh;
3. rpwg;G nrayh; my;yJ $Ljy; nrayh;
4. ,izr;nrayh;
5. Jizr;nrayh;
6. fPo;rnrayh;
7. cjtpr; nrayh;
jiyikr; nrayf mYtyfk; gpd;tUk; Copah;fis cs;slf;fpaJ

1. gphpT mYtyh; my;yJ fz;fhzpg;ghsh;

2. cjtp mYtyh; my;yJ Jizf;fz;fhzpg;ghsh;
3. Nky;gphpT Fkh];jh
4. fPo;gphpT Fkh];jh
5. jl;lr;rhsh;
6. Copah;fs;
gzpfs; ( Functions )
1. jiyikr; nrayfk; xU mYtyh;fspd; epWtdkhFk;
2. ,jd; Kf;fpa gzp mikr;rh;fSf;F mth;fspd; gzpfspy; cjTtNj MFk;
3. ,jd; Kf;fpa gzpfshtd
4. Khepy murpd; nfhs;iffisAk; jpl;lq;fisAk; tFj;jy;
5. murpd; nfhs;iffisAk;> jpl;lq;fisAk; xUq;fpizj;jy;
6. rl;lq;fisAk; tpjpfisAk; xOq;F KiwfisAk; tFj;jy;
7. kj;jpa> khepy muRf;fpilNaahd njhlh;igAk;> xUq;fpizg;igAk; ghJfhj;jy;
8. gl;n[l; jahhpg;gJk; nghJr;nryTfis fl;Lg;gLj;jYk;
9. nfhs;iffisAk;> jpl;lq;fisAk; eilKiwg;gLj;Jjiy Nkw;ghh;itapLjy;
10. nfhs;iffisAk;> jpl;lq;fisAk; eilKiwg;gLj;jpajd; KbTfis ghprPyid nra;jy;
11. mikg;G rhh;e;j Nghl;bia Nkk;gLj;j eltbf; iffis vLj;jy;
12. Nfs;tpfSf;F gjpy; mspj;jy; cs;spl;l mikr;rh;fspd; flikfis rhptu epiwNtw; w
mth;fSf;F cjtp nra;jy;
13. Jiwj;jiyth;fis epakpj;jYk;> rk;gs eph;thfj;jpid ftdpj;jYk;
14. khepy muRf;F Nahridj;njhl;bahf nray;gLjy;
15. khepyj;jpd; epjp epiyia Nkk;gLj;j tha;g;Gf;fis cUthf;Fjy;
16. nghJkf;fspd; kDf;fis ngw;W mth;fspd; Fiwfisj; jPh;j;jy;
17. gzpfspd; tpjpfisAk;> mtw;wpd; jpUj;jq;fisAk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy;
jiyikr; nrayh; ( Chief Secretary )
1. jiyikr; nrayhpd; gjtp ,q;fpyhe;jpd; Ml; rpf;fhyj;jpy; kj;jpa murpy; Njhd;wpaJ
2. ,J ,e;jpahtpd; MSeh; nty;y];yp gpuG mth;fshy; 1799Mk; Mz;L cUthf;fg;gl;lJ
3. ,g;gjtpapy; Kjd; Kjypy; [p. n`r; ghh;Nyh epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;
4. ,g;gjtp Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kd; kj;jpa murplkpUe;J khepy muRfshy; Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gl;lJ
5. jiyikr; nrayNu khepy jiyikr; nrayfj;jpd; eph;thfj; jiytuhthh;
6. ,tNu khepy eph;thfj; jpd; jiytUk;> khepy eph;thf mLf;FKiwapd; rpfuKk; Mthh;
7. ,tuJ epiy kw;w nrayh;fspd; epiyfis tpl KjyhdjhFk;
8. ,th; midj;J nrayh;fSf;Fk; jiytuhthh;. ,th; midj;J jiyikr; nrayf
JiwfisAk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; mjpfhuKilath;
9. ,th; khepy eph; thfk; KOtijAk; fl;Lg;gLj;jp jiyik jhq;fp top elj;Jfpd;whh;
10. 1973y; ,Ue;J jiyik nrayNu midtUf;Fk; %j;j r%fg;gzpahsh; Mthh;
11. ,g;gjtpf;F ve;j tpj fhy eph;zaKk; fpilahJ

12. jiyikr; nrayhpd; gjtpf;fhyk; 3ypUe; J 4 tUlq;fs; tiu ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W
,e;jpa eph;thf rPh;jpUj; jf;FO ghpe;Jiu nra; jJ
mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk; (Powers and Functions )
1. jiyikr; nrayh; khepy eph;thfk; njhlh;ghd midj;J tptfhuq;fspYk;
Kjyikr;rUf;F MNyhrid toq;Fk; Kjy; MNyhrfuhf cs;shh;
2. khepy Nfgpdl;bw;F nrayuhf nray;gLthh;
3. ,th; Nfgpdl; jiyikr; nrayfj;jpd; jiytuhthh;. NkYk; Njitg;gl;lhy; Nfgpdl;
kw;Wk; mjd; cl;FOf; fspd; $l;lq;fspYk; fye;J nfhs;thh;
4. Nfgpdl; $l;lq;fspd; epfo;r;rp epuiy jahhpg;gNjhL mf;$l;lq;fspd; eilKiwfisAk;
gjpT nra;thh;
5. Khepy r%fg;gzpfspd; jiytuhf nray; gLthh;. %j;j khepy r%fg;gzpahsh;fspd;
epakdk;> gzpaplkhWjy;> kw;Wk; gjtp cah;T njhlh;ghd tptfhuq; fis ifahSjy;
6. midj;J r%fg; gzpahsh;fisAk; kdrhl;rpg; gb nray;glitj;jy;
7. khepy eph;thfj;jpd; jiyik xUq;fpizg;ghsh; Mthh;
8. JiwfSf;fpilNaahd xj;Jiog;ig cWjp nra;jy;
9. JiwfSf;fpilNaahd xj;Jiog;gpw;fhf mikf;fg;gl;l FOf;fspd; jiytuhthh;
10. gy Jiwfspd; nrayh;fspd; $l;lq;fis jiyikNaw;W elj;Jthh;
11. kz;ly Mizahsh;fs; khtl;l Ml;rpahsh; fs; khtl;l eph;thf Jiwfspd; jiyth;fs;
gq;Nfw;Fk; $l;lq;fSf;F jiyikNaw;ghh;
12. rpy jiyikr; nrayfj;Jiwfspd; eph;thf jiytuhf nray;gLthh;
13. nghJthf nghJ eph;thfj;Jiw> njhopyhsh; Jiw> jpl;lj;Jiw> eph;thf rPh;jpUj;j Jiw
Nghd;wit jiyikr;nrayhpd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Uf;Fk;
14. nghJ eph;thfj;Jiwjhd; jiyik nrayf JiwfSs; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ,jd;
murpay; jiyth; khepy Kjyikr;ruhthh;
15. midj;J khepyq;fspYk; njhopyhsh; Jiw jiyikr;nrayhpd; Neubj;jiyikapd; fPo;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,e;jpa eph;thf rPh;jpUj; jf;FO ghpe;Jiu nra; jJ
16. ,th; neUf;fbahd #o;epiyfspy; cah;epiy nfhs;if KbTfis vLg;gjw;fhf
mikf;fg;gl;l FOf;fspd; jiytuhfNth my;yJ Kf;fpa cWg;gpduhfNth ,Ug;ghh;
17. ,th; epthuzg;gzpfspy; midj;J mYtyh;fSf;Fk; khepy murpd; gpujpepjahf
nray;gLthh;
18. kw;w nrayh;fspd; mjpfhu tuk;gpw;Fs; tuhj tptfhuq;fis jiyik nrayNu ftdpg;ghh;
19. rk;ge;jg;gl;l khepyk; ve;j kz;lyf;FOtpy; cWg;gpduhf cs;sNjh mf;FOtpd;
nrayuhf $ow;rp Kiwapy; nray;gLthh;
20. ,th; khepy murpd; jiyik kf;fs; njhlh;G mjpfhhpahf nray;gLthh;
21. ,th; Njrpa Nkk;ghl;L FOtpd; $l;lq;fspy; fye;J nfhs;thh;
22. ,th; khepy murpd; rhh;ghf NgRgtuhf nray; gLthh;
23. rl;lk; xOq;F kw;Wk; jpl;leph;thfj;jpy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpd;whh;
24. khepy jiykr;nrayfk; KOtJkhf ,tuJ Nkw;ghh;it kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Uf;Fk;

25. jiyikr; nrayf fl;blk;> mikr;rh; fspd; Copah;fs;> kj;jpa Nfhg;G gphpT>
jiyikr;nrayf E}yfk;> ghJfhg;G> fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; thh;L mYtyh;fs; kP J
,tUf;F eph;thf fl;Lg; ghL cz;L
26. ,th; rk;ge;jg;gl;l khepy muRf;F kj;jpa muR kw;Wk; kw;w khepy muRfSf;F ,ilNa
xU njhlh;G ghykhf tpsq;Ffpd;whh;
27. Nfgpdl; nrayuhy; jiyik tfpj;J elj;jg;gLk; jiyikr;nrayh;fspd;
Mz;Lf;$l;lj;jpy; fye; J nfhs;thh;
28. kj;jpa MNyhrfh;fs; epakpf;fg;glhj NghJk; FbauRj;jiythpd; Ml;rpapd; NghJk; ,th;
MSeUf;F MNyhrfuhf nray;gLthh;
29. khepy jiyikr; nrayUld; xg;gplf;$ba ve;j gjtpAk; kj;jpa murpy; ,y;iy
30. kj;jpapy; cs;s Nfgpdl; nrayiu khepy jiyikr;nrayUld; XusT xg;gplyhk;
31. khepy jiyik nrayhpd; gzpfSk; gq;Fk; kpfTk; mjpfkhdJk;> mfykhdJk;>
NtWgl;lJk; MFk;. Mdhy; kj;jpapy; mit Nfgpdl; nrayh; > cs;Jiw nrayh;
epjpr;nrayh;> kw;Wk; njhopyhsh; nrayh; Mfpath;fshy; gfph;e;J nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd
32.
jiyikr; nrayUf;Fk; Nfgpdl; nrayUf;FKs;s xw;Wikfs;
( Similarities between the Chief Secretary and the Cabinet Secretary )
1. ,UtUk; jq;fsJ eph;thfj;jiyikf;F jiyik MNyhrfh;fshth;
2. ,UtUk; jq;fsJ eph;thfj;jpw;F jiyik xUq;fpizg;ghsh;fshth;
3. ,UtUk; jq;fsJ Nfgpdl;bw;F nrayh;fshth;
4. ,UtuJ gjtpfSk; kj;jpa murpy; cUthdit
5. ,UtUk; jq;fsJ r%fg; gzpfSf;F jiyth;fshth;
6. ,UtUk; jq;fsJ Nfgpdl; nrayh;fSf;F eph; thj;jiyth;fshth;
,UtUk; jq;fsJ Nfgpdl; vLf;Fk; KbTfs; mkyhf; fg;gLtij Nkw;ghh;itapLth;

jiyikr;nrayUf;Fk; Nfgpdl; nrayUf;FKs;s NtWghLfs;

( Differences between the Chief Secretary and the Cabinet Secretary )
1. jiyikr;nrayh; khepy nrayh;fSf;F jiytuhthh;. Mdhy; Nfgpdl; nrayh;
kj;jpa nrayh;fspd; jiyth; my;y
2. jiyikr; nrayhpd; mjpfhuq;fSk;> gzpfSk; Nfgpdl; nrayhpd;
mjpfhuq;fisAk;> gzpfisAk; tpl mjpfkhditahFk;
3. jiyikr; nrayh; khepy jiyik nrayfj;jpd; eph;thfj; jiytuhthh;.
Mdhy; Nfgpdl; nrayh; kj;jpa jiyik nrayfj;jpd; eph;thf jiytuy;y
4. jiyikr; nrayh; khepy mstpy; kPjkha; ,Uf;Fk; mjpfhuq;fis jd;dplNk
itj;jpUg;ghh;. Mdhy; kj;jpapy; ,Uf;Fk; Nfgpdl; nrayh; mg;gb ,Uf;f
KbahJ. khepyj;jpd; rpy Jiwfs; jiyikr;nrayhpd; Neub fl; Lg;ghl;bd;
fPo; ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy; Nfgpdl; jiyikr; nrayfj;ij jtpu ve;j xU
JiwAk; Nfgpdl; nrayhpd; Neub fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; ,Uf;fhJ

khtl;l Ml;rpah; ( DISTRICT COLLECTOR )

1. khtl;l Ml;rpah;> khtl; l eph;thfj;jpd; jiytUk;> khepy murpd; gpujpepjpAkhthh;
2. khtl;l Ml;rpah; gjtp xg;gw;wjhFk;. gpuhd;]; ehl;bd; perfect gjtpiaj; jtpu NtW ve;j
eph;thf KiwiaAk; ,jDld; xg;gpl KbahJ
3. khtl;l Ml;rpah;> cj;jug;gpuNjrk;> gPfhh;> kw;Wk; Nkw;F tq;fk; Mfpa khepyq;fspy;
khtl;l ePjpgjp vd;Wk; m];]hk;> [k;K fh\;kPh; gQ;rhg;> mhpahdh kw;Wk; fh;ehlfh
Mfpa khepyq;fspy; Jiz Mizah; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;whh;
4. nghJeph; thfj; Jiwfs; khtl;l Ml;rpahpd; Neubf; fl;Lg; ghl;bd; fPo; ,Uf;Fk;
5. ,tiur; Rw;wpNa khtl; l eph;thfk; KOtJk; RoYk;
6. khtl;l Ml;rpah;> murpay; Kiwapy; Kjy;tuhYk;> eph;thf Kiwapy; jiyikr;
nrayuhYk; jiyik tfpf;fg;gLthh;. khepy murpd; nghJ eph;thfj;Jiwia Nrh;e;jth;
Mthh;
7. khtl;l Ml;rpah;fis kz;ly Mizah;fs; fl;Lg;gLj;jp Nkw;ghh;itapLth;
4. jw;nghOJ cs;s khtl;l Ml;rpah; gjtp 1772 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa MSeuhf ,Ue;j
thud; n`]; bq;]; gpuG mth;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl; lJ
5. mth; kpfTk; mjpfhuk; cilatuhf ,Ue;J rpwpa neg;Nghypad; vd; W miof;fg;gl;lhh;
gzpfs; ( Role and Functions )
1. tUthah; eph; thfk;: tuyhw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; tUtha; t#ypg;gNj khtl;l Ml;rpahpd;
Kjy; k;wWk; Kf;fpag;gzpahd ,Ue;jJ
2. Mdhy; mth; ,g;nghOJk; khtl;l tUtha; eph;thfj;jpd; jiytuhthh;
3. kfhuh\;buh kw;Wk; F[uhj;jpy; cs;s tUtha; thhpak; my;yJ tUtha; Mizak;
my;yJ gQ;rhg;> mhpahdh> kw;Wk; [k;Kfh\;kPhpy; cs;s epjp Mizah; %yk; tUtha;
t#ypf;f khepy muRf; F khtl;l Ml;rpah; nghWg;Gilatuhthh;
4. khtl;l tUtha; eph; thfj;jpd; jiyth; vd;w Kiwapy; khtl;l Ml;rpaUf;F gpd; tUk;
gzpfs; cz;L
5. epy tUtha; t#ypj;jy;
6. murhq;fj;jw;F tuNtz;ba kw;w tUtha;fis t#ypj;jy;
7. epy tUtha; t#ypj;jy;
Njhw;wk; ( Evolution )
1. khtl;lk; vd;gJ ,e;jpahtpd; eph;thfj;jpDila mbg;gil Gtpapay; myF MFk;
2. khtl;lk; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F eph;thf fhuzj;jpw;fhf Fwpf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrk; vd;W
Mf;];.Nghh;L mfuhjp nghUs; $Wfpd;wJ
3. nkhfyha eph;thfj;jpd; NghJ khtl;lk; rh;f; fhh; vd;W miof;fg;gl;L RNgjhhpd; khtl;l
fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; gzpGhpAk;> fNuhhp/gh[;jhh; vdg;gLk; uhZt mjpfhhpapd; jiyikapy;
fPo; ,Ue;jJ

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8. murhq;fj;jpw;F tuNtz;ba kw;w tUtha;fis t#ypj;jy;

9. TACCAVI fld;fis toq;Fjy; kw;Wk; jpUk;gg;ngWjy;
10. epy Nfhg;Gfis guhkhpj;jy;
11. fpuhkg;Gw Gs;sp tptuq;fis Nrfhpj;jy;
12. njhopy; epWtdk; mikj;jy; fl;Lkhdk;> Nrhp xopg;G Nghd;w fhuzq;fSf;fhf epyq;fis
ifafg;gLj;Jjy;
khepy muR Kjyikr;rh;

khepy jiyik nrayfk; jiyik nrayh;

kz;lyk; kz;ly Mizah;

khtl;lk; khtl;l Ml;rpah;

1. epyr;rPh;j;jpUj;jq;fis mky;gLj;Jjy;
2. tptrhapfspd; eytho;tpid ftdpj;jy;
3. neUg;G> gQ; rk; kw;Wk; nts;sk; Nghd;w ,aw;if rP w;wq;fspd; NghJ toq;fNtz;ba
epthuzk; Fwpj;J ghpe; Jiu nra;jy; kw;Wk; gaph; ,og;gpid kjpg;gPL nra;jy;
4. fUT+yj;ijAk;> Jizf;fUT+yj;ijAk; Nkw;ghh;itaply;
5. ];lhk;g; rl;lj;ij mkyhf;Fjy;

6. Gydha;G khdpaq;fis toq;Fjy;

7. Murpd; v];Nll;Lf;fis eph;tfpj;jy;
8. fPo; mjpfhhpfshy; toq;fg;gl;l cj;juTf;F vjpuhd tUtha; KiwaPLfis Nfl;ly;
9. [kPd;jhh; Kiw xopg;gpw;fhd e\;l<l;bid toq;Fjy;
rl;lk; xOq;F ( Law and Order )
1. khtl;lj;jpy; rl;lk; xOq;if epiyehl;LtNj khtl;l Ml;rpahpd; Kjy; flikahFk;
2. ,jw;fhf fhty; Jiw fz;fhzpg;ghsh;fspd; jiyikapy; khtl;l fhty; Jiw> khtl;l
Ml;rpahpd; fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk; Nkw;ghh;itapd; fPo; ,aq;Fk;> Rje;jpuj;Jf;F Kd; khtl; l
Ml;rpah; eph; thf kw;Wk; rl;l kh[p];l;Nul;lhf nray;gl;lhh;
3. eph;thf kh[p];l;Nul; vd;w Kiwapy; mtUf;F rl; lk; xOq;if ghJfhf;Fk; flik
cs;sJ
4. rl;l kh[p];l; Nul; vd;w Kiwapy; mth; r%f kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; tof;FfSf;F
nghWg;gilatuhth;
5. Rje;jpuj;jpw;F gpwF muRf; nfhs;ifapd; topfhl;b newpfspy; cs;s tpjp 50d; gb
eph;thfk; kw;Wk; rl;lk; jdpj;jdpahf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ
6. ,jd; njhlh;r;rpahf rl; l kh[p];l;Nul; vd;Dk; khtl;l Ml;rpahpd; gq;F Kbtile;jJ

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7. khtl;l kh[p];l;Nul; vd;Dk; Kiwapy; khtl;l Ml;rpah; gpd;tUk; gzpfis

ftdpf;fpd;whh;
8. jdf;F fPo; cs;s ePjpgjpfis fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; Nkw;ghh;tiapLjy;
9. Fw;wtpay; eilKiwr;rl;lj;jpd; 144tU tpjpapd; fPo; r%f mikjpf;Fk;> rl;lk;
xOq;fpw;Fk; Mgj;J Vw;gLk; NghJ cj;juTfis ntspapLjy;
10. murplkpUe;Jk; kw;wth;fsplkpUe;Jk; ngw;w kDf;fspd; kPjhd Nfhhpf;ifis
epiwNtw;Wjy;.
11. ifjpfis gNuhypy; tpLtpj;jy;
12. rpiwfspy; Ma;T elj;Jjy;
13. muRf;F Mz;L Fw;wtpay; mwpf;if mspj;jy;
14. MAjq;fs;> czTtpLjp> ntbnghUl;fs; ngl;Nuhypak; Nghd;w gy tifahd chpkq;fis
toq;Fjy;> jw;fhypfkhf epWj;jp itj;jy; kw;Wk; uj;J nra;jy;
15. rpiwf; ifjpfSf;F trjpahd tFg;Gf;fis toq;Fjy;
16. cs; mikg;Gf;fis fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; Nkw;ghh;itapLjy;
17. Nfspf;if thp kw;Wk; gj;jphpf;if rl;lq;fis mkyhf;Fjy;
18. mrhjhuzkhd #o;epiyfspy; r%f eph;thfj; jpy; cjt MAjg; gilfis mioj;jy;
19. njhopw;rhiyfs; rl;lk; kw;Wk; th;j;jf FwpaPL rl;lj;jpd; fPo; Fw;wthspfSf;F vjpuhf
eltbf;if vLj;jy;
20. ahUk; chpik Nfhuhj nrhj;jpid tpw;f cj;jutply;
21. fhLfis Nkk;gLj;Jk; jpl;lq;fis ghpe;Jiu nra;jy;
Nkk;ghl;L eph;thfk; ( Development Administration )
1. Rje;jpuj;jpw;F gpd; Nkk;ghl;Lj;jpl;lq;fs; njhlq;fg;gl;l gpd;dh; mj;jifa jpl;lq;fis
mkyhf;Ftjpy; khtl;l Ml;rpaUf;F Kf;fpa gq;F cz;L
2. gy khepyq;fspy; khtl;l Ml;rpah; khtl;l Nkk;ghl;L mjpfhhpahf epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;shh;
3. ,th; ,e;jpa rq;fq;fs; gjpT rl;lj;jpd; fPo; xt;nthU khtl;lj; jpYk; 1980 Mk; Mz;L
mikf;fg;gl;l khtl;l fpuhkg;Gw Nkk;ghl;L mikg;gpd; jiytuhthh;
4. Nkk;ghl;L eph;thfj;jpy; khtl;l Ml;rpahpd; Kf;fpa gq;F xUq;fpizg;Ng MFk;
5. 73tJ murpayikg;G jpUj;jr;rl;lk; 1992 kw;Wk; 1993 kw;Wk; 1994Mk; Mz;Lfspd;
gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa rl;lq;fs; Nkk;ghl;L eph;thfj;jpy; khtl; l Ml;rpahpd; gq;fpid
Fiwj;jd
kw;w mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk; ( Other Powers and Functions )
1. khtl;l jpl;l mkyhf;f FOtpw;F jiyikNaw;wy;
2. khtl;l jiyik mjpfhhpahf nray;gLjy;
3. eph;thfk; kw;Wk; Fbkf;fSf;fpilNaahd njhlh;G ghykhf nray;gLjy;
4. khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s efuhl;rpfspd; eph;thfj;ij Nkw;ghh;it ,Ljy;
5. khtl;lj;jpy; eilngWk; tpohf;fspy; khepy murpd; gpujpepjpahf fye;J nfhs;Sjy;

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khtl;lj;jpd; fPohd eph;thfk;

khtl;lk; khtl;l Ml;rpah;
Jiz kz;lyk; Jiz kz;ly mjpfhhp

jhYf;fh jhrpy;jhh;

tl;lk; tUtha; Ma;thsh;

fpuhkk; gl;thhp

1. ,aw;if rPw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; gpw mtru epiyfspd; NghJ jiyik eph;thfpahf

nray;gLjy;
2. khtl;l njhopyhsh;fspd; tptfhuq;fis ifahSjy;
3. rptpy; rg;is];f;F nghWg;gGilatuhf ,Uj;jy;
4. r%f ghJfhg;G njhlh;ghd Ntiyfis ifahSjy;
5. ,uhZt mjpfhhpfSldhd njhlh;ig guhkhpj;jy; kw;Wk; gzpapYs;s Xa;T ngw;w
MAjg;gil tPuh;fspd; eyed fhj;jy;
6. ghuhSkd;wk; kw;Wk; rl;lrig Njh;jy;fSf;F jftyDg;Gk; mjpfhhpahf nray;gLjy;
7. khtl;l mstpy; Njh;jy; gzpfis xUq;fpizj;jy;
Jiz kz;lyk; ( Sub-Division )
1. epy tUtha; rl;lk; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eilKiw rl;lj;jpd; fPo; tUtha; kw;Wk;
Fw;wtpay; eph;thfj;jpw; fhf xU khtl;lk; rpWrpW gFjpfshf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ
2. Jiz kz;ly mjpfhhpahf xU ,e;jpa eph;thf gzpfs; my;yJ khepy r%fg;gzpfspd;
cWg;gpdh; xUtiu khepy muR epakpj;J jdJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; itj;jpUf;Fk;
3. khtl;l Ml;rpaiug; Nghd; Nw mtUk; mg; gpuNjrj;jpd; mjpfhhp> eph;thfp kw;Wk; gy
gzpfis nra;af;$bath; Mthh;
4. mtUf;F tUtha; ePjp kw;Wk; eph;thfk; rhh;e;j mjpfhuq;fs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd
5. jiyik eph;thf mjpfhhp kw;Wk; khepy murpd; gpujpepj vd;w Kiwapy;
Jizkz;lyj;jpy; cs;s muR mYtyfq;fspd; nray;ghLfSld; ,th; njhlh;G
itj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz; Lk
6. ,th; tUtha; njhlh;ghd tptufhuq;fspy; khtl;l Ml;rpaUf; Fk; jhrpy;jhUf;Fk;
,ilNaahd ,izg;ghfTk; rl;lk; xOq;F njhlh;ghd tptfhuq;fspy; khtl;l ePjpgjpf;Fk;
fhty; epiya mjpfhhpfSf;FkpilNaahd ,izg;ghfTk; nray;gLfpd;wdh;
7. ,th; khtl;l Ml;rpahpd; jiyik MNyhrfuhthh; . ,th; Jiz kz;lyj;jpd; eph;thfk;
njhlh;ghd mk;rq;fspy; khtl;l Ml;rpaUf;F nghWg;Gilatuhthh;
8. Jiz kz;lyk; ,U tifg;gLk;. mYtyf tif. Rw;Wg;gaz tif

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9. ,jd; ngah;fSk;> jiythpd; ngah;fSk; khepyj;jpw;F khepyk; gpd; tUkhW NtWgLk;

khepyq;fs; gphpTfs; jiyth;fs;

cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; Jiz kz;lyk; Jiz kz;ly ePjpgjp
jkpo;ehL tUtha; kz;lyk; tUtha; kz;ly mjpfhhp
kfhuh\;buh gpuhz;l; gpuhz;l; mjpfhhp – Jiz Ml;rpah;

jhYfh ( TEHSIL )
1. Xt;nthU Jiz kz;lyKk; NkYk; rpWrpW gphpTfshf gphpf;fg;gLk;
2. epytUtha;> epyNfhg; Gfs;> fUT+yk;> ePjpkd;wk; Nghd;w mk;rq;fSf;F jhYfhNt
mbg;gil myfhFk;
3. gy;NtW Jiwfspd; mYtyfq;fSk; ,jDs; mike;jpUg;gjhy; ,J xU rpwpa
khtl;lkhf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ
4. jhrpy;jhh; khepy r%fg;gzpfis rhh;e;jtUk; nf]l;ll; me;j];j;jpy; cs;s mjpfhhpAk;
Mthh;
5. ,th; jhYfhtpy; tUtha; t#ypg;gjw; Fk; rl;lk; xOq;if guhkhpg;gjw;Fk;
nghWg;Gilatuhthh;

khepyq;fs; gphpTfs; jiyth;fs;

cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; jhrpy; jhrpy;jhh;
jkpo;ehL jhYfh jhrpy;jhh;
kfhuh\;buh jhYfh / k`hy; khkyj;jhh ;/ k`hy;fh;

tl;lk; ( Circle )
1. tUtha; eph;thfj;jpw;fhf xt;nthU jhYfhTk; rpWrpW gphpTfshf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd
2. tl;l Ma;thsh; tUtha; eph;thf rq;fpypapy; Kjy;epiy Nkw;ghh;itahsuhf cs;shh;
3. ,th; tUtha; eph; thfj; ijak; epyNfhg;GfisAk; Nkw;ghh;it ,Lthh;
4. ,th; nghJthf khtl; l Ml;rpauhy; epakpf;fg;gLthh;
fpuhkk; ( Village )
1. midj;J khepyq;fspYk; eph; thf kw;Wk; epjp rhh;e;j fhuzq;fSf;fhf gphpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;
midj;Jf;Fk; fPohd mikg;G fpuhkNkahFk;
2. jkpo;ehl;by; fpuhkj;jpd; kpf Kf;fpakhd gjtpapd; ngah; fpuhkj;jiyth; MFk;
3. ,tUf;F ,izahd gjtp kfhuh\;buhtpy; gNly; vdg;gLfpd;wJ
4. ,jw;F ,izahd gjtp vJTk; cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; ,y;iy
5. gQ;rhg;> ,khryg;gpuNjrk;> mhpahdh kw;Wk; kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; Mfpa khepyq;fspy; gl; thhp
vdg;gLgth; jhd; tUtha; fzf;FfisAk; epy Nfhg;GfisAk; guhkhpg;ghh;

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6. ,th; gy khepyq;fspy; gy ngah;fshy; miof;fg;gLfpwhh;. cjhuzkhf

cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; Nyf;ghy; vdTk; jkpo;ehl;by; fh;zk; (my; yJ fzf;Fg;gps;is)
kfhuh\;buhtpy; jyhj; jp vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;whh;
7. ,th; khtl;lj;jpd; tUtha; eph;thfj;jpd; mbg; gil vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;whh;

cs;ehl;L murhq;fk; ( Local Government )

gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pak; (Panchayat Raj )
1. gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pak; vd;Dk; nrhy; fpuhkg;Gw cs;ehl;L Ra murpid Fwpf;fpd;wJ
2. Nth; (mb kl;l mstpy; ,Ue;J) mstpypUe;J [dehafj;ij mikg;gjw;fhf ,it
me;je;j khepy rl;lrigfs; ,aw;wpa rl;lq;fspd; %yk; cUthf;fg; gl;ld
3. ,jw;F fpuhkg;Gw Nkk;ghl;Lj;Jiwapy; flikfSk; gzpfSk; cs;sd
4. 73tJ murpayikg;G jpUj;jr;rl;lk; 1992d; %yk; ,J murpay; mikg;gpy;
,izf;fg;gl;lJ
5. kj;jpa mstpy; fpuhkg;Gw Nkk;ghl;L mikr;rfk; gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa mikg;Gfspd;
nray;ghLfis ftdpf;fpd;wJ
6. cs;ehl;L murhq;fk; vd;gJ khepyq;fspd; gl; baypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s xU mk;rkhFk;
7. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; 7tJ ml;ltizapy; khepyq;fspd; gl;baypy; cs;s 5J gjp
,jidf; ifahSfpd;wJ
gy;te;j;uha; Nkj; jh FO ( Balwantray Mehta Committee )
1. r%f Nkk;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk; (1952) kw;Wk; Njrpa ePl;bf;fg;gl;l gzpfs; (1953) Mfpatw;wpd;
nray;ghLfis gw;wp MuhaTk; mit NkYk; rpwe;j Kiwapy; nray;gl MNyhridfis
toq;fTk; ,e;jpa muR 1957k; Mz;L [dthp khjk; xU FOtpid mikj;jJ
2. ,f;FO jdJ mwpf; ifia 1957k; Mz;L etk;gh; khjk; mspj;jJ. NkYk; ,J
gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[paKiw mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd ghpe;Jiuj;jJ
3. mjd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ghpe;Jiufshtd
4. khtl;l mstpyhd [py;yh ghp\j;> xd;wpa mstpyhd gQ;rhaj;J rkpjp fpuhk mstpyhd
fpuhkg;gQ;rhaj;J Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpa %d;wLf;F Kiwia mikj;jy;
5. ,k;%d;W mLf;FfspYk; kiwKf Njh;jy;fspd; %yk; xd;Wld; xd; W ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;f
Ntz;Lk;
6. fpuhkg;gQ;rhaj;J Neubahf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdh;fshYk; gQ;rhaj;J rkpjpAk;>
[py;yh ghp\j;Jk; kiwKfkhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdh; fshYk; mikf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;
7. midj;J jpl;l kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;L eltbf;iffSk; ,e;j mikg;Gfsplk;
xg;gilf;fg;glNtz;Lk;
8. gQ;rhaj;J rkpjp eph;thf mikg;ghfTk; [py;yh ghp\j; MNyhrid $Wk;>
xUq;fpizf;Fk;> kw;Wk; Nkw;ghh;itapLk; mikg;ghfTk; ,Uf;Fk;
9. khtl;l Ml;rpah; [py;yh ghp\j;jpd; jiytuhf ,Ug;ghh;
10. ,j;jifa [dehaf mikg;GfSf;F mjpfhuq;fSk; flikfSk; cz;ikapNyNa
toq;fg;glNtz;Lk;

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11. ,j;jifa mikg;Gfs; jq;fsJ flikfisAk; gzpfisAk; epiwNtw;w mitfSf;F

NghJkhd %ytsq;fis toq;f Ntz;Lk;
12. vjph;fhyj;jpy; tUgth;fs; mjpfhuj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; tifapy; ,k;Kiwia mikf;f
Ntz;Lk;
13. ,g;ghpe;Jiufs; Njrpa Nkk;ghl;L FOtpdhy; 1958Mk; Mz;L [dthp khjk; Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gl;ld
14. ,f;FO xNu Kiwia gpd;gw;WkhW typAWj;jtpy;iy cs;ehl;L #o;epiyfSf;F
jf;fthW xU Kiwapid khepy muRfNs Vw;gLj;jp nfhs;syhk; vd;W $wpaJ. Mdhy;
,jd; mbg;gilf;nfhs; iffs; ehL KOtJk; xNu khjphpahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
15. gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[paj;ij Kjd; Kjypy; mikj;j khepyk; uh[];jhd;
16. ,j;jpl;lk; ehfTh; khtl;lj;jpy; 1959Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; 2k; ehs; gpujkh; gz;bl;
[t`h;yhy; NeU mth; fshy; njhlq;fpitf;fg;gl;lJ
17. uh[];jhid njhlh;e;J Me;jpug;gpuNjrKk; 1959Mk; Mz;L ,k;Kiwia Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.
tpjp tpyf;Ffs; : jkpo;ehL ,uz;lLf;F Kiwia Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ Nkw;F tq;fk; ehd; fLf;F
Kiwia Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.
mNrhf; Nkj;jh FO ( Ashok Mehta Committee )
1. 1977> brk;ghpy; gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa mikg;Gfspd; kPjhd xU FOtpid mNrhf; Nkj;jh
mth;fspd; jiyikapy; [djh muR mikj;jJ
2. ,f;FO jdJ mwpf;ifia 1978> Mf];by; mspj;jJ. NkYk; ,J ehl;by; Fiwe;J tUk;
gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa Kiwia typikahf;f 132 ghpe; Jiufis mspj;jJ
3. %d;wLf;F gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[a Kiwf;F gjpyhf ,uz;lLf; F Kiwia mikf;f
Ntz;Lk; mjhtJ khtl;l mstpyhd [py; yh ghp\j; kw;Wk; mjw;F fPo; 15000 ypUe; J
20000 tiu kf;fs; njhif nfhz;l fpuhkq;fs; ,ize;j FOtpid nfhz;l kz;ly
gQ;rhaj;J
4. mjpfhuq;fis gfph;e;jspg;gjpy; khepyj;jpw;F mLj;jgbahf khtl; lNk Kjy; epiyahf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
5. [py;yh ghp\j; eph;thf mikg;ghfTk; khtl;l mstpyhd jpl;lkpLjYf;F
nghWg;ghdjhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;
6. gQ;rhaj;J Njh;jy;fspd; midj;J epiyfspYk; murpay; fl;rpfs; gq;Nfw;f Ntz;Lk;
7. gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa mikg;Gfs; jq;fsJ epjp Mjhuq;fis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd thpfis
tpjpf;f mjpfhuq;fis ngw;wjhFk;
8. r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu FOf;fSf;F xJf;fg;gl;l epjp mitfSf;fhf nryT
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sjh vd;gij fz;fhzpf;f khtl;l mstpyhd mikg;G xd;wpdhy; jzpf;if
nra;ag;gLk;
9. gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa mikg;Gfis khepy muR ePf;fKbahJ
10. mtrukhd rpwg;Gf; $l;lj;njhlhpd; NghJ mf;$l;lk; eilngw;w ehspypUe;J 6 khj
fhyj;jpw;Fs; Njh;jy; elj;jg;glNtz;Lk;
Contact & WhatsApp No: 9626538744 Page 74

11. epaha gQ;rhaj;Jf;fs; Nkk;ghl;L gQ; rhaj;JfspypUe; J gphpf;fg;gl;L jdpahd

mikg;Gfshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mtw;Wf;F jFjpngw;w ePjpgjp xUth; jiytuhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;
12. jiyik Njh;jy; MizaUld; fye;jhNyhrpj;J jiyik Njh;jy; mjpfhhp gQ;rhaj;J
Njh;jy;fis elj;j Ntz;Lk;
13. Nkk;ghl;L gzpfs; [py;yh ghp\j;Jf;F khw;wg;gl;L midj;J Nkk;ghl;L Copah;fSk;
,jd; fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk; fz;fhzpg;gpd; fPo; nray;glNtz;Lk;
14. gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[paj;jpw;F kf;fspd; Mjuit jpul;Ltjpy; jd;dhh;t FOf;fs; Kf;fpa
gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd
15. gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa mikg;Gf;fis ftdpg;gjw;fhf mikr;ruitapy; xU mikr;rh;
epakpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
16. jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk; goq;FbapdUf;fhf ,lq;fs; mth;fsJ kf;fs; njhifapd;
mbg;gilapy; xJf;fPL nra;ag;glNtz;Lk;
17. [djh muR jdJ gjtpf;fhyk; KbAk;Kd;dNu fiyf;fg;gl;ljhy; mNrhf; Nkj;jh
FOtpd; ghpe;Jiufspd; Nghpy; ve;j eltbf;ifAk; vLf;fg;gltpy;iy
18. fh;ehlfh> Nkw;F tq; fk;> kw;Wk; Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; Mfpa khepyq;fs; mNrhf; Nkj;jh
FOtpd; ghpe;Jiufis kdjpy; nfhz;L gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[a mikg;GfSf;F Gj;Japh;
mspf;f KbT nra;jd
G. V. K. uht; FO ( G. V. L. Rao Committee )
1. fpuhkg;Gw Nkk;ghL kw;Wk; tWik xopg;G jpl;lq;fSf;fhd eph;thfj;jpw;fhf G. V. K. uht;
jiyikapyhd xU FOtpid 1985Mk; Mz;L jpl;lf;FO mikj;jJ
2. ,f;FO Nkk;ghl;L eilKiwahdJ gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa mikg;Gfsplk; ,Ue;J
gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd; w KbTf; F te;jJ. gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa Kiwf;F Gj;Japh;
mspf;fTk;> typik toq;fTk; ,f;FO gpd;tUk; ghpe;Jiufis toq;fpaJ
3. [dehaf mjpfhug; gfph;tpy; [py;yh ghp\j;jpw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;f Ntz;Lk;
4. khepy mstpyhd rpy jpl;lg;gzpfis> khtl;l mstpyhd jpl;l mikg;GfSf;F khw;w
Ntz;Lk;
5. khtl;l jpl;l Mizah; vd;w gjtp cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mth; [py;yh ghp\j;jpd;
jiyik eph;thf mjpfhhpahfTk;> khepy mstpyhd jpl;lj;JiwfSf;F
nghWg;GilatuhfTk; tpsq;Fthh;
6. ,e;j mbg;gilapy; G. V. K. uht; mth; fspd; mwpf;if (1986) xd;wpa mstpyhd
jpl;lj;jpd; kPjhd jde;thyh FOtpd; mwpf;ifapy; ,Ue;Jk; (1978) khtl;lj;jpd; kPjhd
mDke;jh uht; FOtpd; mwpf;ifapypUe;Jk; (1984) NtWgl;Ls;sJ
7. mDke;jh uht; FOtpd; mwpf;if> gy;te;j; uha; Nkj;jh FO> eph;thf rPh;jpUj;jf; FO>
mNrhf; Nkj;jh FO> G. V. K. uht; FO Mfpatw;wpd; mwpf; ifapypUe; J NtWgL;L>
Nkk;ghl;L eph; thfj;jpd; khtl;l Ml;rpahpd; gq;iff; Fiwj;J gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[paj;jpw;F
mjpf gq;fspf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wpaJ.
L. M. rpq;tp FO ( L. M. Singhvi Committee )

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1. 1986Mk; Mz;L uh[Pt; fhe;jp muR> [dehafk; kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;bw;fhf gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa
mikg;GfSf;F kPz;Lk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;f L. M. rpq;tp jiyikapyhd xU FOtpid
epakpj;jJ. ,jd; Kf;fpa ghpe;Jiufs;
2. gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa mikg;Gfs; murpayikg;gpd;gb mq;fPfhpf; fg;gl;L> ghJfhf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;fhf xU Gjpa mj;jpahaj;ij ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;gpy; ,izf;f
Ntz;Lk;
3. gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa mikg;GfSf;F Kiwahd epahakhd Njh;jy;fis elj;jTk; ,f;FO
rpy murpayikg;G cld;gbf;iffis ghpe;Jiuj;jJ
4. gy fpuhkq;fs; ,ize;j FOtpw;F epaha gQ;rhaj;Jf;fs; mikf;fg;glNtz;Lk;
5. fpuhkg; gQ;rhaj;Jf;fs; NkYk; tYg;ngWk; tifapy; fpuhkq;fs; xd;wpizf;f Ntz;Lk;.
NkYk; ,J fpuhk rghtpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; $Wfpd;wJ. ,J fpuhk rghit Neub
[dehafj;jpw;F cUf; nfhLf;ff;$baJ vd;W $Wfpd;wJ
6. fpuhkg; gQ;rhaj;Jf;fSf;F mjpf epjp Mjhuq;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
7. gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa mikg;Gfspd; Njh; jy;> fiyg;G> kw;Wk; gzpfs; njhlh;ghd
rh;r;irfis ePf;f xt;nthU khepyj;jpYk; ePjpj; jPh;g;ghaq;fs; mikf;fg;glNtz;Lk;
murpayikg;G jpUj;j kNrhjh ( Constitutionalisation )
1. eurpk;kuht; muR 1991Mk; Mz;L nrg;lk;gh; khjk; kf;fsitapy; murpayikg;G jpUj;j
kNrhjhit jhf;fy; nra;jJ
2. ,J 1992> brk;gh; 22y; kf;fsitapYk;> 1992> brk;gh; 23y; khepyq;fsitapYk;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ
3. gpd;dh; ,J 17 khepy rl; lrigfspdhy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl; L 1993 Vg;uy; 20y;
FbauRj;jiythpd; xg;Gjiyg; ngw;wJ
73-tJ jpUj;jr; rl;lk; ( 73
rd
Amendment Act of 1992 )
1. ,r;rl;lk; ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; 11-tJ ml; ltiziaAk; ,izj;jJ
2. ,J gQ;rhaj;Jf;fisg; gw;wpa 23 tptfhuq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. NkYk; ,J tpjp 243-
G iaf; ifahSfpd;wJ
3. ,r;rl;lk; murpayikg;gpd; 40tJ tpjpf;F eilKiw cUtk; nfhLj;jJ
,r;rl;lk; gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa mikg;GfSf;F murpayikg;G rhh;e;j me;j];j;jpid toq;fpaJ
1. ,r;rl;lj;jpDila tpjpfspd;gb mike;j Gjpa gQ;rhaj;J uh[; [pa Kiwia Vw;Wf;
nfhs;tJ khepy muRfspd; flikahFk;
2. gQ;rhaj;Jf;fis cUthf;FtNjh> rPuhd ,ilntspfspy; gQ;rhaj;J Njh;jy;fis
elj;JtNjh khepy muRfspd; tpUg;gj;ij rhh;e;jjy;y
3. ,r;rl;lj;jpd; tpjpfs; 2 tifg;gLk; - fl;lhakhdit kw;Wk; jd;dpr; irahdit
4. ,jd; fl;lhakhd tpjpfs; gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa Kiwia mikg;gjw;fhd khepy
rl;lq;fspy; ,lk; ngw;wpUf;Fk;
5. ,jd; jd;dpr;irahd tpjpfs; khepyq;fs; jd; tpUg;gg;gb ele;J nfhs; tjpy;
cs;slq;fpapUf;Fk;
6. ,J gpujpepjpj;Jt [dehafj;ij gq;Nfw;Fk; [dehafkhf khw;Wk;

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,r;rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpakhd ,ay;Gfs; ( The Salient Features of the Act )

1. %d;wLf;F Kiw ( Three – tier system ): ,r;rl;lk; fpuhk> ,ilepiy> kw;Wk; khtl;l
mstpyhd %d;wLf;F Kiwia toq;Ffpd;wJ. ,r;rl;lk; gpd; tUkhW thh;j;ijfis
tiuaiw nra;fpd;wJ
2. gQ;rhaj;Jf;fs; vd;git fpuhkg;Gw gFjpfSf;fhd cs;ehl;L Ra murpd; mikg;ghFk;
3. fpuhkk; vd;gJ MSeuhy; nghJ mwpf;ifapd; %yk; fpuhkkhf mwptpf;fg;gl;ljhFk;
kw;Wk; ,J fpuhkq;fspd; FOitAk; Fwpf;Fk;
4. ,ilepiy vd;gJ fpuhkj;jpw;Fk;> khtl;lj; jpw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s MSeuhy; nghJ
mwpf;ifapd; %yk; mwptpf;fg;gl;l epiyahFk;
5. ,r;rl;lk; ehL KOtJk; cs;s gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[a fl;likg;Gfs; xNu khjphpahf ,Uf;f
tif nra;jJ
6. 20 yl;rj;jpw;Fk; Nky; kf;fs; njhif nfhz;l xU khepyk; ,ilepiy mstpyhd
gQ;rhaj;Jf;fis mikf;fhJ
fpuhk rgh: (Gram Sabha )
1. ,r;rl;lk; fpuhk rigNa gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa Kiwapd; mbg;gil vd;W $wpaJ
2. ,J fpuhk mstpyhd gQ;rhaj;Jf;Fl;gl;l fpuhkq;fspy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l thf;fhsh;fis
nfhz;l mikg;ghFk;
3. gQ;rhaj;J gFjpapy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l thf;fhsh;fis nfhz;l fpuhk rigahFk;
4. ,J khepy rl;lrigahy; eph;zapf;fg;gLk; fpuhk mstpyhd mjpfhuq;fisAk;
gzpfisAk; nfhz;L tpsq;Fk;
gQ;rhaj;Jf;fspd; gjtpf;fhyk;: ( Duration of Panchayats )
1. ,r;rl;lk; gQ;rhaj;Jf;fSf;F 5 tUl gjtpf;fhyj;ij toq;Ffpd;wJ
2. MdhYk; ,g;gjtpf;fhyk; KbAk; Kd;dNu ,jid fiyf;fyhk;

3. Gjpa gQ;rhaj;Jf;fhd Njh;jy;

1. mjd; gjtpf;fhyk; KbAk; Kd;dh; my;yJ
2. fiyf;fg;gl;lehspypUe; J 6 khj fhyj;jpw;Fs; elj;jp Kbf;fg;glNtz;Lk;
gjpndhd;whtJ ml;ltiz ( Eleventh Schedule )
,J gQ;rhaj;Jf;fspd; mjpfhu tuk;gpw;Fl;gl; l mk;rq;fis nfhz;lJ
1. Ntshz; tp];jphpg;G cs;spl;l Ntshz;ik
2. epy Nkk;ghL> epyr;rPh;j; jpUj; jq;fspd; mkyhf;fk;> epyj;njhFg;G kw;Wk; kz;ghJfhg;G
3. rpwpa ePh;g;ghrdk;> ePh; eph;thfk;> kw;Wk; ePh;epiyfspd; Nkk;ghL
4. fhy;eil guhkhpg;G> ghy;nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nfhog;gz;iz
5. kPd;gpbj;jy;
6. r%ff;fhLfs; kw;Wk; tptrhaf;fhLfs;
7. rpWrpW fhl;Lg;nghUl;fs;
8. czTg;gjdpLjy; cs;spl;l rpW njhopy;fs;
9. fhjp fpuhk kw;Wk; Fbirj; njhopy;fs;

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10. fpuhkg;Gw tPl;Ltrjp

11. FbePh;
12. vhpnghUs; kw;Wk; fhy;eil jPtdk;
13. rhiyfs;> ghyq;fs;> ghpry;fs;> kw;Wk; jfty; njhlh;gpw;fhd gpw topfs;
14. kpd; tpepNahfk; cs;spl;l fpuhkg;Gw kpd;trjp
15. khw;w Kbahj rf;jp tsq;fs;
16. tWik xopg;G jpl;lq;fs;
17. E}yfq;fs;
18. fyhr;rhu nray;ghLfs;
19. re;ijfs;
20. kUj;Jtkidfs;> Muk;g Rfhjhu epiyaq;fs;> cs;spl;l Rfhjhuk;
21. FLk;gey tho;T
22. ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Foe;ijfs; Nkk;ghL
23. cly; CdKw;w kw;Wk; kdtsh;r;rp Fd;wpath; fspd; eytho;T cs;spl;l r%f eytho;T
24. jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh;> goq;Fbapdh; Nghd;w eyptile;j gphptpdhpd; eytho;T
25. nghJ tpepNahf Kiw
26. r%f nrhj;jpid guhkhpj;jy;

jFjp ,og;Gf;fs; ( Disqualifications )

xU egh; khepy rl;lrigf;fhd Njh;jYf;fhf mkypy; ,Uf;Fk; rl;lj;jpd; fPNoh> my;yJ
khepy rl;lrigahy; ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lj;jpd; fPNoh jFjpapoe;jhy; mth; gQ;rhaj;J
cWg;gpduhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l KbahJ
21taJ epuk;gpa xU egiu 25 taJf;Fl;gl;ltuhf ,Uf;fpwhh; vdw; mbg;gilapy;
jFjpapoe;jtuhff; fUjKbahJ
jFjpapog;G njhlh;ghd midj;J Nfs;tpfSk; khepy rl;lrigahy; epakpf;fg;gLk;
mjpfhhpaplk; mDg;gg; gLk;
,l xJf;fPL ( Reservation of Seats )
,r;rl;lk; jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk; goq;FbapdUf;fhd ,lq;fis mth;fsJ kf;fs;
njhifapd; mbg;gilapy; midj;J epiyfspYk; cs;s gQ;rhaj;Jf;fspy; xJf;fPL
nra;Js;sJ
khepy rl;lrig gQ;rhaj;Jf;fspy; cs;s jiyth; gjtpfis jho;j;jg;gl; Nlhh; kw;Wk;
goq;FbapdUf;fhf xJf;fPL nra;ayhk;
 ,r;rl;lk; gQ;rhaj;Jf; fspy; cs;s nkhj;j ,lq;fspy; %d;wpy; xU gq;F ,lq;fis
ngz;fSf;F xJf;fPL nra;Js;sJ (jho;j;jg;gl;l kw;Wk; goq;Fbapdj;ij Nrh;e;j
ngz;fSf;fhf xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,lq;fSk; ,jpy; cs;slq;fpAs;sJ)
,r;rl;lk; gpw;gLj;jg;gl;l tFg;GfSf;fhf gQ;rhaj;J ,lq;fisAk; mjd; jiyth;
gjtpfisAk; xJf;fPL nra;a khepy rl;l rigf;F mjpfhuk; toq;fpAs;sJ
cWg;gpdh;fs; kw;Wk; jiyth;fspd; Njh;T

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( Election of the Members and the Chairpersons )

fpuhk> ,ilepiy kw; Wk; khtl;l mstpyhd gQ;rhaj;Jf;fspd; cWg;gpdh;fs; Neubahf
kf;fshy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLth;
,ilepiy kw;Wk; khtl;l mstpyhd gQ;rhaj;Jf;fspd; jiyth;fs; mjd;
cWg;gpdh;fSs; ,Ue; J mjd; cWg;gpdh;fshNyNa Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLth;
fpuhk mstpyhd gQ;rhaj;Jf;fspd; jiyth; fs; khepy rl;lrig eph;zapf;Fk; Kiwg;gb
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLth;
mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk; (Powers and Functions )
gQ;rhaj;Jf;fs; Ra muR mikg;Gf;fshf nray;glj; Njitahd mjpfhuq;fis
mtw;Wf;F khepy rl;lrig toq;Fk;
mj;jifa jpl;lk; gQ;rhaj;Jf;fSf;F mjpfhuq;fisAk;> flikfisAk;> toq;f top
nra;Ak; tpjpfis nfhz;bUf;Fk; gpd;tUk; flikfSk;> mjpfhuq;fSk;
gQ;rhaj;Jf;fSf;Fz;L
1. nghUshjhu Nkk;ghl;bw; Fk; r%f ePjpf;Fk; Njitahd jpl;lq;fis jahhpj;jy;>
2. 11tJ ml;ltizapy; $wg;gl;Ls;s 29 tptfhuq;fSld; $ba r%fepjp kw;Wk;
nghUshjhu Nkk;ghl;bw; fhd jpl;lq;fis mkyhf;Fjy;
khepy Njh;jy; Mizak; ( State Election Commission )
1. gQ;rhaj;J Njh;jy;fis elj;JtJk;> mjw;fhd thf;fhsh; gl;bay; jahhpg;gij
fz;fhzpg;gJk;> fl;Lg;gLj;JtJk;> khepy Njh;jy; Mizaj;jpd; gzpfshFk;.
2. ,J MSeuhy; epakpf; fg;gl;l khepy Njh;jy; Mizaiu nfhz;bUf; Fk;
3. mtuJ gzpfSf;fhd epge;jidfSk;> gjtpf;fhyKk; MSeuhy; epakpf;fg;gLk;
4. khepy cah;ePjp kd;w ePjpgjpapid gjtp ePf;fk; nra;Ak; Kiw kw;Wk; fhuzq;fspd;
mbg;gilapy; kl;LNk khepy Njh;jy; Mizaiu gjtp ePf;fk; nra;a KbAk;
5. ,th; epakdk; nra;ag; gl;l gpd;dh; ,tuJ gzpfSf;fhfd epge;jidfis khw;wf; $lhJ
epjp ( Finances )
khepy rl;lrig
thpfs;> fl; lzq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw tpjpf; fTk;> t#y; nra;aTk; gQ;rhaj;Jf;fSf;F
mjpfhuk; toq;fyhk;
khepy murhy; tpjpf; fg;gl;L t#y; nra;ag;gl;l thpfs; fl;lzq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw
toq;fyhk;
khepy njhFg;G epjpapypUe;J khdpaq;fs; toq;fyhk;
epjpfis mikj;J mtw;wpypUe; J jdJ epjp Njitfis G+h;j;jp nra;aJ nfhs;s
mjfhukspf;fyhk;
khepy epjpf;FO ( State Finance Committee )
1. gQ;rhaj;Jf;fspd; epjpepiyia Ma;Tnra;a khepy MSeh; xt;nthU 5
tUlq;fSf;nfhUKiwAk; xU epjpf;FOtpd; mikf;fyhk;
2. ,J gpd;tUk; ghpe;Jiufis MSeUf;F toq;fyhk;

Contact & WhatsApp No: 9626538744 Page 79

3. khepy murhy; tpjpf;fg;gl;l thpfs; kw;Wk; fl;lzq;fis khepy muRf;Fk;>

gQ;rhaj;Jf;fSf;FkpilNa gfph;e;J nfhs; tJ njhlh;ghd nfhs;iffs;
4. khepy njhFg;G epjpapypUe;J gQ;rhaj;Jf;fSf;F toq;f Ntz;ba khdpak; njhlh;ghd
nfhs;iffs;
5. gQ;rhaj;Jf;fspd; epjp epiyia Nkk;gLj;j Njitahd eltbf;iffs;
6. gQ;rhaj;Jf;fspd; epjp njhlh;ghf MSeuhy; epjpf;FOtpw;F jpUg;gp mDg;gg;gl;l
tptfhuq;fs;
7. khepy rl;lrig FOtpd; cWg;gpdh;fspd; jFjpfs; kw;Wk; mth; fs; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl
Ntz;ba Kiw Nghd;wtw;iw toq;Fk;
8. MSeh; mf;FOtpd; ghpe;JiufNshL mtw;wpd; kPJ vLf;fg;gl;l eltbf;iffs; gw;wpa
mwpf;ifiaAk; khepy rl;lrigapd; Kd; rkh; g;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;
9. khepyj;jpYs;s gQ;rhaj;Jf;fSf;F epjp Mjhuq;fs; toq;f khepy njhFg;Gepjpapid
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F Njitahd MNyhridfis kj;jpa epjp MizaUk; toq;fyhk;.
(khepy epjpf;FOtpd; ghpe;Jiufspd; mbg;gilapy;)
10. ,e;jpa FbauRj;jiyth; jhd; $Wk; tpjptpyf;Ffs; kw;Wk; jpUj;jq;fSf;Fl;gl; L
,r;rl;lk; ve;j xU A+dpad; gpuNjrj;jpw;Fk; nghUe;Jk; vd;W cj;jutpl chpik cz;L
11. [k;K fh\;kPh;> ehfhyhe;J> Nkfhyah> kw;Wk; kpNrhuk; Mfpa khepyq;fSf;Fk; ,d;Dk;
rpy gFjpfSf;Fk; ,r;rl;lk; nghUe;jhJ
12. ,e;jg; gFjpfs; murpayikg;gpd; 244tJ tpjpapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls; s jho;j;jg;gl;l kw;Wk;
goq;Fbapd gFjpfs; khtl;l rig cs;s kzpg;G+hpd; kiyg;gFjpfs;> lhh;[pypq; Nfhf;uh
kiy rig cs;s Nkw;F tq;f khepyj;jpd; lhh;[pypq; khtl;lk; Nghd;wtw;iw
cs;slf;fpajhFk;
13. gQ;rhaj;Jf;fspd; fzf;Ffis guhkhpf;fTk;> jzpf;if nra;aTk; khepy rl;lrig
tpjpfis tFf;fyhk;
14. ,r;rl;lk; njhlq;fg;gl; l ehs; 1993> Vg;uy; 24 MFk;
fpuhkg;Gw Nkk;ghl;L jpl;lq;fs;
( Rural Development Programmes )
1952 r%f Nkk;ghl;Lj;jpl;lq;fs;
1953 Njrpa tphpthf;fg; gzpfs;
1960 kiyg;gpuNjr Nkk;ghl;L jpl;lk;
1962 goq;Fbapdh; gpuNjr Nkk;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk;
1965 mjpf kf#y; tif jpl;lq;fs;
1969 rpwpa tptrhapfs; kw;Wk; Ntshz; njhopyhsh;fspd; Nkk;ghl;bw; fhd mikg;G
1972 Jhpjg;gLj;jg;gl;l fpuhk FbePh; toq;fy; jpl;lk;
1973 twl;rpf; Fl;gl;lg; gFjp jpl;lk;
1974 Fiwe;j gl;r Njitfs; jpl;lk;
1975 ,UgJ mk;r jpl; lk;
1975 xUq;fpize;j Foe;ij Nkk;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk;
1977 me;j; Nahjah

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1977 ghiytd Nkk;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk;

1978 khtl;l njhopy; ikak;
1978 xUq;fpize;j fpuhkg; Gw Nkk;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk;
1978 RaNtiy tha;g;Gf;fhf fpuhkg;Gw ,isQh;fSf;F gapw;rp
1980 Njrpa fpuhkg;Gw Ntiytha;g;G jpl;lk;
1982 fpuhkg;gFjpfspy; ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Foe;ijfs; Nkk;ghL
1983 fpuhkg;Gw epykpy; yhjth;fSf;F Ntiy tha;g;G cj;juthj jpl;lk;
1983 gbj;j Ntiyapy;yhj ,isQh;fSf;F Ra Niytha;g;G jpl;lk;
1986 ,e;jpuh Mth];
1989 [t`h; Nuh[;fhh; Nah[dh
1993 Ntiy tha;g;G cj;jputhj jpl;lk;
1994 KjyPl;L Nkk;ghl;L jpl;lk;
1995 xUq;fpize;j jhpRepy Nkk;ghl;L jpl;lk;
1997 fq;fh fy;ahz; Nah[dh
1999 ];th;z n[ae;jp fpuhk; ];tNuh[;fhh; Nah[dh
1999 [t`h; fpuhk; rk;hpjp Nah[dh
2000 gpujhd; ke;jphp fpuhNkhjah Nah[dh
2000 md; dG+h;zh jpl;lk;
2001 me;j; Nahjah md; d Nah[dh
2001 kfhtPh; fpuhk;fy;ahz; Nah[dh
2001 rk;G+h;zh fpuhkpd; Nuh[;fhh; Nah[dh
efh;g;Gw cs;ehl;L murhq;fk; ( Urban Local Government )
1. ,r;nrhy; efh;g;Gw gFjpfspy; kf;fshy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l gpujpepjpfspd; %yk;
elj;jg;gLk; muir Fwpf;Fk;
2. ,e;j murpd; mjpfhuk; khepy murhy; eph;zapf;fg;gl;l Fwpg;gpl;l efh;g;Gw
vy;iyfSf;Fl;gl;lJ
3. ,it vl;L tifg;gLk;. khefuhl;rp> Kdprpghypl;b> Nehl;b/gL Vhpah fkpl;b> lTd; Vhpah
fkpl;b> fz;Nlhd;nkd; l; Nghh;L> lTd; \pg;> Nghh;l; bu];l;> kw;Wk; ];ng\y; gh;g]; Vn[d;rp
4. efh;g;Gw cs; ehl;L muR KiwahdJ 74tJ murpayikg;G jpUj; jr;rl;lk;> 1992d; %yk;
murpayikg;gpy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ
5. kj;jpapy; 3 mir;rfq;fs; ,ij iahs;fpd;wd. 1985Mk; Mz;L jdp mikr;rkhf
njhlq;fg;gl;l efh;g;Gw Nkk;ghl;L mikr;rfk;> fz;Nlhd;nkd;l; Nghh;L tptfhuj;jpy;
ghJfhg;G mikr;rfk; A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs; njhlh;ghd tptfhuj;jpy; cs;Jiw mikr;rfk;
murpayikg;Gld; ,izg;G ( Constitutionalisation )
1. ,J 74tJ murpayikg;G jpUj;jr;rl;lk; 1992 Mf Njhd;wp 1993> [_d; 1 Kjy;
mkyhf;fg;gl;lJ
2. 74tJ murpayikg;G jpUj;jr;rl;lk;> 1992
3. ,r;rl;lk; ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; gFjp IXA it cs;slf;fpaJ

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4. ,J efuhl;rpfs; vd; W jiyg;gplg;gl;L 243 P Kjy; 243 ZG tiuapyhd tpjpfisf;

nfhz;lJ
5. ,r;rl;lk; murpayikg;gpy; 12tJ ml; litziaAk; ,izj;jJ
6. ,J efuhl;rpfs; njhlh; ghd 18 tptufhuq;fisAk; tpjp 243Ak; ifahs;fpd;wJ
7. ,r;rl;lk; efuhl;rpfis murpayikg;gpd; rl;lj;jpw;Fl;gl;l gFjpapd; fPo; nfhzh;fpd;wJ
8. ,r;rl;lk; midj;J khepyq;fspYk; gpd;tUk; 3 tifahd efuhl;rpfis mikf;f
topnra;fpd;wJ
1. khw;wg;gl;l gFjpf;fhd efh; gQ;rhaj;J
2. rpwpa efh;g;Gw gFjpf;fhd efuhl;rp fTd;rpy;
3. nghpa efh;g;Gw gFjpf;fhd efuhl;rp fhh;g;gNu\d;

Jiwapd; ngah; khtl;ljiythpd; gjtpapd; ngah;

tUtha; Jiw khtl;l Ml;rpah;> Jiz Mizah; - khtl;l nghJ
eph;thfj;Jiw ePjpgjp
fhty; Jiw fhty; Jiw fz;fhzpg;ghsh;
Rq;fk; Rq;fthp fz;fhpzg;ghsh; - khtl;l Rq;f mYtyh;
kUj;Jtk;
rptpy; rh;[; d – khtl;l kUj;Jt mYtyh;
tdk; khtl;l td mYtyh;
fy;tp gs;sp Ma;thsh; - khtl;l fy;tp gjpthsh;
$l;LwT $l;LwT rq;fq;fspd; Jiz gjpthsh;
Ntshz;ik Ntshz;ik Jiz ,af;Feh; - khtl;l Ntshz; mYtyh;
rl;lk;
khtl;l ePjpgjp – khtl;l kw;Wk; nr\d;]; eP jpgjp
nghJg;gzpfs; eph;thfg; nghwpahsh;
12-tJ ml;ltiz ( 12
th
Schedule )
1. efh; jpl;lk; cs;spl;l efh;g;Gw jpl;lkpLjy;
2. epy cgNahfj;ijAk;> fl;bl fl;Lkhdj;ijAk; xOq;F gLj;Jjy;
3. nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f Nkk;ghl;bw;fhf jpl;lkpLjy;
4. Nrhpfspd; Kd;Ndw;wk; kw;Wk; Nkk;ghL
5. efh;g;Gw fhLfs; kw;Wk; Rw;Wr;#oy; ghJfhg;G
6. rhiyfs; kw;Wk; ghyq;fs;
7. nghJ Rfhjhuk;> ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; r%f fopT eph;thfk;
8. tPL> njhopy; kw;Wk; th;j;jf NjitfSF;F ePh; toq; Fjy;
9. jPaizg;Gj;Jiw
10. cly; CdKw;Nwhh; kw;Wk; kd tsh;r; rp Fd;wpath;fs; cs;spl;l eyptile;j gphptpdhpd;
eyidf; fhj;jy;
11. njU tpsf;F> NgUe;J epWj;jq;fs;> cs;spl;l nghJ trjpfs;
12. ML> khL ntl;Lk; ,lq;fis xOq;FgLj;Jjy;

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13. efh;g;Gw tWik xopg;G

14. fyhr;rhu fy;tp mk;rq; fspd; Nkk;ghL
15. fhy;eil Fsq;fs; kw;Wk; kpUf tijia jLj;jy;
16. G+q;fhf;fs;> Njhl;lq;fs; > tpisahl;L ikjhdq;fs; Nghd;w trjpfs;
17. fy;yiwfs;> RLfhLfs; kw;Wk; kpd;rhu RLfhLfs;
gpwg;G> ,wg;G cs;spl;l Kf;fpa Gs;sptptuq;fs

,e;jpa ePjpj;Jiw
( JUDICIARY IN INDIA )

eph;thf kw;Wk; rl; l mjpfhuq;fs; kj;jpa khepy muRfSf;fpilNa

gfph;e;jspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ Nghy; my;yhky; ,e;jpa ePjpj;Jiwapd; mjpfhuq;fs; xNu
khjphpahd xUq;fpize; j mjpfhuq;fshFk;
khepyj;jpy; cs;s %d;W mq;fq;fspy; ePjpj;JiwNa murpay; mikg;gpd;gb
Kjd;ikahdjhFk;
murpayikg;gpd; jiyikj; jd;ikia fhg;ghw;Wtjw;fhf kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy
muRf;fpilNaahd my;yJ khepy muRfSf;fpilNaahd gpur;ridfis jPh;j;J itf;f
xU Rje;jpukhd ghugl; rkw;w mjpfhuKila mikg;GNjit
cr;rePjp kd;wk; ( THE SUPREME COURT )
1. ,J 124ypUe;J 147 tiuapyhd tpjpfspYs;s ,e;jpa ePjpj;Jiw rk;ge;jkhd
cld;gbf;iffis nfhz;Ls;sJ
2. Muk;gj;jpy; cr;r ePjp kd;wj;jpy; xU jiyik ePjpgjpAk; 7 kw;w ePjpgjpfSk; ,Ue;jdh;
3. 1985Mk; Mz;L jiyik ePjpgjp jtpu kw;w ePjpgjpfspd; vz;zpf;if 25 Mf cah;e;jJ
4. jw;NghJ cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpy; xU jiyik ePjpgjpAk; 25 kw;w ePjpgjpfSk; cs;sdh;
5. cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd; vz;zpf;ifia $l;lNth Fiwf;fNth ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F
mjpfhuk; cz;L
6. FbauRj;jiyth; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F jw;fhypf ePjpgjpfis epakpf;fyhk;
7. cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; %j;j ePjpgjp ,e;jpahtpd; jiyik ePjpgjpahf epakpf;fg;gLthh;
8. cr;r ePjp kd;w kw;Wk; cah; ePjp kd;w eP jpgjpfSld; fye;jhNyhrpj;jgpd;dh; FbauRj;
jiyth; cr;r ePjp kd;w ePjpgjpfis epakpg;ghh;
9. jiyik ePjpgjp my;yhj NtW xU ePjpgjpia epakpf;Fk; NghJ ,e;jpahtpd; jiyik
ePjpgjpia mtrpak; fye;jhNyhrpf;f Ntz;Lk;
10. murpayikg;gpd; 129tJ tpjp cr;r ePjp kd;wj;jpw;F xU ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fhpa midj;J
mjpfhuq;fSk;> ePjpkd;w mtkjpg;gpw;F jz;lizaspf;Fk; mjpfhuKk; cs;sJ vd;W
mwptpf;fpd;wJ
cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahf epakpf;fg;gLtj;wF Njitahd jFjpfs;
( QUALIFICATIONS FOR THE APPOINTMENT AS A JUDGE OF THE SUPREME COURT )
1. ,e;jpa Fbkfdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

Contact & WhatsApp No: 9626538744 Page 83

2. njhlh;e;J Fiwe;jJ 5 tUl fhyj;jpw;F cah; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahfNth> mijg;Nghd; w

,U ePjpkd;wq;fspd; eP jpgjpahfNth ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;
3. Fiwe;jJ 10 tUlq;fshf cah;ePjpkd;w tof;fwpQuhf gzpahw;wpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;
4. FbauRj;jiythpd; fUj;Jg;gb Gfo;ngw;w rl;l epGzuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
5. cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahf epakpf;fg;gLk; xt;nthUtUk; gjtpapy; mkUk; Kd;
murpayikg;gpd; 3tJ ml;ltizapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s gb FbauRj;jiyth; Kd;ghf
cWjp nkhop vLj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
6. xU ePjpgjp gjtpNaw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F ve; j fhytiuaiwAk; murpay; mikg;gpy;
Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy
7. cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjp 65taJ tiu gjtpapy; ,Ug;ghh;
8. mth; 65 taij milAk; Kd;dNu FbauRj;jiythplk; jdJ uh[pdhkhit
rkh;g;gpf;fyhk;
rk;gsKk; gbfSk; ( SALARY AND ALLOWANCES )
1. ,e;jpahtpd; jiyik ePjpgjp khjr; rk;gskhf 33>000 &ghAk; kw;w ePjpgjpfs; 30>000
&ghAk; ngWthh;fs;. jw;nghOJ &.11>00>000 ( EC ) kw;w ePjpgjpfSf;F 90>000.00
2. rk;gsk; jtpu mth;fSf;F thlif ,y;yhj jq;FkplKk; kw;w nryTk; gbfSk; cz;L
3. ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F ePjpgjpfspd; rk;gsj;ijAk; nryTg;gbfisAk; xOq;FgLj;j mjpfhuk;
cz;L. Mdhy; mth;fsJ gjtpf;fhyj;jpy; ,tw;iw Fiwf;f KbahJ
4. epjp neUf;fb epiyapd; NghJ kl;Lk; ,th;fsJ rk;gsj;ijAk; gbfisAk; Fiwf;fyhk;
5. ePjpgjpfspd; rk;gsKk;> gbfSk; ,e;jpa njhFg;G epjpapd; ( Consolidated fund of India )
kPjhd nrytpdq;fshFk;
6. cr;r ePjp kd;w ePjpgjp Xa;T ngw;wgpd; ,e;jpa gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s ve;j ePjpkd;wj;jpYk;
njhopy; GhpaNth> muRf;F fPo; cs;s mjpfhhpfis vjph;j;J thjhlNth $lhJ
cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fs; ( JURISDICTION OF THE SUPREME COURT )
1. %ytof;F tprhuiz mjpfhuk; ( Original Jursidction )
2. mbg;gil chpikfis fhj;jy; ( Writ Jurisdcition ) ( article – 32)
3. Nky; tof;F tprhuiz mjpfhuk; ( Appellate Jurisdcition )
4. MNyhrid toq;Fk; mjpfhuk; ( Advisory Jurisdiction )
5. ePjpg;Gduha;T mjpfhuk; ( Revise Jurisdiction )
cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd; gjtp ePf;fk; ( REMOVAL OF THE JUDGES OF THE SUPREME
COURT )
cr;r ePjp kd;w ePjpgjp xUth; jtwhd elj;ij my;yJ jpwikapd;ikf;fhf gjtp ePf;fk;
nra;ag;glyhk;. ePjpgjpf;F vjpuhd jPh;khdk; ghuhSkd;w ,U rigfshYk; epiwNtw;wg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU rigapYk; rigapd; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspy; ghjpf;Fk; Nkyhdth; fshYk;
rigf;F te;jpUe;J thf;fspg;Nghhpy; %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F ngUk;ghd;ikapduhYk; mj;jPh; khdk;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;glNtz; Lk;. rigfspy; jPh;khdk; FbauRj;jiytiu mile;jJk; mth; ePjpgjpia
gjtp ePf;fk; nra;thh;.

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cah;ePjp kd;wq;fs;
( THE HIGH COURTS )

1. cah;ePjp kd;wk;> khepy ePjpj;Jiwapd; jiyikahFk;

2. xt;nthU khepyj;jpw;Fk; xU cah;ePjpkd;wk; ,Uf;Fk; (tpjp 214)
3. xU khepyj;jpd; eP jpj;Jiw cah;ePjp kd;wj;jpidAk; fPo; ePjpkd;wq;fisAk;
cs;slf;fpajhFk;
4. ghuhSkd;wk; rl;lj;jpd; %yk; xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l khepyq;fSf;FNkh>
A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSf; FNkh> Nrh;j;J nghJthd xU cah;ePjp kd; wj;jpid mikf;fyhk;
(tpjp 231)
5. xt;nthU cah; ePjpkd; wKk; xU gjpTr;rhd;W kd;wkhFk; ( Court of Record ) (tpjp 215)

ePjpgjpfspd; epakdk; ( APPOINTMENT OF THE JUDGES )

1. xt;nthU cah;ePjp kd;wKk; FbauRj;jiytuhy; mt; tg;NghJ epakpf;fg;gLk; jiyik
ePjpgjpiaAk;> kw;w ePjpgjpfisAk; nfhz;bUf; Fk;
2. murpay; mikg;G cr;rePjp kd;wj;ij Nghy; my;yhky;> cah;ePjp kd;wj;jpd;
ePjpgjpfSila mjpfgl;r vz;zpf;ifia eph;zapf;f tpy;iy
3. cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfisj; jtpu gpd;tUgth;fis epakpf;fTk; FbauRj; jiytUf;F
mjpfhuk; cz;L
4. cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; epYitapy; cs;s gzpfis Kbg;gjw;fhf jw;fhypfkhf 2 tUl
fhyj;jpw;F kpfhky; epakpf;fg;gLk; $Ljy; eP jpgjpfs;
5. jiyik ePjpgjpapy;yhj NtW xU ePjpgjp jw;fhypfkhf ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F tuhky;
,Ue;jhNyh my;yJ mtuJ flikfis epiwNtw;w Kbahky; ,Ue;jhNyh my;yJ
jw;fhypfkhf jiyik ePjpgjpahf nray;gLkhW epakpf;fg;gl;bUe;jhNyh> mtUf; Fg;
gjpyhf epakpf;fg;gLk; nray; ePjpgjp
6. epue;ju ePjpgjp kPz;Lk; jdJ gjtpia Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; tiu nray; ePjpgjp gjtpapy;
ePbg;ghh;
7. xU $Ljy; ePjpgjpNah my;yJ nray; ePjpgjpNah 62 taJ tiu gjtp tfpf;f KbahJ
(jw;NghJ 64 taJ)
8. cah;ePjp kd;w jiyik ePjpgjp my;yhj> NtnwhU ePjpgjpia epakpf;Fk; NghJ
FbauRj;jiyth;> ,e; jpahtpd; jiyik ePjpgjp> rk;ge;jg;gl;l khepy MSeh; kw;Wk;
rk;ge;jg;gl;l khepyj;jpd; cah;ePjpkd;w jiyik ePjpgjp MfpNahiw fye;jhNyhrpf;f
Ntz;Lk;

cah;ePjp kd;w ePjpgjpahtjw;F Njitahd jFjpfs;:

( QUALIFICATIONS FOR APPOINTMENT AS A JUDGE OF A HIGH COURT )

Contact & WhatsApp No: 9626538744 Page 85

,e;jpaf; Fbkfdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

,e;jpag; gpuNjrj;jpy; Fiwe;jJ 10 tUlq;fSf;fhtJ ePjpj;Jiw rhh;e;j gjtpapy;
,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;
Fiwe;jJ 10 tUlq;fSf;fhtJ xU cah;eP jp kd;wj;jpNyh my;yJ mijg;Nghd;w ,uz; L
my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l ePjpkd;wq;fspNyh tof;fwpQuhf gzpahw;wp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
xU cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhd;Wf;F xU ePjpgjpia khw;Wjy;
( TRANSFER OF A JUDGE FROM ONE HIGH COURT TO ANOTHER )
xU cah; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpapid mtUila mDkjp ,y;yhkNyNa FbauRj;jiyth; xU
cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpypUe; J kw;nwhd;Wf;F khw;wyhk; (tpjp 222)
,jw;F ,e;jpa jiyik ePjpgjpapid KOikahf fye;jhNyhrpf;f Ntz;Lk;
xU cah; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpf;F gzpapl khWjy; toq;FtJ njhlh;ghd midj;J
cz;ikfSk; ,e;jpahtpd; jiyik ePjpgjpf;F njhptpf;fg;gl Ntz; Lk;
,e;jpa jiyik ePjpgjpapd; fUj;jpid mbg;gilahf nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; mtuJ
fUj;J FbauRj;jiytiuf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;
cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fs; ( JURISDICTION OF THE HIGH COURT )
1. %y tof;F tprhuiz mjpfhuk; ( Original Jursidction )
2. Nky;tof;F tprhuiz mjpfhuk; ( Appellate Jurisdcition )
3. mbg;gil chpikfis fhj;jy; ( Writ Jurisdiction ) ( article -226)

cr;r ePjpkd;wk; kw;Wk; cah;ePjpkd;wq;fs; - Xh; xg;gPL

( COMPARISON BETWEEN THE SUPREME COURT AND THE HIGH COURTS )
cr;r ePjp kd;wk; cah; ePjp kd;wk;
1. cr;r ePjp kd;wk; xU $l;lhl;rp ePjp
kd;wkhFk;. ,J nly; ypapy; mike;Js;sJ.
,jd; ngQ;r;fs; kw;w ,lq;fspy;
mikf;fg;glyhk;. Mdhy; ,J tiu
mikf;fg;gltpy;iy
cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F xt;nthU
khepyj;jpYk;> A+dpad; gpuNjrj;jpYk;
,lKs;sJ. Mdhy; ,uz;L my;yJ
mjw;F Nkw;gl;l khepyq;fNsh A+dpad;
gpuNjrq;fNsh ,ize; J xU nghJthd
cah; ePjp kd;wj;ij mikf;fyhk;
2. cr;r ePjp kd;w ePjpgjpfs; FbauRj;
jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLth;
cah;ePjp kd;w ePjpgjpfSk; FbauRj;
jiytuhNyNa epakpf; fg;gLth;
3. cr; r ePjpkd; w ePjpgjpahtjw;Fj;
Njitahd jFjpfs;
cah;ePjp kd;w ePjpgjpahtjw;Fj;
Njitahd jFjpfs;
m) mth; njhlh; e;J Fiwe;jJ 5
tUlq;fSf;F cah; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahf
,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;
m) ,e;jpag; gpuNjrj; jpy; Fiwe;jJ 10
tUlq;fSf;F ePjpj;Jiw mYtyuhf
,Ue;jpUf; f Ntz;Lk;
M) njhlh;e;J Fiwe;jJ 10 tUlq;fSf;F M) xU cah; ePjpkd; w tof;fwpQuhf

Contact & WhatsApp No: 9626538744 Page 86

cah;ePjpkd;w tof;fwpQuhf ,Ue;jpUf;f

Ntz;Lk;
Fiwe;jJ 10 tUlq;fSf;F gzpahw;wp
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
,) FbauRj;jiythpd; fUj;Jg;gb Gfo;ngw;w
[Phpahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

4. cr;r ePjp kd;w ePjpgjpfs; 65 taJ

G+h;j;jpailAk; NghJ Xa;T ngWth;
cah; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs; 62 taJ
G+h;j;jpailAk; NghJ Xa;T ngWth;
5. FbauRj; jiyth; cr;rePjpkd;w jiyik
ePjpgjpiaAk; kw;w ePjpgjpfisAk; gjtp
ePf;Fk; jPh;khdj;ij ghuhSkd;wj;jpy;
epiwNtw;Wtjd; %yk; gjtpapypUe;J
ePf;fyhk;
cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F cs;s mNj
Kiwapd; %yNk cah;ePjpkd;w
jiyik ePjpgjpiaAk; kw;w
ePjpgjpfisAk; FbauRj;jiyth; gjtp
ePf;fk; nra;ayhk;
6. cr; r ePjpkd;w jiyik ePjgjp 33>000
&ghAk; kw;w ePjpgjpfs; 30>000 &ghAk;
khjr;rk;gskhf ngWfpd;wdh;. jw;nghOJ
&.1>10>000.00 kw;Wk; &.1>00>000.00
cah;ePjpkd;w jiyik ePjpgjp 30>000
&ghAk; kw;w ePjpgjpfs; 26>000 &ghAk;
khjr;rk;gskhf ngWfpd;wdh;.
jw;nghOJ &.1>00>000.00 kw;Wk;
&.90>000.00
M) njhlh;e;J Fiwe;jJ 10 tUlq;fSf;F
cah;ePjpkd;w tof;fwpQuhf ,Ue;jpUf;f
Ntz;Lk;
M) xU cah; ePjpkd; w tof;fwpQuhf
Fiwe;jJ 10 tUlq;fSf;F gzpahw;wp
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
,) FbauRj;jiythpd; fUj;Jg;gb Gfo;ngw;w
[Phpahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

7. cr; r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs; jdJ Xa;Tf;F

gpd;dh; kw;Wk; gjtpf;fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpag;
gpuNjrj;jpYs;s ve;j ePjpkd;wj;jpNyh
my;yJ mjpfhhp Kd;ghfNth thjhl
KbahJ
cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs; jdJ
gjtpf;fhyj;jpy; ve;j ePjp kd;wj;jpYk;
thjhl KbahJ. mth;fsJ Xa;Tf;F
gpd;dh; cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F fP Os;s
ePjpkd;wj;jpy; thjhl KbahJ. mjhtJ
mth;fs; kw;w cah;ePjpkd;wq;fspYk;
cr;rePjp kd;wj;jpYk; thjhlyhk;
8. cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfSf;F gjtp
,wf;fNth gzpaplkhWjNyh toq;fg;glhJ
cah;ePjp kd;w ePjpgjpfs; xU
ePjpkd;wj;jpy; ,Ue; J ,d;ndhU
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F khw;wg;glyhk;. my;yJ
cr;rePjp kd;w ePjpgjpahf gjtp cah;T
toq;fg;glyhk;
9. cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F cah;ePjp
kd;wq;fspd; KbTfis gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;
vd;w mtrpakpy;iy
cah;ePjp kd;wq;fs; cr;rePjp kd;wj;jpd;
KbTfis gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;
10. ePjpgjpfspd; rk;gsKk; nryTg;gbfSk;
,e;jpa njhFg;G epjpapd; kPjhd
ePjpgjpfspd; rk;gsKk; nryTg;gbfSk;
khepyq;fspd; njhFg;G epjpapd; kPjhd

Contact & WhatsApp No: 9626538744 Page 87

nrytpdq;fshFk; nrytpdq;fshFk;
11. murpayikg;G rhh; e;j tof;Ffspd; kPJ
cr;rePjpkd;wk; kl;LNk KbT vLf;f KbAk;
Murpayikg;ig rhh;e;j tof;Ffspy;
cah;ePjp kd;wq;fs; KbntLf;f
KbahJ.

Nyhf; mjhyj;: (Lok Adalats )

rl;lg;gzpfs; mjpfhhpfs; rl;lk; 1987-d; fPo; Nyhf; mjhyj;jpw;F rl;l
me;j];J toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; Nehf;fq;fshtd
1. eyptile;j gphptpdUf; F ePjp tq;Fjy;
2. nrytpidAk;> fhyj;ijAk; kpr;rg;gLj;j gy tof;Ffis xd;whf jPh;j;J itj;jy;
3. Nyhf; mjhyj;> khepy my;yJ khtl;l mjpfhhpfshy;> mikf; fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W
rl;lg;gzpfs; rl;lk; $Wfpd; wJ. Nyhf; mjhyj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fs; khepy my;yJ khtl;l
mikg;Gfspdhy; toq;fg;gLk;
4. Nyhf; mjhyj;jpd; rl;l mjpfhuKk; khepy my;yJ khtl;l mikg;Gfspdhy;
jPh;khdpf;fg;gLk;
5. Fw;wtpay;> r%ftpay; kw;Wk; tUtha; ePjpkd;wq;fs; my;yJ jPh; g;ghaq;fspd; mjpfhu
tuk;gpw;F fPo;tUk; midj;J tptufhuq;fSk; Nyhj; mjhyj;jpd; mjpfhuj;jpw;Fs; mlq;Fk;
6. ,U jug;gpdUk; rkhjhdk; nra;J nfhs;tjw; fhd tpz;zg;gk; mspj;jpUe;jhy; mt;tof;F
Nyhf; mjhyj;jpw;F nry;Yk;
7. Nyhf; mjhyj;jpd; KbT midj;J jug;gpdiuAk; fl;Lg;gLj;j $baJ. ,jw;F r%ftpay;
ePjpkd;wq;fspd; mjpfhuq;fs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd
8. cr;r ePjpkd;wk; kw;Wk; cah; ePjpkd;wq;fs; mt;tg; NghJ Nyhf; mjhyj;ij elj;jp
Mapuf;fzf;fhd tof;Ffis Kbj;Js;sd. 1996 mf; Nlhgh; 2-Mk; ehs; Nyhf;
mjhyj;jpfspd; %ykhf 1 kpy;ypad; tof;Ffis Kbf;Fk; jpl;lk; Njrpa mstpy;
,aw;wg;gl;lJ
9. ehl;by; cs;s midj; J ePjpkd;wq;fspYk; 25 yl;rk; tof;Ffs; epYitapy; cs;sd
gpur;rpidfis jPh;g;gjw;F Nyhf; mjhyj; xU Kf;fpakhd khw;W KiwahFk;

kj;jpa eph;thf jPh;g;ghak;: ( Central Administrative Tribunals )

1. ,J ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; eph;thf jPh;g;ghaq;fs; rl;lk; (1985) d; gb 1985Mk; Mz;L
mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J xU rl;l mikg;ghFk;.
2. ,J Copah;fspd; Njh;T kw;Wk; midj;J gzpfs; njhlh; ghd gpur;rpidfis
ifahs;fpwJ
3. ,jd; Nehf;fk; r%fg;gzpahsh;fSf;F Fiwe;j nrytpy; tpiutpy; ePjp toq;FjyhFk;
4. ,J xU jiytiuAk; 16 Jizj;jiyth;fisAk; kw;Wk; 49 cWg; gpdh;fisAk; nfhz;l
gy cWg;gpdh; mikg;ghFk;
5. jiytUk;> Jizj;jiytUk; 65 taJ my; yJ 5 tUlq;fs; ,uz;by; vJ Kd;djhf
epiwtilANkh mjd; NghJ Xa;T ngWth;
6. mth;fis kPz;Lk; gjtpapy; mkh;j;j KbahJ

Contact & WhatsApp No: 9626538744 Page 88

7. mth;fis FbauRj; jiyth; epakpg;ghh;

8. mth;fs; eph; thfk; kw;Wk; rl;lk; Mfpa ,uz;L Jiwfspy; ,Ue;Jk; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLtH;
9. Fw;wtpay; eilKiwr;rl;lk; (1908) ,th;fis fl;Lg;gLj;jhJ
mfpy ,e;jpag; gzpfs;> kj;jpag; gzpfsk; kw;Wk;
cah;ePjp kd;wq;fs;: ,lq;fSk;> mjpfhuq;fSk;
(THE HIGH COURTS: SEATS AND JURISDICTION)
ngah;
mikf;fg;gl;l
tUlk;
mjpfhuj;jpw;Fl;l
gFjpfs;
,lk;
myfhghj; 1866 cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; myfhghj;
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; 1954 Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; i`juhghj;
Kk;ig 1862 kfhuh\;buk; jhjh;
ehfh; `Ntyp> Nfhth>
lhkd;> ilA+
Kk;ig (ehf;G+h;> ghQ;rp>
xsuq;fhghj; Mfpa
,lq;fspy; ngQ;r;
nly;yp 1966 nly;yp nly;yp
fTfhj;jp 1948 m];]hk;> kzpg;G+h;>
Nkfhyah> ehfhyhe; J>
jphpGuh> kpNrhuhk;>
mUzhr;ry gpuNjrk;
fTfhj;jp (Nfh`pkh>
,k;ghy;> mfh;jyh &
\py;yhq;fpy; ngQ;r;fs;)
F[uhj; 1960 F[uhj; m`kjhghj;
,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk; 1966 ,khryg;gpuNjrk; rpk;yh
[k;K fh\;kPh; 1928 [k;Kfh\;kPh; =efh; kw;Wk; [k;K
fh;ehlfh 1884 fh;ehlfh ngq;fSh;
Nfush 1958 Nfush> yl;rj;jPTfs; vh;zhFsk;
kj;jpag; gpuNjrk; 1956 kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; [gy;G+h; (ngQ;r; ,e;J}h;>
Fthypah;)
nkl;uh]; 1862 jkpo;ehL> ghz;br;Nrhp nkl;uh];> kJiu
Xhp];]h 1948 Xhp];]h fl;lhf;
ghl;dh 1916 gPfhh; Ghl;dh (ngQ;r; uhQ;rp)
gQ;rhg; &
mhpahdh
1975 gQ;rhg;> mhpahdh>
rz;bfh;
rz;bfh;
uh[];jhd; 1949 uh[];jhd; N[hj;G+h; (ngQ;r; n[a;G+h;)
rpf;fpk; 1975 rpf;fpk; fh];lhf;
rl;b];fh; 2000 rl;b];fh; gpyh];g+h;
cj;juhQ;ry; 2000 cj;juhQ;ry; iedplhy;
[hh;fz;l; 2000 [hh;fz;l; uhQ;rp
fy;fj;jh Nkw;F tq;fhsk;>
me;jkhd; epf;Nfhghh;
jPTfs;
fy;fj;jh

Contact & WhatsApp No: 9626538744 Page 89

,e;jpa jiyik ePjpgjpfs;: ( CHIEF JUSTICES OF INDIA )

1.
`Puhyhy; J . fhdpah
[dthp 26>
1950
etk;gh; 6> 1951
2. gjhQ;ryp rh];jphp etk;gh; 7> 1951 [dthp 3> 1954
3. nk`h; re;j;
kf[hd;
[dthp 4> 1954 brk;gh; 22> 1954
4.
B. K. Kfh;[p
brk;gh; 23>
1954
[dthp 3> 1956
5.
S. R . jh];
gpg;uthp 1> 1956
nrg;lk;gh; 3>
1959
6.
B. P . rpd;`h
mf;Nlhgh; 1>
1959
[dthp 31> 1964
7.
P. B . fN[e;jpu
fl;fhh;
gpg;uthp 1> 1964 khh;r; 15> 1966
8.
A. K . rh;f;fhh;
khh;r; 16> 1966 [_d; 29> 1966

9.
K . Rg;Guht;
[Pd; 30> 1966 Vg;uy; 11> 1967
10.
K. N . thQ;R
Vg;uy; 12> 1967 gpg;uthp 24> 1968
11.
M . ,jaj;Jy;yh
gpg;uthp 25> 1968 brk;gh; 16> 1970
12.
J. C . \h
brk;gh; 17> 1970 [dthp 21> 1971
13.
S. M . rpf;fphp
[dthp 28> 1971 Vg;uy; 25> 1973
14.
A. N . Nu
Vg;uy; 26> 1973 [dthp 27> 1977
15.
M. K . Nu
[dthp 28> 1977 gpg;uthp 21> 1978
16.
Y. V . re;jpu #l;
gpg;uthp 22> 1978 [_iy 11> 1985
17.
B. N . gftjp
[Piy 12> 1985 brk;gh; 21> 1986
18.
R. S . gjf;
brk;gh; 21> 1986 [Pd; 18> 1989
19.
E. S .
ntq;fl;uhikah
[Pd; 19> 1989 brk;gh; 18> 1989
20. rt;arhr; rp Kfh;[p brk;gh; 18> 1989 nrg;lk;gh; 25> 1990
121.
uq;fehj; kp];uh
nrg;lk;gh; 26>
1990
etk;gh; 24> 1991
22.
K. N . rpq;
etk;gh; 26> 1991 brk;gh; 12> 1989

Contact & WhatsApp No: 9626538744 Page 90

23.
M. M . fhdpah
brk;gh; 12> 1991 etk;gh; 18> 1992
24. yypj; Nkhfd;
rh;kh
etk;gh; 18> 1992 gpg;uthp 11> 1993
25.
M. N .
ntq;flrhya;ah
gpg;uthp 12> 1993 mf;Nlhgh; 24> 1994
26.
A. M . mfkjp
mf;Nlhgh; 25>
1994
khh;r; 24> 1997
27.
J. S . th;kh
khh;r; 25> 1997 [dthp 17> 1998
28.
A. M . G+Q;r;
[dthp 18> 1998 mf;Nlhgh; 9> 1998
29.
S. S . Mde;j;
mf;Nlhgh; 10>
1998
mf;Nlhgh; 31> 2001
30
S. P. gh&f;
etk;gh; 1> 2001 Nk 5> 2002
31.
P. N . fph;gh];
Nk 6> 2002 brk;gh; 19> 2002
32.
V. N . fNu
brk;gh; 19> 2002 gpg;uthp 2> 2004
33.
S . uhN[e;jpughG
gpg;uthp 2> 2004 gpg;uthp 31> 2004
34.
R. C . yNfhjp

35.
Y. K . rgh;ghy;
2004 2007
36. ghyfpU\;zd; 2007 2010
37.
fghbah S. H .
2010 njhlh;fpwhh;

Contact & WhatsApp No: 9626538744 Page 91

neUf;fb epiy tpjpfs;

( EMERGENCY PROVISIONS )
1. kj;jpa eph; thfj;jplk; Ftpe;Js;s neUf;fb epiy mjpfhuq;fs; ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd;
Kjd;ikahd ,ay;GfSs; xd;W
2. $l;lhl;rp murpay; mjpfhuq;fs; gphpj;J toq;fg;gl;Ls;sjhy; ,J nghJthf xU
typikapoe;j murhf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ
3. epr;rakw;w #o;epiyfis rkhspg;gjw;fhf ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;G kj;jpa murplk;
cs;s neUf;fb epiy mjpfhuq;fspd; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ
4. FbauRj;jiytUf;F 3 tifahd neUf;fb epiyfis gpufldg;gLj;j mjpfhuk; cs;sJ
1. ,e;jpahtpd; ghJfhg; Gf;F Nghh; my;yJ may;ehl; lthpd; jhf;Fjy; my;yJ
MAjNke;jpa Nghuhl; lj;;jpdhy; tUk; mghaj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; (tpjp 352) (Njrpa
neUf;fb epiy)
2. khepy murpd; Njhy; tpapd; mbg;gilapy; (khepy neUf;fb epiy)
3. epjp neUf;fb epiy (tpjp 360)
5. murpay; mikg;gpy; $wg;gl;Ls;s mtru epiy gpufldk; vd;gJ tpjp 352d; fPo; Kjy;
tifahd Njrpa neUf;fb epiy gpufldj;ij Fwpf;Fk;
6. tpjp 356d; fPohd 2tJ tif neUf;fb epi FbauRj;jiythpd; Ml;rp vd;W gpugykhf
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ
7. tpjp 360d; fPohd neUf;fb epiy epjp neUf; fb epiy vd;W miof;fg;gLk;

Njrpa neUf;fb epiy gpufldk; (tpjp 352) ( National Emergency (Article 352)
1. ,e;jpah my;yJ ,e;jpahtpd; xU gFjpapd; ghJfhg;Gf;F Nghh; my; yJ may; ehl;lthpd;
jhf;Fjy; my;yJ MajNke;jpa Nghuhl; lj;jpdhy; mghak; Vw;glf;$ba epiyik
cUthfpwJ vd;W FbauRj; jiyth; njspthf mwpe;jhy; ,e; jpah KOikf;FNkh
my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;l me; j xU gFjpf;F kl;LNkh mtru epiy gpufldk; nra;ayhk;
2. cz;ikapNyNa mg;gb xU mghak; Vw;gLtjw;F Kd;dNu $l mj;jifa mghak;
Vw;glg;Nghtjhf FbauRj; jiyth; KOikahf czh;e;jhy; mth; mtru epiyia
gpufldk; nra;ayhk;
3. mj;jifa mtru epiy gpufldj;ij FbauRj;jiyth; khw;wNth jpUk;gg;ngwNth ,aYk;
4. mikr;ruit jdJ MNyhridia vOj;J tbtpy; FbauRj; jiytUf;F toq;fpdhy;
kl;LNk mth; mtru epiyia gpufldk; nra;aNth my;yJ mjid khw;wNth ,aYk;
5. tpjp 352d; fPo; FbauRj;jiytuhy; ntspaplg;gl;l neUf;fb epiy gpufldk;
ePjpg;Gduha;Tf; F cl;gl;lJ
6. Vw;fdNt ntspaplg;gl; l gpufldj;ij jpUk;gg;ngWk; gpufldj;ij jtpu tpjp 352d; fPo;
ntspaplg;gLk; midj;J gpufldq;fSk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfspd; Kd;Dk;
rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl;L rigf;F te;jpUe;J Xl; lspf; Fk; cWg;gpdh;fspy; 2 / 3 gq;F ngUk;ghd;ik
ngw;W xU khj fhyj;jpw;Fs; epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;

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7. ghuhSkd;w rigfspd; xg;Gjiy ngwtpy;iynad;why; mtruepiy gpufldk;

nrayw;Wg;NghFk;
8. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; xg;Gjiy ngw;why; neUf;fb epiy ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; xg;Gjiyg; ngw;w
ehspypUe;J 6 khj fhyj;jpw;F mkypy; ,Uf; Fk;
9. kf;fsit neUf;fb epiy gpufldj;ijNah my;yJ mjd; njhlh;r; rpiaNah epuhfhpj;jhy;
FbauRj;jiyth; mg;gpufldj;ij jpUk;gg; ngwNtz;Lk;
10. kf;fsit cWg;gpdh;fspy; gj;jpy; xU gq;F Ngh; mtru epiy gpufldj;ij epuhfhpf;Fk;
jPh;khdj;ij $l;lj;njhlh; eilngwhj NghJ FbauRj;jiythplNkh my;yJ $l;lj;njhlh;
eilngWk; NghJ rghehafhplNkh mspj;jhy; mj;jPh;khdj;ij ghprPyid nra;tjw;fhf ,U
rigfspd; ,izg;G $l;lk; 14 ehl;fSf;Fs; eilngWk;
11. murpayikg;G (44tJ jpUj;jk;) rl;lk; 1978> 352tJ tpjpf;F gy ghJfhg;G mk;rq;fis
toq;fpAs;sJ. mitahtd
12. 44tJ murpayikg;G jpUj;jr;rl;lk; 1978f;F Kd; FbauRj;jiyth; Nghh; my;yJ
ntspehl; lthpd; jhf;Fjy; my;yJ cs;ehl; L fpsh;r;rpfs; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;
FbauRj;jiyth; neUf;fb epiyia gpufldk; nra;ayhk;. Mdhy; cs;ehl;L fpsh;r;rp
vd;gJ njsptw;w xU thh;j;ijahfTk; eph; thfj;jpdhy; jtwhf gad;gLj;jf;$bajhfTk;
,Ue;jJ. vdNt cs; ehl; L fpsh;r;rp vd;gjw;F gjpyhf MAjNke;jpa Nghuhl;lk; vd;w
nrhy;iy ,r;rl;lk; mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ
13. Kd;G 1978y; epfo;e;jijg;Nghy; mtru epiyg;gpufldj;ij FbauRj;jiyth; gpujkhpd;
tha;nkhop MNyhridapd; NghpNyNa ntspaplyhk;. Mdhy; ,g; NghJ KO Nfgpdl; bd;
xg;GjYk; mtrpak;. NkYk; mJ vOj;J tbtpy; FbauRj;jiytUf;F mspf;fg;glNtz;Lk;
14. ,r;rl;lj;jpw;F Kd; neUf;fb epiy gpufldk; ntspaplg;gl;l ehspypUe;J 2
khjq;fSf;Fs; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; xg;Gjiy ngw Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; jw;NghJ xU
khjj;jpw;Fs; xg;Gjiy ngw Ntz;Lk;. Kd;G xUKiw xg;Gjy; toq;fg;gl;lhy; mJfhy
tiuapd;wp mkypy; ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy; jw;NghJ 6 khjj;jpw;F kl;LNk mkypy; ,Uf;Fk;.
Kd;G ,jw;fhd xg;GjYf;F rhjhuz ngUk;ghd;ik Njit Mdhy; jw;NghJ rpwg;G
ngUk;ghd;ik mtrpak;.
15. Kd;G xg;Gjy; toq;fg;gl;l neUf;fb epiy gpufldj;jpd; kPJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F ve;jtpj
fl;Lg;ghLk; ,y;iy. Mdhy; jw;NghJ ,jid epuhfhpg;gJ njhlh;ghf ghprPyid nra;a
,U mitfspd; ,izg;Gf; $l;lj;jpid $l;l ,aYk;
16. ,r;rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gLtjw;F Kd; tpjp 358d; fPo; neUf;fb epiy Nghh; my;yJ
ntspehl; lthpd; jhf;Fjy; my;yJ cs;ehl;L fpsh;r;rpfspd; mbg;gilapy;
gpufldg;gLj;jg;gLk; NghJ tpjp 19d; fPo; cs;s mbg;gil chpikfs; jhdhf nrayw;W
NghFk;. Mdhy; jw;NghJ Nghh; my;yJ ntspehl; lthpd; jhf;Fjypd; mbg;gilapy;
neUf;fb epiy gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;lhy; kl;LNk mbg;gil chpikfs; nrayw;W NghFk;.
MajNke;jpa Nghuhl;lj;jpd; kPJ neUf;fb epiy gpufldg;gLj;jg;gLk;NghJ mbg;gil
chpikfs; nrayw;W NghfhJ

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17. ,r;rl;lj;jpw;F Kd; neUf;fb epiy mkypy; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ midj;J my;yJ VNjDk;
xU mbg;gil chpikfs; nrayw;W NghFk;. Mdhy; ,r;rl;lj;jpw;F gpd; neUf;fb
epiyapd; NghJ $l tpjp 20 kw;Wk; 21d; fPohd chpikfs; mkypy; ,Uf;Fk;
neUf;fb epiy gpufldj;jpd; tpisTfs; ( Effects of the Proclamation of Emergency )
xU KOikahd xd;Wgl;l murhq;fj;jpd; Njhw;wNk mtru epiy gpufldj;jpd;
tpisthFk;. ,tw;iw 3 tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
1. eph;thf tpisTfs;: ( Executive )
neUf;fb epiy mkypy; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ khepy muRfspd; eph;thf mjpfhuq;fis
vt;tifapy; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W FbauRj;jiyth; khepy muRfSf;F cj;juTfs;
gpwg;gpf;fyhk;
rhjhuz Neuq;fspy; FbauRj;jiyth; jfty; njhlh;G guhkhpg;G uapy;Ntapd; ghJfhg;G
Nghd;w tptfhuq;fspd; kPJ kl;LNk khepy muRfSf;F cj;juTfis gpwg;gpf;fKbAk;
Mdhy; neUf;fb epiy Neuj;jpy; midj;J tptfhuq;fspd; kP Jk; FbauRj;jiyth; khepy
muRfSf;F cj;juTfis gpwg;gpf;fyhk;. vdNt eph;thfk; vd;gJ xU xd;Wgl; l
Kiwahf khw;wg;gLk;
2. rl;l tpisTfs;: ( Legislative )
neUf;fb epiy mkypy; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ khepy muRfSf;fhd gl;baypy; ,Uf;Fk;
tptfhuq;fspd; kPJ $l ghuhSkd;wk; rl;lq;fis ,aw;w KbAk;
neUf;fb epiyapd; NghJ khepy rl;lrigfs; fiyf;fg;glhJ. Mdhy; kj;jpa khepy
muRfspilNa gfph;e;jspf;fg;gl;Ls;s rl;l mjpfhuq;fs; epWj;jp itf;fg;gLk;
 neUf;fb epiy mkypy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ ghuhSkd;wk; kf;fsitapd; Mal;fhyj;ij 5
tUlq;fSf;Fk; Nky; xU jlitapy; Xuhz;bw;F kpfhky; ePl;bf;f KbAk;. Mdhy; ve;j
epiyapYk; xU jlitapy; 6 khj fhyj;jpw;Fk; Nky; neUf;fb epiy mkypy; ,Ug;gij
ePl;bf;f KbahJ
,Nj Kiwapy; khepy rl;lrigfspd; gjtpf;fhyj;ijAk; ghuhSkd;wk; rl;lj;jpd; %yk;
ePl;bf;fyhk;
3. epjp tpisTfs;: ( Financial )
neUf;fb epiy mkypy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRf;fSf;fpilNa epjp
Mjhuq;fis gfph;e;jspg;gJ njhlh;ghd murpayikg;gpd; tpjpfis FbauRj; jiyth;
khw;wp mikf;fyhk;
FbauRj;jiythpd; mj;jifa cj; juT neUf;fb epiy mkypy; ,Ue;j epjpahz;bw;F
Nky; mkypy; ,Uf;f KbahJ
FbauRj; jiythpd; cj;juT ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; xg;gjYf;Fl;gl;lJ
mbg;gil chpikfspd; kPJ neUf;fb epiy Vw;gLj;Jk; tpisTfs;:
( Effects of the Proclamation of Emergency on the Fundamental Rights )
tpjp 358 Nghh; my;yJ ntspehl;lthpd; jhf;Fjy; (MAjNke;jpa Nghuhl;lk; jtpu)
Mfpatw;wpd; kPJ neUf;fb epiy gpufldk; nra;ag;gl;lTld; tpjp 19-d; fPo; $wg;gl;Ls;s
6 mbg;gil chpikfSk; jhdhfNt nrayw;Wg;NghFk; vd;W $Wfpd;wJ

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tpjp 19My; tpjpf;fg;gl; l tiuKiwfspy; ,Ue;J khepy muR tpLgl; ljhFk;

tpjp 19-d; fPo;; $wg;gl; l chpikfis mkyhf;Ftjw;fhf Fbkf;fs; ePjpkd;wq;fis mZf
KbahJ
tpjp 359d; fPo; Nghh; my;yJ ntspehl;lthpd; jhf;Fjy; my;yJ MAjNke;jpa
Nghuhl;lj;jpd; Nky; neUf;fb epiy gpufldk; nra;ag;gLk;NghJ FbauRj;jiyth; jdJ
cj;jutpd; %yk; kw;w mbg;gil chpikfspy; vijNaDk; nraypof;f nra;ayhk;
Njrpa neUf;fb epiy mkypy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ $l epjp 20 kw;Wk; 21-d; fPo; cs; s
mbg;gil chpikfis epWj;jp itf;f KbahJ
Fwpg;G: tpjp 359-d; fPo; mbg;gil chpikfspd; nray;ghL kl;LNk epWj;jp itf;fg;gLk;.
mbg;gil chpikfisNa epWj;jp itf;f KbahJ. Mdhy; tpjp 358-d; fPo; tpjp 19 KOtJk;
nray; ,oe;J tpLk;.
khepy muR Njhy;tp gw;wpa gpufldk;: ( State Emergency 356)
356-tJ tpjpapd;gb murhq;fj;ij elj;j ,ayhj epiy xU khepyj;jpy; cUthfp
,Uf;fpd;wJ vd;W me;j khepy MSehpd; mwpf;if %yk; my;yJ Ntnwe;j tpjkhf
NtZk; mwpfpd;w FbauRj;jiyth; khepy muR Njhy;tp gpufldj;ij nfhz;L tuyhk;.
,jd; tpisTfshtd:
1. FbauRj;jiytNu khepy murpd; mjpfhuq;fis Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhh;
2. khepy rl;lrigapd; mjpfhuq;fs; kj;jpa ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F nrd;W tpl;ljhf
FbauRj;jiyth; mwptpg;ghh;
Mdhy; FbauRj;jiyth; khepy cah;ePjp kd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fis Vw;Wf;nfhs;sNth
khepy ePjpkd;wj;jpDld; njhlh;Gila murpayikg;G tpjpfis jpUj;jNth ,ayhJ
khepyj;jpw;F rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; mjpfhuj;ij FbauRj;jiytUf;F ghuhSkd;wk; toq;Fk;.
,t;tjpfhuj;ij jhd; tpUk;Gk; egh;fSf;F mspf;fTk; FbauRj;jiytUf;F mjpfhuk;
cz;L
,e;jpag; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; epYitapYs;s ,e;jpa njhFg; G epjpapd; kPjhd
nrytpdq;fSf;F xg;Gjy; toq;fTk; FbauRj;jiytUf;F mjpfhuk; mspf;fg;gLk;

Fwpg;G: tpjp 356-d; fPo; FbauRj;jiyth; MSehpd; mwpf;if my;yJ NtW vjd; kPJk;
nray;glyhk;. mjhtJ FbauRj;jiyth; MSehpd; mwpf;if ,y;yhkYk; nray;glKbAk;.
1. tpjp 356d; fPohd gpufldk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfspd; Kd;Gk; rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;
2. ,g;gpufldk; ,uz;L khjq;fSf;Fs; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfspd; xg;Gjiy
ngwj;jtwpdhy; nrayw;Wg;NghFk;
3. Xg;Gjy; toq;fg;gl;l mtru epiy gpufldk; FbauRj;jiytuhy; jpUk;gg;ngwg; gl;lhyd;wp
gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;l ehspypUe;J 6 khj fhyj;jpw;F mkypy; ,Uf;Fk;
4. ,g;gpufldj;jpw;F ghuhSkd;wk; NkYk; 6 khj fhyj;jpw;F xg;Gjy; toq;fyhk;

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5. vdNt tpjp 356d; fPohd neUf;fb epiy gpufldk; mjpfgl;rkhf njhlh;e;J xU

tUlfhyj;jpw;F mkypy; ,Uf;f KbAk;. MdhYk; ,g;gpufldk; ntspaplg;gl;l ehspypUe; J
3 tUlq;fSf;F kpfhky; ,jid ghuhSkd;wk; ePl;bf;fyhk;
6. tpjp 352d; fPohd neUf;fb epiy gpufldk; ntspaplg;gl;l ehspy; ,Ue;J ,e;jpah
KOikf;FNkh my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;l xU gFjpf;F kl;LNkh mkypy; ,Uf;Fk;
7. Fwpg;gpl;l khepyj;jpd; rl;lrigf;F Njh;jy; elj;Jtjpy; gpur; rpidfs; ,Ue;jhy;
mk;khepyj;jpy; neUf;fb epiy xU tUlj;jpw;Fk; Nky; njhlu Ntz;Lk; vd;W Njh;jy;
Mizak; rhd;wpjo; mspf;Fk;
epjp neUf;fb epiy (tpjp 360): ( Financial Emergency )
1. 360tJ tpjpapd;gb ,e;jpahtpd; my;yJ mjd; VjhtJ xU gFjpapd; epjpepiyapd;
];jpuj;jd;ikf;F my; yJ ,e;jpahtpd; ehzaj;jpw;F Mgj;J Vw;glf;$ba #o;epiy
cUthfpAs;sJ vd;W FbauRj;jiyth; czh;e;jhy; mth; epjp neUf;fb epiyia
gpufldk; nra;ayhk;
2. ehl;by; epjp neUf;fb gpufldk; mkypy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ epjp t#iyg; gw;wpAk; murhq;f
nryTfisg; gw;wpAk; tpjpKiwfis filg;gpbf;Fk; gb kj;jpa muR khepyq;fSf;F
fl;lisaplyhk;. ,e;j cj;juTfs; gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;fpapUf; Fk;
1. kj;jpa my;yJ khepy muR Copah;fspd; rk;gsq;fSk; gbfSk; Fiwf;fg;gl;l
Ntz;Lk; vd;w cj;juT
2. khepy rl;lrigfshy; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; gz kw;Wk; epjp kNrhjhf;fis
FbauRj;jiythpd; Nkw;ghh;itf;F mDg;gp itf;FkhW khepyq;fSf;F fl;lisapLjy;
3. 360tJ tpjpapd; fPohd ,g;gpufldk; 2 khjj;jpw;Fs; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl
Ntz;Lk;
4. xUKiw ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; xg;Gjy; toq;fg;gl;lhy; kPz;Lk; FbauRj;jiyth;
,g;gpufldj;ij jpUk;gg; ngWk; tiu mkypy; ,Uf;Fk;
5. 360tJ tpjpapd; fPo; ,Jtiu neUf;fb epiy gpufldg;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy

tpjp 355> 356 kw;Wk; 365f;F ,ilNaahd njhlh;G

( RELATION BETWEEN ARTICLES 355, 356 AND 365 )

tpjp 355:
khepyq;fis ntspehl; lthpd; jhf;Fjy; kw;Wk; cs;ehl;L fpsh;r; rpfspy; ,Ue;J fhf;Fk;
kj;jpa murpd; flik. khepyq;fis ntspehl;lthpd; jhf;Fjy;fspy; ,Ue;Jk; cs;ehl;L
fpsh;r;rpfspypUe; J fhg;ghw;WtJk; murpayikg;Gg;gb khepyq;fspy; murhq;fk; eilngWtij
cWjp nra;tJk; kj;jpa murpd; flikahFk;
tpjp 356:
khepy murpd; Njhy; tp gw;wpa tpjpfs; murhq;fj;ij elj;j ,ayhj epiy xU
khepyj;jpy; cUthfp ,Uf;fpd;wJ vd;W me;j khepy MSehpd; mwpf;if %yk; my;yJ
Ntnwe;j tpjkhf NtDk; mwpfpd;w FbauRj;jiyth; khepy muRj;Njhy;tp gpufldj;ij nfhz;L
tuyhk;. ,jd; %yk; khepy murpd; mjpfhuq;fis FbauRj;jiytNu Vw;Wf;nfhs;thh;

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tpjp 365:
 kj;jpa murpd; cj;juTfis filgpbf;f jtWjy; kj;jpa muR jdJ eph;thf
mjpfhuj;jpd;gb ntspapl;l ve;j cj;juitNaDk; khepy muR gpd;gw;w jtwpdhy;
FbauRj;jiyth; mk;khepyj;jpy; murpayikg;gpd;gb murhq;fk; elj; j ,ayhj #o;epiy Vw;gl;L
,Ug;gjhf fUjyhk;

7-tJ murpayikg;G jpUj;jr; rl;lk; 1956d; %yk; A, B > kw;Wk; C vd;w khepyq;fspd;
tiffSk; gphpT D- d; fPo; tifg;gLj;jg;gl;l A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSk; ePf;fg;gl;ld. NkYk;
,e;jpah KOikAkhf khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs; vd;W tifg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

Khepyq;fs; my;yJ khfhzq;fs; vd;git kj;jpa muRld; $l; lhl;rp cwT nfhz;l
murpayikg;G myFfshFk;. Murpayikg;gpd; tpjp 1d; gb ghujkhfpa ,e;jpah
khepyq;fspd; If;fpakhFk;
gpd;tUk; mbg;gilapy; A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspd; me;j];J khepyq;fspd; me;j];jpy; ,Ue; J
NtWgLfpd;wJ
1. mit murpayikg;gpd; $l;lhl;rp fl;likg; gpd; gFjpfsy;y. vdNt mit mjpfhu
gq;fPl;by; gq;Nfw;gjpy;iy
2. mit FbauRj;jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLk;. LT MSeh;fs; my;yJ jiyik
Mizah;fs; %ykhf Neubahf kj;jpa murhy; eph;tfpf;fg;gLk;
jw;NghJ 7 A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs; cs;sd. me; jkhd; epf;Nfhghh; jPTfs;> rz;bfh;> nly;yp>
lhkd; kw;Wk; ilA> jhjh; ehfh; `Ntyp> yl;rj;jPTfs; kw;Wk; ghz;br;Nrhp
A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspd; eph;thfk;: ( Administration of the Union Territories (UTs )
A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspd; eph;thfk;> mjd; Lt MSeh; my;yJ jiyik Mizaiu
epakpf;Fk; FbauRj;jiythpd; Neubf;fl;Lg;ghl; bd; fPNoNa ,Uf; Fk;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F gpd;tUk; mjpfhuq;fs; cs;sd
jdJ nrhe;j rl;lrigfis cila nly;yp kw;Wk; ghz;br;Nrhp Mfpatw;iw jtpu kw;w
A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSf; F rl;lq;fs; ,aw;wyhk;
xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSf;F xU cah; ePjpkd;wj;ij
mikf;fNth> my;yJ mtw;Wf;F mUfpy; cs;s cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F me;j A+dpad;
gpuNjrq;fspd; Nky; mjpfhuk; cz;L vd;W mwptpf;fNth ,aYk;
A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspNyNa nly;ypf;F kl;LNk mjd; nrhe;j cah;ePjpkd;wk; cs;sJ. kw;w
A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSk; mjd; cah;ePjp kd;wq;fSk; gpd;tUkhW

A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs;
( UNION TERRITORIES )

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me;jkhd; epf;Nfhghh; jPTfs; nfhy;fj;jh cah;ePjpkd;wk;

rz;bfh; gQ;rhg; kw;Wk; mhpahd cah;ePjpkd; wk;
jhjh; ehfh; `Ntyp Kk;ig cah;ePjpkd;wk;
yl;rj;jPTfs; Nfush cah;ePjpkd;wk;
ghz;br;Nrhp nrd;id cah;ePjpkd;wk;

nly;yp kw;Wk; ghz;br;Nrhp Mfpatw;iw jtpu kw;w A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspd; mikjp

tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; ey;yurpw;fhf tpjp KiwfisAk; fl;Lg;ghLfisAk; tFf;fyhk;
ghz;br;Nrhpapd; rl;lrig $l;lj;njhlh; eilngwhj NghJ FbauRj;jiyth;
tpjpKiwfisAk; fl;Lg;ghLfisAk; tFf;fyhk;
A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspy; [dehaf fl; likg;ig rl;lj;jpd; %yk; mikf;f
FbauRj;jiytUf;F mjpfhuk; cz;L
[k;K fh\;kPhpd; rpwg;G me;j];J: ( Special Status of Jammu & Kashmir) (Artcile 370 )
1947-Mk; Mz;L Rje; jpuj;jpd; NghJ [k;K fh\;kPh; khepyk; ,e;jpahtpNyh> my;yJ
ghfp];jhdpNyh Nru Ntz;lhk; vd;W KbntLf;fg;gl;lJ
,jw;fpilapy; [k;K fh\;kPhpd; kfhuh[h ,e;jpahTld; ,izAk; cld;gbf;ifapy;
ifnaOj;jpl;lhh;. Mdhy; jd;dhl;rpf; fhd rpy rYiffSk; toq;fg;gl;ld
,k;khepyj;jpd; rpwg;G me;j];J murpay; mikg;gpd; tpjp 370-y; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,r;rpwg;G
me;j];jpd; Kf;fpa ,ay;Gfshtd:
1. ,k;khepyj;jpw;nfd jdpahd murpayikg;G cs;sJ. NkYk; ,k;khepyj;jpy; ,ul;il
FbAhpik nfhs;ifAk; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wJ
2. kw;w khepyq;fisg;Nghy; my;yhky; kPjKs;s mjpfhuq;fs; [k;K fh\;kPh; khepyj;jpd;
rl;lrigaplNk ,Uf;Fk;. (ghuhSkd;wj;jplk; my;y)
3. Nghh; my;yJ ntspehl;lthpd; jhf;Fjypd; kPJ Njrpa neUf;fb epiyia gpufldk;
nra;Ak;NghJ kl;LNk mJ [k;K fh\;kPUf;Fk; nghUe; Jk;. Mdhy; MAjNke;jpa
Nghuhl;lj;jpd; kPjhd Njrpa neUf;fb epiy [k;K fh\;kPUf;F nghUe;jhJ
mk;khepyj;jpd; Kjyikr;riu fye;jhNyhrpj;j gpd;dNu mjd; MSeiu epakpf;f KbAk;
ve;j #o;epiyapYk; [k;K fh\;kPhpd; khepyg; gl;baypy; (7tJ ml;ltiz) $wg;gl;Ls;s
tptufhuq;fspd; kPJ ghuhSkd;wk; rl;lq;fis ,aw;w KbahJ
epjp neUf;fb gpufldj;ij (tpjp 360) ,k;khepyj;jpy; mkyhf;f KbahJ
FbauRj;jiythpd; Ml;rpia jtpu MSehpd; Ml;rpiaAk; ,k;khepyj;jpy; mjpfgl;rkhf 6
khj fhyj;jpw;F nfhz;L tu KbAk;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; jLg;Gf;fhty; rl;lq;fs; (tpjp 22) ,k;khepyj;jpw; F nghUe;jhJ
khepy rl;lrigapd; xg;Gjy; ,y;yhky; ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy; ,k;khepyj;jpd; ngah;> vy;iy
kw;Wk; gug;G Mfpatw;iw khw;w KbahJ
tpjpfs; 19 (1) ( f ) kw;Wk; 31 (2) Mfpait ,k;khepyj;jpy; eP f;fg;gltpy;iy. vdNt
,k;khepy kf;fSf;F nrhj;Jhpik ,d;Dk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

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epjpf;FO
( FINANCE COMMISSION )

1. tpjp 280-d; fPo; epjpf;FOtpid mikf;fyhk;

2. ,J Xustpw;F rl;l mikg;ghf fUjg;gLk;
3. ,jid ,e;jpa FbauRj;jiyth; 5 Mz;LfSf;nfhUKiwNah my;yJ Njit vd;W
mth; fUJk; NghNjh mikf;fyhk;
4. ,f;FO FbauRj;jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLk; jiytiuAk; 4 cWg; gpdh;fisAk;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;
5. mth;fis kPz;Lk; gjtpapy; epakpf;fyhk;
6. ,f;FOtpd; jiyth; kw;Wk; cWg;gpdh;fspd; jFjpfisf; Fwpg;gpLk; epjpf;For;rl; lk; 1951-
I ghuhSkd;wk; ,aw;wpaJ
7. ,jd; jiyth; nghJ tptufhuq;fspy; mDgtk; nfhz;ltuhf ,Uf; f Ntz;Lk;
8. gpd; tUgth;fSs; ,Ue;J ,f;FOtpd; cWg;gpdh;fs; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
1. cr;rePjp kd;wj;jpy; ePjpgjpahf ,Ug;gth; (m) mg;gjtpapy; epakpf;fg;gl;l jFjpAila
xUth;
2. epjp kw;Wk; murhq;f fzf;Ffspy; rpwg;G mwpT ngw;wth;
3. epjp tptufhuq;fspYk;> eph;thj;jpYk; kpFe;j mDgtKilath;
4. nghUshjhuj;ij gw; wp rpwg;G mwpT ngw;wth;
gzpfs;: ( Functions )
1. gpd;tUk; tptfhuq;fspd; kPJ FbauRj;jiytUf;F ghpe;Jiufis mspf;FkhW Nfl;Lf;
nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ (tpjp 280)
2. kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRfspilNa thp tUthia gfph;e;jspj;jy;
3. khepy muRfSf;F kj;jpa muR khdpaq;fs; toq;Ftij jPh;khdpf;Fk; nfhs;iffs;
4. khepy epjpf; FOtpd; ghpe;Jiufspd; Nghpy; khepyj;jpYs;s gQ;rhaj;Jfs; kw;Wk;
cs;shl;rpfspd; epjp Mjhuq;fis mjpfhpg;gjw;fhf khepy njhFg;G epjpapiz Nkk;gLj;j
Njitahd eltbf;iffs;
5. Nkw$wpa gzp> 73tJ kw;Wk; 74tJ murpayikg;G jpUj;j rl;lk; 1992d; %yk;
Nrh;f;fg;gl; lJ
6. Rpwg;G epjp epiyiaf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L FbauRj;jiytuhy; ,f;FOtplk; mDg;gg;gLk;
tptfhuq;fs;
7. ,f;FO FbauRj;jiythplk; jdJ mwpf;ifia mspf;Fk;
8. ,jd; mwpf;if FbauRj;jiyth; tpsf;f ciuAld; Nrh;j;J ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U
mitfspd; Kd;Gk; rkh;g;gpg;ghh;
9. ,f;FOtpd; ghpe;Jiufs; MNyhrid ,ay;ig nfhz;ljhFk;. vdNt mit murhq;fj;ij
fl;Lg;gLj;jhJ
10. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G ,f;FOtpid epjp $l;lhl;rpia rkepiyg;gLj;Jk; rf;fuk; vd;W
$Wfpd;wJ

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11. ,Jtiu FbauRj;jiyth; 13 epjpf; FOf;fis mikj;Js;shh;

12. jw;nghOJ 13-tJ epjpf;FOtpd; jiyth; - tp[a; Nfy;fh;
13. jw;nghOJ 12-tJ epjpf;FOtpd; jiyth; - rp. uq;fuh[d;
14. jw;nghOJ 11-tJ epjpf;FOtpd; jiyth; - V. vk;. F];Y
15. jw;NghJ 12tJ epjpf;FOtpd; ghpe;Jiufs; eilKiwapy; cs;sd. (2005-2010)
16. 12tJ epjpf;FOtpd; jiyth; rp. uq;fuh[d;
17.
Njh;jy; Mizak;
( ELECTION COMMISSION )

1. Njh;jy; Mizak; ,e;jpa murpayikg;ghy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l epue;jukhd Rje;jpukhd

mikg;ghFk;
2. ghuhSkd;wk;> khepy rl;lrigfs;> FbauRj; jiyth; kw;Wk; Jizf; FbauRj;jiythpd;
gjtpfs; Mfpatw;Wf;fhd Njh;jy;fis Nkw;ghh;itapLk;> elj;Jk;> fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;>
mjpfhuq;fs; Njh;jy; Mizaj;jpw;Nf cz;L vd;W tpjp 324 $Wfpd;wJ
3. thf;fhshpd; jFjpfs;> thf;fhsh; gl; bay; jahhpj;jy;> njhFjpfis eph;zapj;jy;>
ghuhSkd;wj;jpYk;> khepy rl;l rigfspYk; cs;s ,lq;fis xJf;fPL nra;jy;>
Nghd;wtw;iw kf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jt rl;lk; 1950 ifahs;fpwJ
4. kf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jt tpjpfs; 1950> thf;fhsh; gl;bay;fis jahhpg;gij ifahs;fpd;wJ
5. Njh;jy; thf;Fg;gjpT> Njh;jy; gpur;rpidfs;> ,ilj;Njh;jy;fs;> murpay; fl;rpfspd; gjpT
Nghd;wtw;iw ftdpf; Fk; eph;thf mikg;gpid kf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jtr; rl;lk; 1951
ifahs;fpwJ
6. kf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jt (Njh;jy;fis elj;Jjy; kw;Wk; Njh;jy; kDf;fs;) tpjpfs; 1951
7. FbauRj;jiyth; kw;Wk; Jizf;FbauRj;jiyth; Njh;jy; rl;lk; 1952
8. kf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jt rl;lk; 1950MdJ 1988 kw;Wk; 1996 Mk; Mz;Lfspy; jpUj;jg;gl;lJ
9. ,e;jpahtpd; Njh;jy; Kiw> ,q;fpyhe;jpy; eilKiwapy; cs;s Njh;jy; KiwaplkpUe;J
ngwg;gl;lJ
10. khepyq;fspy; cs;s gQ;rhj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; cs;shl;rpfspd; Njh;jy;fSf;F Njh;jy;
Mizak; nghWg;ghfhJ
11. khepyj;jpd; gQrhaj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; cs;shl;rpfspd; Njh;jy; fs; khepy Njh;jy;
Mizaq;fspdhy; elj; jg;gLk;
12. Njh;jy; Mizak; xU jiyik Njh;jy; MizaiuAk;> 2 Njh; jy; Mizah;fisAk;
cs;slf;fpapUf; Fk;
13. 1993Mk; Mz;L gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;l xU mtru rl;lj;jpd; %ykhf Njh;jy; Mizah;fspd;
mjpfhuq;fs;> jiyik Njh;jy; MizaUila mjpfhuj;jpw;F rkkhff; nfhz;Ltug;gl;ld
14. ,f;FO jiyik Njh;jy; Mizahpd; Nkw;ghh; itapd; fPo; nray;gLk;
15. ,J Njh;jy;fisAk;> ,ilj;Njh;jy;fisAk; elj;Jk;> kw;Wk; Nkw;ghh;itapLk;
16. ,J Njh;jy;fSf;fhd njhFjpfspd; vy;iyfis eph;zapj;J mitfSf;F ,lq;fis
xJf;fPL nra;Ak;

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17. ,J Njh;jy; eilngWk; Njjpfis KbT nra;Ak; thf;Fg;gjpT ikaq;fspd;

vz;zpf;ifia eph;zapf;Fk; kw;Wk; Njh;jy; KbTfis mwptpf;Fk;
18. Njh;jy; Mizak;> cWg;gpdh;fspd; jFjpapog;Gfspd; kPjhd Nfs; tpfs; cl;gl midj;J
Njh;jy; njhlh;ghd tp\aq;fspYk; FbauRj; jiyth; my;yJ MSeUf;F mwpTiufs;
toq;Fk;
19. Ntl;ghsh;fs;> murpay; fl;rpfs; kw;Wk; thf;fhsh;fSf;fhd elj;ij tpjpfis
,t;thizak; tFf;Fk;
20. ,J Njh;jy; nryTfSf;F vy;iyfis eph;zapf;Fk; kw;Wk; Njh;jy; fzf;Ffis Ma;T
nra;Ak;.
21. ,J murpay; fl; rpfspd; mq;fPfhuj;jpw;Fk; mtw;Wf;fhd Njh;jy; rpd;dq;fis KbT
nra;aTk; tpjpfis tFf;Fk;
22. ,J Njh;jy; gpur;rpidfisAk; FbauRj;jiyth; my;yJ MSeuhy; mjw;F mDg;gg;gl;l
kDf;fspd; kPjhd gpur; rpidfis jPh;j;J itf;Fk;
23. jiyik Njh;jy; Mizah; 6 tUlk; my;yJ 65 taJ ,uz;by; vJ Kd; djhf
epiwtilANkh mjd; tiu gjtpapy; ,Ug;ghh;
24. cr;r ePjp kd;w ePjpgjpfisg; NghyNt ,tiuAk; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ayhk;
25. ,tiu kPz;Lk; gjtpapy; epakpf;ff;$lhJ
26. ,th; Xa;T ngw;w gpd;dh murhq;f Cjpak; ngWk; ve;j NtiyapYk; ,Uf;ff; $lhJ
27. ,tuJ rk;gsKk; nryTg;gbfSk; ,e;jpa njhFg;G epjpapypUe;J toq;fg;gLk;
28. ,e;jpa Njh;jy; Kiw taJ te; Njhh; thf;Fhpikia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. 18 taJ
epuk;gpa xU FbkfDf;F Ntnwe;j mbg;gilapYk; thf;Fhpik kWf;f KbahJ
29. ,J Gtpapay; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ
30. ,e;jpahtpy; Njh;jy; KbTfs; “ gh;];l; gh];l; j Ngh];l; ” mbg;gilapy;
jPh;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ
31. Njh;jy;fSf;F muR epjp toq;Fjypd; Njitia Ma;T nra;a 1998 Mk; Mz;L Nk
khjk; ,e;jpu[pj; Fg;jh FO mikf;fg;gl;lJ
32. 8 cWg;gpdh;fisf; nfhz;l ,f;FO jdJ mwpf;ifia 1999> [dthpapy; mspj;jJ
33. ,f;FO r%f eyidf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L rl;lg;gbahd khepy epjp toq;fiy
mwpKfg;gLj;jyhk; vd;W $wpaJ
34. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; jiyik Njh;jy; Mizah; jpU. RFkhh; nrd; Mthh; (khh;r; 21> 1950>
brk;gh; 19> 1958)
35. jw;NghJ cs;s jiyik Njh;jy; Mizah; ahh; vd;gij njhpe;Jf; nfhs;sTk;
thf;fhsh; gl;bay;: ( The Electoral Roll )
1. ,J ,e;jpa Njh;jy; fspy; thf;fspf;f gjpT nra;ag;gl;l xU njhFjpapy; cs;s
thf;fhsh;fspd; gl;bayhFk;
2. thf;fhsh; gl;baypy; ngah; cs;sth;fs; kl;LNk thf;fspf;f mDkjpf;fg;gLthh;fs;
3. xt;nthU tUlKk; ,e; j thf;fhsh; gl;bay; me;j Mz;bd; [dthp 1-k; Njjp> 18 taJ
epuk;gpath;fs; kw;Wk; njhFjpf;Fs; FbNawpath;fspd; ngah;fis Nrh;g;gjw;fhfTk;>

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,we;jth;fs; kw;Wk; njhFjpia tpl;L ntspapy; nrd; wth;fspd; ngah;fis

ePf;Ftjw;fhfTk; jpUj;jpaikf;fg;gLk;
4. thf;fspf;f jFjpAila xUthpd; ngah; thf;fhsh; gl;baypypUe;J tpLgl;bUe;jhy; mth;
gjpNtl;bid mt;tg;NghJ jpUj;Jk; Njh;jy; gjpT mYtyUf;F tpz;zg;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
gjpNtl;by; ngah;fis Nrh;g;gNjh my;yJ ePf;FtNjh Ntl;ghsh;fs; kDjhf;fy; nra;J
Kbj;jgpd; Njh;jy; gpur;rhuk; elf;Fk; rkaj;jpy; epWj;jp itf;fg;gLk;

vg;NghJ Njh;jy;fs; eilngWk;? ( When do Elections take Place? )

Kd;djhfNt miof;fg;gl;lhyd;wp> ghuhSkd;w kf;fsitf;Fk; khepy rl;lrigfSf;Fk; 5
tUlq;fSf;nfhU Kiw Njh;jy; eilngWk;
muR kf;fsitapy; jdJ ek;gpf;if ,oe;J tpl;lhy; kw;Wk; mjw;F gjpyhf NtnwhU
muir mikf;f Kbahtpl;lhy; FbauRj; jiyth; kf;fsitia fiyj;J tpl;L
nghJj;Njh;jy; elj;jr;nrhy;yyhk;

Njh;jy;fspd; fhy ml;ltiz: ( Scheduling the Elections )

5 tUl fhyk; Kbe; Jtpl;lhNyh my;yJ rl;lrig fiyf;fg;gl; L Gjpa Njh;jYf;fhd
cj;jutplg;gl;lhNyh Njh;jy; Mizak; Njh;jiy elj;j Mtz nra;Ak;
fiyf;fg;gl;l kf;fsitapd; filrpf; $l;lj;njhlUf;Fk; Gjpa mitapd;
$l;lj;njhlUf;Fk; ,ilapy; 6 khj fhyj;jpw;Fk; Nky; ,ilntsp ,Uf;ff; $lhJ vd;W
murpayikg;G $Wfpd;wJ. vdNt Njh;jy;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;Fs; elj;jpKbf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;
ahh; Njh;jypy; epw;f KbAk;? ( Who can Stand for Election? )
1. 25 taJ epuk;gpa gjpT nra;ag;gl;l thf;fhsuhf ,Uf;Fk; ve;j xU ,e;jpa FbkfDk;>
ghuhSkd;w kf;fsit kw;Wk; khepy rl;lrigfSf;fhd Njh;jy;fspy; Nghl;baplyhk;
2. khepyq;fsit Njh;jYf;fhd taJ tuk;G 30 tUlq;fshFk;
3. khepyq;fsit kw;Wk; tpjhd rghtpw;fhd Ntl;ghsh;fs; ve;j njhFjpapy; Nghl;bapl
tpUk;Gfpd;whh;fNsh me;j njhFjpapy; trpg;gth;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. jw;NghJ ,e;j
tpjpia khw;wpaikj;Js;shh;fs;
4. xt;nthU Ntl;ghsUk; kf;fsit Njh;jYf;F 10>000 &ghAk; khepyq;fsit my;yJ
tpjhd; rgh Njh;jYf;F 5000 &ghAk; Kd;gzkhf nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. jho;j;jg;gl;l kw;Wk;
goq;Fbapdj;ij Nrh;e; j Ntl;ghsh;fs; kl;Lk; ,j;njhifapy; ghjpapid nrYj;jpdhy;
NghJk;
5. njhFjpapy; gjpthd nkhj;j nry;yj;jf;f Xl;Lf;fspy; Mwpy; xU gq;Ff;F Nky; xU
Ntl;ghsh; ngw;why; mth; nrYj;jpa Kd;gzk; jpUg;gp nrYj;jg;gLk;
6. gjpT nra;ag;gl;l murpay; fl;rpia Nrh;e;j Ntl;ghshpd; Ntl;G kDit Fiwe;jJ xU
gjpT nra;ag;gl;l Njh;thsh; topnkhopaNtz;Lk;. kw;w Ntl;ghsh;fspd; kDf;fis
Fiwe;jJ 10 gjpT nra;ag;gl; l Njh;thsh;fs; topnkhopa Ntz;Lk;

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7. Ntl;ghsh;fspd; Ntl; G kDf;fis ngw;Wf; nfhs;sTk;> Njh;jy; eilKiwfis

Nkw;ghh;itaplTk; mjpfhhpfs; epakpf;fg;gLth;
khjphp elj;ij tpjpfs;: ( Model Code of Conduct )
Njh;jy; gpur;rhuj;jpd; NghJ murpay; fl;rpfSk;> Ntl;ghsh;fSK;> Njh; jy; Mizaj;jhy;
cUthf;fg;gl;l khjphp elj;ij tpjpfis gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;
,k;khjphp elj;ij tpjpfs; murpay; fl;rpfSk;> Ntl;ghsh;fSk; Njh;jy; gpur;rhuj;jpd;
NghJ vt;thW ele; J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W $Wfpd;wJ
Njh;jiy MNuhf;fpakhd Kiwapy; elj;jTk;> murpay; fl;rpfs; kw;Wk;
njhz;lh;fspilNa Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfisAk; Nkhjy;fisAk; jtph;f;fTk; Njh;jy;
gpur;rhuj;jpd; NghJk; Njh;jy; KbTfs; mwptpf;fg;gLk; tiuapYk; mikjpiaAk;
xOq;ifAk; fhf;fNt ,e;elj;ij tpjpfs; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd
NkYk; kj;jpapYk; khepyq;fspYk; MSk;fl;rpahf ,Uf; Fk; fl;rpfSf;Fk; ,e;elj;ij
tpjpfs; cs;sd. MSk;fl;rpfs; jq;fsJ mjpfhuj;ij Njh;jy; gpur;rhuj;jpw; F
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd vd; W ve;j GfhUk; tuhj tz;zk; MSk; fl;rpfs; nray;glTk;
,k;khjphp elj;ij tpjpfs; toptFf;fpd;wdh;.

murpay; fl;rpfSk;> Njh;jy;fSk;: (Political Parties and Electrions )

Murpay; fl;rpfs; etPd [dehafj;jpd; Kf;fpa mq;fq;fshFk; NkYk; Njh;jy;fis
elj;JtJ murpay; fl;rpfspd; elj;ijia rhh;e;Nj cs;sJ
Njh;jy;fspy; gy Ntl; ghsh;fs; RNar;irahf Nghl; bapl;lhYk;> kf; fsit kw;Wk; tpjhd
rghtpw;F Njh;e;njLf; fg;gLk; cWg;gpdh;fs; murpay; fl;rpfis Nrh;e;jth;fshfNt
cs;sdh;. kf;fs; xU jdp egUf;F xl;lspg;gij fhl;bYk; xU fl; rpf;F Xl;lspg;gijNa
tpUk;Gfpd;wdh; vd;W fUj;Jf; fzpg;G $Wfpd;wJ
murpay; fl;rpfs; Ntl; ghsh;fSf;F mikg;G Kiw rhh;e;j Mjuit toq;FtJk;> nghpa
Njh;jy; gpur;rhuj;ij toq;FtJk;> murpd; eltbf;iffis ftdpg;gJk; muRf;F khw;W
Nahridfis Kd;itg;gJk; thf;fhsh;fSf;F Ntl;ghsh;fis Njh;T nra;tjpy;
cjTfpd;wd
Njh;jy; Mizaj;jpy; gjpT nra;jy;: ( Registration with Election Commission )
kf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jtr;rl;lk;> 1951d;gb murpay; fl;rpfs; ,e;jpa Njh;jy; Mizaj;jplk;
gjpT nra;ag;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;
murpay; fl; rpfs; ,e; jpa murpayikg;gpd; nfhs;iffshd [dehafk;> kjr;rhh;gpd;ik
kw;Wk; rkj;Jtk; Mfpatw;wpd; gbAk;> ,e;jpahtpd; ,iwahz;ik> xw;Wik kw;Wk;
xUq;fpizg;G Mfpatw;iw fhf;Fk;gbAk;> mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sdth vd;W Njh;jy; Mizak;
jPh;khdpf;Fk;
fl;rpfs; cl;fl;rp Njh; jy;fis elj;jTk;> vOj;Jtbtpyhd mitfspd; murpayikg;ig
nfhz;bUf;fTk; Ntz;Lk;

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1985Mk; Mz;L ,aw;wg;gl;l fl;rpj;jhty; jilr; rl;lk;> xU fl;rpia Nrh; e;j

cWg;gpdh;fs; %d;wpy; xU gq;F ngUk;ghd;ik ,y;yhky; kw;nwhU fl;rpapy;
NrUtijNah> Gjpa fl;rpapid cUthf;FtijNah jil nra;fpd;wJ

mq;fPfhuk; kw;Wk; Njh;jy; rpd;dk; xJf;fPL nra;jy;:

( Recognition & Reservation of Symbols )
1. Njh;jy; Mizaj;jplk; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l xU fl;rp> Njh;jy;fspy; mjd; nray;ghl;bd;
mbg;gilapy; Njrpa fl;rpahfNth my;yJ khepy fl;rpahfNth mq;fP fhpf;fg;gLk;
2. kw;w fl;rpfs; gjpTnra;ag;gl;l Mdhy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;glhj fl;rpfshf mwptpf;fg;gLk;
3. xU fl;rp vt;thW tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gijg; nghWj;J mf;fl;rpf;F rpy
Kd;Dhpikfs; toq;fg;gLk;. thf;fhsh; gl; baiy njhpe;J nfhs;Sjy; mfpy ,e;jpa
thndhyp kw;Wk; J}h;jh; \d; Nghd;w muRf;F nrhe;jkhd njhiyf;fhl;rpfspYk;
thndhypfspYk; murpay; epfo;r;rpfis xspgug;Gjy; Njh;jy; rpd;dk; xJf;fPfL nra;jy;
Nghd;wtw;wpy; Kd;Dhpikfs; mspf;fg;gLk;
4. gbg;gwpT ,y;yhj thf;fhsh;fs; jhq;fs; thf;fspf;f tpUk;Gk; fl;rpapd; Ntl;ghsiu
njhpe;Jnfhs;s Njh;jy; rpd;dk; cjTfpd;wJ
5. Njrpa fl;rpfSf;F ehL KOikf;Fkhd jq;fsJ cgNahfj;jpw;F kl;Lk; Njh;jy; rpd; dk;
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
6. khepy fl;rpfSf; F me;je;j khepyj;jpy; my;yJ mf;fl;rp mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;s
khepyq;fspy; mf;fl; rpapd; cgNahfj;jpw;fhf Njh;jy; rpd;dk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
7. gjpT nra;ag;gl;l mq;fPfhpf;fg;glhj fl;rpfs; ve;j fl;rpahYk; cgNahfg;gLj;jg;glhj
rpd;dq;fspy; ,Ue;J xU rpd;dj;ij Njh;e;njLj;J nfhs;syhk;
khepy fl;rpfspd; mq;fPfhuk; ( Recognition of State Parties )
xU fl;rp khepyfl;rpahf mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl> gpd;tUk; epge;jidfis G+h;j;jp nra;a
Ntz;Lk;.
1. rk;ge;jg;gl;l murpay; fl;rp me;j khepyk; my;yJ khepyq;fspd; murpay;
eltbf;iffspy; Fiwe;jJ 5 Mz;LfSf;F KOikahf <Lgl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;
2. me;j khepyk; my;yJ khepyq;fspy; ,Ue;J kf;fsitf;F Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l
xt;nthU 25 cWg;gpdh;fSs; xUth; rk;ge;jg;gl;l murpay; fl; rpia Nrh;e;jtuhf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. my;yJ
muR epjp toq;fspd; kPjhd ,e;jpu[pj; Fg;jh FO:
( Indrajit Gupta Committee on State Funding of Elections )
1. 1998> Nk khjj;jpy; eilngw;w midj;Jf;fl; rp $l;lj;jpy; 8 cWg;gpdh;fis nfhz;l FO
mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J gpd;tUk; ghpe;Jiufis nfhz;l mwpf;ifia 1999 [dthp khjk;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ

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2. murpd; epjp toq;fy; nghUl;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ ve;jtpjkhd gz cjtpAk;

fl;rpfSf;F mspf;fg;glf;$lhJ. NkYk; fl;rpfspd; epjpr; Rikia Muk;gj;jpy; khepy muR
Vw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
3. ,jw;fhf Mz;Lf;F 600 Nfhb &ghia kj;jpa muRk; khepy muRfSk; Njh;jy; epjpf;F
mspf;f Ntz;Lk;
4. Njh;jy; Mizaj;jhy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l fl; rpfSf;F kl;LNk mr;Rg;nghUl;fs;> kpz;zD
njhlh;G Neuk;> thfdq; fs; kw;Wk; vhpnghUl;fs; Nghd;w cjtpfs; toq;fg;gLk;
5. murpay; fl;rpfs; jq; fspd; tUtha; kw;Wk; nrytpdq;fis fhl;Lk; tUl fzf;Ffis
tUkhd thpj;Jiwaplk; rkh;g;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW nra;aj;jtwpdhy; mf;fl;rpf; Nfh
my;yJ Ntl;ghsUf;Nfh murpd; MjuT epWj;jg;gLk;
6. Njh;jy; nryTfspd; KOikahd fzf; if murpay;fl;rpfs; Njh;jy; Mizaj;jplk;
jhf;fy; nra;a Ntz;Lk;
7. murpay; fl;rpfshy; 10000 &gha;f;F Nky; mspf;fg;gLk; ed;nfhilfs; fhNrhiyahfNth>
tiuNthiyahfNth mspf;fg;glNtz;Lk; NkYk; ed;nfhil mspg;gthpd; ngah;
fzf;Ffspy; Fwpg;gplg;glNtz;Lk;
8. murpay; fhuzq;fSf; fhf muR epWtdq; fs; ed;nfhil mspg;gjd; kPjhd jil
njhlUk;. Mdhy; kw;w epWtdq;fs; mspf;fyhkh? My;yJ $lhjh? vd;gij
ghuhSkd;wk; jPh;khdpf; f Ntz;Lk;
9. ,f;FO murpd; epjp toq;fy; murpayikg;gpd;gbAk;> rl;lg;gbAk; epahakhdJ kw;Wk;
nghJ eydpy; mf;fiw nfhz;ljhFk; vd;W $wpaJ
10. me;j khepyk; / khepyq;fspy; cs;s tpjhd; rghtpw;F Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l xt;nthU 30
cWg;gpdh;fSs; xUth; mf;fl;rpia Nrh;e;jtuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; my;yJ
11. ,jw;F Kd; kf;fsit my;yJ tpjhd; rghtpw;F elj;j nghJj; Njh;jypy; gjpthd
nkhj;j nry;yj;jf;f thf;Ffspy; 25 rjtPjj; jpw;Fk; Nky; mf;fl;rp ngw;wpUe;jhy; mf;fl;rp
khepy fl;rpahf mq;fPfhpf;fg;gLk;
Njrpa fl;rpfspd; mq;fPfhuk;: ( Recognition of National Parties )
xU fl;rp Njrpafl; rpahf mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l gpd;tUk; epge;jidfis G+h;j;jp nra;a
Ntz;Lk;
mf;fl;rp Fiwe;jJ 4 khepyq;fspyhtJ khepyfl;rpahf mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;
Fiwe;jJ 4 khepyq;fspyhtJ eilngw;w nghJj;Njh;jy;fspy; gjpthd nkhj;j
nry;yj;jf;f thf;Ffspy; 4 rjtPjjpw;F Fiwahky; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;
xU murpay; fl; rp Njrpa fl;rpahfNth my;yJ khepy fl;rpahfNth mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl; l gpd;
mjw;F Njh;jy; rpd; dk; toq;fg;gLk;. mq;fP fhpf;fg;gl;l murpay; fl;rpfspd; vz;zpf;if
Njh;jy;fspy; mtw;wpd; nray;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; khwpf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpd;wJ. 1998 Mk;
Mz;L 7 Njrpa fl;rpfSk; 35 khepy fl;rpfSk; 620 gjpT nra;ag;gl;l Mdhy;
mq;fPfhpf;fg;glhj fl;rpfSk; ,Ue;jd
Njh;jy; rh;r;irfspd; ePjpg;Gduha;T: ( Judicial Review of Election Disputes )

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Njh;jy; Mizaj;jpd; KbTfis cah;ePjp kd;wk; my;yJ cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpy; vjph;f;f

KbAk;
ePz;l fhy xg;ge;jk; kw;Wk; gy jPh;g;Gfspd; %yk; xUKiw Njh;jy; eilKiw
njhlq;fg;gl;Ltpl;lhy; mjpy; ePjpj;Jiw jiyaplhJ
 xUKiw thf;Fg;gjpT Kbe;J KbTfs; mwptpf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lhy; Njh;jy; Mizak; ve;j
KbitAk; jhNd Gduha;T nra;a KbahJ
ghuhSkd;w kw;Wk; rl;l rigfSf;fhd Njh;jy; KbTfis cr;rePjpkd;wk; kw;Wk;
cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpy; Njh; jy; kDit gjpT nra;tjd; %yNk Gduha;T nra;a KbAk;
FbauRj;jiyth; kw;Wk; Jizf;FbauRj; jiytUf;fhd Njh;jy; kDit cr;r eP jp
kd;wj;jpy; kl;LNk gjpT nra;a KbAk;
murpay; fl;rpfspd; cs; [dehafk;: ( Internal Democracy in Political Parties )
1994 Mk; Mz;L jiyikj; Njh;jy; Mizah; murpay; fl; rpfSf;F mitfspd;
cl;fl;rpj; Njh;jy;fis elj;jp Kbf;f cj;jutpl;lhh;. 1997Mk; Mz;L ,t;Tj;juT ,e;jpa
Njrpa fhq;fpu];> [djhjsk; Nghd;w fl;rpfSf;F kPz;Lk; toq;fg;gl;lJ
murpay; fl;rpfspd; cs; [dehafj;ij mkyhf;f Njh;jy; Mizaj;jpw;Fs;s mjpfhuk;
gpd;tUtdtw;iw mbg;gilahff;nfhz;lJ. xU murpay; fl;rp kf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jtr;
rl;lk; 1951d; gphpT 29( A )d; fPo; Njh;jy; Mizaj;jplk; gjpT nra; ag;gLk; NghJ mf;fl; rp
jdJ nrhe;j murpayikg;gpdhy; ephtfpf;fg; gLk; xU rl;l mikg;ghf khwk;. Njh;jy;
rpd;d xOq;F 1968d; fPo; ,f;fl;rp gjpT nra;ag;gLtNjhL kl;Lkpd;wp mq;fPfhpf;fg;gLk;.
mf;fl;rp Njh;jy; Mizaj;Jld; nfhz;bUf; Fk; jfty; njhlh;G midj;Jk; mf;fl;rpapd;
murpayikg;gpd;gb Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l mYtyhpd; %yNk mDg;gg; gLk;. kfhuh\;buhtpd;
rptNrdh fl;rpiag; Nghd;W xU fl;rp mikg;GKiw Njh;jy; ,y;yhky; ,Ue;jhy; mjid
Njh;jy; Mizak; ftdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. xU fl;rpapd; cs; Njh;jy;fs; Kiwahf elf;fhky;
,Ue;jhy; mjid mf; fl;rpNah my;yJ rl; l ePjpkd;wq;fNsh ifahs Ntz;Lk;
Njh;jy; nryTfspd; tiuaiw: ( Limit on Poll Expenses )
xU Ntl;ghsh; Njh;jy; gpur;rhuj;jpd; NghJ nryT nra; Ak; gzj;jpw;F fbdkhd
tiuaiwfs; cs;sd. ngUk;ghyhd kf;fsit njhFjpfspy; 1997 brk;ghpy;
jpUj;jg;gl;ljpd; gb ,t;tiuaiw 15 yl; rk; &ghahFk;. MdhYk; rpy khepyq;fspy;
,t;tiuaiw 6 yl;rk; &ghahf cs;sJ. (tpjhd; rgh Njh;jYf;F Fiwe;j msT 3
yl;rk; &ghAk; mjpf msT 6 yl;rk; &ghAk; MFk;)
njhz;lh;fs; jhq;fs; tpUk;Gk; msT Njh;jy; gpur;rhuj;jpw;fhf nrytof;fyhk;. Mdhy;
mth;fs; Ntl;ghsh;fsplk; ,Ue;J vOj;J tbtpy; mDkjp ngw Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy;
murpay; fl;rpfs; Njh; jy; gpur;rhuj;jpw;F mth;fs; tpUk;Gk; msT nrytplyhk;. Cr;rePjp
kd;wk; rkPgj;jpy; toq;fpa jPh;g;Gfspy; Njh;jy; gpur;rhuj;jpd; NghJ nrytplg;gl; l
njhiff;F chpa fzf;if murpay; fl;rpfs; fhl;lhtpl;lhy; mit Ntl;ghshpd;
epjpAjtpapd; %yk; nra;ag;gl;lit vd;W fUjg;gl;L Ntl;ghshpd; Njh;jy;
nryTf;fzf;fpy; itf;fg;gLk; vd;W $wpAs;sJ

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Ntl;ghsh;fs; kw;Wk; murpay; fl;rpfs; kPJ tpjpf;fg;gl;l ,e;j tpjpKiwfspd; %yk;

Kd;G ,e;jpa Njh;jy;fspd; gFjpahf tpsq;fpa tPzhd Njh;jy; gpur;rhuq;fs;
Fiwf;fg;gl;Ls;sd
njhlh;G rhjdq;fs;: ( Media Coverage )
Njh;jy; eilKiw ntspg;gilahdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhy; njhiy
njhlh;Grhjdq;fs; Njh; jy;fis gw;wpa nra;jp ntspapl mtw;Wf;F Njitahd trjpfs;
nra;J nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls; sd. Mdhy; mitfSf;F Xl;L ufrpaj;ij ghJfhf;Fk; flik
cs;sJ
,tw;Wf;F fUj;Jf; fzpg;Gfs; elj;jTk; Rje;jpuk; cz;L
rkPgj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l tpjpfspd;gb ve;j xU njhFjpapYk; thf;Fg;gjpT njhlq;f 2
ehl;fSf;F Kd;djhfNth kw;Wk; thf;Fg;gjpT Kbe;jgpd; 2 ehl;fSf;Fs;nsh fUj;Jf;
fzpg;G KbTfs; ntspaplg;glf;$lhJ vd;W Njh;jy; MizAk; mwptpj;jJ

Njh;jy;fSk;> Fw;wthspfSk;
( Elections and Criminals )

1980-fspd; kj;jpapy; N. N . Nth`;uh FO> murpay;thjpfSf;Fk; Fw;wthspfSf;Fk;

,ilNa cs;s njhlh;ig gw;wp tUj;jk; njhptpj;jJ
kj;jpag;gpuNjr murhy; mikf;fg;gl;l Nrh`hdp FOtpd; mwpf; ifAk; ,jid cWjp
nra;jJ. Njh;jypy; vt;tifapNyDk; ntw;wp ngw;W tpl Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zKk;>
ghJfhg;ghw;w Njh;jy; njhFjpfspYNk Njh;jy; eilKiwapy; Fw; wq;fs; ngUFtjw;Fk;>
rl;lrigfspy; Fw;wthspfs; Eiotjw;Fk; fhuzq;fshFk;
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; gPfhh; Mfpa khepyq;fspy; KiwNa 180> 520
kw;Wk; 320 Fw;wg; gpz;zdp cs;s Ntl;ghsh;fs; 12tJ kf;fsit Njh;jypy; ,Ug;gjhf
Njh;jy; Mizak; $Wfpd;wJ
xU Ntl;ghsh; jFjpapog;gjw;F Fw;wr;rhl;LfNs NghJkhdJ vd;W rl;lf;FO $Wfpd;wJ.
kf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jtr; rl;lk; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa jz;lidr; rl;lj;jpy; $wg;gl;Ls;s Njh;jy;
rhh;e;j Fw;wq;fSf;F mspf;fg;gLk; jz;lid mjpfg;gLj;jg;glNtz;Lk; vd;Wk; ,f;FO
$wpaJ
VNjDk; Fw;w tof;Ffs; ,Ue;jhy; mjw;fhd Ntl;ghsh;fspd; xg;Gjiy ngWk; tifapy;
Ntl;G kDf;fs; khw;wpaikf;fg;glNtz;Lk;
rl;lrigfspy; ,Ue; J Fw;wthspfis ntwpNaw;Wk; nghWg;G Kjypy; murpay;
fl;rpfisNa rhh;e;jJ. mjid gpd;tUkhW nray;gLj;jyhk;
1. Fw;wg;gpz;zdp cilath;fSf;F Njh;jypy; epw;f ,lkspf;f kWg;gJ
2. xU Ntl;ghshpd; kPJ Fw;wr;rhl;L gjpthfpapUe;jhy; mtUf;F ,lkspf;f kWg;gjw;F
mJ xd;Nw NghJkhdjhFk;. mjw;F mth; eP jpkd;wj;jhy; jz;bf;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;W mtrpakpy;iy. mjhtJ ePjp tprhuizf;F gpwF xU Ntl;ghshpd; kPJ
Fw;wr;rhl;L gjpthfp ,Ue;jhy; mth; jFjpapoe;jtuhf fUjg;gl;L mtUf;F Njh;jypy;

Contact & WhatsApp No: 9626538744 Page 107

epw;f tha;g;gspf;f $lhJNkw;$wpa ghpe;JiufSf;F kf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jt rl;lj;jpd;

kPjhd xU jpUj;jk; Njit
3. ,J jw;NghJ gpd; tUk; 3 tof;Ffspy; jz;bf;fg;gl;lth;fSf;F 6 tUlq;fSf;F
Njh;jypy; epw;f jFjp ,y;iy vd $WfpwJ
4. jPz;lhik kjf; fytuq;fis J}z;btpLjy;> fw;gopg;G Nghd;w r%f tptfhuq;fs;
njhlh;ghd Fw;wq;fs;
5. tujl;riz cld;fl; il VWjy; Nghd;w Fw;wq;fspy; jz;bf;f gl;bUe;jhy; kl;Lk;
NghjhJ. Fiwe;jJ 6 khjq;fSf;F Ntl;ghsh; jz;bf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy; kl;LNk mth;
gjtpapog;ghh;
6. 2 tUlq;fSf;F VjhtJ xU rpiwj;jz;lid

Njh;jy; Mizak;> Ntl;ghsh;fspd; kPJ VNjDk; Fw;wr;rhl;L gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sjh>

my;yJ mth;fs; VNjDk; Fw;wq;fSf;fhf jz;bf;fg;gl;Ls;sduh vd;w tptuq;fisAk;
nGwk; tifapy; gbtj;ij khw;wpaikj;Js;sJ. vdNt [hkPdpy; cs;sth;fSk; jdf; F
tpjpf;fg;gl;l jz;lidf;F vjpuhf Nky; KiwaPL nra;Js;sth;fSk; Njh;jypy;
Nghl;bapLtij jilnra;ayhk;. 1998Mk; Mz;L khepyq;fsitapd; ed; dlj;ij FO
J}a;ikahf kw;Wk;
ek;gpf;ifahd rl;lrigia mikf;f gy ghpe;Jiufis nra;jJ. murpay; fl;rpfs;
re;Njfj;jpw;fplkhd fle;j fhy tho;it nfhz;l Ntl;ghsh;fis Njh;jypy; fskpwf;f
$lhJ vd;gJ mg;ghpe; JiwfSs; xd;whFk;
thf;Fg; gjpT ikaj;jpw;F ntspapy; elf;Fk; fzpg;gpd; KbTfs; thf;Fg;gjptpd;
,Wjpehspy; thf;Fg;gjpT Neuk; Kbe;J miukzp Neuj;jpw;Fg; gpwFjhd; ntspaplg;gl
Ntz;Lk;
Njh;jy;fSf;F muNr epjp toq;Fjy;: ( State Funding of Elections )
1. gpd;tUk; fhuzq;fSf; fhf Njh;jy;fSf;F muNr epjp toq;Fjy; Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nfhug;gLfpd;wJ
2. Njh;jy;fspy; gzgyk; FiwAk;
3. Vio Ntl;ghsh;fSk; jiyik jFjpfspd; mbg;gilapy; Njh;jy;fspy; Nghl;bapl tha; g; G
fpilf;Fk;
4. murpay; thjp> Fw;wthsp> tpahghhp FOthf Nghl;bapLtJ FiwAk;. vdNt epahakhd
Rje;jpukhd Njh;jiy elj;j khepy epjp toq;fy; Kiw mwpKfg;gLj;jg;glNtz;Lk;.
n[h;kdp> mnkhpf;fh Nghd;w gy Kd;Ndwpa ehLfspy; ,k;Kiw tof;fj;jpy; cs;sJ
5. 1990Mk; Mz;L ghuhSkd;wj; jpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l kNrhjhtpw;F mbg;gilahf ,Ue;j
Nfh];thkp FOtpd; mwpf;ifapYk; ,k;Kiwia gw;wp rpy ghpe;Jiufs; ,Ue;jd. Mdhy;
kj;jpapy; Ml;rp khwpajhy; ,k;kNrhjh iftplg;gl;lJ. ,f;FOtpd; Kf;fpa
ghpe;Jiufshtd
6. Njh;jy;fspd; Kf;fpa nrytpdq;fis fz;lwpe;J mtw;Wf;F nghJ epjp toq;fNtz;Lk;.
jdpahh; epjpapid mr;nryTfSf;F mspf;f mDkjpf;ff;$lhJ

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7. nghJ epjpapid gzkhf toq;ff;$lhJ. nghUl;fshf toq;f Ntz; Lk;. mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l

Njrpa kw;Wk; khepy fl;rpfSf;F kl;LNk epjp toq;f KbAk;. kw;wth;fs; Njh;jypy;
ntw;wp ngw;why; mth;fs; nra;j nryTfspd; njhif jpUg;gp toqfg;gLk;
thf;fhsh; milahs ml;il: ( The Voters Identity Card )
1. ,J 1993Mk; Mz;L Kd;dhy; jiyik Njh;jy; Mizah; T. N . Nr\d; mth;fspd;
gjtpf;fhyj;jpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
2. jFjpngw;w thf;fhsh; fSf;F milahs ml;il toq;Fk; gzp rpy khepyq;fspy;
nkJthf eilngw;wJ
3. thf;fhsh; milahs ml;il toq;Fk; tptfhuj;jpy; T. N . Nr\d; ePjpj;Jiwapd; fLk;
Nfhgj;ijAk; re;jpj;jhh;
4. mtUf;Fg;gpd; te;j M. S. fpy; mth;fs; ,t;tl;ilia fl;lhak; itj;jpUe;jhy; jhd;>
thf;fspf;f KbAk; vd;W cj;jutpl KbahJ vd;W $wpdhh;. NkYk; xt;nthU
thf;fhsUk; jdJ milahs ml;il my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;l Mtzq;fspy; VNjDk;
xd;wpidf; fhl;b thf; fspf;fyhk; vd;W $wpdhh;.
5. thf;Fhpikia kWg;gjhf ve;j thf;fhshplkpUe;J Nkhrkhd Fw;wr;rhl;Lfs; tuhjjhy;
Njh;jy; Mizak; ,k;KiwiaNa gpdgw;wj; njhlq;fpaJ. myfhghj; cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
btp\d; ngQ;r;> thf; fhsh; gl;bapypy; ngah; cs;s xU eghplk; Njh;jy; Mizak;
toq;fpa thf;fhsh; Gifg;gl milahs ml;ilf;F gjpyhf Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s 18
Mtzq;fspy; ve;j MtzKk; ,y;iy vd;w mbg;gilapy; kl;Lk; me;eUf;Fz;lhd
thf;Fhpikia kWf;f KbahJ vd;W $wpaJ.
6. xU thf;fhsiu milahsk; fhz;gjpy; Vw;gLk; rthiy re;jpf;fTk;> Njh;jy;
eilKiwia vspjhf;fTNk ,t;tilahs ml;il toq;fg;gLfpwJ
7. thf;fhsh; gl; bapy;y ngaUila xU thf;fhsh; jdJ milahsj; ij ep&gpf;f milahs
ml;ilf;Fg; gjpyhf Njh;jy; Mizak; Fwpg;gpl;l 18 Mtzq;fisAk; jtpu NtW ve;j
xU nry;yj;jf;f Mtzj;ijAk; thf;Fg;gjpT ikaj;jpd; jiyik mYtyhplk;
rkh;g;gpf;fyhk; vd;W ePjpkd;wk; $Wfpd;wJ
8. myfhghj; cah;ePjp kd;wj;jpd; jPh;g;G Njh;jy; Mizaj;jpd; Njitfs; FiwAilajha;
,Uf;fyhk; vd;W njhpag;gLj;Jfpd;wJ
tpthjq;fs;: ( The Argument Runs as such )
1. thf;Fhpik xU rl;l chpikahFk;. thf; fhsh; milahs ml;il ,y;yhj NghJ
Fwpg;gpl;l Mtzq;fspd; %yk; thf;fhsh;fs; jq;fsJ milahsj;ij ep&gpf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;W Njh;jy; Mizak; typAWj;JtJ rl; l chpikapy; jiyapLtjhFk;
2. Njh;jy; Mizak; jdJ Njitfis G+h;j; jp nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W typAWj;Jtjhy;
Njh;jy; eilKiwia tpl;Lf;nfhLf;fpdw;J
3. thf;fhsh; gjpT tpjp 1961d; gphpT 28 xU thf;fhsiu milahsk; fhZk; topfis
njspthf Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ vd;W myfhghj; cah;ePjpkd;wk; $wpaJ
4. xU eilKiwia gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;W xU rl;lk; $wpdhy; mij mt;topapNyNa
gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk; NtW ve;j topapYk; my;y vd;W ePjpkd;wk; $wpaJ

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5. murpayikg;gpd; tpjp 324d; gb Njh;jy; Mizaj;jpd; Njit rhp vd ep&gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
NkYk; tpjp 324( b )d; gb Njh;jYf;fhd mwpf; if ntspaplg;gl;l gpwF mt; tptfhuq;fis
tprhhpf;f myfhghj; cah;ePjp kd;wj;jpw;Fs;s mjpfhuq;fspd; kPJ Nfs;tp vOg;gpaJ
6. tpjp 324( I )d;gb> Njh;jy;fis ed;Kiwapy; elj;j Njitahd mjpfhuq;fisAk;
cs;slf;Fk; tifapy; gue;j mjpfhuq;fs; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F cz;L
7. ,t;tpjp Njh;jy; Mizaj;jpw;F rl;lj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;glhj epr;rakw;w #o;epiyfspy;
nray;glTk; Njh;jy;fis elj;j Njitahd rl;lq;fis ,aw;wTk; mjpfhuk; toq;FfpwJ
8. myfhghj; cah;ePjpkd; wk; jdJ jPh;g;gpy; cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; cj;juit Fwpg;gpl;L tpjp
324( I ) Neh;ikapd; tpjpfSf;F cl;gl;lJ vd; W $wpaJ
9. tpjp 32( ( b )-d; fPo; cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpy; kf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jtr; rl;lj; jpd; fPo; Njh;jy; kD
mspf;fg;gl;lhyd;wp ghuhSkd;wk; my;yJ khepy rl;lrigfSf;F eilngw;w Njh;jy;fspd;
kPJ Nfs;tp vOg;g KbahJ
10. Njh;jy; vd;Dk; nrhy; mjw;fhd mwpf;if ntspaplg;gl;l ehspy; ,ue;J mjd; KbTfs;
mwptpf;fg;gLk; ehs; tiu eilngWk; midj;J nray;fisAk; eilKiwfisAk;
cs;slf;fpaJ
11. ,t;tpjpapd; fPo; xU Njh;jypd; kPJ Nfs;tp vOg;gg;gl;L mJ Njh;jy; eilKiwia
ghjpj;jhy; [dehafj;jpd; nray;ghl;bw;fhf mr;rl;l ghpfhuj;ij Njh;jYf;F gpd;
xj;jpitf;f Ntz;Lk;
12. Njh;jy; eilKiwfis rhp nra;aNth mjpy; cs;s jilfis ePf;fNth njhiyf;fg;gl;l
my;yJ mopf;fg;gl;l Mjhuj;jpd; xU Kf;fpa gFjpia ghJfhf;fNth ePjpkd;wq;fspd;
cjtp ehlg;gl;lhy; eP jpj;Jiw ,jpy; jiyaplyhk; vd;W cr;reP jp kd;wk; xU Njh;jy;
Nky; KiwaPl;L tof;fpy; $wpaJ
njhFjpfis kWr;rPuikj;jy;: ( Delimitation )
ghuhSkd;w my;yJ rl;lkd;w njhFjpfspd; vy;iyfis xt;nthU njhFjpapYk;
Vwj;jho xNu vz;zpf;ifapy; kf;fs; ,Uf;Fk; tifapy; khw;wpaikj;jNy njhFjpfis
kWr;rPuikj;jy; vdg;gLk;
kWrPuikj;jypd; Nehf;fk;: (Purpose of delimitation )
ehL KOtJk; cs;s Njh;jy; njhFjpfspilNa mtw;wpd; mstpy; cs;s NtWghLfis
fistNj ,jd; Nehf; fkhFk;

ahUf;F fPo; kWrPuikj;jy; ,Uf;Fk;? ( Who undertakes it? )

njhFjpfspd; vy;iyfs; xt;nthU gj;J tUl kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;gpw;Fk; kf;fs;
njhifapy; cs; NtWghl;bid fUj;jpy; nfhz;L ,jw;nfd ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; rl;lj;jpd;
%yk; mikf;fg;gl;l kWr;rPuikg;G FOtpdhy; Muhag;gLk;. ,f;FOtpy; jiyik Njh;jy;
MizaUk; cr; rePjpkd;wk; my;yJ cr;reP jpkd;wj;jpd; ,d;dhs; my;yJ Kd; dhs;
ePjpgjpfs; ,UtUk; ,Ug;gh;
kWr;rPuikg;G kNrhjh 2002: ( Delimitation Bill 2002 )

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,k;kNrhjh ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; kWr;rPuikg;GFO mikf;ff;NfhhpaJ. ghuhSkd;w kf;fsit

my;yJ rl;lrigfspy; ,Uf;Fk; ,lq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; ve;j khw;wKk; ,y;yhtpl; lhYk;>
2001 Mk; Mz;bd; kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhhpd; kf;fs; njhifapy;
Vw;gl;Ls;s cah;it <Lfl;Ltjw;fhf jho;j;jg;gl;NlhUf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s ,lq;fspd;
vz;zpf;ifapy; NkYk; 7 ,lq;fs; Nrh;f;fg;gLk; vd;W vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ
nghJg;gzp Mizak;
(PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSIONS )
tpjpfs; 315ypUe;J 323 tiuapyhdtw;wpy; nghJg;gzp Mizak; gw;wpf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ
kj;jpa muRf;nfd;W xU nghJg;gzp MizaKk;> khepyq;fSf;F jdpahf nghJg;gzp
Mizaq;fSk; ,Uf;Fk;
khepy nghJg;gzp MizaKk; kj;jpa nghJg;gzp Mizaj;ij NghyNt
murpayikg;gpdhy; Neubahf cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. NkYk; rk;ge; jg;gl;l khepy rl; l
kd;wj;jpd; Nfhhpf;ifapd; Nghpy; ghuhSkd;w rl;lj;jpd; %yk; $l; L khepy nghJg;gzp
MizaKk; mikf;f KbAk;
kj;jpa nghJg;gzp Mizak; khepy MSehpd; Nfhhpf;ifapd; NghpYk; FbauRj;jiythpd;
mDkjpapd; NghpYk; khepy NjitfisAk; G+h;j;jp nra;Ak;
kj;jpa nghJg;gzp Mizak; jhd; kj;jpa Njh;thizak; MFk;
,J murpayikg;ghy; Neubahf mikf;fg;gl; ljhy; Rje;jpukhd mikg;ghFk;
kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy nghJg;gzp Mizaq;fspd; cWg;gpdh;fs; KiwNa
FbauRj;jiyth; kw;Wk; MSeh;fshy; epakpf;fg;gLth;
,jd; mikg;G FbauRj;jiyth; my;yJ MSeuhy; jPh;khdpf;fg;gLk;
,jd; cWg;gpdh;fspy; ghjpNgh; VNjDk; xU murhq;f Ntiyapy; Fiwe;jJ 10
tUlq;fSf;F gzpahw; wpath;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd murpayikg;G $Wfpd;wJ
,jd; cWg;gpdh;fspd; gzpfSf;fhd epge;jidfis FbauRj;jiytNuh my;yJ
MSeNuh jPh;khdpg;ghh;
kj;jpa nghJg;gzp Mizaj;jpd; jiytUk; cWg;gpdh;fSk; 6 tUlq;fs; my;yJ 65
taJ ,uz;lby vJ Kjypy; epiwtilANkh mjd; tiu gjtpapy; ,Ug;gh;
khepy kw;Wk; $l;L khepy nghJg;gzp Mizaj;jpd; jiytUk; cWg;gpdh;fSk; 6 tUlk;
my;yJ 62 taJ ,uz;by; vJ Kd;djhf epiwtilANkh mjd; tiu gjtpapy; ,Ug;gh;
$l;L khepy nghJg;gzp Mizaj;jpd; jiytUk; cWg;gpdh;fSk; FbauRj;jiytuhy;
epakpf;fg;gLth;
,t;thzaj;jpd; jiyth; gjtp fhypahdhy; Gjpa jiyth; nghWg;Ngw;Fk; tiu mthpd;
gzpfis ,jd; xU cWg;gpdh; ftdpg;ghh;. me;j cWg;gpdh; kj;jpa nghJg;gzp Mizak;
kw;Wk; $l;L khepy nghJg;gzp Mizakhf ,Ue;jhy; FbauRj;jiytuhYk;> khepy
nghJg;gzp Mizakhf ,Ue;jhy; MSeuhYk; epakpf;fg;gLthh;
kj;jpa kw;Wk; $l;L khepy nghJg;gzp Mizaj;jpd; jiytUk; cWg;gpdh;fSk;
jq;fsJ uh[pdhkh fbjj;ij FbauRj; jiythplk; mspg;gjd; %yk; gjtp tpyfyhk;.

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Khepy nghJg;gzp Mizaj;jpd; jiytUk; cWg;gpdh;fSk; jq;fsJ uh[pdhkh

fbjj;ij MSehplk; mspj;J gjtp tpyfyhk;.
nghJg;gzp Mizaj;jpd; jiytUk; cWg;gpdh;fSk; jq;fspd; gjtpf;fhyk; Kbe;j gpd;
kPz;Lk; mg;gjtpapy; mku KbahJ
nghJg;gzp Mizaj;jpd; jiytiu my;yJ VNjDk; xU cWg;gpdiu jtwhd
elj;ijapd; mbg;gilapy; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ayhk;. Mdhy; mf;Fw;wr;rhl;bid cr;r ePjp
kd;wk; Kiwg;gb tprhhpj;J mj;jifa mbg;gilapy; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ag;glyhk; vd;W
FbauRj;jiytUf;F mwpf;if mspj;jhy; mth; jdJ cj;jutpd; Nghpy; mth;fis gjtp
ePf;fk; nra;thh;
FbauRj;jiyth; jdJ cj;jutpd; %yk; nghJg;gzp Mizaj;jpd; jiytiuAk;
cWg;gpdh;fisAk; gpd;tUk; mbg;gilfspy; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ayhk;
jpthyhdth; vd;W jPh;g; gspf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy;
mtuJ gjtpf;fhyj;jpy; NtW VNjDk; rk;gsk; ngWk; Ntiyapy; <Lgl;bUe;jhy;
kdk; my;yJ cly; ];jpuj;jd;ik ,y;yhjjhy; gjtpapy; ,uf;f ,ayhjth; vd;W
FbauRj;jiyth; fUjpdhy;
jtwhd elj;ij vd;Dk; nrhy;iy murpayikg;Gk; ,k;KiwapNyNa tiuaWf;fpd;wJ
kj;jpa nghJg;gzp Mizaj;jpd; jiyth; kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRfspd; fPo;
Ntiyapy; epakpf;fg;glKbahJ
khepy nghJg;gzp Mizaj;jpd; jiyth; khepy nghJg;gzp Mizaj;jpd;
jiytuhfNth my;yJ cWg;gpduhfNth my;yJ NtW ve;j khepyj;jpd; nghJg;gzp
Mizaj;jpd; jiytuhfNth epakpf;fg;glyhk;. Mdhy; kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRfspd;
fPo; ve;j NtiyapYk; epakpf;fg;glf;$lhJ
kj;jpa nghJg;gzp Mizaj;jpd; jiytuy;yhj xU cWg;gpdh; mjd; jiytuhfNth
my;yJ NtW khepy nghJg;gzp Mizaj;jpd; jiytuhfNth my;yJ kj;jpa
nghJg;gzp Mizaj;jpd; cWg; gpduhfNth my;yJ jiytuhfNth epakpf;fg;glyhk;.
Mdhy; kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRfspd; fPo; ve;j NtiyapYk; epakpf;fg;glf;$lhJ
gpw;gLj;jg;gl;Nlhh; jho; j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk; goq;FbapdUf;F ,lq;fis xJf;fPL nra;tJ
njhlh;ghd tptufhuq;fis nghJg;gzp Mizaj;jpw;F mDg;g Ntz; bajpy;iy
kj;jpa nghJg;gzp Mizaj;jpw;F ghuhSkd;w rl;lj;jpd; %yKk; khepy nghJg;gzp
Mizaj;jpw;F rl;lrig ,aw;Wk; rl;lj;jpd; %yKk; $Ljy; gzpfs; toq;fg;gLk;
jiyth; kw;Wk; cWg;gpdh;fspd; rk;gsk; kw;Wk; nryTg;gbfs; cs;spl;l kj;jpa
nghJg;gzp Mizaj;jpd; nryTfs; kj;jpa njhFg;G epjpapypUe; Jk; khepy nghJg;gzp
Mizaj;jpd; nryTfs; khepy njhFg;G epjpapypUe;Jk; vLf;fg;gLk;
kj;jpa nghJg;gzp Mizak; jhd; nra; j Ntiyfspd; kPjhd mwpf;ifia Mz;L
NjhWk; FbauRj;jiythplk; rkh;g;gpf;Fk;. FbauRj;jiyth; mt; twpf;ifia
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfspd; Kd;Gk; jhf;fy; nra;thh;

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khepy nghJg;gzp Mizak; jhd; nra;j Ntiyfspd; kPjhd mwpf;ifia Mz;LNjhWk;

MSehplk; rkh;g;gpf;Fk;. MSeh; mt; twpf; ifia khepy rl;lrigapd; Kd; jhf;fy;
nra;thh;
$l;L khepy nghJg;gzp Mizak; xt;nthU khepyj;jpYk; jhd; nra;j Ntiyfspd;
kPjhd mwpf;if rk;ge; jg;gl;l khpey MSeh; fsplk; rkh;g;gpf;Fk;. mth; mt;twpf;ifia
rk;ge;jg;gl;l khepy rl; lrigfspd; Kd; jhf;fy; nra;thh;
Murpayikg;G nghJg;gzp Mizaj;ij jFjp Kiwapd; fz;fhzpg;ghsh; vd
fUJfpd;wJ
kj;jpa nghJg;gzp Mizaj;jpd; gzp MNyhrid mspg;gNj> KbntLg;gJ my;y.

1. ,J ,e;jpa murpd; eph; thf jPh;khdj;jpd; %yk; 1950 Mz;L khh;r; 15-Mk; ehs;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ
2. 1946Mk; Mz;L K. C . epNahfp jiyikapy; mikf;fg;gl;l MNyhrid jpl;l thhpaj;jpd;
ghpe;Jiufspd; Nghpy; ,J mikf;fg;gl;lJ
3. ,J murpayikg;Gf;F mg;ghw;gl;l rl;l mikg;G my;yhj xU mikg;ghFk;
4. ,JNt ,e;jpahtpd; r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd jpl;lkpLjypy; cah;e;j
mq;fkhFk;
5. ,e;jpa gpujkNu jpl;lf;FOtpd; jiytuhthh;
6. ,jd; Jizj;jiytNu KONeu eph; thfj; jiyth; Mthh;
7. jpl;lf;FOtpd; Jizj;jiytNu Ie;jhz;L jpl;lq;fis jahhpf;fTk; mjid kj;jpa
Nfgpdl;bd; Kd; rkh;g;gpf;fTk; nghWg;Gilatuhthh;
8. ,th; xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;F kj;jpa Nfgpdl;lhy; epakpf;fg;gLthh;. NkYk; ,tUf;F
Nfgpdl; mikr;rhpd; me;j];J cz;L
9. mth; Nfgpdl;bd; cWg;gpduhf ,y;yhtpl;lhYk; mjd; midj;J Nfgpdl; $l; lq;fSf;Fk;
miof;fg;gLthh; (thf; Fhpik fpilahJ)
10. rpy kj;jpa mikr;rh;fs; ,f;FOtpd; gFjp Neu cWg;gpdh;fshf epakpf;fg;gLth;
11. epjp mikr;rUk; jpl;l mikr;rUk; mth;fspd; gjtpapd; fhuzkhf ,jd; cWg;gpdh;fshth;
12. ,f;FO 4ypUe;J 7 tiuapyhd KONeu cWg;gpdh;fisf; nfhz;bUf; Fk;
13. ,jd; KONeu cWg;gpdh; ,iz mikr;rh;fspd; me;j];jpid ngw;wth;fshth;
14. jpl;lf;FO xU cWg;gpdh; nrayiu nfhz;bUf;Fk;. mth; nghJthf xU %j;j I. V. v];
mjpfhhpahf ,Ug;ghh;
15. ,f;FO KOikahf kj;jpa mstpy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; khepyq;fSf;F
gpujpepjpj;Jtk; ,y;iy
16. jpl;l kjpg;gPL mikg;G 1952Mk; Mz;L jpl;lf;FOtpd; xU Rje;jpukhd myfhf
mikf;fg;gl;lJ
17. jpl;lf;FO MNyhrid toq;Fk; gzpapd nra;fpd;wJ
jpl;lf;FO
(PLANNING
COMMISSION)

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18. ,J #g;gh; Nfgpdl; vd;Wk;> nghUshjhu Nfgpdl; vd;Wk; ,iz Nfgpdl; vd;Wk;
tz;bapd; Ie;jhtJ rf;fuk; vd;Wk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
19. jw;NghJ gjpNdhuhtJ jpl;lf;FOtpd; Jizj;jiyth; khz;nlq; rpq; mYthypah Mthh;
Njrpa Nkk;ghl;Lf; FO: ( National Development Council )
1. ,f;FO Kjy; Ie;jhz;L jpl;lj;jpd; ghpe; Jiuapd; Nghpy; ,e; jpa murpd; eph; thf
jPh;khdj;jhy; 1952Mk; mz;L Mf];l; khjk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ
2. ,J gpujkh; (,jd; jiyth;) midj;J Nfgpdl; mikr;rh;fs; midj;J khepy
Kjyikr;rh;fs;> A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs; Kjyikr;rh;fs; my;yJ eph;thfpffs; kw;Wk;
jpl;lf;FOtpd; cWg;gpdh;fs; MfpNahiu nfhz;lJ
3. jpl;lf;FOtpd; nrayNu ,jw;Fk; nrayuhf nray;gLthh;
4. khepyq;fspd; xj;Jiog;ig ngWtJk;> jpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;JtJNK ,jd;
Nehf;fkhFk;
5. jpl;lf;FOtpdhy; jahhpf;fg;gLk; Ie;jhz;Lj;jpl;lk; Kjypy; kj;jpa murpd; Ngdpl;blk;
rkh;g;gpf;fg;gLk;. mjd; xg;Gjiyg; ngw;wgpd; ,f;FOtpd; mDkjpia ngWtjw;fhf
,f;FOtpd; Kd; itf; fg;gLk;
6. r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu Nkk;ghL jpl;lq;fs; njhlh;ghd nfhs;if tptufhuq;fis
nghWj;jtiu Njrpa Nkk;ghl;L FONt ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F mLj;jgbahf cs;s
mikg;ghFk;
7. ,f;FO jpl;lf;FOtpw;F MNyhrid toq;Fk; mikg;ghFk;
8. ,jd; ghpe;Jiufs; jpl; lf; FOtpid fl;Lg;gLj;jhJ
9. ,J kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRfSf;Fk; ghpe; Jiufis mDg; Gk;
10. ,f;FO tUlj;jpw;F ,uz;L KiwahtJ $l Ntz;Lk;
11. kj;jpa muR> khepy muRfs; kw;Wk; jpl;lf;FO Mfpatw;Wf; fpilNa xU njhlh;G
ghykhf nray;gLtNj ,f;FOtpd; Kjy; gzpahFk;
EXTRA ACTS
1. National Commission for SC & ST Act – 1990
2. National Commission for SC & ST started on – 1922
3. National Commission for Women Act – 1990
4. National Commission for Women – 1992

,ju jiyg;Gfs;
( MISCELLANEOUS )

el;rj;jpu kw;Wk; el;rj;jpukw;w Nfs;tpfs;: ( Starred and unstarred questions )

mitapy; xU cWg;gpdh; jdJ Nfs; tpfSf;F mikr;rh;fsplkpUe;J tha;nkhopapd;
%ykhf gjpiy Nfhhpdhy; mf;Nfs;tpfs; el;rj;jpuf; Nfs;tpfs; vdg;gLk;. mj;jifa
Nfs;tpfSf;F gpwF Jiz Nfs;tpfisAk; Nfl;fyhk;. Mitapy; xU cWg;gpdh; jdJ
Nfs;tpf;F mikr;rhplkpUe;J vOj;Jg;G+h; tkhd gjpiyf; Nfhhpdhy; mit el;rj;jpukw;w

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Nfs;tpfs; vdg;gLk;. vOj;J %ykhf gjpyspf;fg;gl;l gpd; NkYk; Jizf; Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;f
KbahJ
Nfs;tp Neuk;: ( Qustion Hour ):
nghJthf xU mitapd; Kjy; xU kzp Neuk; Nfs;tp gjpy; fSf;fhf xJf;fg;gLk;.
me;NeuNk Nfs; tp Neuk; vdg;gLk;
ftd <h;g;G jPh;khdk;: ( Calling Attention )
xU mtrukhd nghJ Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e; j xU tptfhuj;jpd; kPJ xU mikr;rhpd;
ftdj;ij <h;f;Fk; tifapy; rghehafhpd; Kd; mDkjpNahL nfhz;Ltug;gLk; jPh;khdkhFk;.
mt;tptfhuj;jpd; kPJ mikr;rh; xU FWfpa mwpf;if mspf;fyhk;. my;yJ gjpyspf;f xU kzp
Neuk; my;yJ xU ehs; Fwpg;gpl;l fhy mtfhrk; Nfl;fyhk;. khepyq;fsitapy; ftd<h;g;G
jPh;khdk; eilKiw ,y;iy. mjw;F gjpyhf fhfpjj;jPh;khdk; cs; sJ
ghapd;l; M/g; Mh;lh;: (Point of Order )
,J mitapy; vOg;gg; gLk; NghJ mitapd; eilKiwfisAk; mjd; cWg;gpdh;fSila
nray;ghl;bidAk; epWj;jf; $baJ. xU mitapd; eilKiwfis xOq;F gLj;j Njitahd
tpjpfs; cj;juTfs; Mfpatw;iw eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; mitapd; jiytUf;F cjTk;.
G+[;[pa Neuk;: ( Zero Hour )
Nfs;tp Neuj;ij njhlh;e;J tUk;> cWg;gpdh;fs; nghJ Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e; j
tptufhuq;fis vOg;gf;$ba NeuNk G+[;[pa NeukhFk;. Mdhy; ,J ghuhSkd;w eilKiw
kw;Wk; tpjpfspdhy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gltpy;iy. Mdhy; 1970fspy; ,Ue; J eilKiwapy; cs;sJ.
fhge;J muR: ( Care-Taker Government )
xU murpd; gjtpf;fhyk; Kbtile;j gpd;dUk; Gjpa muR nghWg;Ngw;Fk; tiu mt;tuR
gjtpapy; ,Uf;fyhk;. vdNt xU murpd; gjtpf;fhyk; Kbe; j gpd;dUk; Gjpa muR
nghWg;Ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; tiu mt;tuR gjtpapy; ,Ue;jhy; mJ fhge;J muR vdg;gLk;. fhge;J
muRf;nfd rpy xOf;f fl;Lg;ghLfs; cs;sd. NkYk; ,J nghpa nfhs;if KbTfis vLf;f
$lhJ. Mdhy; FbauRj; jiyth; fhge;J murhy; epiwNtw;wg; gLk; kNrhjhf;fis jpUg;gp
mDg;gyhk;. 1996 Mk; Mz;L P. A. eurpk;kuhtpd; fhge;J murhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l fpwp];Jt
xJf;fPL kNrhjhit FbauRj; jiyth; S. D. rh;kh epuhfhpj;jhh;.
,ilepiy murhq;fk;: ( Interim Government )
,j;jifa murhq;fk; xU ehl;bDila tuyhw;wpd; ,ilepiy fl;lj;jpd; nghJ
mikf;fg; gLk;. ,J xU KOikahd muR NkYk; ,J vj;jifa KbtpidAk; vLf;fyhk;.
,e;jpahtpy; ,t; tuR ,e;jpa Rje;jpur;rl;lj; jpd; %yk; Mf];l; 15 Mk; ehs; mikf;fg;gl;L
1952Mk; Mz;L khh;r; khjk; tiu ,Ue;jJ
rpWghd;ik murhq;fk;: ( Minotiry Government )
kf;fsitapy; jdJ nrhe;j ngUk;ghd;ik ,y;yhky; ntspapypUe;J Mjutspf;Fk;
fl;rpfspd; JizNahL ,Uf;Fk;. muR rpWghd;ik muR vdg;gLk; cjhuzkhf 1990-91Mk;
Mz;by; re;jpu Nrfh; muRk; 1996-97Mk; Mz;by; NjtfTlh kw;Wk; F[uhy; MfpNahhpd; muRk;>
fhq;fpu]; fl;rp muRf; F ntspapy; ,Ue;J mspj;j Mjutpd; %yk; Ml;rpapy; ,Ue;jd.
$l;lzp muR: ( Coalition Government )

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,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l fl;rpfs; ,ize;J rpy nghJthd Nehf;fq;fSld;

cUthf; Fk; muNr $l;lzp murhFk;. ,t;tuRf;F mitapy; jdJ nrhe;j ngUk;ghd;ik
,Uf;fyhk; my;yJ ,y;yhkYk; ,Uf;fyhk;. jw;Nghija fhq;fpu]; muR xU $l;lzp murhFk;
Njrpa muR: ( National Government )
,J $l;lzp murpd; xU KiwahFk;. ,jpy; kf;fsitapy; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; cs; s
fl;rpfSs; ngUk;ghYk; midj;J fl;rpfSNk gq;Nfw;Fk;. ,jpy; mitapy; vjph;fl;rpNa
,Uf;fhJ. ngUk;ghYk; ,ittifahd muR Njrpa gpur;rpid Vw;gLk; NghJ mikAk; ehl;bid
ghjpf;Fk; tptfhuq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; Vfkdjhf ,j;jfia muR mikAk; ,j;jifa muR
,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghhpd; NghJ n[h;khdpa gilfis Njhw;fbg;gjw;fhf 1940Mk; Mz;L
,q;fpyhe;jpy; tpd;];ld; rh;r;rpy; mth;fshy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ
epoy; mikr;ruit: ( Shadow Government )
,J ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; vjph; fl;rpfshy; mikf;fg;gLk; mir;ruiria Fwpf;Fk;. ,jd;
cWg;gpdh;fsf;F nghWg;GfSk; gzpfSk; xJf;fpjug;gLk;. mj;jifa cWg;gpdh;fs; ghuhSkd;w
tpthjq;fspd; NghJ vjph;fl;rpia topelj;jp nry;th;. ,J fhj;jpUf;Fk; mikr;ruit vd;Wk;
miof;fg;gLk;. ,k;Kiw muir kl;Lkd;wp> jpwikahd vjph;fl;rpiaAk; cUthf;f
toptFf;fpd;wJ.NkYk; ,J vjph;fl;rp cWg;gpdh;fSf;F Ml;rp elj;j mth;fs; vjph; fl;rpapy;
,Uf;Fk; NghNj gapw;rpaspf;fpd;wJ. ,k;Kiw ,uz;L murpay; fl;rpfis kl;LNk nfhz;l
ghuhSkd;w Kiwapy; rhj;jpakhFk;. ,J ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ntw;wpfukhf nray;gLfpd;wJ
njhq;F ghuhSkd;wk;: ( Hung Parliament )
xU nghJj; Njh;jypy; VNDk; xU fl;rpNah my;yJ rpy fl;rpfspd; $l;lzpNah Ml;rp
mikf;ff; $ba epiyapy; ,y;yhj NghJ mg;ghuhSkd;wk; njhq;F ghuhSkd;wk; vdg;gLk;
rk;gpujhaq;fs;: ( Conventions )
,it vOj;J tbtpy; ,y;yhj ehl;bd; %d;W mq;fq;fisAk; fl;Lg;gLj;jf;$ba
eilKiwfshFk;. (rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; rig> ePjpj;Jiw kw;Wk; eph;thfk;) cjhuzkhf
FbauRj;jiyth; rk;gpujhag;gb kf;fsitapy; ngUk;ghd;ik ngw;w fl;rpia kj;jpapy; Ml;rp
mikf;f miog;ghh;
Njitf;Nfhl;ghL: ( Doctrine of Necessity )
xU mjpfhhp ghugl;rkhf nray;gl;Ls;shh; vd;W re;Njfpf;f NghJkhd mbg;gil
,Ue;jhYk;. mt; tjpfhhp jdJ mjpfhuj;ij gad;gLj;jp mj;jifa ,f;fl;lhd #o;epiyia
rkhspf;fyhk; vd;W ,f;Nfhl;ghgL $Wfpd; wJ. ,f;Nfhl;ghL n[ayypjh tof;fpy; cr;r ePjp
kd;wj;jhy; cUthf;fg; gl;lJ

Cfj;jpd; tpjp: ( Rule of Presumption )

Rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; rigfshy; ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lq;fis vjph;g;gth;fs; mtw;iw
ghugl;rkhdit vd;W ep&gpj;jhy; md;wpm it murpayikg;gpd;gb nry;yj;jf;fitahfNt
Cfpf;fg;gLk;. Mdhy; ,t;tpjp #o;epiy re;jh;g;gq;fis nghWj;Nj gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
%d;W nkhop #j;jpuk; ( Three Language Formula )

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,J nkhopg; gpur;rpizf;fhf khepy muRfis fye;jhNyhrpj;J kj;jpa muR cUthf;fpa

#j;jpukhFk;. ,jd;gb xU khepy kf;fspd; jha;nkhop ,e;jpahf ,Ue;jhy; mk;khepyj;jpd; Mwhk;>
Vohk; kw;Wk; vl;lhTj tFg;G khzth;fSf;F Mq;fpyj;ij jtpu NtW xU njd;khepy nkhopia
gapw;Wtpf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; ,J ,e;jpahtpy; ntw;wpfukhdjhf ,y;iy. ,J mhpahd
khepyj;jpy; kl;Lk; ntw;wpfukhf nray;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,k;Kiwapy; njYq;F %d;whtJ
nkhopahf Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

ePjpj;Jiwapd; nray;ghL
( JUDICIAL ACTIVISM )

ehl;bd; kw;w mq;fq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s flikfis mit rhptu epiwNtw;WkhW

nra;Ak; ePjpj;Jiwapd; nray;ghL kpfTk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. kf;fs; eyed fUj;jpy;
nfhs;shky; nghWg;gw;w Kiwapy; eilngWk; eph;thfj;jpd; kP J eP jpj;Jiw jdJ mjpfhuj;ij
gad;gLj;j KbAk;. eph; thfk; kw;Wk; rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; rig Mfpa ,U mq;fq;fspd; Gwf;fzpg;ghy;
xU ehl;bd; eph;thfk; ghjpf;fg;glf;$lhJ vd; gjw;fhf ,jid cr;r ePjpkd;wk; rkPg fhyq; fspy;
typAWj;jp tUfpd;wJ. ,J ePjpg;Gduha; tpy; ,Ue; J NtWgl;ljhFk;. Mdhy; ,J FWfpa
fhyj;jpw;F kl;LNk tuNtw;fg;glf; $baJ. eP z;l fhyj;jpw;F ,ij eilKiwg;gLj;jpdhy; %d;W
mq;fq;fSf;fpilNa mjpfhuq;fis gfph;e;jspf;f KiwiaNa ,J mopj;J tpLk;. Vnddpy;
,jd;gb ePjpj;Jiwf;F mjpf mjpfhuq;fs; toq;fg;gLk;. vdNt ,jd; kPJ ePjpj;Jiw jhdhfNt
Rafl;Lg;ghLfis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tNjhL ,ij nray;gLj;Jk; ePjpgjpfSf;F elj;ij
tpjpfisAk; tFf;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; ,jid filrp topahf kl;LNk gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; .
fl;Lg;ghLfspd; mtrpak;: ( Need for restraint on Judicial Activism )
cr;r ePjp kd;wk; mbg;gil chpikfis kPwy; my;yhj NtW tof;Ffis tprhhpj;J
jPh;g;G toq;fpajd; %yk; tpjpfs; 32 kw;Wk; 226 Mfatw;wpd; vy;iyfis njsptpy;yhky;
nra;J tpl;lJ
fhy;eil jPtd tof;fpy; ghl;dh cah;ePjpkd; wj;jpd; nray;ghl;bid gw;wp cr;r ePjpkd;w
jiyik ePjpgjp J. S. th;kh mth;fNs jdJ fUj;ij ntspapl;Ls;shh; . gPfhh; Kjyikr;rh;
yhYgpurhj; ahjt;it ifJ nra;a ,uhZtj;jpd; cjtp ve; j #o;epiyfspd; fPo;
Nfhug;gl;lJ vd;W tprhhpf;f kj;jpa muRf;F cs;s chpikiag; gw;wp Nfs; tp
vOg;gg;gl;lNghJk; 1997Mk; Mz;L Mf];l; 27Mk; Njjp jdJ jPh;g;ig ntspapl;lJ
kj;jpa Gyhdha;Tj; Jiwapd; ,af;Feuhf N[hfpe;jh; rpq;fpw;F gpwF R. C. rh;kh
epakpf;fg;gl;lij vjph;j;J jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;l kDit ghprPyidf;F vLj;j nly;yp
cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; KbT rhpahdJ my;y vd;W cr;r ePjpkd;wk; kiwKfkhfTk;
ehfhPfkhfTk; Rl;bf;fhl;baJ
jdpg;gl;l rl;lq;fs;: (Personal Law )
,it xU Fwpg;gpl;l r%fj;jpw;fhf kf;fspd; kj kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu Nkk;ghl;bw;fhf
cUthf;fg;gl;l rl; lq;fshFk;. ,J kf;fspd; jdpg;gl;l rl; lq;fis xOq;FgLj;Jk;. Cjhuzkhf
jpUkzk;> tpthfuj;J> jj;njLg;G nrhj;jpd; chpikia Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; Nghd;witahFk;

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jghy; %yk; thf;fspf;ff;$ba Fbkf;fs;: ( Categories of the citizen who can vote by Post )
1. gzpapy; ,Uf;Fk; r%f Copah;fs;
2. gzpapy; cs;s ghJfhg;G giltPuh;fs;
3. murpay; fhuzq;fSf; fhf NtWehLfSf;F mDg;gg;gl;l cWg;gpdh;fSk; mth;fsJ
FLk;g cWg;gpdh;fSk;
4. jLg;Gf; fhtypd; fPo; itf;fg;gl;bUg;gth;fs;
5. Njh;jy; Mizaj;jhy; mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;l egh;fs;
Nfgpdl; me;j];J cila mYtyh;fs;: ( Offices of the Cabinet Rank by the Statute )
1. jpl;lf; FOtpd; Jizj;jiyth;
2. kf;fsit rghehafh;
3. kf;fsit vjph;fl;rpj;jiyth;
4. epjpf;FO jiyth;
murpay; mikg;G – xU ghh;it ( CONSTITUTION AT A GLANCE )

gFjp
fs;
nghUs;fs; mlq;Fk; tpjpfs;
I
,e;jpahTk; mjd; gpuNjrKk; 1ypUe;J 4 tiu
II
FbAhpik 5ypUe;J 11 tiu
III
mbg;gil chpikfs; 12ypUe;J 35 tiu
IV
muRf;nfhs;ifapd; topfhl;b newpfs; 36ypUe;J 51 tiu
IV-A
mbg;gil flikfs;
51 A
V
kj;jpa murhq;fk; 52ypUe;J 151 tiu

mj;jpahak; I – eph;thfk;
52ypUe;J 78 tiu

mj;jpahak; II – ghuhSkd;wk;
79ypUe;J 122 tiu

mj;jpahak; III – FbauRj;jiythpd; rl;l mjpfhuq;fs;

123

mj;jpahak; IV - ,e;jpa ePjpj;Jiw

124ypUe;J 167
tiu

mj;jpahak; V – jiyik jzpf;if fl;Lg; ghL mjpfhhp

148ypUe;J 151
tiu
VI
khepyq;fs; 152ypUe;J 237
tiu

mj;jpahak; I – nghJ
152

mj;jpahak; II – eph;thfk;
153ypUe;J 167
tiu

mj;jpahak; III – khepy rl;l rig

168ypUe;J 212
tiu

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mj;jpahak; IV – Msehpd; rl; l mjpfhuq;fs;

213

mj;jpahak; V – cah;ePjp kd;wq;fs;

214ypUe;J 232
tiu

mj;jpahak; VI – fPo; ePjp kd;wq;fs;

233ypUe;J 237
tiu
VII
Kjy; ml; ltizapd; gFjp B y; cs;s khepyq;fs;
(ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
238
VIII
A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs; 239ypUe;J 242
tiu
IX
gQ;rhaj;Jf;fs; 243ypUe;J 243
tiu
IX-A
efuhl;rpfs;
24 3P – 243 ZG
X
jho;j;jg;gl;l kw;Wk; goq;Fbapd gFjpfs;
244ypUe;J 244- A
tiu
XI
kj;jpa> khepyq;fspilNaahd cwTfs; 245ypUe;J 263
tiu

mj;jpahak; I – rl;lk; rhh;e;j cwTfs;

245ypUe;J 255
tiu

mj;jpahak; II – eph;thfk; rhh;e;j cwTfs;

256ypUe;J 263tiu
XII
epjp> nrhj;J> xg;ge;jfs; kw;Wk; tof;Ffs; 264ypUe;J 300-
A tiu

mj;jpahak; I – epjp
264ypUe;J 291
tiu

mj;jpahak; II – fld;
292ypUe;J 293

mj;jpahak; III – nrhj;J> xg;ge;jq;fs;> chpikfs;>

nghWg;Gfs;> flikfs; kw;Wk; tof;Ffs;
294ypUe;J 300
tiu

mj;jpahak; IV – nrhj;Jhpik 300- A

th;j;jfk;> tzpfk; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa gpuNjrj;Jf;Fs;

elf;Fk; ghpkhw;wk;
301ypUe;J 307
tiu
XIII
kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRfspd; fPohd gzpfs; 308ypUe;J 323
tiu
XIV
mj;jpahak; I – gzpfs;
308ypUe;J 314
tiu

mj;jpahak; II – nghJg;gzp Mizak;

315ypUe;J 323
tiu
XIV-
jPh;g;ghaq;fs;
323 A ypUe;J 323 B
tiu

Contact & WhatsApp No: 9626538744 Page 119

A
XV
Njh;jy;fs;
324ypUe;J 329 A
tiu
XVI
jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh;> goq;Fbapdh;> gpw;gLj;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk;
Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpah;fs; Nghd;w rpy gphptpdUf; fhd rpwg;G
tpjpfs;
330ypUe;J 342
tiu
XVII
Ml;rpnkhop 343ypUe; J 351
tiu

mj;jpahak; I – kj;jpa murpd; nkhop

343 kw;Wk; 344

mj;jpahak; II – kz;ly nkhopfs;

345ypUe;J 347
tiu

mj;jpahak; III – cr;rePjpkd;wk; Nghd;wtw;wpd; nkhopfs;

348 kw;Wk; 349
XVIII
mj;jpahak; IV – rpwg;G topfhl;b newpfs;

XIX
neUf;fb epiy tpjpfs; 350 kw;Wk; 351

kw;wit 352ypUe;J 360

tiu
XXI
murpayikg;G jpUj;jq;fs; 361ypUe;J 367
tiu
XXII
jw;fhypf> khw;wf;$ba kw;Wk; rpwg;G tpjpfs; 368

FWfpa gl;lk;> njhlf;fk;> ,e;jpapy; cs;s

mjpfhukspf;Fk; %ythf;fpak;> kw;Wk; ePf;fg;gl;lit
369ypUe;J 392
tiu
393ypUe;J 395
tiu

murpayikg;G ml;ltizfs; ( Schedules of the Constitution )

vz;fs; nghUs;fs; mlq;Fk; tpjpfs;

Kjy;
ml;ltiz
1. khepyq;fspd; ngah;fs; kw;Wk; mitfspd;
gpuNjr mjpfhuq;fs;:
1 kw;Wk; 4
2tJ
ml;ltiz
2. A+dpak; gpuNjrq;fspd; ngah;fs; kw;Wk;
mitfps;d tp];jhpg;G gpd;tUgth;fspd; rk;gsk;>
nryTg;gbfs;> rYiffs; Nghd;wtw;Wld;
njhlh;Gila tpjpfs;:
59> 65> 75> 97> 125>
148> 158> 164> 186
kw;Wk; 221
1. FbauRj;jiyth; kw;Wk; khepy MSeh;fs;
2. kf;fsit rghehafh; kw;Wk; Jiz rghehafh;
3. khepyq;fsit jiyth; kw;Wk; Jizj;jiyth;
4. khepy rl;lrigfspd; rghehafh; kw;Wk; Jiz

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rghehafh;
5. khepy rl;lNkyitfspd; jiyth; kw;Wk;
Jizj; jiyth;

6. cr;rePjpkd;wk; kw;Wk; cah;ePjp kd;wq;fspd;

ePjpgjpfs;

7. ,e;jpa jiyik jzpf;if fl;Lg;ghl;L mjpfhhp

3tJ
ml;ltiz
3 gpd;tUgth;fSf;fhd cWjpnkhopapd; tbtq;fs; 75> 99> 124> 148>
1. kj;jpa mikr;rh;fs; 164> 188 kw;Wk; 219
2. ghuhSkd;w Njh;jypd; Ntl;ghsh;fs;
3. ghuHSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs;
4. cr;r ePjp kd;w ePjpgjpfs;
5. ,e;jpa jiyik jzpf;if fl;Lg;ghl;L mjpfhhp
6. khepy mikr;rh;fs;
7. khepy rl;lrig Njh; jypd; Ntl;ghsh;fs;
8. khepy rl;lrig cWg;gpdh;fs;
9. cah;ePjp kd;w ePjpgjpfs;
4tJ
ml;ltiz
4 khepyq;fsitapd; ,lq;fis khepyq;fSf;Fk;>
A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSf; Fk; xJf;fPL nra;jy;
4 kw;Wk; 80
5tJ
ml;ltiz
5 goq;Fbadg; gFjpfs; kw;Wk; goq;Fbapd
kf;fspd; eph;thfk; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghL njhlh;ghd
tpjpfs;
244
6tJ
ml;ltiz
6 m];]hk;> Nkfhyah> jphpGuh> kw;Wk; kpNrhuk;
Mfpa khepyq;fspy; cs;s goq;Fbapdg;
gFjpfspd; eph;thfk; njhlh;ghd tpjpfs;
244 kw;Wk; 275
7tJ
ml;ltiz
7 gl;bay; I (kj;jpa mjpfhug; gl;bay;)> gl;bay;
II (khepy mjpfhug; gl;bay;)> gl;bay; III
(nghJ mjpfhug;gl;bay;) Mfpatw;wpd; gb kj;jpa
khepy muRfSf; fpilNa mjpfhuq;fis
gfph;e;jspj;jy;

246
8tJ
ml;ltiz
8 murpayikg;ghy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l nkhopfis
cs;slf;fpaJ. Kjypy; 14 nkhopfs; ,Ue;jd.
Mdhy; jw;NghJ 18 nkhopfs; cs;sd.
Mitahtd: 1. m]; ]hk; 2. ngq;fhyp 3. F[uhj;jp
4. ,e;jp 5. fd;dlk; 6. fh\;kPhp 7. Kiyahsk; 8.
kzpg;G+hp 9. kuhj;jp 10. nfhq;fdp 11. Neghsp 12.
Xhpah 13. gQ;rhgp 14. rk];fpUjk; 15. rpe; jp 16.
344 kw;Wk; 351

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jkpo; 17. jkpo; 18. njYq;F kw;Wk; cUJ. ,e;jp

nkhop 21tJ jpUj; jk; rl;lk; 1967d; %yk;
Nrh;f;fg;gl; lJ. nfhq;fdp> kzpg;G+hp kw;Wk; Neghsp
Mfpait 71tJ jpUj;jr;rl;lk; 1992d; %yk;
Nrh;f;fg;gl; lJ
9tJ
ml;ltiz
epyr; rPh;j;jpUj;jq;fSld; njhlh;Gila rpy
rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; tpjp Kiwfis
nry;yj;jf;fitahfr; nra;jy;. mj;jia 284
rl;lq;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,e;j ml;ltiz Kjy;
jpUj;jr; rl;lk; 1951d; %yk; murpayikg;gpy;
Nrh;f;fg;gl; lJ ,e;j ml;ltizapy; VNjDk; xU
rl;lj;ij ,izg;gjd; %yk; muR mjid ePjpj;
Jiwapd; Ma;tpypUe;J ghJfhf;fyhk;.
31-B
10tJ
ml;ltiz
fl;rpj;jhtypd; mbg; gilapy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l
cWg;gpdh;fs; jFjpapog;gJ njhlh;ghd tpjpfs; ,J
52tJ jpUj;jr;rl; lk; 1985d; %yk; Nrh;f;fg; gl;lJ.
,J fl;rpj;jhty; jilr;rl;lk; vd;Wk;
miof;fg;gLk;
102 kw;Wk; 191
11tJ
ml;ltiz
gQ;rhaj;Jf;fspd; mjpfhuq;fs; flikfs;
Mfpatw;iw Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,jpy; 29 nghUs;fs;
cs;sd. ,J 73tJ jpUj;jr;rl;lk; 1992d; %yk;
Nrh;f;fg;gl; lJ
243-G
12tJ
ml;ltiz
efuhl;rpfspd; mjpfhuq;fisAk; flikfisAk;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,jpy; 18 nghUs;fs; cs;sd. ,J
74tJ jpUj;jr; rl;lk; 1992d; %yk; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ
243 - W
murpayikg;Gj; jpUj;jr;rl;lq;fs; (1951 – 2002)
( The Constitutional Amendment Acts (1951 – 2002)
murpay;
mikg;G
jpUj;j
vz;
tUlk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l tpjpfs; jpUj;jg;gl;lnghUs;
1tJ 1951 15> 19> 85> 87> 174> 341>
342> 372> 376 tpjpfs; 31 A >
31 B NkYk; 9tJ
ml;ltiz
,izf;fg;gl;lJ
nghJ eyed fUj;jpy; nfhz;L rkj;Jt
chpik jd;Dhpik kw;Wk; nrhj;Jhpik
Mfpait tiuaWf;fg; gl;ld. epyr;rPh;jpUj;j
rl;lj;ij ePjpkd;wq;fspy; mjpfhu tuk;gpw; F
cl;gl;ljhf nra; tjw;fhf mJ 9tJ
ml;ltizapy; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.

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rl;lrigfspy; $l;lj; njhlh;fs;> ePjpgjpfspd;

epakdk; kw;Wk; ,lxJf;fPL njhlh;ghd
tpjpfSk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ld
2tJ 1953 81 ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; khepyq;fspd;
gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
3tJ 1954 7tJ ml;ltiz Rj;jpfhpf;fg;glhj gUj;jp> czT cw;gj;jp>
fhy;eil guhkhpg;G Nghd;wit nghJ
mjpfhug; gl;baYf;F khw;wg;gl;lJ
4tJ 1955
31> 31 A > 305 kw;Wk; 9tJ
ml;ltiz
nrhj;ij ifafg;gLj;Jk; NghJ mjw;F
gjpyhf toq;fg;glNtz;ba e\;l <l; bd;
njhif Fwpg;gplg;glyhk;. NkYk; e\;l <l;bd;
njhif ePjpkd;wq;fspd; mjpfhu tuk;gpw;F
mg;ghw;gl;lJ
5tJ 1955 tpjp 3 khepyq;fspd; ngah;fs; kw;Wk; vy;iyfs;
ghjpf;Fk; tifapy; nfhz;Ltug;glNghFk;
rl;lj;jpd; kPJ khepyq;fs; jq;fs; fUj;ij
njhptpf;f fhyf;nfL eph;zapf;Fk; mjpfhuk;
FbauRj;jiytUf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ
6tJ 1956 269> 286> 7tJ Ml;ltiz
gl;bay; I & II
khepyq;fspilNa th;j; jfj;jpy; rk;ge;jg; gl;l
nghUs;fspd; kP J thp tpjpf;Fk; mjpfhuk;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F toq;fg;gl;lJ
7tJ 1956 49> 80> 81> 82> 131> 153>
158> 168> 170> 171> 216>
217> 220> 222> 224> 230>
231> 232> 239> 240> 253>
298> 371 Nrh;f;fg; gl;l
tpjpfs;: 290A> 350A> 350B>
372A> 378A
ePf;fg;gl;ltpjpfs;: 238> 242>
243> 259> 278> 306> 379> 80>
2tJ> 4tJ kw;Wk; 7tJ
ml;ltizfSk;
ghjpf;fg;gl;ld
1. 14 khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; 6 A+dpad;
gpuNjrq;fs; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;ld.
2. kf;fsit khepyq; fsit kw;Wk; khepy
rl;lrigfspy; ,lq; fs; kW xJf;fPL
nra;ag;gl;ld.
3. nray; kw;Wk; $Ljy; ePjpgjpfis
epakpj;jy; kw;Wk; cah;ePjp kd;wq;fspd;
mjpfhuk; gw;wpa tpjp
4. A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSf;fhd tpjpfs;.
5. Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> gQ;rhg;> kw;Wk; gk;gha;
Mfpa khepyq;fSf;F rpwg;G tpjpfs;.
8tJ 1960 330> 332> 333> 334 jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh;> goq;Fbapdh; kw;Wk;
Mq;fpNyh ,e; jpa r%fj;ij
Nrh;e;jth;fSf;fhf rl;lkd;wq; fspy;
xJf;fg;gl;l ,l xJf;fPL 1970 tiu
ePl;bf;fg;gl; lJ

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9tJ 1960 Kjy; ml;ltiz ngUghp A+dpad; gFjpfis ghfp];jhDf;F

khw;WtJ njhlh;ghd tpjpfs;
10tJ 1961 240: Kjy; ml;ltiz jhjh; efh;`Ntyp ,e;jpahtpy;
,izf;fg;gl;lJ
11tJ 1961 66(1)> 71(4) FbauRj;jiyth;> Jizf; FbauRj;jiyth;
Njh;jYf;fhd Njh;jy; FO njhlh;ghd
tpjpfs;
12tJ 1962 tpjp 240> Kjy;
ml;ltiz
Nfhth> lhkd;> ilA+ Mfpait ,e;jpahtpy;
,izf;fg;gl;ld
13tJ 1962
Tpjp 371 A Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ
ehfhyhe; Jf;F khepy me;j];J toq;fg;gl;lJ
NkYk; ehfhyhe;J khepyj;jpw;F rpwg;G
tpjpfs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld
14tJ 1962
239 A > 240 (1)>
Kjy; kw;Wk; 4tJ
ml;ltiz
ghz;br;Nrhp ,e;jpahtpd; A+dpad; gpuNjrkhf
,izf;fg;gl;lJ. NkYk; me;j A+dpad;
gpuNjrj;jpy; khepy rl;lrigiaAk;
mikr;ruitiaAk; mikf;f tpjpfs;
cUthf;fg;gl;ld
15tJ 1963 124> 128> 217> 222> 224>
224 A > 226> 297> 311> 316
VohtJ ml;ltiz
1. cah;ePjp kd;w ePjpgjpfspd; Xa;T ngWk;
taJ 60ypUe;J 62 Mf cah;j;jg;gl;lJ
2. cah; ePjp kd; wq;fspd; Xa;Tngw;w
ePjpgjpfs; kPz;Lk; Ntiyapy; mkh;tjw;fhd
tpjpfs;
3. cah;ePjpkd;wq;fspd; mjpfhu tp];jhpg;G
16tJ 1963 19> 84> 174> 2tJ
ml;ltiz
jdDhpikia tiuaWf;f khepyq;fSf;F
mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;lJ
17tJ 1964
31 A > 9tJ ml;ltiz
ePjpg;Gduha;T njhlh;ghd tpjpfs;
kWtiuaiw nra;ag;gl;ld
18tJ 1966 tpjp 3 khepyk; kWtiuaiw nra;ag;gl;lJ
19tJ 1966 tpjp 324 Njh;jy; jPh;g;ghaq;fs; mof;fg;gl;ld. Njh;jy;
gpur;rpidfs; njhlh;ghd tpjpfs;
20tJ 1966
tpjp 233 A Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ
khtl;l ePjpgjpfspd; epakdk; njhlh;ghd
tpjpfs; rpe;jp nkhop vl;lhtJ ml;ltizapy;
,izf;fg;gl;lJ
21tJ 1967 8tJ ml;ltiz A+dpad; gpuNjrk; Nkfhyah
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. NkYk; m];]hk;
khepyj;jpw;fhd rpy rpwg;G tpjpfs;

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22tJ 1969
tpjpfs; 244 A kw;Wk; 371 B
Mfpait Nrh;f;fg;gl;ld
rl;lrigapy; jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh;> goq;Fbapdh;
kw;Wk; Mq;fpNyh ,e; jpa r%fj;jpdUf;fhd
,l xJf;fPL 1980 tiu ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ
23tJ 1970 331> 332> 333> 334 rl;lrigapy; jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh;> goq;Fbapdh;
kw;Wk; Mq;fpNyh ,e; jpa r%fj;jpdUf;fhd
,l xJf;fPL 1980 tiu ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ
24tJ 1971 tpjp 13> 368 mbg;gil chpikfs; cs;spl;l
murpayikg;gpd; ve;j xU gFjpiaAk;
jpUj;Jk; mjpfhuk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F
toq;fg;gl;lJ
25tJ 1971
tpjp 31> tpjp 31 C
Nrh;f;fg;gl; lJ
tpjp 39d; $wg;gl;Ls;sgb mbg;gil
chpikfs; topfhl;b newpfSf; F
fPohditahf itf;fg;gl;ld
26tJ 1971
tpjp 312 A Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ
NkYk; tpjp 314
ePf;fg;gl;lJ
murh;fspd; rYiffs; mopf;fg;gl;ld
27tJ 1971
tpjp 239 B kw;Wk; 371 C
Mfpait Nrh;f;fg;gl;ld
tlfpof;F khepyq;fspd; kW fl;likg;G
28tJ 1972
tpjp 312 A Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
tpjp 314 ePf;fg;gl;lJ
,e;jpa r%fg;gzpfspd; cWg;gpdh;fSf;F
toq;fg; gl;l rYiffs; xopf;fg;gl;ld
29tJ 1972 Xd;gjhtJ ml;ltiz Nfus khepy rl;lrigapdhy; ,aw;wg;gl; l
epyr;rPh;j;jpUj;jr; rl;lk; xd;gjhtJ
ml;ltizapy; Nrh;f;fg; gl;lJ
30tJ 1972 tpjp 133 Rptpy; tof;Ffs; cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpy; Nky;
KiwaPL nra;a mt;tof;fpd; kjpg;G 20>000
&gha;f;F Nky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w
tiuaiw ePf;fg;gl;lJ
31tJ 1973 tpjpfs; 81> 330 kw;Wk; 332 kf;fsitapd; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh; vz;zpf;if
525ypUe;J 545 Mf cah;j;jg;gl;lJ
32tJ 1973 tpjp 371 ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ
kw;Wk; 371 D > 371 E
Mfpait Nrh;f;fg;gl;ld
Me;jpug;gpuNjr khepyj; jpw;fhd rpwg;G tpjpfs;
33tJ 1974 tpjpfs; 101> 190 xU ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdhpd; uh[pdhkh
fbjj;ij mitj; jiyth; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk; vd;W fl;lhakpy;iy vd;gjw;fhd
thp
34tJ 1974 Xd;gjhtJ ml;ltiz Xd;gjhtJ ml;ltiz tp];jhpf;fg;gl;lJ

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35tJ 1974 tpjp 80 ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ.

tpjp 371 F kw;Wk; gj;jhtJ
ml;ltiz
,izf;fg;gl;lJ
rpf;fpk; ,e;jpahtpd; xUq;fpize;j khepykhf
Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ
36tJ 1974 tpjp 80 ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
tpjp 371 F Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
NkYk; 10tJ ml; ltiz
ePf;fg;gl;lJ
rpf;fpkpw;F xU KOikahd khepyj;jpd;
me;j];J toq;fg;gl;lJ
37tJ 1975
tpjp 239 A kw;Wk; 240
mUzhr;ryg;gpuNjrj;jpy; khepy
rl;lrigiaAk; mikr;ruitiaAk;
mikg;gjw;fhd tpjpfs;
38tJ 1975
tpjp 123> 213> 239> 239 B >
352> 356> 359> 360
FbauRj;jiyth;> MSeh; kw;Wk; Lt MSeh;
MfpNahuhy; ntspaplg; gl;l mtrur;rl;lk;>
ePjp kd;wq;fspd; mjpfhu tuk;gpw;F
mg;ghw;gl;ljhf Mf;fg;gl;lJ
39tJ 1975 tpjp 71> 329 Mfpait
ghjpf;fg;gl;ld tpjp 391 A
Nrh;f;fg;gl; lJ. NkYk;
ml;ltiz X ePf;fg;gl; lJ
FbauRj;jiyth;> Jizf;FbauRj; jiyth;>
gpujkh; kw;Wk; kf;fsit rghehafh;
MfpNahhpd; Njh;jy; fis ePjpkd;wj;jpy;
vjph;f;f KbahJ
40tJ 1976
tpjp 31 B > 297 kw;Wk;
xd;gjhtJ ml; ltiz
Mfpait ghjpf;fg;gl;ld
Xd;gjhtJ ml;ltizapy; Gjpa tptfhuq;fs;
,izf;fg;gl;ld. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s
ejpfspd; ePh; kPJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F mjpfhuk;
toq;fg;gl;lJ
41tJ 1976 Tpjp 316 (2) khepy kw;Wk; $l;L khepy nghJg;gzp
Mizaj;jpd; cWg;gpdh;fspd; Xa;T ngWk;
taJ 60ypUe;J 62Mf cah;j;jg;gl;lJ
42tJ 1976
Kfg;Giu tpjp 31> 31 C > 39>
55> 74> 77> 81> 82> 83> 100>
102> 103> 105> 118> 145>
150> 166> 170> 172> 189>
191> 192> 194> 208> 217>
225> 226> 227> 228> 311>
312> 330> 352> 353> 356>
357> 358> 359> 366> 368>
371 F kw;Wk; VohtJ
ml;ltiz tpjp 31 D > 32 A >
39 A > 43 A > 48 A > gFjp IVA
1. kjr;rhh;gw;w rkj;Jt kw;Wk; xUq;fpize;j
Mfpa thh;j;ijfs; Kfg;Giuapy;
Nrh;f;fg;gl; ld
2. murpayikg;Gj;jpUj;jj;jpd; nry;yj;jf;f
jd;ikapd; kPJ ve;j ePjp kd;wj;jpYk; Nfs;tp
vOg;g KbahJ 368 ( A )
3. muRf; nfhs;ifapd; topfhl;b newpfspd;
tp];jhpg;G
4. mbg;gil chpikfis tpl muRf;
nfhs;ifapd; topfhl;b newpfSf;F
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ
5. mbg;gil flikfs; Nrh;f;fg;gl;ld

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(tpjp 51 A )> 131 A > 139 A >

144 A > 226 A > 228 A > 257 A >
gFjp XIVA > 323 A > kw;Wk;
423 A Mfpait
Nrh;f;fg;gl; ld
6. mbg;gil chpikfspd; kPjhd
fl;Lg;ghLfs; mjpfhpf;fg;gl;ld
7. kf;fsit kw;Wk; khepy rl;l rigfspd;
gjtpf;fhyk; Njrpa neUf;fb epiyapd; NghJ
6 tUlq;fshf mjpfhpf;fg;gl;lJ
8. njhopw;rhiyfspd; eph; thfj;jpy;
njhopyhsh;fSk; gq;Nfw;f nra;tjw;fhf
tpjpfs; tFf;fg;gl;ld
9. ePjpkd;wq;fspd; eP jpg;Gduha;T mjpfhuk;
tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ
10. Rw;Wr;#oy;> tdk; kw;Wk;
tdtpyq;Ffspd; ghJfhg;gpw;fhd tpjpfs;
11. Foe;ijfs; kw;Wk; ,isQh;fis
Ruz;lypy; ,Ue;J fhf; Fk; tpjpfs;
12. kf;fsit kw;Wk; khepy rl;l rigfspd;
njhFjpfis kWrPuikg;gJ 2001Mk; tUlk;
tiu 1971MK; Mz;bd; kf;fs; njhifapd;
mbg;gilapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
13. kf;fsit kw;Wk; khepy rl;l rigfspd;
$l;lq;fis elj;j Fiwe;j gl;r
cWg;gpdh;fspd; tUif mtrpakpy;iy
14. tpjp 32 A d; fPo; khepy muRfSila
rl;lq;fspd; nry;yj;jf; f jd;ikia MuhAk;
cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuk; ePf;fg;gl;lJ
15. ePjpkd;wq;fspd; nray;ghl;by; [_hp
Kiwf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
16. mikr;ruitapd; mwpTiuapd;gb
FbauRj;jiyth; nray;gl Ntz;Lk;
17. ve;j xU khepyj;jpw;Nfh (m) xU
khepyj;jpd; Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpf;Nfh rl;lk;
xOq;if epiy ehl;Ltjw;fhf kj;jpa
gilfis mDg;g kj;jpa muRf;F mjpfhuk;
mspf;fg;gl;lJ. mg; gilfspd; fl;Lg;ghL
kj;jpa murplNk ,Uf; Fk;
18. neUf;fb epiy tpjpfs; (m) Njrpa
neUf;fb epiyia ,e;jpag;gpuNjrj;jpd; xU
gFjpapy; gpufldk; nra;ayhk;. (M)
FbauRj;jiythpd; Ml;rp xU jilt
ePbf;Fk; fhyk; 6 khjj;jpypUe;J xU

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tUlkhf cah;j;jg;gl;lJ
19. tdk; kw;Wk; tdtpyq;Ffs; ghJfhg;G>
fy;tp> vil kw;Wk; msTfs;> kf;fs; njhif
fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk; ePjpj; Jiw eph;thfk; Nghd;w
rpy nghUs;fs; nghJ mjpfhug;gl;baypw; F
khw;wg;gl;ld
20. nghJ Copah;fSf;fhf eph;thf
jPh;g;ghaq;fis mikg;gJ njhlh;ghd tpjpfs;
43tJ 1978 tpjp 145> 226> 228> 366
Mfpait ghjpf;fg;gl;ld.
31 D > 32 A > 131 A > 144 A >
226 A > 228 A Mfpait
ePf;fg;gl;ld
1. ePjpj;Jiwapd; chpikfSk; mjpfhuq;fSk;
fhf;fg;gl;ld.
2. ePjpg;Gduha;Tf; F Gj;Japh; mspf;fg;gl;lJ
3. xU mikg;ig Njrj;jpw;F vjpuhdJ vd;W
mwptpf;f ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F ,Ue;j mjpfhuk;
ePf;fg;gl;lJ
44tJ 1978
tpjp 19> 20> 30> 31A, 38,
74, 77, 83, 105, 123, 132,
133, 134, 139A, 150, 166,
172, 194, 213, 217, 226, 227,
239A, 327, 352, 356, 358,
359, 360, 371F kw;Wk; 9tJ
ml;ltiz Mfpait
ghjpf;fg;gl;ld
tpjp 19(i), (f), 31, 257F, 329,
Mfpait ePf;fg;gl;ld.
tpjp 71> 103> 192 Mfpait
Gj;Japh; mspf;fg;gl;ld.
tpjp 134 A > 330 A gFjp
XII d; mj;jpahak; IV
kw;Wk; 361 A Mfpait
Nrh;f;fg;gl; ld
1. nrhj;jpd; kPjhd mbg;gil chpik
ePf;fg;gl;lJ
2. kf;fsit kw;Wk; khepy rl;lrigfspd;
gjtpf;fhyk; 5 tUlq;fshf Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ
3. ghuhSkd;w kw;Wk; khepy rl;lrigfspd;
cWg;gpdh;fSila jFjpfspd; kPjhd
gpur;rpidfs; KiwNa FbauRj;jiyth;
kw;Wk; MSeuhy; KbT nra;ag;gLk;
4. rl;lrigfspd; $l;lq;fis elj;j
Njitahd Fiwe;j gl;r cWg;gpdh;fspd;
vz;zpf;if gw;wpa tpjpfs; 42tJ
jpUj;jj;jpw;F Kd;G ,Ue;jthNw khw;wg;gl;ld
5. FbauRj;jiyth; kw;Wk;
Jizf;FbauRj;jiythpd; Njh;jy; gw;wpa
rh;r;irfspd; kPJ cr;rePjpkd;wKk; >
ghuhSkd;w kw;Wk; khepy rl;lrigfspd;
cWg; gpdh;fSila Njh;jypy; Vw;gLk;
rh;r;irfspd; kPJ cah;ePjp kd;wq;fSk;
KbntLf;Fk; vd;W $wg;gl;lJ.
6. Nfgpdl; bd; vOj;Jg;G+h;tkhd ghpe;Jiuia
ngw;whyd;wp Njrpa neUf;fb epiyia
gpufldk; nra;a KbahJ
7. thOk; chpik> jd;Dhpik kw;Wk;
gj;jphpf;if Rje;jpuk; Mfpait kPz;Lk;
toq;fg;gl;ld

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56tJ 1987
ml;ltiz I
,e;jpahtpd; 25tJ khepykhf Nfhth
,izf;fg;gl;lJ
57tJ 1987
gFjp XXII kw;Wk; tpjp 332
kpNrhuhk;> ehfhyhe;J> Nkfhyah> mUzhr;ry
45tJ 1980 tpjp 330> 332> 333 kw;Wk;
334
khepy rl;lrigfspy; jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh;
goq;Fbapdh; kw;Wk; Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa
r%fj;jpdUf;F toq;fg;gl;l ,l xJf;fPL
NkYk; 10 tUlq;fSf; F ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ
46tJ 1982 tpjp 269> 286> kw;Wk; 7tJ
ml;ltiz
khepy muRfshy; tpjpf;fg;gl;l tpw;gid thp
kWrPuikg;G nra;ag;gl;lJ
47tJ 1984 9tJ ml;ltiz epyr;rPh;j;jpUe;jq;fs; njhlh;ghd 14 Gjpa
tpjpfs; 9tJ ml;ltizapy;
,izf;fg;gl;ld
48tJ 1984 tpjp 356 gQ;rhgpy; mkyhf;fg;gl;l FbauRj;jiythpd;
Ml;rp ,uz;L tUlq;fSf;F ePl;bf;fg;gl; lJ
49tJ 1984
tpjp 244> ml;ltizfs; V
kw;Wk; VI Mfpait
ghjpf;fg;gl;;ld
jphpGuh khepy goq;Fbapd gFjpfis gw;wp
rl;lq;fs; ,aw;w ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;Fk; jphpGuh
khepy rl;lrigf;Fk; mjpfhuk; cz;L
50tJ 1984 tpjp 33 MAjg; gilfspd; cWg;gpdh;fSila
mbg;gil chpikfis rl;lj;jpd; %yk;
fl;Lg;gLj;j ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F mjpfhuk;
mspf;fg;gl;lJ
51tJ 1984 tpjp 330 kw;Wk; 332 m];]hk; khepyj;jpd; jd;dhl;rp gFjpfspy;
cs;s ,lq;fis jtpu ghuhSkd;w
kf;fsit kw;Wk; tlfpof;F khepyq;fspd;
rl;lrigfspy; cs; s rpy ,lq;fis
mk;khepyq;fis Nrh;e;j jho; j;jg;gl;Nlhh;
kw;Wk; goq;FbapdUf; F xJf;fPL nra;jy;
52tJ 1985 tpjp 102> 190> 191
Mfpait ghjpf;fg;gl;ld.
ml;ltiz X
Nrh;f;fg;gl; lJ
fl;rpj;jhty; jilr;rl;lk; njhlh;ghd tpjpfs;
murpayikg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;ld
53tJ 1986
ml;ltiz I
,e;jpahtpd; 23tJ khepykhf kpNrhuk;
,izf;fg;gl;lJ
54tJ 1986
ml;ltiz II
cr;rePjp kd;w kw;Wk; cah;ePjp kd;wq;fspd;
ePjpgjpfspd; rk; gsKk; gbfSk;
cah;j;jg;gl;ld
55tJ 1986
ml;ltiz I
,e;jpahtpd; 24tJ khepykhf mUzhr; ry
gpuNjrk; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ

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Mfpait ghjpf;fg;gl;ld gpuNjrk; Mfpa khepyq;fspy; jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh;

kw;Wk; goq;FbapdUf;F kf;fsitapYk;
mk;khepyq;fspd; rl; lrigfspYk; toq;fg;gl;l
,lxJf;fPL NkYk; Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
58tJ 1987
tpjp 394 A Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ
murpayikg;gpd; mjpfhu %y thf;fpak;
,e;jpahtpy; ,Ug;gjw;fhd tpjpfs;
59tJ 1988 tpjp 356> 352> 21 kw;Wk;
358 Mfpait
ghjpf;fg;gl;ld.
tpjp 359 A Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ
1. gQ;rhg;gpd; FbauRj;jiyth; Ml;rpf;fhyk;
3 tUlq;fs; tiu ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ
2. cs;ehl;L neUf;fb epiyia
gpufldg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd tpjpfs;
3. gQ;rhg; khepyj;jpy; kl;Lk; neUf;fb
epiyapd; NghJ thOk; chpikAk;>
jd;DhpikAk; jw;fhypfkhf ePf;fg;gLk;
60tJ 1988 tpjp 276 cs;ehl;L mjpfhhpfshy; tpjpf;fg;gLk; njhopy;
thpapd; mjpfgl;r njhif 250 &ghapypUe; J
2500 &ghahf mjpfhpf; fg;gl;lJ
61tJ 1988 tpjp 326 thf;Fhpik ngWtjw;fhd taJ tuk;G
21ypUe;J 18 Mf Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ
62tJ 1989 tpjp 334 kf;fsit kw;Wk; khepy rl;lrigfspd;
jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; goq;Fbapdh; kw;Wk;
Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa r%fj;jpdUf; F
toq;fg;gl;l ,lxJf;fPL NkYk; 10
tUlq;fSf;F eP l;bf;fg; gl;lJ
63tJ 1989 tpjp 356 ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ
tpjp 359 A ePf;fg;gl; lJ
gQ;rhg; khepyj;jpy; neUf;fb epiyapd; NghJ
thOk; chpikAk; jd; DhpikAk; jw;fhypfkhf
epWj;jp itf;fg;gl;lJ
64tJ 1990 tpjp 356 gQ;rhg; khepyj;jpy; FbauRj;jiyth; Ml;rp
(1987> Nk 11 Mk; ehs; mkyhf;fg;gl;lJ)
NkYk; 6 khjq;fSf;F ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ
65tJ 1990 tpjp 338 jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk; goq;FbapdUf;fhd
Njrpa FOtpw;F murpayikg;G me;j];J
toq;fg;gl;lJ
66tJ 1990
ml;ltiz IX
epyr;rPh;j;jpUj;jq;fs; njhlh;ghf
khepyq;fspdhy; ,aw; wg;gl;l 25 rl;lq;fs;
9tJ ml;ltizapy; ,izf;fg;gl;ld
67tJ 1990 tpjp 356 (4) gQ;rhg; khepyj;jpy; FbauRj;jiyth; Ml;rp
mkyhf;fg;gl;l ehspy; ,Ue; J (1987> Nk 11)
4 tUlq;fSf;F ePl;bf; fg;gl;lJ

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68tJ 1991 tpjp 356 (4) gQ;rhg; khepyj;jpy; FbauRj;jiyth; Ml;rp 5

tUlq;fSf;F eP l;bf;fg; gl;lJ
69tJ 1991
tpjp 239 AA kw;Wk; 239 AB
Mfpait Nrh;f;fg;gl;ld
nly;yp A+dpad; gpuNjrk;> nly;yp Njrpa
jiyefh; gpuNjrk; vd ngah; khw;wg;gl;lJ.
NkYk; nly;ypf;F 70 ,lq;fis nfhz;l
khepy rl;lrig toq;fg;gl;lJ
70tJ 1992 tpjp 54 nly;yp kw;Wk; ghz;br;Nrhpapd; rl;lrig
cWg;gpdh;fSf;F FbauRj;jiyth; Njh;jypy;
gq;Nfw;f chpik toq;fg;gl;lJ
71tJ 1992
ml;ltiz VIII
Neghsp> nfhq;fdp kw;Wk; kzpg;G+hp Mfpa
nkhopfs; vl;lhtJ ml;ltizapy;
Nrh;f;fg;gl; ld
72tJ 1992 tpjp 322 jphpGuh khepy rl; lrigapy; goq;FbapdUf;F
xJf;fg;gl Ntz;ba ,lq;fis rl;lg;gb
KbT nra;jy;
73tJ 1992 tpjp 243f; F Gj;jJaph;
mspf;fg; gl;lJ kw;Wk;
ml;ltiz XI
,izf;fg;gl;lJ
gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa mikg;Gfspd; mikg;G
Njh;jy;fs; epjp kw;Wk; gzpfs; njhlh;ghd
tpjpfs;
74tJ 1992 tpjp 243f;F Gj; Japh;
mspf;fg; gl; lJ.
ml;ltiz XII
,izf;fg;gl;lJ
cs;shl;rpfspd; mikg;G> Njh;jy;fs;> epjp
kw;Wk; gzpfs; njhlh;ghd tpjpfs;
75tJ 1994 tpjp 323
tPl;L chpikahsUf;Fk;> thliff;F
FbapUg;NghUf;Fk; ,ilNa Vw;gLk;
gpur;rpidfis tpiuthf jPh;g;gjw;fhf rpwg;G
eph;thf jPh;g;ghaq;fis mikg;gjw;fhd tpjpfs;
76tJ 1994
ml;ltiz IX
,lxJf;fPL njhlh;ghf jkpo;ehL rl;lrigahy;
,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lq;fs; 9tJ ml;ltizapy;
,izf;fg;gl;ld
77tJ 1995
tpjp 16 ( 4A )
nghJg;gzpfspy; jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk;
goq;FbapdUf;F gjtp cah;Tfs; mspg;gJ
njhlh;ghd tpjpfs;
78tJ 1995
ml;ltiz IX
gy khepyq;fshy; ,aw;wg;gl;l rpy
epyr;rPh;jpUj;j rl;lq;fs; 9tJ ml;ltizapy;
,izf;fg;gl;ld
79tJ 1999 tpjp 334 kf;fsit kw;Wk; khepy rl;lrigfspy;
jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh;> goq;Fbapdh; kw;Wk;

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Mq;fpNyh ,e; jpa r%fj;jpdUf; F

toq;fg;gl;l ,l xJf;fPL NkYk; 10
tUlq;fSf;F eP l;bf;fg; gl;lJ
80tJ 2000 tpjp 268> 269> 270> 272 gj;jhtJ epjpf;FOtpd; ghpe;Jiyia
mbg;gilahf nfhz;L kj;jpa khepy
muRfspilNa thpfis gfph;ejspf;f
khw;WKiw Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
81tJ 2000 tpjp 16 Murpayikg;gpd; tpjp 16d; fPo;
jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk; goq;Fbapd
kf;fSf;fhf xJf;fg;gl;L fhypahf cs;s
,lq;fs; gpd;tUk; tUlk; my;yJ
tUlq;fspy; epug;gg;gl Ntz;ba rpwg;G
fhypaplq;fshf fUjg;gLk;
82tJ 2000 tpjp 335 jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk; goq;FbapdUf; F
Njh;Tfspy; ngwNtz;ba jFjp
kjpg;ngz;fis jsh;j;Jjy;> gjtp cah;Tf;F
Njitahd jFjpfis Fiwj;jy;> kw;Wk;
kj;jpa khepy Ntiyfs; njhlh;ghd
tptfhuq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; rYiffis
mspg;gjw;fhf khepy muR tpjpfis
tFg;gij tpjp 335 jilnra;ahJ
83tJ 2000
tpjp 243 M
mUzhr;ryg;gpuNjrj;jpy; xU gQ;rhaj;jpy;
trpf;Fk; kf;fs; midtUk; goq;Fbapduhf
,Ue;jhy; mg;gQ;rhaj;jpy;
jho;j;jg;gl;NlhUf;F ,l xJf;fPL toq;f
Njitapy;iy.
84tJ 2000 tpjp 1> 2 kw;Wk;
ml;ltizfs; I, IV
rl;b];fh;> cj;jhuhQ;ry; kw;Wk; [hh;fz;l; Mfpa
khepyq;fspd; cUthf;fk;
85tJ 2002
tpjp 16 ( 4A )
jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk; goq;Fbapdhpd; gjtp cah;T
njhlh;ghd xJf;fPL kPz;Lk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ

murpayikg;G kw;Wk; murpay; thh;j;ijfs;

CONSTITUTIONAL AND POLITICAL TERMS
Xj;jpitg;Gj; jPh;khdk; ( Adjournment Motion ):
rl;lrigapd; epfo;r;rpfs;> nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s epfo;r;rp epuypd;gbNa elf;Fk;. Mdhy; nghJ
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j xU mtrukhd tp\aj;ij rl;lrigapd; Kd; nfhz;L te;J> xj;jpitg;G
jPh;khdj;jpd; %yk; rl;lrigapd; tof;fkhd eilKiwapy; FWf;fpl;L mt;tp\aj;ij
tpthjpf;fyhk;. Xj;jpitg;G jPh;khdk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLtjw;F mjid mitapd; cWg;gpdh;fSs;

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Fiwe;jJ 50 NguhtJ topnkhopa Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jPh;khdk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lhy; rigapd;

tof;fkhd eilKiw epWj;jp itf;fg;gl;L mj;jPh;khdj;jpdhy; vOg;gg;gl;l tptfhuk;
tpthjpf;fg;gLk;. ,j;jP h;khdj;jpd; Nehf;fk; nghJ Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j xU mtrukhd
tptfhuj;ij tpthjpf; f rigf;F xU tha;g;gspg;gNj MFk;. mt;tptfhuk; epr;rakhdjhTk;>
cz;ikia mbg;gilahf nfhz;ljhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mt; tptfhuj;jpd; kPjhd tpthjk;
1600 kzpNeuk; eilngWk;. NkYk; ,uz;liu kzpNeuk; ePbf;Fk;. tpthjj;jpd; Kbtpy;
thf;nfLg;G eilngWk; thf;nfLg;G rigapy; MSk; fl;rpapd; gyj;ij ntspf;fhl;Ltjhy;
mitapy; xj;jpitg;G jPh;khdk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLtij MSk; fl;rp jLf;f ,aYk;.
epwntwp nfhs;if ( Aparthied ):
,jw;F jdpahf it vd;WnghUs;. ,f;nfhs;if njd;dhg; gphpf;fhtpd; nts;is
,dj;jthpd; Ml; rpapy; fWg;gpd kf;fSf;F vjpuhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,f;nfhs;if nts;is
,d kf;fspd; gFjpfs;> gs;spfs;> kUj;Jtkidfs; kw;Wk; nghJ ,lq;fspy; fWg;gpd kf;fs;
Eioa jil> r%f chpikfs;> Ntiytha;g;G kw;Wk; murpay; eilKiw Mfpatw;wpy; ghugl;rk;
Nghd;w gy tbtq;fis cs;slf;fpaJ. njd;dhg;gphpf;fhtpy; ,f;nfhs;if 1990Mk; Mz;L
KbTf;F te;jJ. jw;NghJ me;ehL fWg;gpd ngUk;ghd;ik murhy; Msg;gLfpd;wJ.
taJ te;Njhh; thf;Fhpik ( Adult Franchise ):
[dehaf ehLfspy; Fwpg;gpl;l taij mile; j midj;J Fbkf;fSf;Fk; [hjp> ,d> epw>
kj kw;Wk; ghypd NtWghbd;wp thf;Fhpik toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. thf; Fhpik ngWtjw;fhd taJ
tuk;G xt;nthU ehl; bYk; NtWgLk;. cjhuzkhf ,e;j taJ tuk;G mnkhpf;fhtpYk;>
u\;ahtpYk; 18Mf cs;sJ. ,e;jpahtpy; ,t;taJ tuk;G 21ypUe; J 18Mf 61tJ murpayikg;G
jpUj;jj;jpd; %yk; Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ. ,j;jifa taJ tuk;gpid eph;zapg;gjw;fhd fhuzk; xU
egh; ,t; taij mile;j gpd;dh; jdJ thf;Fhpikia ed;Kiwapy; jdJ mwpTilikapd;gb
nray;gLj;Jthh; vd;gNjahFk;. vdNt taJte;Njhh; thf; Fhpik vd;gJ cyfj;jpw;Nf nghJthd
xU eilKiwahFk;. Fwpg;gpl;l taij mile;j midtUf;Fk; thf;Fhpik mspg;gjpy; vt;tpj
ghFghLk; fpilahJ.

murpd;ik ( Anarchy ):
,J ve;j xU murhq; fKk; ,y;yhj> rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp eilngwhj #o;epiyia Fwpf;Fk;.
,jd; njhlh;r;rpahf rl; lkpd;ik gyKs;sth;fs; ed;whf ,Ug;gh;. gykw;wth;fs; Jd;gg;gLthh;fs;.
mdhh;fp]k; ( Anarchism ):
xU muNrh my;yJ rl;lNkh my;yJ xU mjpfhhpNah jdpkdpj Rje;jpuj;ij mlf;fp
jdpkdpj kw;Wk; r%f Nkk;ghl;bw;F jilfis cUthf;f KbAk; vd;W rpy murpay;
rpe;jidthjpfs; thjpLfpd;wdh;. vdNt mth; fs; muNrh> rl;lNkh my;yJ mjpfhhpNah ,y;yhj
xU epiyia Mjhpf;fpd;wdh;. ,e;j #o;epiy murpd;ikf;F rkkhdjhFk;. ,j;jifa
NahridfNs mdhh;fp]hk; vdg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. Kjy; tif td;Kiw

Contact & WhatsApp No: 9626538744 Page 133

topfspd; %ykhf vjph;fhy r%fj;ij mikg;gJ. ,uz;lhtJ tif mikjpahd topfspd;

%ykhf mj;jifa r%fj;ij mikg;gJ kfhj;kh fhe;jp jj;Jt mdhh;fp]; l; Mthh;.
nghJ kd;dpg;G ( Amnesty ):
,J Fw;wthspfSf;Fk; rpiwf;ifjpfSf;Fk; murhq;fk; nghJthd topapy; kd;dpg;G
toq;Ftij Fwpf;Fk;. NkYk; mth;fs; jq;fspd; kPjhd Fw;wr;rhl;LfspypUe;J tpLtpf;fg;gLth;.
ngUk;ghYk; murpay; ifjpfSf;Nf nghJ kd;dpg;G toq;fg;gLk;.
,uh[;[paj;ij iftpLjy; ( Abdiction ):
xU murNuh my;yJ Ml;rpahsNuh jdJ mjpfhu fphPlj;ij my;yJ gjtpia jhdhf
Kd; te;J jdf;Fgpd; tUgtUf;F mspj;jy; ,uh[;[paj;ij iftpLjyhFk;
jw;fhypf Nghh; epWj;jk; ( Armistice ):
,J Nghhpy; <Lgl;Ls;s ,uz;L ehLfspilNaahd xg;ge;jj;ij Fwpf;Fk;. ,jd;gb tpNuhj
kdg; ghd;ik cs;s ,UehLfs; jq;fspd; tpNuhjj;ij tpl;Ltpl;L MNyhridfisAk;>
fUj;Jf;fisAk; gu];guk; ghpkhwpf;nfhs;s xg;ge;jk; nra;J nfhs;th;. ,jw;Fk; rz;il
epWj;jj;jpw;Fk; NtWghL cz;L. rz;il epWj;jk; vd;gJ jw;fhypfkhdjhFk;. NkYk; ,jpy; Nghh;
my;yJ jhf;Fjyhy; Vw;gLk; uhZt tpNuhjq;fs; kl;LNk iftplg;gLk;. Mdhy; Nghh; epWj;jk;
vd;gJ ,U ehLfspilNaahd mikjp xg;ge;jkhFk;.
jd;dhl;rp ( Autonomy ):
xU khfhzk; jdJ cs;ehl;L tptufhuq;fis ve;jtpjkhd ntspj;jiyapLk; ,y;yhky;
jhNd eph;tfpf; Fk; tifapy; mjw;F toq;fg;gLk; mjpfhuk; my;yJ me;j];Nj jd; dhl;rp
vdg;gLk;.
kjr;rhh;Gila ehL ( Theocratic State ):
,J kjr;rhh;gw;w ehl;bw;F vjph;kiwahdJ MFk;. xU kjr;rhh;Gila ehl;by; VNjDk; xU
kjk; me;j ehl;bd; kjkhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;L me;ehl;bDila murpd; nray; ghLfs;
midj;Jk; mk;kjj;jpd; nfhs;iffs; my; yJ tpjpfspd; gbNa ,Uf;Fk;. rTjp mNugpah>
ghfp];jhd;> Neghsk; Nghd;wit kjr;rhh; Gila ehLfshFk;. Mdhy; ,e;jpah kjr; rhh;gw;w
ehlhFk;.
,ilj;Njh;jy; ( By-Election ):
xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l njhFjpfspd; gpujpepjpfSila uh[pdhkh> ,wg;G my;yJ
NtW VNjDk; tifapy; gjtpf;fhyk; KbAk; Kd;dNu mt;tplq;fs; fhypahdhy; mtw;iw
epug;Gtjw;fhf ,ilg;gl;lfhyj;jpy; elj;jg;gLk; Njh;jNy ,ilj;Njh; jyhFk;.
,Umitfis nfhz;l rl;lrig: ( Bi-Cameral Legislature ):
,j;jifa rl;lrigapy; Nkyit> fPoit vd;W ,U mitfs; ,Uf;Fk;. fPoitapd;
cWg;gpdh;fs; kf; fshy; Neubahf Njh;e; njLf;fg;gLtjhy; mJ gpugy mit vd;Wk;
miof;fg;gLk;. jw;Nghijia etPd fhyj;jpy; ngUk;ghyhd rl;lrigfs; ,U mitfis
nfhz;l rl;lrigfshf cs;sd. ,U mitfis nfhz;l rl;lrig e\;lkiltNjhL
me;ehl;bd; Nkk;ghLk; gpd;jq;Fk;.
gpANuhfpurp ( Bureaucracy ):

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,J murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;iffisAk; jpl;lq;fisAk; eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; eph; thf

mikg;gpidf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,J murpd; midj; J gzpfisAk;> nray;ghLfisAk; epiwNtw;Wk;.
Mdhy; ,k;Kiwapy; tpjpfs; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghLfSf;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jy; nefpo;e;J
nfhLf;fhj eilKiw mjpfhuq;fs; Nghd; w gy Fiwfis nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,k;Kiwia
cUthf;fpa n[h;kdpapd; r%ftpayhsh; khf; ]; ntg;gh; vd;gth; ,jid etPd fhyj;jpw; F Vw;w
epahakhd jpwikahiu eph;thf mikg;G vd;W $wpfpd;whh;. mthpd; fUj;Jg;gb ,k;Kiwf;F
mLf;F Kiw gapw;rp ngw;w Copah;fs; eph;zapf;fg;gl; l rk; gsk;> tpjpfsi fLikahf
filgpbj;jy; Nghd;w ,ay;Gfs; cz;L.
ge;j; ( Bandh ):
,k;Kiw rpy tptfhuq;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;l gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,jd;gb xU murpay;
fl;rpNah my;yJ mikg;Ngh xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;F filfs;> muR mYtyfq;fs;> gs;spfs;
Nghd;wtw;iw %LkhW Nfhhpf;if tpLf;Fk;. murpd; nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; jpl;lq;fis vjph;f;f
ge;j; gad;gLk;.
,ilg;gl;l ehL ( Buffer State ):
,U ehLfspilNaahd cwTfs; rhpahd ,y;yhjNghJ mtptU ehLfspilNa ,Uf;Fk;
ehNl ,ilg;gl;l ehlhFk;. ,e;ehL tpNuhjKs;s ehLfspilNa eLepiyahf nray;gl
Kaw;rpf;Fk;. tpNuhjk; nfhz;l ,uz;L ehLfspilNa NtW xU ehL mike;jpUg;gJ mit
uhZt jhf;Fjy;fspy; <Lglhky; jLf;f cjTk;. cjhuzkhf ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; rP dhtpw;Fk;
,ilNa cs;s Neghsk; ,ilg;gl;ljhFk;.
Kjyhsp th;f;fk; ( Bourgeoise ):
,J njhopyjpgh;fs; kw;Wk; th;j;jfh;fs; Nghd; Nwhh; mlq; fpajhFk;. ,t;thf;fk;
Kjyhspj;Jtk; tsu fhuzkhf mikAk;. Fhuy; khh;f;];d; fUj; Jg;gb ,t;th;f;fk; cw;gj;jp
kw;Wk; gfph;e;jspg;ig fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; kw;Wk; ciof;Fk; th;f;fj;jpdiu Ruz;Lk; th;f;fkhFk;.

fs;sr;rhuha flj;jy; ( Boot-Legging ):

,J murpd; chpkk; ngwhky; kJ kw;Wk; rhuhak; Nghd;wtw;iw jahhpg;gijAk; tpw;gid
nra;tijAk; Fwpf;Fk;.
Nghy; \ptprk; ( Bolshevism ):
,J Nghy;\ptpf; vd;Dk; u\;a nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;J Njhd;wpaJ. ,jd; nghUs; ngUk;ghd;ik
vd;gjhFk;. 1971MK; Mz;by; Vw;gl;l u\;aGul;rp ngUk;ghd;ikahd kf;fshy; Mjhpf;fg;gl;ljhy;
Nghy; \ptpf; Gul;rp vdg;gl;lJ. vdNt Nghy; \ptprk; vd;gJ u\;ahtpy; Gul;rpfhuh;fshy;
gug;gg;gl;l fk;A+dp];l; Gul;rpapd; nfhs;iffisAk; yl;rpaq;fisAk; Fwpf;Fk;.
%q;fpy; jpiu ( Bamboo Curtain ):
%q;fpy; jpiu vd;gJ rPd kf;fspd; kPJ rPd muR kw;Wk; fkA+dp];l; fl;rpapdhy;
tpjpf;fg;gl;l jilfis Fwpf;Fk;. ,j;jlifs; rPdkf;fis cyfpd; kw;w kf;fsplkpUe;J
jdpahf gphpj;jd. ,j;jilfspdhy; rP dhtpy; elg;git ntsp cyfpw; Fk;> ntsp cyfpy; elf;Fk;
epfo;r;rpfs; rP d kf;fSf;Fk; njhpahky; ,Ue;jd.

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%isr;ryit ( Brain Washing ):

%isr;ryit vd;gJ kf;fspd; kdjpd; Nky; jq;fsJ nry;thf;fpid gpuNahfpg;gjw;fhf
muR mYtyh;fs; ifahSk; topfs; MFk;. ,jdhy; kf;fs; jq;fspd; nrhe;j fUj;Jf; fspy;
,Ue;J NtWgl;L kw;wth;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisAk;> nfhs;iffisAk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;thh;fs;.
,Ujug;G xg;ge;jk; ( Bilateral Agreement ):
,uz;L jug;GfSf;F ,ilapy; kl;Lk; Vw;gLk; xg;ge;jNk ,U jug; G xg;ge;jk; vdg;gLk;.
,uz;Lf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l jug;GfSf;F ,ilapy; Vw;gLk; xg;ge;je; fs; gy jug;G xg;ge;jq;fs;
vdg;gLk;. kw;w jug;gpid fye;jhNyhrpf;fhky; xU jug;G kl;LNk ntspapLk; mwpf;if my;yJ
gpufldk; xU jug;G gpufldk; vdg;gLk;.
Culq;F cj;juT ( Curfew ):
xU ,lj;jpy; rl;lk; xOq;if epiyehl;Ltjw;fhf kf;fs; elkhl;lj; jpd; Nky; tpjpf;fg;gLk;
jilNa Culq;F cj;juthFk;. Culq;F cj;juT xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;Nfh my;yJ
fhytiuaiuapd;wpNah mkyhf;fg;gl;lL kf;fSf;F mwptpf;fg;gLk;.
Ml;rp ftpo;g;G ( Coupd’etat ):
td;Kiwapd; %yk; my;yJ rl;lj;jpw;F tpNuhjkhf xU muir J}f;fp vwptNjh my;yJ
khw;WtNjh Ml;rp ftpo;g;G vdg;gLk;. ,jd; ntw;wp vt;tsT J}uk; tiu murpd; mjpfhuk;
kf;fshy; my;yJ FOtpdhy; ifg;gw;wg;gLfpwJ vd;gij nghWj;J mikAk;. ,J khw;wg; gl;l
murpd; ,lj;jpy; NtW xU Gjpa muR mika toptFf;Fk;. Mrpah kw;Wk; Mg;gphpf;fhtpy;
cs;s gy ehLfspy; ,j;jifa nray; ntw;wpfukhf nray;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

mlf;Fjy; ( Containment ):
xU ehl;bd; nfhs;iffs; kw;nwhU ehl; by; guthky; jLg;gNj ,jd; nghUshFk;.
cjhuzkhf u\;ah kw;Wk; rPdhtpd; fk;A+dpr nfhs;iffs; %d;whk; cyf ehLfSf;Fg; guthky;
jLf;f mnkhpf;fh ,f;nfhs;ifia gad;gLj;jpAs;sJ.
Vfkdjhd KbT ( Consensus ):
rpy nfhs;iffs; my;yJ tptfhuq;fspd; kP J gy egh;fs; my;yJ fl;rpfs; xNu kdjhf
KbT nra;tNj Vfkdjhd KbthFk;. etP d [dehaj;jpy; rpy rh;r;irfspd; kPJ xg;ge;jk;
my;yJ KbT Vw;gl ,J cjTfpd;wJ.
vjph;j;jy; ( Confrontation ):
,uz;L FOf;fs;> ehLfs; my;yJ fl;rpfspilNa Kuz;ghL Vw;gLk; #o;epiyiaNa ,J
Fwpf;Fk;. ,r;#o;eiyapd;NghJ ,U jug;Gk; xU gpur;rpidapd; kPJ NtWgl;l fUj;Jf;fis
nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,J rpy Neuq;fspy; ,U ehLfspilNa ,uhZt vjph;g;igAk; Vw;gLj;Jk;.
$l;L ,iwahd;ik ( Condominium ):
,J Rje;jpukhf ,y;yhj xU ehl;bd; kPJ ,uz;L ehLfs; jq;fsJ ,iwahd;ikia xNu
Neuj;jpy; gpuNahfpf;f toptFf;Fk; xg;ge;jk; MFk;. rpy tUlq;fSf;F Kd; $lhd ehl;bd; kPJ
,q;fpyhe;Jk; vfpg;Jk; ,iwahd;ikia gpuNahfpj;jd.

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fk;a+dprk; ( Communism ):
fk;A+dprk; vd;gJ fhuy; khh;f;]hy; cUthf;fg;gl;L gpd;G u\;ahtpd; nydpd; kw;Wk;
rPdhtpd; khNrJq; MfpNahuhy; khw;wp mikf;fg;gl;L gpd;gw;wg;gl;l nfhs;ifahFk;. fk;A+dprj;jpd;
Nehf;fk; gphpTfs; ,y; yhj r%fj;ij mikg;gNj MFk;. midtUk; mtuth; Njitf;Nfw;g
nghUl;fis ngwTk;> mtutuhy; ,ad;w msT nray;glTk; toptFf;Fk;. tifapy; cw;gj;jpAk;
tpepNahfKk; eilngw Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jifa r%fj;ij mikg;gjw;fhf Kjyhspj;Jtj;ij
mopf;f Gul;rp kw;Wk; r%fj;jpd; gphpTfis mof;f Nghuhl;lk; Nghd;wtw;wpy; <Lgl fk;A+dprk;
typAWj;jpaJ. fhuy;khh;f;];d; nfhs;if tpQ;Qhd rkj;Jtk; vd; Wk; nydpDila nfhs;if
Gul;rp rkj;Jtk; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lJ.
fhydp Mjpf;fk; ( Colonialism ):
xU ehl;il ntspapypUe;J tUk; kw;nwhU ehL Ms;tNj fhydp Mjpf;fk; vdg;gLk;.
rk;ge;jg;gl;l ehL Ml;rp nrYj;Jk; ehl;bDila fhydp ehlhFk;. ,k;Kiwapy; fhydp
ehl;bDila murpay;> nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; fyhr;rhuj;ij Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jk;. ehl;il
KOikahf fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;. NkYk; fhydp ehl;il jq;fsJ nrhe; j eyd;fSf;fhf Mjpf;fk;
nrYj;Jk; ehL Ruz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf 1947f;F Kd; ,e;jpah ePz;l fhykhf ,q;fpyhe;jpd; fhydp
Mjpf;fj;jpy; ,Ue; J te;jJ. Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lq;fspd; %ykhf Vwj;jho midj;J fhydp
ehLfSNk ,uz;lhk; cyfg;NghUf;Fg;gpd; Rje;jpuk; ngw;Wtpl;ld. vdNt fhydp Mjpf;fk; xU
KbTf;F te;jJ.

gdpg;Nghh; ( Cold War ):

tpNuhj kdg;ghd;ik nfhz;l ,U ehLfs; my;yJ ehLfspd; FOf;fs; xd;Wf;nfjpuhf
xd;W jtwhd gpur;rhuj;jpy; <LgLtNj gdpg; Nghh; vdg;gLk;. ,UehLfspilNa ,uhZt vjph;g;G
,y;yhky; ,Ue;jhYk; mitfSf;fpilNa tpNuhjKk;> ek;gpf;ifapd;ikAk; ,Ug;gjhy; ve;j
Neuj;jpYk; Nghh; %sf;$ba #o;epiy fhzg;gLk;. mnkhpf;fh jiyikapyhd Kjyhspj;Jt
ehLfSf;Fk; u\;ah jiyikapyhd fk;A+dpr ehLfSf;Fk; ,ilNa 1950 kw;Wk; 1860fspy;
Vw;gl;l gjl;lk;. ,U ehLfspd; FOf;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa ele;j gdpg;Nghhpd; tpisNtahFk;.
Nrhtpaj; A+dpad; kw;Wk; fk; A+dpr ehLfspd; mikg;G 1991y; gpsTg;gl;ljpy; ,Ue;J gdpg;Nghh;
xU KbTf;F te;jJ.
xj;jpUj;jy; ( Co-existence ):
,U ehLfspilNa gu];gu mq;fPfhuf;nfhs;iffis ,J typAWj;Jfpd;wJ.
ntspAwTf;nfhs;iffis topelj;Jtjw;fhf ,e;jpah kw;Wk; rPdh ,ilNa 1954Mk; Mz;L
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l gQ; rrPyf; nfhs;ifspy; mikjpahf xj;jpUj;jYk; xd;whFk;. etPd rh;tNjr
cwTfspy; ,J xU Kf;fpakhd %iyf;fy; MFk;. ,k;Kiwia gpd;gw;whky; gy tiffisr;
rhh;e;j gy rpwpa> nghpa ehLfs; cyfpy; ,Ug;gJ rhj;jpakpy;iy.
$l;lzp muR ( Coalition Government ):
,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l fl;rpfs; ,ize;J mjpfhuq; fis gfph;e;J nfhz; L
muR mikg;gNj $l;lzp murhFk;. $l;lzp Njh;jYf;F Kd;Ngh my;yJ gpd;dNuh
mikf;fg;gLk;. muR mikf;Fk; mstpw;F xU fl;rp ngUk;ghd; ik ngwhj Neuq;fspy; gy

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fl;rpfis nfhz;l [dehaf ehl;by; $l;lzp muR mikf;fg;gLk; . mly; gpfhhp th[; ghapd;
jiyikapy; Kd;G ,Ue;j muRk; $l; lzp murhFk;. $l;lzp murpw;F xj;Jiog;G kw;Wk;
tpl;Lf;nfhLj;jy; Nghd; wtw;wpy; gpur;rpidfs; Vw;gLk;. mg;gpur;rpidfis murpd; Fiwe;j gl;r
nghJ jpl;lj;jpd; kPJ midj;J fl;rpfSk; Vfkdjhf KbntLg;gjd; %yk; jPh;f;f KbAk;.
rht;dp]k; ( Chauvinsim ):
r%fj;Jiwapy; ,J Mz;fSf;F mjpf kjpg;gspj;Jtpl;L ngz;fSf;F vjpuhf
jPq;fpog;gij Fwpf;Fk;. Mdhy; murpaypy; ,J xUth; jdJ ehl;bd; kPJ nfhz;bUf;Fk;
kpifg;gbahd ehl;Lg;gw;W czh;r;rpia Fwpf;Fk;. kw;nwhU gf;fk; ,J kw;w ehLfs; kw;Wk;
r%fq;fspd; kPJ ntWg;G njhptpg;gijAk; Fwpf;Fk;.
rhh;[; b m/Ngh;]; ( Charge d’affaires ):
xU ehl;by; epue;ju J}Jth; ,y;yhj NghJ mtuJ flikfis ftdpf;Fk; egh; ,t;thW
miof;fg;gLthh;.
fz;ldj;jPh;khdk; ( Censure Motion ):
,J muR my;yJ xU mikr;rUf;F vjpuhf mth;fsJ nfhs;iffisAk;> jpl;lq;fisAk;
tpkh;rpj;J vjph;fl;rpfshy; nfhz;Ltug;gLk; jPh;khdk; MFk;. ,j;jPh;khdj;jpy; muirNah my;yJ
mikr;riuNah tpkh; rpg;gjw;fhd fhuzj; ij Fwpg;gplNtz;Lk;. mitapy; ,j;jPh; khdk;
epiwNtw;wg;gLtJ murplk; ek;gpf;ifapy;yhjijf; Fwpf;Fk;. vdNt ,j;jPh;khdk;
epiwNtw;wg;gLtij MSk; fl;rp vjph;f;Fk;.
Kjyhspj;Jtk; ( Capitalism ):
,J tiuaWf;fg;glhj jpd nrhj;Jhpik kw;Wk; njhopw;rhiyfis nrhe;jkhf
itj;jpUf;Fk; chpik Mfpait mq;fPfhpf; fg;gl;Ls;s xU nghUshjhu KiwahFk;. ,j;jifa
nghUshjhu Kiwapy; muR jiyaplhJ. nghUshjhu nray;ghLfspd; kPJ re;ij rf;jpfshd
NjitAk; mspg;Gk; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. Kjyhspj;Jtk; nghUshjhu Vw;Wj;jho;TfSf;Fk;
Kjyhspfs; njhopyhspfis Ruz;lTk; top tFf;Fk;. fhuy; khh;f; ]; Kjyhspj;Jtj;ij kpfTk;
tpkh;rpj;jhh;. NkYk; mth; njhopyhsh;fspd; Gul;rp kw;Wk; rkj;Jt Kiwia mikg;gjd; %yk;
Kjyhspj;Jtk; tP Ok; vd;W $wpdhh;. Mdhy; Mlk; ];kpj; Nghd;wth; fs; Kjyhspj;Jt Kiwapd;
jpwikiaAk; Nghl;bapLk; jd;ikiaAk; Gfo;e;jdh;.
fk;A+dyprk; ( Communalism ):
kw;w r%fq;fs; my;yJ ehLfspypUe;J NtWgl;l kw;Wk; cah;e;j xU r%fj;ij Nrh;e; j
czh;Nt fk;A+dyprk; vdg;gLk;. kj mbg;gilapyhd ,r;r%f czh;T nghUshjhu kw;Wk;
murpay; eyd;fspy; Nkk;ghl;bw;F mbg;gilia cUthf;Fk;. mjhtJ kjj;ij> kjk; rhuhj
Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf gad;gLj;JtNj fk;A+dyprkhFk;. gy r%fq;fisAk; mtw;wpw;fpilNa
gjl;lj;ijAk; rh;r;irfisAk; Vw;gLj;Jtjhy; fk;A+dyprk; ,e;jpa murpaYf;F jPq;F
tpistpf;ff; $bajhFk;.
murpayikg;G rhh;e;j murhq;fk; ( Constitutional Government ):
ve;j xU murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fs; murpayikg;ghy; tiuaQf;fg;gl;Ls;sNjh kw;Wk;
ve;j xU muR murpayikg;gpd; tpjpfspd; gb nray;gLfpwNjh mt;turhq;fk; murpayikg;G
rhh;e;jjhFk;.

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Xj;Jioahik (Civil Disobedience ):

,J kf;fs; murpd; rl;lq;fisAk;> nfhs;iffisAk; mikjpahd kw;Wk; mfpk;irahd
topfspy; vjph;g;gijAk; mjw;fhd jz;lidia Vw;Wf;nfhs;tijAk; mDgtpg;gijAk; Fwpf;Fk;.
,J murpd; epahakw;w nfhs;iffisAk; rl;lq;fisAk; vjph;g;gjhFk;. Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd;
NghJ Mq;fpNya murpd; rpy rl;lq;fis vjph;g;gjw;fhf ,t;tpaf;fj;ij kfhj;kh fhe;jp
njhlq;fpdhh;. fhe;jp[p mth;fs; n`d;wp NjhhpNahtpd; xj; Jioahik nfhs;iffshy;
<h;f;fg;gl;lhh; vd;W $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
Nfgpdl; murhq;fk; ( Cabinet Government ):
,J ghuhSkd;w kf;fsitf;F nghWg;Gila Nfgpdl;blk;> cz;ikahd eph;thf
mjpfhuq;fs; ,Uf;Fk; tifapyhd ghuhSkd;w Ml;rpKiwapd; kw;nwhU ngauhFk;. Mdhy;
ngaustpw;F mjpfhuk; nfhz;l ehl;bd; jiytUila ngahpNyNa muR eilngWk;. gpugy
mitapd; MSk; fl;rpf;F ngUk;ghd;ik ,Ug;gjhy; murpy; Nfgpdl; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jk;. vdNt
,J Nfgpdl; murhq;fk; vd;W miof;fg;gLk;.
may;ehl;Lg; gpujpepjp ( Consuls ):
xU tptfhuj;jpd; kPJ mitapy; elj;jg;gLk; thf;nfLg;gpy; xU ehl;bd; nghUshjhu
kw;Wk; th;j;jf eyd;fis fhg;gjw;fhd flikfsi epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf me;ehl; by; ,Ue;J
kw;nwhU ehl;bw;F epakpf;fg;gLk; egNu may;ehl;Lg; gpujpepjp Mthh;. ,th; J}JtUf;F fPohd
epiyiaAk; me;j];ijAk; ngw;wth;.
fh];bq; Xl;L ( Casting Vote ):
ntw;wp> Njhy;tp eph; zapf;f Kbahj msT rkkhd thf; Ffs; gjpthdhy; ntw;wp
Njhy;tpia eph;zapf;Fk; rghehaf;fh; my;yJ jiythpd; Xl;Nl ,t; thW miof;fg;gLk;.
MAj mopg;G ( Disarmament ):
Mikjpia fhf;Fk; tifapy; ehLfs; Nghh; MAjq;fis mopf;Fk; eltbf;ifNa
MAjmopg;ghFk;. ,J MAjf; fl;Lg;ghl;bypUe;J NtWgl;ljhFk;. MAjf;fl;Lg;ghl;by;
MAjq;fspd; vjph;fhy tsh;r;rp kl;LNk jilnra;ag;gLk;. Mdhy; MAj mopg;gpy; jw;NghJ
,Uf;Fk; MAjq;fSk; mspf;fg;gLk;.
rh;thjpfhuk; ( Dictatorship ): kf;fspd; xg;Gjy; ,y;yhky; midj; J mjpfhuq;fSk; xU egh;
my;yJ rpy egh;fsplk; Ftpe;jpUf;Fk; Ml;rpKiwNa rh;thjpfhukhFk;. ,t;tjpfhuq;fs; xU
rh;thjpfhhp gad;gLj;j ve;jtpj tiuaiwfSk; fpilahJ. vdNt rh;thjpfhuk; [dehaj;jpw;F
vjpuhdJ. NkYk; mJ mjpfhug; gfph;e;jspg;igAk; vjph;f;fpd;wJ.
murpay; MNyhrid tpUe;J ( Dinner Diplomacy ):
rpy jiyth;fs; my;yJ jdpegh;fs; xU tpUe;Jf; F miof;fg;gl;L rpy gpur;rpidfSf; F
jPh;T fhz Kad;why; mJ ,t;thW miof;fg;gLk;
[dehafk; ( Democracy ):
Mgpufhk; ypq;fdpd; fUj;Jg;gb [dehafk; vd;gJ kf;fshy; kf;fSf;fhf mikf;fg;gLk;
kf;fspd; murhFk;. ,J kf;fshy; Ml;rpahsh;fs; Njh; e;njLf;fg;gLk; kw;Wk; kf;fspd; tpUg; gq;fs;
kw;Wk; xg;Gjypd;gb muR nray;gLk; xU Ml;rp KiwahFk;. [dehaf murpd; gpw ,ay;Gfshd
rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp Fbkf;fspd; chpikfs; kw;Wk; Rje;jpuq;fSf;fhd tpjpfs;> midtUf;Fk; ePjp

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kw;Wk; rkj;Jtj;jpy; ek;gpf;if Rje;jpukhd kw;Wk; ghugl;rkw;w ePjpj;Jiw gj;jphpf; if Rje;jpuk;

Neh;ikahd kw;Wk; Rje;jpukhd Njh;fs; Nghd; wit.
[dehaf rkj;Jtk; ( Democratic Socialism ):
[dehaf Kiwfspd; %yk; xU rkj;Jt rKjhaj;ij mikg;gNj ,jd; nghUshFk;.
Rkj;Jt Kiwapy; cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; tpdpNahf topKiwfs; murhq;fj;jpd; fPo; ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;j
Nehf;fk; Gul;rpapd; %ykhf milag;gl;lhy; mJ Gul;rp rkj;Jtk; vd;Wk; [dehaf kw;Wk;
mikjpahd topfspy; milag;gl;lhy; [dehaf kw;Wk; mikjpahd topfspy; milag;gl;lhy;
[dehaf rkj;Jtk; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;. njhopw;rhiyfis Njrpakakhf;Fjy; Kd;Ndw;wkhd
thptpjpg;G jpl;lkplg;gl;l Nkk;ghL Nghd; wit [dehaf rkj;Jtj;jpd; KiwfshFk;.
midtUf;Fk; r%f nghUshjhu ePjpiaAk;> tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;bw;fhf midtUf;Fk; rk
tha;g;Gfis toq;FtJk; [dehaf rkj;Jtj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

gjl;lf;Fiwg;G ( Detente ):
,U ehLfSf;F ,ilNaahd gdpg; Nghiu jtph;g;gjd; %yk; me;ehLfSf;F ,ilNa
,Uf;Fk; gjl;lk; Fiwf;fg;gLk;. ehLfSf;F ,ilNa fhzg;gLk; gjl;lk; kw;Wk; ntWg;Gzh;r;rp
Nghf;fg;gl;L rf[ epiy nfhz;Ltug;gLk;. cyfpd; ty;yuRfSf;F ,ilNa 1960 kw;Wk;
1970fspy; fhzg;gl;l gjl;lk; 1962Mk; Mz; L fpA+gh gpur; rpidapd; NghJ Vw;gl;l gdpg;Nghh;
KbTf;F te;jTld; Fiwe;jJ.
lanyf;bfy; nkl;Bhpayprk; ( Dialectical Materiaslim ):
,jid Nkk;ghl;L eilKiwia Ghpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhf fhuy; khh;f;]; toq;fpdhh;. ,jd;gb
jhdhf ce;jg;gl;l xU tptfhuk; r%f Nkk;ghl;bd; mbg;gilahf tpsq;Fk;. ,J %d;W
epiyfis fle;J nry;Yk;. jP]p]> Md;bjP]p];> kw;Wk; rpd;jP ]p]; ,tw;Ws; Md;bjP]p];
vd;gJ jP]p];f;Fk;> rpd; jP]p];f;Fk; vjpuhdJ. ,J ,it ,uz;bYk; cs;s Kuz;ghLfis
rhpnra;a Kay;fpd;wJ. nghUshjhu mikg;G r%f Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd mbj;jsj;ij mikf;fpd;wJ
vd;W czh;j;jNt fhuy; khh;f;]; ,k;Kiwia gad;gLj;jpdhh;.
,ul;il Ml;rpKiw ( Diarchy ):
 ,J eph;thf mjpfhuq; fSk; gzpfSk; ,uz;L gFjpfshf gphpf; fg;gl;Ls;s xU Ml;rp
Kiwia Fwpf;Fk;. eph;thfj;jpd; xU gFjp khepy rl;lrigf;F nghWg;GilajhFk;. kw;nwhU
gFjp mjw;F nghWg;Gilajy;y. ,k;Kiw ,e;jpa khepyq;fspy; ,e;jpa murhq;fr; rl;lk; 1919d;
tpjpfspd;gb Mq;fpNya murhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,k;Kiwapd; fPo; khepy murpd; mjpfhuq;fSk;
flikfSk; ,uz;L gFjpfshf gphpf;fg;gLk;. rpy mjpfhuq;fis khepy rl;lrigf;F
nghWg;Gila mikr;rh;fs; gad;gLj;Jth;. Rpy mjpfhuq;fis rl;lrigf;F nghWg;gpy;yhj
MSeh;fs; gad;gLj;Jth;.
vk;ghh;Nfh ( Embargo ):
xU ehl;bd; fly; vy; iyfSf;Fs;Sk;> JiwKfq;fSf;Fs;Sk; kw;w ehLfspd; fg;gy;fs;
EiotijNah my;yJ elkhLtijNah jilnra;tijNa ,J Fwpf;Fk;. ,j;jil Nghhpd; NghJ

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vjphp ehl;bd; fg;gy;fspd; kPJ tpjpf;fg;gLk;. ,jid xOq;FgLj;Jtjw;fhf rh;tNjr rl; lj;jpy;
rpy Fwpg;gpl;l tpjpKiwfs; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.
muRg;gpujpepjp ( Envoy ):
xU Fwpg;gpl;l Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf xU ehl; bypUe;J kw;nwhU ehl; bw;F epakpf;fg;gLk; egNu
,t;thW miof;fg;gLthh;.
fUizf;nfhiy ( Euthanasia ):
Neha;tha;g;gl;L kPz;Lk; Fzg;gLj;j Kbahj epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; xU Nehahspf;F xU
kUj;Jt epGzh; jhdhf kuzj;ij mspg;gNj fUizf;nfhiyahFk;. ,jd; Nehf;fk; Nehahsp
mDgtpf;Fk; jhq;f Kbahj NtjidapypUe; J mtUf; F tpLjiy mspg;gNjahFk;. Kjd; Kjypy;
nejh;yhe;J ehl;by; ,jid rl;lg;G+th;khf Vw;Wf;nfhz; ldh;.

Fw;wthspia xg;gilj;jy; ( Extradition ):

xU ehl;by; Fw;wk; Ghpe;J tpl;L kw;nwhU ehl;by; jQ;rkile;jtid Fw;wk; Ghpe;j ehl;by;
eilngWk; tof;F tprhuizf;fhf me;ehl; bw;F jpUg;gp mDg;Gk; rl;lg;G+h; tkhd eilKiwNa
Fw;wthspia xg;gilg;gjhFk;. Mdhy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l ,U ehLfSk; ,jw;fhd xg;ge; jj;ij
rh;tNjr rl;lj;jpd; tpjpfspd;gb Vw;gLj;jpapUe;jhy; kl;LNk ,J rhj;jpakhFk;. ,jd; Nehf;fk;
Fw;wthsp kPJ mtd; Fw;wk; Ghpe;j ehl;by; eilngWk; tof;fpw;F cjTtNj MFk;.
ghrprk; ( Fascism ):
,J xw;Wikapd; typikia czh;j;Jk; khf;Fr;rpfspd; fl;L vd;w nghUis cila
ghr]; vd;Dk; ,j;jhypa thh;j;ijapy; ,Ue;J cUthdJ. ghrprf; nfhs;if ,uz;lhk;
cyfg;NghUf;F Kd; ,j;jhypa rh;thjpfhhp KNrhypdpahy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ghrprk; vd;gJ
midj;J murpay; mjpfhuq;fSk; Xhplj;jpy; Ftpe;jpUg;gJ kpifahd ehl;Lg;gw;W muirAk;
ehl;ilAk; kfpikg;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; midj;J vjphpfisAk; mlf;fp MSjy; Nghd;w
,ay;Gfis cila rh;thjpfhu nfhs;ifahFk;. midj;J vjphpfisAk; mlf;fp MSjy;
Nghd;w ,ay;Gfis cila rh;thjpfhu nfhs;ifahFk;. midj;Jk; ehl;bw;Fl;gl;lJ. vJTk;
ehl;bw;F ntspapy; ,y;iy vd;gNj ,jd; jhuf ke;jpukhFk;. ghrprk; ,j;jhypapy; Njhd;wpdhYk;
,e;j Rghtk; kw;w ehLfspYk; fhzg;gl;lJ.
$l;lhl;rp ehL ( Federal State ):
$l;lhl;rp vd;gJ murpd; mjpfhuq;fSk; flikfSk; kj;jpa muRf;Fk; khepy
muRfSf;Fk; ,ilNa vOj;Jg;G+h;tkhd murpayikg;gpd; %yk; gfph;e;jspfg;gl;Ls;s xU Ml;rp
KiwahFk;. ,U murhq;fq;fSk; jq;fsJ mjpfhutuk;gpw;Fs; jd;dhl;rp ngw;witahFk;.
Mnkhpf;f If;fpa ehLfNs 1789Mk; Mz;L Kjy; eilKiwf;F te;j Kjy; $l;lhl;rp ehlhFk;.
$l;lhl;rp ehl;bd; kw;w ,ay;Gfshtd. Nefpoh murpayikg;G> Rje; jpukhd $l;lhl;rp eP jpj; Jiw>
,ul;il FbAhpik Nghd;wit. ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gk; $l;lhl;rp Kiwf;F toptFf;fpd;wJ.
Mdhy; kj;jpapy; typikahd muR mikAk; tifapy; kj;jpa muRf;F rhjfkhf mjpfhuq;fs;
gfph;e;jspf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. vdNt ,e;jpa murpayikg;G $l;lhl; rp Kiwia Nrh;e;jJ Mdhy;
xd;Wld; xd;W njhlh;GilaJ MFk;.
Contact & WhatsApp No: 9626538744 Page 141

Ie;jhk; gil( Fifth Column ):

xU ehl;bid Nrh;e;jth;fs; kw;w ehLfSld; ,ize;J nfhz;L jq;fsJ nrhe;j
ehl;bw;F vjpuhf nray;gl;lhy; mj;jifath; fNs Ie;jhk;gil vd; W miof;fg;gLth;. ,j;jifa
egh;fs; ehl;by; td;Kiwia J}z;Ljy; kf;fspilNa xw;Wikia Fiyj; jy; muRf; F vjpuhf
fpsh;r;rp nra;jy; my; yJ ehl;bd; kpf Kf;fpakhd jpl;lq;fis may;ehLfSf;F mspj;jy;
Nghd;w nray;fspy; <LgLth;.
fl;rpj;jhty; ( Floor Crossing ):
xU ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh; jhd; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l fl;rpapypUe; J kw;nwhU murpay;
fl;rpf;F khWtijNa fl;rpj;jhty; vd;fpNwhk;. fl;rpj;jhty; eilKiw xU fl;rpf; F mjd;
cWg;gpdh;fis fl;Lg;gLj;jf;$ba msT Mw;wy; ,y;iy vd;gijNa Rl;bf;fhl;LfpwJ. NkYk;
,e;eilKiw murpd; ];jpuj;jd;ikiaNa ghjpf;Fk;.
ehd;fhk; cyfk; ( Fourth World ):
Nkk;ghl;L msT Nfhypd; mbapy; fhzg; gLk; kpfTk; Vo;ikahd %d;whk; cyf
ehLfisNa ,J Fwpf;Fk;. ,e;ehLfs; gpd; jq;fpa ehLfshfNth my;yJ Kd; Ndw;wj;jpw;fhd
eilKiwNa ,Jtiu njhlq;fg;glhj ehLfshfNth ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;ehLfspd; ,ay;Gfshtd.
kpfTk; Nkhrkhd nghUshjhu mbj;jsk; njhopw;rhiyfspd; Nkk;ghL ,d;ik ehl;L nkhj;j
cw; gj;jpapy; Ntshz;ikapd; mjpfkhd gq;F> may;ehl;L epjp cjtpapid ek;gpapUj;jy; kw;Wk;
kpf mjpfkhd fld; Rik MfpaitahFk;.
ehd;fhtJ v];Nll; ( Fourth Estate ):
,J gj;jphpf;if kw;Wk; jfty; njhlh;Gr;rhjdq;fisf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,t;thh;j;ij Kjd;
Kjypy; vl;kz;l; gh; f; vd;gtuhy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,q;fpyhe;jpy; murpd; mjpfhuq;fis
gfph;e;Jnfhs;Sk; %d; W th;f;fq;fs; %d;W v];Nll;fs; vdg;gl;ld. yhh;L ];gphpl;Rty;> yhh;L
nlk;Nghuy;> kw;Wk; fhkd;]; nghJ tptufhuq;fspy; gj;jphpf;iffSf;F cs;s nry;thf;fpid
ghh;j;j gpd;dh; mJ ehd;fhtJ v];Nll;lhf mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;lJ. gpnuQ;R murpay; r%fj;jpy; 1789
Mk; Mz;L Gul;rpf;F Kd;> ghg;ghz;lth;> murh; kw;Wk; tsUk; Kjyhspj;Jt th;f;fk; MfpNahh;
%d;W v];Nll;Lfshf ,Ue;jdh;.
jhkjg;gLj;Jjy; ( Filibustering )
mnkhpf;f nrdl; rigapy; ,k;Kiw mbf;fb cgNahfg;gLj;jg;gLk;. xU kNrhjh kPjhd
tptuj;ij ePz;l Neuk;> cWg; gpdh;fs; Njitapy;yhky; Ngrp ePl;bg;gjd; %yk; mk;kNrhjh kPjhd
thf;nfLg;gig elj;jtplkhy; nra;tjhFk;. ,jdhy; ,jw;fhf xJf; fg;gl;l Neuk; Kbtiltjhy;>
,k;kNrhjh epiwNtw; wg;glhky; iftplg;gLk;. ,e; eilKiw cWg;gpdh;fs; NgRtjw;F
fhytiuaiw ,y;yhj mitapy; kl;LNk rhj;jpakhFk;.
jilapy;yh th;j;jfk; ( Free Trading ):
may;ehLfSldhd th;j;jfj;jpd; kPJ tpjpf; fg;gl;l jilfisAk;> fl;Lg;ghLfisAk; eP f;FtJ
my;yJ Fiwg;gNj jilapy;yh th;j;jfkhFk;. mj;jifa jilfis ePf;Ftjd; %yk;
may;ehLfSldhd th;j;jfk; vspjhdjhf khWk;. jw;Nghija cyfkakhf;fy; nfhs;if
midj;J ehLfSf;Fk; ,ilNa jilapy;yhj th;j;jfk; eilngw cjTfpd;wJ.
Nfyk; thf;nfLg;G ( Gallp Poll )

Contact & WhatsApp No: 9626538744 Page 142

,J gy;NtWtifahd tptfhuq;fspd; kPjhd nghJkf;fspd; fUj;ij Nrfhpg;gJk;>

fzf;nfLg;gJkhd KiwahFk;. ,J mnkhpf;fh nghJ kf;fs; fUj;J epGzh; [hh;[; Nfyg;
vd;gtuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
,d mopg;G ( Genocide ):
xU ,dk; my;yJ r%fj;ij Nrh;e;j kf;fs; gyiu xNu Neuj;jpy; xU FONth my;yJ
xU ehl;bd; murhq;fNkh nfhiy nrajy; ,d mopg;G vdg;gLk;. 1970 Mk; Mz;L tq;f Njr
kf;fs; ghfp];jhdplkpUe;J Rje;jpuk; Nfl;ljhy; ghfp];jhd; ,uhZtk; mk;kf;fSf;F vjpuhf
,j;jifa nraypy; <Lgl;lJ. If;fpa ehLfs; mikg;G ,jid kdpj Neaj;jpw;F vjpuhd Fw;wk;
vd;W mwptpj;Js;sJ.
jpwe;j ntspf;nfhs;if ( Glasnost ):
 Nrhtpaj; A+dpadpd; mjpgh; Nfhh;gNrt; nghJ tptfhuq;fs; kw; Wk; murpd; eilKiwfspy;
jpwe;j ntspf;nfhs;ifia filgpbj;jhh;. Nrhtpaj; A+dpadpd; murpay; nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk;
r%fk; Mfpatw;wpy; rPh;jpUj;jq;fs; nra; a jpwe;j ntspf; nfhs;if kw;Wk; kWrPuikg;G
nfhs;if Mfpatw;iw mth; cUthf;fpdhh;. Mdhy; ,f;nfhs;iffs; Nrhtpaj; A+dpad; gpsTgl
fhuzkhf mike;jd.
n[h;hpkhz;lhp]; ( Gerrymandering ) ,k;Kiw mnkhpf;f murpaypy; ifahsg;gLk; xU
KiwahFk;. ,jd;gb MSq;fl;rpia Nrh;e;j cWg;gpdh;fs; mjpf mstpy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLk;
tifapy; Njh;jy; njhFjpfspd; vy;iyfis MSk; fl;rp epakpf;Fk;. Mdhy; ,J vjph;fl;rpfis
ghjpf;Fk; tifapy; ,Ug;gjhy; epahakw;w murpay; eilKiwahf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
nfhhpy;yh Nghh; Kiw ( Guerrilla Warfare ):
,J rpwpa mstpyhf Rje;jpu FOf;fs; vjphpia ,ufrpakhfTk;> vjph;ghuhj tifapYk;
jhf;Fk; Kaw;rpahFk;. ,k;KiwahdJ rpwpa gykpy;yhj ,uhZtj;jpdhy; nghpa gykpf;f
,uhZtj;jpw;nfjpuhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. nfhhpy;yh gilia Nrh;e;jth;fs; ,ufrpakhfTk;>
kiwKfkhfTk; nray;ghLthh;fs;. ,k;Kiw nkhfyha gilfSf;F vjpuhf kuhl;bah;fshy;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. NkYk; rPdhtpy; khNth jiyikapyhd fk;A+dpr Gul;rpf;fhuh;fshy;
,k;Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wp rPd ,uhZtg; gilfSf;F vjpuhf ntw;wp ngw;wdh;.
fpy;Nyhild; ( Guillotine ):
,J gpuhd; rpy; Gul; rp Vw;gLtjw;F Kd; kuz jz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;l Fw;wthspfSf;F
kuzjz;lidia epiwNtw;w ga;dgLj;jg;gl;l $h;ikahd MAjkhFk;. ,e;j MAjk; ,jw;Nf
Kjd; Kjypy; ,iuahd ,jd; fz;Lgpbg;ghshpd; ngahpNyNa miof;fg;gl;lJ. vdNt ,J xU
kdpjid jpBnud;W nfhs;tijf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,jdbg;gilapy; murpaypy; ,J xU tptfhuj;jpd;
kPjhd tpthjj;ij my;yJ rh;r;iria jpBnud;W KbTf;F nfhz;LtUtijf; Fwpf;Fk;. etPd
ghuhSkd;w eilKiwfspy; ,J xU tpthfhuj;jpd; kPjhd tpthjj;ij jpBnud;W Kbj;Jtpl;L
mjd; kPJ thf;nfLg;G elj;Jtijf; Fwpf;Fk;.
MAjf;fg;gy; murpay; ( Gun Boat Diplomacy ):
,J xU ehLrpy murpay; Nehf;fq;fis miltjw;fhf kw;nwhU ehl;bw;F ,uhZt
kpul;ly; tpLg;gij Fwpf;Fk;. Mdhy; cz;ikapy; ,uhZtg;gilfs; gad;gLj;jg;glhJ. ,uhZt
kpul;ly; tpLg;gjd; %yk; kw;w ehl;bd; ftdj;ij jpir jpUg;GtNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

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cjhuzkhf 1971Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpah ghfp];jhd; Nghhpd; NghJ mnkhpf;fh ,k;Kiwia

gpd;gw;wpaJ. mg; NghJ mnkhpf;fh jdJ 7 tJ fg;gw;$l;lj;ij ,e; jpahit Nghh; epWj;j mwptpg;G
ntspaplr;nra; tjw;fhf ,e;jpa fly; gFjpf;F mDg;gpaJ.
tpkhdf;flj;jy; ( Hijacking ):
jPtputhjpfs; my;yJ Fw;wthspfs; xU tpkhdj;ij rl;ltpNuhjkhf ifg;gw;wpnah>
my;yJ fl;Lg;gLj;jpNah my;yJ fl;lhag; gLj;jpNah NtnwhU ,lj;jpw;F nfhz;L nrd;W
mt;tpkhdj;jpy; cs; s gazpfis nfhd;W tpLtjhfNth my;yJ tpkhdj; ijNa
mopf;fg;NghtjhfNth kpul;ly; tpLg;gjd; %yk; jq;fsJ Nfhhpf;iffis muR Vw;Wf; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk; vd;W typAWj;JtNj tpkhdf;flj; jyhFk;. ,t;thW gyKiw ele;Js;sJ. ,e;jpar;
rpiwfspy; milf;fg;gl;Ls;s rpy jPtuthjpfis tpLtpf;ff; Nfhhp 1999Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa
tpkhdk; ghfp];jhd; jP tputhjpfshy; Mg;fhdp];jhdpw;F flj;jp nry;yg;gl;lJ.
Mjpf;fk; ( Hegemony ):
,J xU ehL my;yJ ehLfspd; FO kw;w ehl;bd; kPNjh my;yJ ehLfspd; FOf;fspd;
kPNjh Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jtij Fwpf;Fk;. ,J xU ehL kw;w ehLfspd; ntspAwT nfhs;iffspy;
Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jtij Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
jdpikg;gLjy; ( Isolationism ):
xU ehL rh;tNjr tptfhuq;fspNyh my;yJ gpw ehLfspd; tptfhuq;fspNyh jilaplhky;
jdpj;J ,Ug;gNj jdpikg;gLjyhFk;. ,f; nfhs;ifia mnkhpf;f If;fpa ehLfs; 1823Mk;
Mz;bypUe;J Kjy; cyfg;Nghh; tiu gpd;gw;wp rh;tNjr murpaypy; jiyaplhky; ,Ue;jJ.
fpsh;r;rp ( Insurgency ):
xU FO muir fiyg;gjw;fhfNth my; yJ J}f;fp vwptjw;fhfNth kiwKfkhf
nray;fspy; <LgLtNj fpsh;r;rp nra;jy; vdg;gLk;. mj;jifa nray;fspy; <LgLgth;fs;
fpsh;r;rpfhuh;fs; vdg; gLth;. mth;fSf; F rkge;jg;gl;l ehl;Lld; ey;YwT ,y;yhj rpy
may;ehLfs; Mjutspf;Fk;. fpsh;r;rpf;fhuh;fs; mth;fSJ Nehf;fq;fis miltjw;fhf
rl;ltpNuhjkhf td;Kiw kw;Wk; MAjNke;jpa Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <LgLthh;fs;.
gjtp ePf;fk; ( Impeachment ):
,J ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; jPh;khdk; epiwNtw;Wtjd; %yk; cah;gjtpfspy; ,Ug;gth;fis
gjtpapypUe;J ePf;Ftijf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,e;jpahtpy; ghuhSkd;w ,U mitfspYk; %d;wpy; ,uz;L
gq;F ngUk;ghd;ik ngw;W jPh;khdk; epiwNtw;Wtjd; %yk; FbauRj;jiytiu mtuJ
gjtpapypUe;J ePf;fyhk; .
Mf;fpukpj;jy; ( Imperialism ):
xU ehL jdJ vy;iyia mz;il ehLfis my;yJ mtw;wpd; gFjpfis ifg;gw;Wtjd;
%yk; tphptilar; nra;Ak; nfhs;if kw;Wk; eilKiwNa Mf;fpukpj;jy; vdg;gLk;. vdNt
Mf;fpukpg;G nra;ag;gLk; ehL. Mf;fpukpg;G nra;Ak; ehl;bDila nghUshjhu r%f kw;Wk;
murpay; fhuzq;fSf;fhf Ruz;lg;gLk;. ,uz;lhk; cyfg;NghUf;F Kd; ,q;fpyhe;J> n[h;kdp>
gpuhd;]; Nghd;w ehLfs; %d;whk; cyf ehLfis Mf;fpukpj;jd. ,e;jpahTk; ,q;fpyhe;jpd;
Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; ,Ue; jJ. fhydp ehLfs; ,uz;lhk; cyf;NghUf;Fg;gpd; Rje;jpuk; mile; jgpwF
,k;Kiw xU KbTf;F te;jJ. Mdhy; mNj Neuj;jpy; Kjyhspj;Jt kw;Wk; Kd; Ndwpa ehLfs;

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tsUk; ehLfspd; nghUshjhu kw;Wk; fyhr; rhu tp\aq;fspy; kiwKfkhf Mjpf;fk; nrYj;j
njhlq;fpd.
,Uk;Gj;jpiu ( Iron Curtain ):
,f;nfhs;if Nrhtpaj; A+dpad; kw;Wk; rPdh Mfpa fk;A+dpr ehLfspdhy; jq;fsJ
Fbkf;fspd; fyhr; rhuk; kw;Wk; elj;ijapd; kPJ may;ehLfspd; jhf;fk; Vw;glhky; jLf;f
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,f;nfhs;ifapd; tpisthf ,e;ehLfspy; eilngWk; murpay; epfo;Tfs;
ntspcyfpw;F njhpahky; ,Ue;jNjhL fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpapd; Ml;rpAk; ghJfhf;fg;gl;lJ.
,lJrhhpfs; ( Leftists ):
,r;nrhy; Rje;jpuk; ve;w nghUSila yj;jPd; nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;J te;jJ. vdNt ,J kdpj
khpahijapy; ek;gpf;if jdpkdph;fspd; Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; rkj;Jtk; kf;fspd; xg;Gjypd; Nghpy;
mike;j muR murpay; mjpfhuq;fspd; gfph;T kw;Wk; midtUf;Fk; rk tha;g;G Mfpa
,ay;Gfis nfhz;l INuhg;gpa nfhs;ifahFk;. ,J 16Mk; E}w;whz;by; cUthf;fg;gl;L yhf;fp>
UNrhkpy; ngd;jhk;> fphP d;> yh];fp Nghd; Nwhhpd; MNyhridfspd; %yk; gpugykile;jJ MapDk;
,f;nfhs;iff;Fk; vjph; fUj;Jf;fs; cs;sd.
nehz;bthj;J $l;lj;njhlh; ( Lame-Duck Session ):
Njh;jy;fs; mwptpf;fg;gl;L neUq;fp tUk; Neuj;jpy; jw;Nghija ghuhSkd;wj;jpDila
filrp $l;lj;njhlNu ,t;thW miof;fg;gLk;. Gjpa ghuhSkd; wj;jpy; ,lk; ngw Kbahj
jw;Nghija ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs; nehz; b thj;Jf;fs; vd miof;fg;gLthh;fs;.
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Kbahl;rp ( Limited Monarchy ):
xU ehl;bd; kd; dh; ngaustpw;F kl;LNk mjpfhuk; cilatuhf tpsq;Fthh;. Mdhy;
cz;ikahd eph;thf mjpfhuq;fs; kf;fshy;> Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLk; gpujpepjpfsplKk;> Nfgpdl; blKk;
,Uf;Fk; xU muR KiwNa tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Kbahl;rp vdg;gLk;. jw;NghJ cs;s ,q; fpyhe;J
muR tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Kbahl;rpf;F rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. ,J murpay; mikg;G rhh;e;j
Kbahl;rp vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
nkhopg;gw;W ( Linguism ):
,J xNu nkhop NgRk; kf;fspilNa cs;s kpifahd nkhop czh;it Fwpf;Fk;. ,J
mk;kf;fspd; murpay; Nehf;fk; kw;Wk; nray;ghLfSf;F mbg;gilahf mike;jhy; nkhopg;gw;W
vdg;gLk;.
MjuT NjLjy; ( Lobbying ):
,J mnkhpf;f murpaypy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xU KiwahFk;. ,jd;gb xU Nfhhpf;if
FOtpd; cWg;gpdh;fs; mnkhpf;f ghuhSkd;wkhd fhq;fpu]pd; cWg;gpdh;fis mjd; Xa;T
miwapy; re;jpj;J jq;fSf;F rhjfkhd rpy eltbf;iffis rigapy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;SkhW
J}z;Lth; mjhtj epYitapy; cs;s xU jPh;khdj;jpd; kPJ rhjfkhd KbTfis vLf;FkhW
ghuhSkd;wj;jpid J}z;LtNjahFk;.
,uhZtr;rl;lk; ( Martial Law ):
xU ,lj;jpy; r%f eph; thfj;jpdhy; rl;lk; xOq;if epiyehl;l ,aytpy;iynadpy; mij
,uhZtj;jplk; xg;gilf;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; mg;gFjpapd; eph;thfk; ,uhZtr; rl; lq;fspd;gb
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. ,JNt ,uhZtr; rl;lk; mkyhf;fk; vdg;gLk;.

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fl;lis Kiw ( Mandate System ):

,J Kjy; cyfg;NghUf;F gpwF n[h;kdp kw;Wk; gpw ehLfshy; fhyp nra;ag;gl; l
gFjpfspy; cs;s ehLfshy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg; gl;l Ml;rp KiwahFk;. ,g;gFjpfspd; eph;thfKk;
Ml;rpAk; VNjDk; xU ehl;blk; xg;gilf;fg;gLk;. Mdhy; ,jid ehLfspd; mikg;G
fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;. mg;gFjpfspy; nrhe;j muR kw;Wk; eph; thfk; Nghd;wit mikf;fg;gLk; tiu
,k;Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gLk;. ,J If;fpa ehLfs; mikg;gpd; fPo; nghWg;G Kiw vd;w ngahpy;
njhlug;gl;lJ. grpgpf; flypy; cs;s ikf;NuhNdrpahtij; jtpu kw;w midj;J gFjpfSk;
Rje;jpukile;J Ra Ml;rp nrYj;Jfpd;wd.
khh;f;]prk; ( Marxism ):
fhuy; khh;f;]; mth;fshy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l tpQ;Qhd rkj;Jt nfhs;ifNa khh;fp]rk;
vdg;gLk;. nghUshjhu cw;gj;jp r%fj;jpw;Fk; r^f Nkk;ghl;bw;Fk; mbg;gilahdJ vd;Wk;
cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; tpdpNahf topfis itj;jpUg;gth;fSf;Fk;> mit fpilf;fhjth;fSf;Fk;
,ilNa Nghuhl;lk; Vw;gLk; vd;Wk; Kjyhspj;Jtk; moptpd; tpijia nfhz;Ls;sJ vd;Wk;
gphpTfspy;yhj Ruz;lypy;yhj kw;Wk; muNrapy;yhj ,Wjp fl;l fkA+dprj;ij cUthf;f Gul;rp
top tFf;Fk; vd;Wk; khh;f;]prk; $Wfpd;wJ.
nfhs;ifg;gpufldk; ( Manifesto ):
,J murpay; fl; rpfspd; nfhs;iffs; jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; mitfspd; rhjidfs;
Mfpait mlq;fpa gl;bayhFk;. ,J xt;nthU nghJj; Njh; jYf;F Kd;Gk; nghJkf;fs;
Kd;dpiyapy; ntspaplg;gLk;.
cgNjh;jy; ( Mid-term Poll ):
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; gpugy mit jdJ gjtpf;fhyj;ij Kbjf;f ,ayhky; fiyf;fg;gLk;
NghJ Gjpa mitia mikg;gjw;fhf cgNjh;jy; elj;jg;gLk;.
Kbahl;rp ( Monarchy ):
,J guk;giu topahf tUk; xU murh; my; yJ Ml;rpahshpd; Ml; rp Kiwia Fwpf;Fk;.
,J [dehaf Kiwf;F vjpuhdjhFk;. ,k;Kiwapy; muir mikg;gjw;Nfh my;yJ
elj;Jtjw;Nfh kf;fspd; xg;Gjiy ngWk; tifapy; Njh;jy; elj;j KbahJ. Mdhy; murh;
ngaustpy; kl;Lk; ehl;bd; jiytuhf ,Ue;J cz;ikahd mjpfhuq;fs; kf;fspd;
gpujpepjpfsplk; ,Ue;jhy; mJ murpayikg;G rhh;e;j Kbahl;rpahFk;.
Njrpa kakhf;fy; ( Nationalisation ):
tq;fpfs;> njhopw;rhiyfs; Nghd;w jdpahh; nrhj;Jf;fis muR ifafg;gLj;JtNj
Njrpakakhf;fy; vdg;gLk;. jdpahh; njhopw;rhiyfis muR ifafg;gLj;Jtjd; Nehf;fk;
mj;njhopw;rhiyfis elj;Jtjpy; nghJ kf;fspd; eyd; fhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gNjahFk;.
Cjhuzkhf nghJ eyed fUj;jpy; nfhz; L ,e;jpa muR 1969Mk; Mz;L 14 jdpahh; Jiw
tq;fpfis Njrpakakhf;fpaJ.
ePjpkd;w ngQ;r;fspd; tiffs;: ( Types of Judicial Benches )
cr;rePjpkd;wk;:
1. cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs; Ie;J Ngh; my;yJ mjw;F Nky; nfhz;l murpayikg;G /
KOngQ;r;

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2. btp\dhy; ngQ;r; jiyik ePjpgjp gq;Nfw;why; %d;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l cr;rePjp
kd;w ePjpgjpfisAk; kw;w Neuj;jpy; ,uz;L (m) mjw;F Nkw;gl;l cr;rePjpkd;w
ePjpgjpfisAk; cs;slf;fpaJ.
cah;ePjp kd;wk;:
1. KO ngQ;r; : %d;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l ePjpgjpfs;
2. btp\dy; ngQ;r; : ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l ePjpgjpfs;
3. xw;iw ngQ;r; : xNu xU ePjpgjp
Njh;jy; Fw;wq;fs;: ( Electoral Offcences ):
ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l Njh;jy; rl;lq; fis xU egNuh my; yJ xU mjpfhhpNah
kPWtNj Njh;jy; Fw;wq;fshFk;.
Njh;jy; tpjpKiwfs; kPwy;: ( Electroral Malpractices ):
Njh;jy; Mizaj;jhy; eph;zapf;fg;gl;l Njh;jy; elj;ij tpjpfis xU fl;rpNah my;yJ
xU mjpfhhpNah kPWtNj Njh;jy; tpjpKiw kPwy; vdg;gLk;.
,Ufl;rp Kiw: ( Two – Party System ):
xU ehl;by; ngUk;ghd;ikahd thf;Ffis ngwf;$ba typiktha;e;j ,U fl; rpfs;
,Ue;jhy; me;j ehL ,U fl;rp Kiwapy; nray;gLk; ehL vdg;gLk;. ,k;Kiwapy; kw;w fl;rpfs;
vJTk; ,Uf;fhJ vd;W mh;j;jkpy;iy. kw;w fl;rpfs; ,Ue;jhYk; mtw;Wf;F ngUk;ghd;ik ngWk;
msT murpaypy; nry; thf;F ,Uf;fhJ. ,k; Kiw ,yq;ifapYk; tq;fNjrj;jpYk; ntw;wpfukhf
nray;gLfpd;wJ.
kj;jpa gzpfs; kw;Wk; midj;J ,e;jpa gzpfs;: ( Central Services & All India Services )
midj;J ,e;jpa mstpy; guhkhpf;fg;gLk; kj;jpa murpd; fPo; cs; s gzpfNs kj;jpag;
gzpfshFk;. Mitahtd ,e;jpa may; ehl;L gzpfs;> ,e;jpa jzpf;if kw;Wk; fzf;F gzpfs;>
,e;jpa Rq;f kw;Wk; fyhy; gzpfs; Nghd; wit. Mdhy; midj;J ,e;jpa gzpfs; vd;gJ
,e;jpa Ml;rpg;gzpfs; ,e;jpa fhty;Jiw gzp kw;Wk; ,e;jpa tdj;Jiw gzpfs; Nghd;wtw;iw
Fwpf;f kl;LNk murpayikg;ghy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. khepyq;fsitapd; ghpe;Jiufspd; kPJ
NtW ve;jtpj gzpfis cUthf;fTk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F mjpfhuk; cz;L (tpjp 312).
Culq;F cj;jutpw;Fk;> jilcj;jutpw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s NtWghLfs;: ( Diffence between the
Curfew and the Prohibitory Order ):
Culq;F cj;juT vd;gJ Xhplj;jpy; fytuk; Vw;gl;l gpd;dh; vLf;fg; gLk; eltbf;ifahFk;.
,j; jifa cj;juT ntspaplg;gl;lgpd;dh; kf;fs; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gFjpapy; elkhLtij
jilnra;Ak;. Mdhy; jil cj;juT vd;gJ r%fj;jpd; rl;lk; xOq;if fhg;ghw;w vLf;fg;gLk;
Kd;ndr;rhpf;if eltbf;ifahFk;. ,t;Tj;juT ntspaplg;gl;l gpd;dh; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gFjpapy;
Ie;J mjw;F Nkw;gl; l egh;fs; $Ltij jilnra;Ak;. ,t;tpU cj;juTfisAk; xU jdpegh;
kPWk; NghJ mth; kPJ Fw;wtpay; eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;.
gfph;e;jspf;fg;gLk; ePjp: ( Distributive Judges ):
nghUshjhu Nkk;ghl;bd; gyd;fs; midtUf;Fk; gfph;e;jspf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;gNj ,jd;
nghUshFk;. NkYk; ,k;Kiwapy; nrhj;Jf; Ftpg;Gk; ,Uf;fhJ ,J murpayikg;gpd; tpjp 39( a )
kw;Wk; ( b ) Mfpatw;wpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

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fl;lzk; kw;Wk; thp ( Fee and Tax ):

fl;lzk; vd;gJ mspf; fg;gl;l gzpfSf;F gjpyhf t#y; nra;ag;gLtjhFk;. Mdhy; thp
vd;gJ nghJthd fhuzq;fSf;fhf kf;fsplkpUe;J fl;lhakhf t#ypf;fg;gLtjhFk;. ,J
ve;jtpj gzpfSf;F gjpyhfTk; mspf;fg;glhJ. xU thpia rl;l rigapd; xg;Gjpyd; Nghpy; jhd;
tpjpf;f KbAk;.
tiuaWf;fg;glhj mjpfhuk;: (Plenary Power ):
KOikahd fl;Lg;ghby;yhj Nfs;tp Nfl;f Kbahj mjpfhuk; vd;W nghUs;. 24tJ
murpayikg;G jpUj;jj;jpd; %yk; ghuhSkd;wk; tiuaWf;fg;glhj mjpfhuj;ij ngw Kad;wJ.
Mdhy; cr;r ePjpkd;wk; murpayikg;gpd; mbg;gil fl;likg;G vd;gjd; mbg;gilapy;
mk;Kaw;rpia jLj;jJ. cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; fUj;Jg;gb ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; midj;J rl;lq;fSk;
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjpg;Gduha;Tf; F cl;gl;ljhFk;.
cjtpr;rl;lk;: ( Subordinate Legislation ):
rl;lkd;wk; toq;fpa mjpfhu vy;iyf;F cl;gl;L murhq;fj;jpdhy; ,aw;wg;gLk; tpjpfSk;
fl;Lg;ghLfSk; cjtpr; rl;lk; vdg;gLk;.
mwpf;if mspf;Fk; mYtyh; kw;Wk; jiyik Njh;jy; mYtyh;:
( The Returning Officer and the Presiding Officer ):
 Mwpf;if mspf;Fk; mYtyh; vd;gth; Ntl;G kD jhf;fy; nra;tjpy; ,Ue;J Njh;jy;
KbTfs; mwptpf;fg;gLk;tiu xU njhFjpf;F nghWg;Gilatuhth;. nghJthf khtl;l ePjpgjpNa
,g;gjtpapy; epakpf;fg; gLthh;. Mdhy; jiyik Njh;jy; mYtyh; vd;gth; xU thf;Fg;gjpT
ikaj;jpd; jiytuhth;. ,th; mwpf;if mspf;Fk; mYtyUf;F fPo; gzpahw;Wthh;.
kWNjh;jy; kw;Wk; kWthf;F gjpT: ( Countermanding and Repoll ):
kW Njh;jy; vd;gJ Njh;jy; eilKiw KOtijAk; kPz;Lk; Gjpjhf njhlq;FtjhFk;.
Mdhy; kWthf;F gjpT vd;gJ Fwpg;gpl;l rpy thf;F gjpT ikaq;fspy; kl;Lk; kPz;Lk; thf;F
gjpT elj;JtjhFk;.
rl;lkd;wj;Jld; ,izf;fg;glhj cWg;gpdh;fs;: ( Unattached members of the legislature )
,th;fs; fl;rpj;jthy; kw;Wk; gjtp ePf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; mitj; jiytuhy; vLf;fg;gLk;
KbTf;fhf fhj;jpUg;gth;fshth;.

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TYPES OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION

I. WRITTEN ( vOjg;gl;lJ )
1. Its provisions are codified into a single
legal document. Eg. USA, INDIA

II. ENACTED ( cUthf;fg;gl;lJ )

1. It needs a separate body to frame
constitution
2. This constitution has a definite beginning.
For Eg. India. Constitution adopted on 26,
November 1949
3. All written constitutions are enacted
constitution. Eg. USA, India.

III. RIGID ( fbdj; jd;ik cilaJ )

1. Constitution amendment procedure is very
difficult. Eg. USA

IV. FEDERAL ($l;lhl;rp )

1. It has two types of governments like
central Government and State Government
Eg. USA, Indian, Australia, Pakistan, etc.,

UNWRITTEN : (vOjg;glhjJ)
Not codified into a single legal document.
Eg. UK, New Zealand.

EVOLVED: ( jhdhf cUthdJ )

Need not
Not like that. No definite beginning
Eg. All unwritten constitution U. K., New
Zealand

All unwritten constitutions are evolved

constitution.
Eg. UK, New Zealand

FLEXIBLE: ( nefpo;Tj; jd;ik

cilaJ )
Easy, Eg. UK
Note: Partly rigid & Partly flexible. Eg.
India

UNITARY ( xw;iw Ml;rp )

Only one form of government.
(i.e.) Central Govt.
Eg. UK, New Zealand, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri
Lanka

ANNEXURE
ORIGINALLY INDIAN CONSTITUTION HAD 22 PARTS, 8 SCHEDULES & 395 ARTICLES,
BUT NOW, THERE ARE 24 PARTS 12 SCHEDULES & MORE THAN 450 ARTICLES

Amendment Act = rl;l jpUj;jk;

PARTS: ( gFjpfs; )

Contact & WhatsApp No: 9626538744 Page 149

1. 7
th
Amendment act (1956), removed part 7 and 9
2. 42
nd
Amendment Act (1976) added part IVA, XIV A, IV – A Fundamental Duties, XIV – A,
Administrative Tribunals
3. 73
rd
Amendment Act (1992) added part IX Panchayaths
4. 74
th
Amendment Act (1992) added part IXA Municipalities
SCHEDULES: ( ml;ltizfs; )
1. 1
st
Amendment Act (1951) added schedule 9 – Land reforms
2. 52
nd
Amendment Act (1985) added schedule 10 – Anti defection act

3. 73
rd
Amendment Act (1992) added schedule 11 – Panchayat
4. 74
th
Amendment Act (1992) added schedule 12 – Municipalities

WRITS
S.No. Particulars Habeas Corpus Mandamus Prohibition &
Certiorari
Quo Warranto
1
By whom
(ahuhy;
nfhz;L tu
KbAk;)
By any individual /
Organisation
(jdp egh; /
mikg;G)

______By affected Persons

_____
(ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fshy; kl;LNk
nfhz;L tuKbAk;)
By any
individuals /
organisation
(ahh;
Ntz;LkhdhYk;
nfhz;L
tuyhk;)
2
Against
Whom
( ahUf;F
vjpuhf )
To any Public /
Private authority
(muR /
jdpahUf;F)
Against Public
Officials /
authority
(muRf;F
vjpuhf kl;Lk;
nfhz;L tu
KbAk;)
Against
judicial / quasi
judicial
authorities or
bodies
(ePjpj;Jiwf;F
vjpuhf)
To the person
holding public
office
(muR gjtpapy;
,Ug;gtUf;F
vjpuhf)
3
Purpose
(vjw;fhf)
To prevent illegal
detention (jtwhd
topapy; flj;jy;>
If any rights
created by law
is violated
To compel the
court to act
within their
To ensure that
he / she is
qualified or not

Contact & WhatsApp No: 9626538744 Page 150

gpbj;J itj;jy;
Nghd;wtw;iwj;
jLf;f)
(muR
cUthf;fpa
chpikfs;
kWf;fg;gLk;
nghOJ)
jurisdiction
(ePjpj;Jiwia
mth;fspd;
mjpfhu
tuk;Gf;Fs;
,Uf;f
itj;jy;)
of their job
(chpa gjtpf;F
jFjpahdtuh
vd;gij cWjp
nra;J
nfhs;s)

EMERGENCIES ( neUf;fb epiyfs; )

PARTICULARS
NATIONAL
EMERGENCY
STATE
EMERGENCY
FINANCIAL
EMERGENCY
1. Area

2. Proclaimed by
( gpuflzg;gLj;Jjy; )

3. On the grounds of
( vjw;fhf )

4. Approved by
5. Within the period
of
6. Normal life period
7. It can be extended
8. Extension Period
9. 42
nd
Amendment
Act

Whole of India / only

part of India
President

External Aggression –
ntspehl;L
Mf;fpukpg;G
War – Nghh;
Armed Rebellion –
Majk; jhq;fpa
fytuk;

Parliament
One Month
Six months
Any no. of times
Six months at a time
President can Modify

In State only

President

Constitutional
breakdown
Governor’s report

Parliament
Two months
Six months
Only one time
Six months
Normal period
reduced from one year
to six months

Whole of India or
any part of India
President

Financial Breakdown

Parliament
Two months
Indefinite period
Indefinite
-
-

Contact & WhatsApp No: 9626538744 Page 151

10. 44
th
Amendment
Act
11. Judicial Review

12. Disapproval
Refer Book
It can be questioned in
court of law.
( ePjpkd;wj;jpy;
Nfs;tp Nfl;f
KbAk;)

LS only
Refer Book
It can be questioned in
Court of Law:

LS only
It can be questioned
in Court of law

LS only

NEW SALARIES OF IMPORTANT CONSTITUTIONAL OFFICIALS

1. President - 1,50,000/-
2. Vice President - 1,25,000/-
3. Governor - 1,10,000/-
4. Chief Justice of India - 1,10,000/-
5. Judges of Supreme Court &
Chief Justice of High Court - 1,00,000/-
6. Judges of High Court - 90,000/-
7. Cabinet Secretary - 90,000/-

,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; $l;lhl;rpaw;w jd;ikfs;

NON FEDERAL FEATURES OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION
xU $l;lhl;rp ehL ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;ba 5 jFjpfs;
1. Nefpoh murpayikg;G – Ridged
2. vOjg;gl;l murpayikg;G – Written
3. murpayikg;gpd; Nkd; ik
4. ePjpkd;wq;fspd; jdpj;Jtk;
5. kj;jpa khepy muRfSf;fpilapy; rkkhd mjpfhu gq;fPL

,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; cs;s $l;lhl;rpaw;w jd;ikfs;

1. Art – 3 – khepy murpd; xg;Gjiy ngwhky; mjd; ngah;> gug;G Nghd; wtw;iw khw;WtJ
352
2. 3 types of emergencies 356

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360
3. Art – 249 – nghJeyd; fUjp uh[;a rigapd; 2/3
rd
ngUk;ghd;ikapy; xU jPh;khdk;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lhy; kj;jpa muR khepy gl;baypy; rl;lk; ,aw;wyhk;.
4. ml;ltiz – 7: 1. kj;jpa gl;bay; - Union Life : ,jpy; cs; s Jiwfspy; kj;jpa
muR kl;LNk rl;lk; Nghl KbAk;
2. khepy gl;bay; - State Life : ,jpy; cs;s Jiwfspy; khepy
muR kl;LNk rl;lk; ,aw;w KbAk;
3. nghJ gl;bay; - Concurrent Life : ,jpy; cs; s Jiwfspy; ,U
muRfSk; rl;lk; ,aw;wyhk; . Mdhy; gpur;rpid te;jhy; khepy muR
tpl;Lf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk ;
5. xNu FbAhpik
6. xNu Njh;jy; Mizak;
7. CAG – Comproller & Auditor General
8. fth;dh; kj;jpa murpd; gpujpepjp
9. Art – 312 – midj;jpe;jpa gzpfspy; cs;sth;fs; IAS, IPS, IFS Nky; khepy muR
xOq;F eltbf;if vLf;ff; $lhJ.
10. ,jdhy; ,e;jpa murpayikg;G miuFiw $l;lhl;rp vd;fpNwhk; ( Quasi Federal )

LATEST AMENDMENTS:

1. 80
th
Amedments Act – 2000:-
tUkhdthp> cw;gj;jp thp Nghd;wtw;wpy; jw;nghOJ cs;s gphpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;
eilKiwia khw;wp nkhj;j thp tUthapy; 26 % khepyq;fSf;F vd; W $wg;gl;lJ
2. 81st AA: 2000:-
epug;gg;glhj ,lq;fis mLj;j tUlj;jpw;F vLj;Jr; nry;tJ ( Art – 16)
3. 82
nd
AA: 2000:-
Art – 335 – SC & SI Reservation
4. 83
rd
AA: 2000:-
Art – 243m – Arunachala Pradesh – y; gQ;rhaj;J Njh;jy;fspy; SC -f;F xJf;fPL
$lhJ
5. 84
th
AA: 2000:- 1991- Mk; Mz;L nrd;nr]; gb ,lq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia khw;whky;
njhFjpia kWrPuikg;gJ Fwpj;J
6. 85
th
AA: 2001:-
16 (4) Amended. SC / ST Promotion rPdpahhpl; b mbg;gilia nfhz;L te;jJ
7. 86
th
AA: 2002:-
Art 21A – Added – Right to Primary education Art 45 Amended
8. 87
th
AA : 2003:- vd;gjw;F gjpyhf 2001 vd;W khw;wg;gl;lJ

Contact & WhatsApp No: 9626538744 Page 153

9. 88
th
AA: 2003:- Nrit thpfs; gw;wpaJ
10. 89
th
AA: 2003:- Related National Commission for SC
11. 90
th
AA: 2003:- Assam – State election – SC / ST Reservation
12. 91
st
AA: 2003:- Council of Ministars strength not 15% of Total strength in Centre & state
(75, 164)
13. 92
nd
AA: 2003:- 4 languages Added. 1. Bodo 2. Dogri 3. Maithili 4. Santhali
14. 93
rd
AA: 2006:- Reservation in higher educational institutions
15.
AMENDABILITY OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
(mbg;gil chpikfspd; jpUj;jk;)

1. tpjp 13-xU muR NghLk; ve;j rl;lkhf ,Ue; jhYk; mJ mbg;gil chpikfis kPwpdhy;
ve;j msTf;F kPWfpwNjh me;j msTf;F me; j rl;lk; nry;yhJ vd;W $WfpwJ.
2. Art – 368 rl;l jpUj;jj;jpw;F cs;s tpjp
3. Golak nath case (1967)
- 368-I gad;gLj;jp F-Rs -I jpUj;j KbahJ
- Trancedental Position given to F Rs.
(kPwKbahj)
4. 24tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk;
- FRs -I jpUj;jyhk;
5. Kesha wananda Bharathi Case (1973)
- FRs -I jpUj;jyhk;. Mdhy; mbg;gil fl;likg;ig kPwf;$lhJ
( Basic Structure )
Relationship between F.Rs. & DPSPs
1951 – NyNa Problem started - ahh; nghpath; vd;W
Supreme Court F.Rs nghpaJ So - Bank Nationalisation Act
nry;yhJ
Privy purses abolition Act
( kd;dh; khdpa xopg;G )

25AA (1971) Introduced – 31 (c) Part (1) 1) 39 (b) & 39 (c) nghpaJ
(14, 19, 31- I tpl )
Part (2) 2) 39 ( b) & (c ) d;
mbg;gilapy; rl;lk;
Nghl;lhy; mij vjph;j;J tof;F Nghl KbahJ

Contact & WhatsApp No: 9626538744 Page 154

Keshawananda Bharati Case (1973) -31 (c) d; part – 1 OK

But part – 2 violates judicial review
So, part – 2 cancelled
42
nd
AA (1976) All DPSPs can over ride 14, 19, 31
( kPwyhk; )
- ,e;j tp\ak; ePjpg;Gduha;Tf;F mg;ghw;gl;lJ
Minerva Mills Case (1980) 39 ( b) & (c ) kl;Lk; 14 & 19 I kl;Lk; kPwyhk;
RESERVATION IN INDIA
,e;jpahtpy; ,l xJf;fPL
1. kj;jpa muR cah; fy;tpapy; 27 % nfhLj;Js; sJ
2. khepy muRfs; ,l xJf;fPl;bw;F jdpNa ,lk; Nghlyhk;
3. ,l xJf;fPL 50 % I jhz;lf; $lhJ – cr;r ePjp kd;wk;
4. Mdhy; 1. uh[];jhdpy; - 68 % cs;sJ. ,jpy; gpuhkzh;fSf;F chpa 14 % mlq;Fk;
2. jkpo;ehl;by; 69 % 3. fh;ehlfhtpy; 73 %
5. ,l xJf;fPL njhlh;ghf epiwa tof;Ffs; cr;rePjp kd;wj;jpy; epYitapy; cs;sJ
6. ,lxJf;fPl;bw;F mbg;gil
1. [hjp 3. N. E. States (tlfpof;F khepyq;fs;)
2. ghypdk; (ngz;fSf;F) 4. gpd; jq;fpa khepyq;fs; ( UP, Bihar )
7. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G SC -f;F 15 % kw;Wk; ST -f;F 7.5 % kl; Lk; nfhLj;jhh;fs; (10
tUlq;fSf;F)
8. Mdhy; gpd;dhl;fspy; ,it kw;w [hjpapdUf;Fk; ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ
HISTORY OF PRACTICE :
1. 1902 - rj;ugjp rhF[p (nfhy;fhG+h; - kfhuh\;buh)
BC – f;fhf xJf;fPL nfhLj;jhh;
- 50 % nfhLj;jhh;
- ,Jjhd; xU murhq; fj;jpdhy; ,e;jpahtpy; ntspaplg;gl;l Kjy; ,l
xJf;fPL Miz
2. 1921 - jkpof;j;jpy; Kjy; tFg;G thhp GO (Government Order ) nkl;uh];
khfhzj;jhy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
mjd; gb gpuhkzh; my;yhNjhh;f;F - 44 %
gpuhkzh;fSf;F - 16 %
K];yPk;fSf;F - 16 %
Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpah;fSf;F (or) fpwp];jth;fSf;F - 16 % (my;yJ)
SC tFg;gpdUf; F - 8%

Contact & WhatsApp No: 9626538744 Page 155

3. 1953 - Nfy;fh; fkpl; b epakdk; - r%f kw;Wk; fy; tp hPjpahf gpd; jq;fpath;fis
fzf;fpLtj;wfhf mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,thpd; ghpe;Jiufspy; OBC – f;Fhpa ghpe;Jiufs;
epuhfhpf;fg;gl;ld
1956 - y;fhfh Nfy;fh; mwpf;ifapd; gb SC ml;ltiz khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;lJ
1976 - y; ml;ltiz khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;lJ
1979 - y; kz;ly; fkp\d; mikf;fg;gl;lJ
Vd; - r%f kw;Wk; fy;tp hPjpahf gpd; jq;fpath;fis fzf;fpl
1980 - mwpf; if rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl;lJ ,th; 52 % OBC ,e;jpahtpy; cs;sjhf $wpdhh;.
1931- kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;gpd; gb $wpdhh; Vw; fdNt SC & ST f;F
cs; sJ 22.5 % vdNt jw;nghOJ OBC -f;F 27 % xJf; fpdhy; nkhj;jk; 49.5 % vdNt
cr;rePjpkd;w jPh;g;gpd;gb ,lxJf;fPL 50 %- I jhz;lhJ vd;W kz;ly;
ghpe;Jiuj;jhh;
1990 - gj;J tUlq;fs; fopj;J tp. gp. rpq; mth;fshy; kz;ly; mwpf; if
eilKiwf;F
nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ
- ,jid vjph;j;J nly; yp gy; fiyf;fof khzth; uh[Pt; Nfh];thkp jPf;Fspf; f
Kaw;rpj;jhh;
- ,jw;F gpwF gy jPf;Fspg;Gfs; eilngw;wd
1991 - eurpk;kuht; muR cah;[hjpapy; cs;s ViofSf;F 10 % ,l xJf; fPL
mspj;jhh;
 1992 - kz;ly; mwpf;if nry;yhJ vd;W cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpy; njhlugl;l tof;fpy;
jPh;g;G
toq;fg;gl;lJ. jPh;g;G vd;d? kz;ly; mwpf; ifia eilKiwg;gLj;jpaJ
nry;Yk;
1993 - kj;jpa muR gjtpfspy; OBC f;F 27 % nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ
1995 - 77tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jj;jpd; %yk; tpjp 16(4) vd;gij Gjpjhf Nrh;j;J SC &
ST f;F gjtp cah;tpy; ,l xJf;fPL nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ
1998 - Kjy; Kiwahf kj;jpa muR rh;Nt elj;jp ,e;jpahtpy; 32 % OBC cs;sjhf
Fwpg;gpl;lhh;fs;

jkpofj;jpy; ,l xJf;fPl;bd; tuyhW

1951 - OBC - 25 %
SC/St - 16 %
- 41 %
1971 - fiyQh; muR
- rl;lehjd; fkpl;b fphpkpNyaiu mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ
- ,thpd; ghpe;Jiuapd;gb BC f;F - 16 %
MBC f;F - 17 %
- Mdhy; muR Bc f;F - 31 %
SC & ST - 18 %

Contact & WhatsApp No: 9626538744 Page 156

- 49 % vd;gij
eilKiwg;gLj;jpaJ
1980 - mjpKf muR fphpkpNyaiu nfhz;Lte;jJ
- &.9000.00 tUlk; fphpkpNyaUf;F mbg;gilahf itf;fg;gl;lJ
- jpKfTk; kw;w fl;rpfSk; ,ij gaq;fukhf vjph;j;jhh;fs;
- clNd mjpKf muR fphpkpNyaiu ePf;fpaJ
- NkYk; OBC f;F – 50 %
Sc & st - 18 - 68 % vd;wJ
1989 - td;dpah; rq;f Nghuhl;lk;
- Vd; khepyj;jpy; 20 % Ntz;Lk;
kj;jpapy; 2 % Ntz;Lk;
- jpKf muR xj;Jf; nfhz;lJ vdNt
Bc - 30% Sc- 18%- 69%
MBc - 20% St - 1%
Fwpg;G:
jw;nghOJ - BC apy; K];yPk;fSf;F - 3.5 %
SC apy; mUe;jjpahh;fSf;F - 3.0 % xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
1992y; cr;rePjp kd;wk; ,l xJf;fPL 50 % rjtPjj;ij jhz;lf; $lhJ vd;W $wpaJ.
1994 – jkpof muR ek;Kia 69% ,lxJf;fPl; il [dhgjp xg;GjYld; 9tJ ml;ltizapy;
Nrh;j;Jtpl;lJ
1994 – M. K. Vijayan – 69% nry;yhJ vd;W mwptpf;fr; nrhy; yp cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpy; tof;F
njhlh;e;jhh;
- mtUf;F mb> cij fpilj;jJ
- ,e;j tof;F ,d;Dk; njhlh;fpwJ
2010 - [_iy – cr;rePjpkd;wk; ,e;j 69% ,d;Dk; xU tUlk; ePl;bj;jJ
- NkYk; 69 rjtPjj;ij cWjpnra;J nfhs;s jkpof muR cr;rePjp kd; w
jPh;g;GfSf;F
cl;gl;L rl;lk; ,aw;wpf;nfhs;syhk; vd;W $wpAs;sJ.

murpayikg;gpd; tpjpfs;
 ne;jpa murpayikg;g[ eilKiwf;F te;jBghJ 395 tpjpfisf; bfhz;oUe;jJ. nit nUgj;J
nuz;L gFjpfshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.nJtiu 98 murpayikg;g[j; jpUj;jA;fs; bra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.ntw;wpd;
fhuzkhfr; rpy tpjpfs; ePf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.rpy tpjpfs; Vw;fdBt nUe;j tpjpfspd; cl;gphpt[fshfr;
Brh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Mdhy; ne;jpa murpayikg;gpy; filrp cWg;ghf 395tJ tpjpahf jhd; nUf;fpwJ.
murpayikg;gpd; ne;j 395tpjpfs; vtw;iwf; TWfpd;wJ vd;gijf; fhzyhk;.

Contact & WhatsApp No: 9626538744 Page 157

gFjp-1
xd;wpaKk; mjd; epytiua[k; ( The Union and its Territory)
tpjpfs;
1. xd;wpaj;jpd; bgaUk; epytiua[k;
2. mDkjpf;fg;gLk; my;yJ Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; g[jpa khepyA;fs;
3. g[jpa khepyA;fis cUthf;Fjy; my;yJ cs;s khepyA;fspd; gFjpfs;,vy;iyfis khw;wpaikj;jy;
my;yJ bgah; khw;wk; bra;jy;.
4. Kjy; kw;Wk; ehd;fhtJ ml;ltizfspy; jpUj;jk; Bkw;bfhs;s nizg;g[fs;,
Beh;tpist[fs;,gpd;tpist[fs; bjhlh;ghd fhhpaA;fspy; tpjpfs; 2, 3 nd; fPH; rl;lA;fs; naw;Wjy;.
gFjp-2
Foa[hpik( Citizenship)
5. murpayikg;gpd; bjhlf;ff;fhyj;jpy; Foa[hpik
6. ghfp^;jhdpypUe;J ne;jpahtpw;Ff; Fobgah;e;j rpy egh;fspd; Foa[hpik
7. ghfp^;jhDf;Ff; Fobgah;e;J brd;w rpyhpd; Foa[hpikfs;
8. ne;jpaht[f;F btspapy; thGk; ne;jpa tk;rhtHp egh;fs; rpyhpd; Foa[hpikfs;
9. may;ehl;Lf; Foa[hpikiaj; jd;dpr;irahf Btz;og;bgWk; egh;fs; ne;jpaf; Fokf;fshfkhl;lhh;fs;.
10. Foa[hpikj; bjhlh;r;rp
11. ehlhSkd;wk; rl;lj;jhy; Foa[hpikia xGA;FgLj;Jjy;
gFjp-3
mog;gil chpikfs; ( fundamental Rights )
12. brhw;bghUs; tpsf;fk;
13. rl;lA;fs; mog;gil chpikfSld; Kuz;gLjy; my;yJ kjpg;gpHf;fr; bra;jy;
14. rl;lj;jpd; Kd; rkk;
15. rkak;, ndk;, rhjp, ghypdk; my;yJ gpwe;j nlk; fhuzkhf BtWgLj;JjYf;Fj; jil
16. bghJ Btiyapy; rktha;g;g[
17. jPz;lhik xHpf;fg;gl;lJ
18. gl;lA;fs; tHA;FtJk; bgWtJk; jLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
19. Bgr;R Rje;jpuk; cs;spl;l rpy chpikfSf;fhd ghJfhg;g[
20. Fw;wA;fSf;fhd Fw;wj; jP h;g;gpypUe;J ghJfhj;jy;
21. capiua[k; jdpg;gl;l chpikiaa[k; ghJfhj;jy;
21.m)nytr fl;lhaf; fy;tp
22. rpy tHf;Ffspy; ifJ bra;jy;, milj;J itj;jYf;F vjpuhd ghJfhg;g[
23. kdpj caphpdA;fis thA;FtJ, tpw;gJ, Btiyf;Ff; fl;lhag;gLj;JjYf;Fj; jil.
24. bjhHpw;rhiyfspYk; nd;dgpwtw;wpYk; FHe;ijfisg; gzpf;F mkh;j;Jjy; jil bra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

Contact & WhatsApp No: 9626538744 Page 158

25. kdr;rhl;rpg;go braw;gl, kw;Wk; jkJ kjj;ijj; jGt, Bkw;bfhs;s, gug;g[tjw;Fs;s Rje;jpuk;
26. rka tptfhuA;fis epUtfpg;gjw;fhd Rje;jpuk;
27. xU Fwpg;gpl;l rka Kd;Bdw;wj;jpw;F thpr; brYj;tjpdpd;Wk; Rje;jpuk;
28. rpy fy;tp epiyaA;fspy; kjBghjidf;fhf my;yJ tHpghl;ow;fhf te;jpUg;gjw;fhd Rje;jpuk;
29. rpWghd;ikBahhpd; eyd;fisg; ghJfhj;jy;
30. rpWghd;ikBahh; fy;tp epiyaA;fis Vw;gLj;jt[k; eph;tfpf;ft[k; chpik
31. (ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
31.m. v^;Bll;Lfs; nd;d gpwtw;iw vLj;jYf;F tHptif bra;a[k; rl;lA;fSf;fhd ghJfhg;g[
31.M. rpy rl;lA;fs; kw;Wk; xGA;fik tpjpfspd; bry;Yilik
31.n. bewpa[Wj;Jf; Bfhl;ghLfs; rpytw;wpw;F brayhf;fk; bfhLg;gjw;Fr; rl;lA;fisf; ghJfhj;jy;.
31.N. (ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
32. ne;jg; gFjpapy; tHA;fg;gl;l chpikfis mky;gLj;Jtjw;fhd ghpfhuA;fs;
32.m. (ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
33. ne;jg; gFjpapy; tHA;fg;gl;l chpikfis, mth jk; tpz;zg;gk; nd;dgpwtw;why; jpUj;jk; bra;tjw;F
ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;Fs;s mjpfhuk;
34. gilj;Jiwr; rl;lk; gFjp vjpYk; mkypypUf;Fk; BghJ, ne;jg; gFjpahy; tHA;fg;gl;l chpikfSf;Ff;
fl;Lg;ghL
35. ne;jg; gFjpapd; tifaA;fSf;Fr; rl;lkd;wk; brayhf;fk; bfhLg;gJ.
gFjp-4
murpd; bewpa[Wj;Jf; Bfhl;ghl;Lf; bfhs;if
(Directive Principles of State Policy)
36. brhw;bghUs; tpsf;fk;
37. ne;jg; gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; bfhs;iffs; bghUe;Jif
38. kf;fspd; ey Bkk;ghl;ow;fhf muR r}f xGA;ifg; ghJfhj;jy;
39. rpy bfhs;iffis muR gpd;gw;Wjy; Btz;Lk;
40. fpuhk Cuhl;rpfs; mikg;g[fs;
41. rpyjWthapy; Btiy, fy;tp, bghJ cjtpf;fhd chpik
42. epahakhdJk; kdpjj;jd;ikBahL ToaJkhd bjhHpy; kw;Wk; kfg;BW epthuzA;fSf;fhd tiffs;
43. Btiyahl;fSf;fhd thH;t{jpaKk; nd;d gpwt[k;
43.m.bjhHpw;rhiyfspd; epu;thfj;jpy; bjhHpyhsu; gA;Bfw;wy;
44. Fokf;fSf;F xBu khjpupahd cupikapay; rl;lk; ghJfhg;gJk; fy;tp mspg;gJk;
45. MW taJf;F cl;gl;l nsA;FHe;ijfis ghJfhg;gJk; fy;tp mspg;gJk;
46. gl;oay; kugpdu;, gl;oay; gHA;Fo kugpdu; kw;Wk; BtW gytPd gpuptpdu;fspd; fy;tp kw;Wk;
bghUshjhu tsu;r;rpia Bkk;gLj;jy;
47. Cl;lr;rj;J,thH;f;if juk;, cly; ey Bkk;ghl;il cau;j;Jtjw;fhd murpd; flik

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48. Btshd;ik kw;Wk; fhy;eil guhkupg;gpw;fhd mikg;g[

48.m. Rw;WR{Hiy ghJfhj;jYk;, Bkk;gLj;jYk;
49. Bjrpa Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j epidt[r; rpd;dk;, nlA;fs;,bghUs;fis ghJfhj;jy;
50. epu;thfj;jpdpd;W ePjpJiwiaj; jdpBa gpupj;jy;
51. ru;tBjr mikjpiaa[k;,ghJfhg;iga[k; Bkk;gLj;Jjy;
gFjp-4
mog;gilf; flikfs; ( Fundamental Duties )
51.m. mog;gilf;flikfs;
gFjp-5
xd;wpak;( The Union )
nay; 1
eph;thfk;( The Executive)
52. ne;jpaf; FoauRj; jiyth;
53. xd;wpaj;jpd; eph;thf mjpfhuk;
54. FoauRj;jiyth; Bjh;jy;
55. FoauRj; jiythpd; Bjh;jy; eilKiw
56. FoauRj; jiythpd; gjtpf; fhyk;
57. kWBjh;jYf;Fj; jFjpahjy;;
58. FoauRj; jiytuhfj; Bjh;e;bjLf;fg;gLtjw;fhd jFjpfs;
59. FoauRj; jiytu; gjtpf;Fhpa epge;jidfs;
60. FoauRj; jiytuhy; vLj;Jf; bfhs;sg;gLk; Miz cWjpbkhHp my;yJ bka;a[Wjp bkhHp
61. FoauRj; jiytUf;F vjpuhd Fw;wr;rhl;oy; eilKiw
62. FoauRj; jiytupd; fhypahd gjtp nlj;ij epug;g[tjw;fhd Bjh;jYf;fhd fhy mst[k;, jw;brayhff;
fhypahd me;jg; gjtp nlj;ij epug;g Bjh;e;bjLf;fg;gl;l eghpd; gjtpf;fhyKk;
63. ne;jpaf; FoauRj; Jizj;jiyth;
64. FoauRj; Jizj;jiyth; gjtp tHpapy; khepyA;fs; mitapd; jiytuhf nUg;ghh;.
65. FoauRj; jiytu; jw;bray; tpLg;gpy; brd;wpUf;Fk; bghGJ my;yJ tUifapy;yhjpUf;Fk; bghGJ
FoauRj; Jizj; jiytu;, FoauRj; jiytupd; gzpia Mw;Wthh;.
66. FoauRj; Jizj;jiytu; Bjh;jy;
67. FoauRj; Jizj;jiytupd; gjtpf;fhyk;
68. FoauRj; Jizj;jiytupd; fhypahd gjtp nlj;ij epug;g[tjw;fhd Bjh;jYf;Fhpa fhy mst[k;,
jw;brayhf fhypahd me;jg; gjtp nlj;ij epug;g[tjw;fhd Bjh;e;bjLf;fg;gl;l eghpd; gjtpf;fhyKk;
69. FoauRj; Jizj;jiytuhy; vLj;Jf; bfhs;sg;gLk; Miz cWjpbkhHp my;yJ bka;a[Wjp bkhHp
70. BtW jw;bray; epfH;t[fspy; FoauRj; jiytupd; brayhw;Wif

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71. FoauRj; jiytu; my;yJ FoauRj; Jizj;jiytupd; Bjh;jy; bjhlh;ghd my;yJ Bjh;jy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
tptuk;
72. FoauRj; jiytu; kd;dpg;g[ tHA;Ftjw;Fk;, gpwtw;wpw;Fk; kw;Wk; rpy tHf;Ffspy; jz;lidia
ePf;fr;bra;at[k;, Fiwf;ft[k; my;yJ khw;wpaikf;ft[k; cs;s mjpfhuk;
73. xd;wpaj;jpd;(kj;jpa murpd;) eph;thf mjpfhu ePl;og;g[
74. FoauRj; jiytUf;F cjt[tjw;Fk; MByhrid TWtjw;Fkhd mikr;ruit
75. mikr;rh;fSf;fhd BtW tifaA;fs;
76. ne;jpahtpw;fhd jiyik tHf;fwpqh;
77. murhA;fg; gzpfis Mw;Wk; Kiw
78. FoauRj; jiytUf;Fj; jfty; mspg;gjpy; jiyik(gpujk) mikr;rUf;fhd flikfs;
79. ehlhSkd;w mikg;g[
80. khepyA;fs; mitapd; mikg;g[
81. kf;fsitapd; mikg;g[
82. xt;bthU kf;fs; bjhif fzf;bfLg;g[f;Fg; gpwFk; kPz;Lk; khw;wpaikj;jy;
83. ehlhSkd;w mitfspd; gjtpf;fhyk;
84. ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdUf;fhd jFjp
85. ehlhSkd;wf; Tl;lj;bjhlh;, Tl;lj;bjhlh; Kot[ kw;Wk; fiyg;g[
86. ehlhSkd;w mikfspy; ciuahw;wt[k; jfty; mDg;gt[k; FoauRj; jiytUf;Fs; mjpfhuk;
87. FoauRj; jiytuhy; epfH;j;jg;gLk; rpwg;g[iu
88. mitfs;; bjhlh;ghf mikr;rh;fs;, jiyik tHf;fwpqUf;FKs;s chpik
89. khepyA;fsitapd; jiyth;, Jizj;jiyth;
90. Jizj;jiyth; gjtp fhypahapUj;jy;, gjtp tpyfy; kw;Wk; gjtpapypUe;J ePf;Fjy;
91. Jizj;jiyth; my;yJ jiythpd; mYtyf flikia epiwBtw;Wk; my;yJ jiytuhfr;
braw;gLgthpd; mjpfhuA;fs;
92. jiytu; my;yJ Jidj;jiytiu gjtpapypUe;J ePf;Ftjw;fhd jPu;khdk; guprPyida[k; fPHpUe;J tUk;
BghJ mtu;fs; jiyik jhA;Fjy; TlhJ
93. kf;fsitapd; jiytUk; Jizj;jiytUk;
94. jiytu; kw;Wk; Jizj;jiytu; gjtp fhypahf nUj;jy;, gjtp tpyfy;, gjtpapypUe;J ePf;Fjy;
95. kf;fsit Jizj; jiytu; my;yJ kf;fsit jiytupd; mYtyf flikia epiwBtw;Wk; my;yJ
kf;fsit jiytuhf bray;gLgtupd; mjpfhuA;fs;
96. khepyA;fs; mit jiytu;, Jiz jiytu; kw;Wk; kf;fsit jiytu; Jizj;jiytiu gjtpapypUe;J
ePf;Ftjw;fhd jPu;khdk; guprPyidapd; fPH; nUe;J tUk; BghJ mtu;fs; jiyik jhA;Fjy;
97. khepyA;fs; mit jiytu;, Jiz jiytu; kw;Wk; kf;fsit jiytu;, Jiz jiytupd; CjpaA;fSk;
go bjhiffSk;.
98. ehlhskd;w brayfk;

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99. cWg;gpdu;fshy; Miz cWjp bkhHp my;yJ cWjp bkhHp vLj;Jf; bfhs;sg;gLjy;
100. mitfspy; thf;fspg;g[, fhypaplA;fSk; Fiwbtz;Zk; nUg;gpDk; mitfs; bray;gLk; mjpfhuk;
101. gjtp nlA;fisf; fhypr;bra;jy;
102. cWg;gpdu; jFjpapHg;g[
103. cWg;gpdu;fspd; jFjpapHg;g[g; gw;wpa Bfs;tp epiyfspy; Kot[
104. cWg;g[ 99-nd; fPH; Miza[Wjp my;yJ cWjpbkhHp vLg;gjw;F Kd;du; my;yJ jFjpapy;yhjpUf;Fk;
BghJ mku;e;jpUj;jy; my;yJ thf;fspj;jYf;F jz;lid
105. ehlhSkd;wk; kw;Wk; mjd; cWg;gpdu;fs;, FGf;fspd; mjpfhuA;fSk; , rpwg;g[upikfSk; nd;dgpwt[k;
106. cWg;gpdu;fspd; CjpaA;fSk; gofSk;
107. rl;lKd; Kot[fis mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; epiwBtw;Wtjw;Fkhd tifaA;fs;
108. rpy Btisfspy; nU mitfSk; nize;J mku;jy;
109. gzkBrhjh Kd;Kot[fs; rk;ke;jkhd rpwg;g[ eilKiw
110. gzkBrhjh Kd; Kot[fs; tpsf;fk;
111. rl;lKd;tot[f;F xg;g[jy; mspj;jy;
112. Mz;L epjpepiy mwpf;if
113. jpl;lA;fs; bjhlu;ghf ehlhSkd;w eilKiw
114. epjp xJf;fPl;Lr; rl;l Kd;Kot[fs;
115. Jiz khdpak;, TLjy; khdpak;my;yJ kif khdpaA;fs;
116. fzf;F, tut[ kw;Wk; tpjptpyf;fhdkhdpaA;fSf;F thf;fspj;jy;
117. gzrl;l Kd;tut[fspy; rpwg;g[ tifaA;fs;
118. eilKiw tpjpfs;
119. ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; gz mYty; bjhlu;ghfr; rl;l eilKiwahy; xGA;FgLj;Jjy;
120. ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; gad;gLj;Jk; bkhHp
121. ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; ePjpkd;w eltof;iff; Fwpj;Jg; Bgrjil
122. ehlhSkd;w eilKiwfisg; gw;wp ePjpkd;wk; tprhuiz elj;;Jjy; TlhJ.

nay;-3
FoauR jiytupd; rl;lk; naw;Wk; mjpfhuA;fs; ( Legislative Powers of the President)
123. ghuhSkd;wk; Tlhj Beuj;jpy; mtru rl;lA;fis gpwg;gpf;f FoauR jiytUf;fhd mjpfhuk;

nay;-4
xd;wpa ePjpj;Jiw ( The Union Judiciary)
124. cr;rePjpkd;w mikg;g[
125. ePjpauru;fspd; CjpaA;fSk;, gpwt[k;
126. bghWg;g[j;jiyik ePjpauru; epakdk;

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127. nilf;fhy ePjpauru;fs; epakdk;

128. cr;rePjpkd;w mku;tpy; Xa;t[ bgw;w ePjpauru;fSk; nlk; bgWjy;
129. cr;rePjpkd;wk; kjpg;g[Wj;J ePjpkd;wkhf nUf;Fk;
130. cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; nUg;gplk;
131. cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; KjByw;g[ mjpfhutuk;g[
131.m.(ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
132. cau;ePjpkd;wA;fspypUe;J vGk; Bky; KiwaPLfspy; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F cs;s Bky;KiwaPl;L mjpfhu
tuk;g[
133. cupikapay; tHf;Ffspy; cau;ePjpkd;wA;fspypUe;J vGk; Bky;KiwaPLfspy; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F cs;s
Bky; KiwaPl;L mjpfhu tuk;g[
134. Fw;wtpay; tHf;Ffspy; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F rhd;wpjH; tHA;Fjy;
134.m. Bky;KiwaPl;Lf;fhf cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpw;F rhd;wpjH; tHA;Fjy;
135. Tl;lhl;rp ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhu tuk;iga[k;,mjpfhuj;ija[k; cr;rePjpkd;wk; bgw;wpUf;Fk;
136. Bky;KiwaPL bra;a cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jhy; tHA;fg;gLk; rpwg;g[ mDkjp
137. cr;rePjpkd;wk; jhk; gpwg;gpj;j jPu;g;g[iufs; my;yJ fl;lisfis kW Ma;t[ bra;jy;
138. cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; tpupe;j mjpfhu tuk;g[
139. ePjpBguhid tHA;f cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpw;F mjpfhuk; tHA;Fjy;
140. cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; Jiz mjpfhuA;fs;
141. cr;rePjpkd;wj;jhy; mwptpf;fg;gLk; rl;l jPu;g;g[fs; midj; J ePjpkd;wj;jhy; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;
142. cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPu;g;ghizfs; kw;Wk; Mizfs; mky;gLj;JjYk; fz;lwpjy; MizfSk; nd;d
gpwt[k;
143. cr;rePjpkd;wj;ij fye;jjhByhrpf;f FoauR jiytUf;F cs;s mjpfhuk;
144. cupikapay;, Fw;wtpay; mjpfhu epiyapdu;
144.m.(ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
145. ePjpkd;w tpjpfSk;, gpwt[k;
146. cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; mYtyu;fs;, gzpahsu;fs;, brytpdA;fs;
147. bghUs; tpsf;fk;
nay;-5
ne;jpa jzpf;if Jiwj; jiytu; ( Comptroller and Auditor-General of India)
148. ne;jpa jzpf;if Jiw jiytu;
149. jzpf;if Jiw jiytupd; flikfSk;, mjpfhuA;fSk;
150. xd;wpa kw;Wk; khepy muRfspd; fzf;Ffspd; gotk;
151. jzpf;ifahsupd; mwpf;if

gFjp-6

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khepyA;fs; (The states)

nay;-1 (chapter1)
bghJthdit (General)
152. brhw;bghUs; tpsf;fk;
nay;-2
eph;thfj;Jiw (The Executive)
MSeh; ( Governor )
153. khepy MSeh;fs;
154. khepy eph;thf mjpfhuk;
155. MSeh; epakdk;
156. MSehpd; gjtpf; fhyk;
157. MSeh; epakdj;jpw;fhd jFjpfs;
158. MSehpd; gjtpapd; epge;jidfs;
159. MSeuhy; vLf;fg;gLk; cWjpbkhHpa[k; gjtpg; gpukhzKk;
160. jw;brayhd rpy epfH;t[fspy; MSehpd; braw;ghLfs;
161. rpy tHf;Ffspy; Fw;wA;fis kd;dpf;ft[k;, ePf;ft[k; Fiwf;ft[k; MSeUf;Fs;s mjpfhuk;
162. khepyA;fSf;F eph;thf mjpfhuj;ij ePl;oj;jy;
163. mikr;ruit MSeUf;F cjtpa[k; MByhrida[k; mspj;jy;
164. mikr;rh;fSf;fhd kw;iwa tifaA;fs;
165. khepyj; jiyik tHf;fwpqh;
166. khepy murhA;fj;jpd; mYty; eikKiw
167. MSeUf;Fj; jfty; mspg;gJ bjhlh;ghdtw;wpy; Kjyikr;rUf;Fs;s flikfs;
nay;-3
khepyr; rl;lkd;wk; (The State Legislature )
bghJthdit (General)
168. khepyr; rl;lg;Bguitfspd; mikg;g[
169. khepyA;fspy; rl;l Bkyitfis xHpj;jy; my;yJ cUthf;Fjy;
170. rl;lg;Bguitfspd; mikg;g[
171. rl;lBkyitfspd; mikg;g[
172. rl;lkd;wj;jpd; gjtpf; fhyk;
173. rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdh;fspd; jFjpfs;
174. khepyr; rl;lkd;w mkh;itj; js;sp itj;jy;, fiyj;jy;
175. MSeh;mit my;yJ mitfspy; ciuepfH;j;j jfty; mDg;g chpika[ilatuhthh;
176. MSeuhy; epfH;j;jg;gLk; rpwg;g[iu
177. mitfs; rk;ge;jkhf mikr;rh;fs; kw;Wk; khepyj;jiyik tHf;fwpqUf;Fs;s chpik

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178. rl;lg;Bguitj; jiyth;, Jizj;jiyth;

179. rl;lg;Bguitj; jiyth;, Jizj;jiyth; gjtpaplA;fs; fhypahjy;, gjtp tpyfy;, gjtpapypUe;J
ePf;fg;gLjy;
180. rl;lg;Bguitj; jiyth; gjtpaplk; fhypahftpUf;Fk; BghJ mtuJ mYty;fis Mw;Wk;
Jizj;jiythl my;yJ kw;iwa egh;fSf;Fs;s mjpfhuKk;, flika[k;
181. rl;lg;Bguitj; jiyth;, Jizj;jiytiug; gjtpapypUe;J ePf;Ftjw;fhd jPh;khdk; ghprPyidapd; fPH;
nUf;Fk; bghGJ, mth;fs; mitf;Fj; jiyik jhA;Fjy; TlhJ.
182. rl;lg;Bkyitj; jiyth;, Jizj;jiyth;
183. rl;lg;Bkyitj; jiyth;, Jizj;jiyth; gjtpaplA;fs; fhypahjy;, gjtp tpyFjy;, gjtpapypUe;J
ePf;fg;gLjy;
184. rl;lg;Bkyitj; jiyth;gjtpaplk; fhypahftpUf;Fk; BghJ mtuJ mYty;fis Mw;Wk;; Jizj;jiyth;
185. rl;lg;Bkyitj; jiyth; my;yJ Jizj;jiytiug; gjtpapypUe;J ePf;Ftjw;fhd jPh;khdk;
ghprPyidapd; fPH; nUf;Fk; BghJ mth;fs; mitf;Fj; jiyik jhA;Fjy; TlhJ.
186. rl;lg; Bguitj; jiyth;, Jizj;jiyth; kw;Wk; rl;lg;Bkyitj; jiyth;, Jizj;jiythpd;
CjpaA;fSk; goj;bjhiffSk;
187. rl;lkd;wr; brayfk;
188. cWg;gpdh;fspd; cWjpbkhHp my;yJ gjtpg; gpukhzk;
189. fhypaplk; kw;Wk; Fiwbtz; ahjhf nUe;jpl;lg; BghjpYk; thf;bfLg;gpy; mitfSf;Fs;s mjpfhuk;
190. gjtpaplA;fs; fhypahjy;
191. cWg;gpdhpd; jFjpapHg;g[
192. cWg;gpdh;fspd; jFjpapHg;g[g; gpur;rpidfspy; Kot[
193. cWg[ 186nd; fPH; cWjpbkhHp my;yJ gjtpg;gpukhzk; vLf;fhky; my;yJ jFjpapy;yhjpUf;Fk; BghJ
my;yJ jFjpapHg;g[ MfpapUf;Fk; BghJ mitapy; mkh;jYf;Fk; thf;fspj;jYf;Fk; jz;lid
194. rl;lkd;wA;fs;, mjd; cWg;gpdh;fs; kw;Wk; mjd; FGf;fSf;Fs;s mjpfhuA;fSk; rpwg;g[hpikfSk;
nd;d gpwt[k;
195. cWg;gpdh;fspd; CjpaA;fSk; goj;bjhiffSk;
196. rl;lKd; tot[fis mwpKfg;gLj;jt[k; epiwBtw;wt[khd tifaA;fs;
197. gzkBrhjh totpy;yhj BtW rl;l Kd;tot[fspy; rl;l Bkyitapd; mjpfhuA;fsp; jilf;fl;Lg;ghLfs;
198. gzkBrhjh Kd;tot[fs; bjhlh;ghd rpwg;g[ eilKiw
199. gzkBrhjh Kd; Kot[ tpsf;fk;
200. rl;lKd; tot[f;fhd nirt[
201. guprPiyidf;fhf rl;lKd; toit xJf;fp itj;jy;
202. Mz;L epjpepiy mwpf;if
203. jpl;lr; brytPdA;fs; bjhlu;ghfr; rl;lkpaw;Wk; eilKiw
204. bjhiffisg; bgWtjw;fhd rl;lKd;tot[

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205. cgupahd, TLjyhd my;yJ mjpfkhd khdpaA;fs;

206. fzf;F kPJ thf;bfLg;g[ fld; kw;Wk; tpjptpyf;fhd khdpaA;fspd; thf;bfLg;g[
207.gzkBrhjh Kd;Kot[f;fhd rpwg;g[ tifaA;fs;
208. eilKiw tpjpfs;
209. gzrk;ge;jkhd mYtiy rl;lkd;w eilKiwahy; xGA;Fg;gLj;Jjy;
210. rl;lkd;wj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; bkhHp
211. khepyr; rl;lkd;wj;jpy; ePjpkd;w eltof;iffisg; gw;wp Bgr jil
212. rl;lkd;w eltof;iffis ePjpkd;wk; tprhuiz bra;jy; TlhJ
nay;-4
MSeupd; rl;lkpaw;Wk; mjpfhuk;
( Legislative Power of the Governor)
213. rl;lg;Bguitapd; nilBtisapy; mtru Mizfisg; gpwg;gpf;f MSeUf;Fs;s mjpfhuk;
nay;-5
khepyA;fspy; cs;s cau;ePjpkd;wA;fs;
( The High Court in the States)
214. khepyA;fSf;fhd cau;ePjp kd;wA;fs;
215. cau;ePjpkd;wA;fs; kjpg;g[Wj;J ePjpkd;wA;fshFk;
216. cau;ePjpkd;w mikg;g[fs;
217. cau;ePjpkd;w ePjpauru;fspd; epakdKk; epge;jidfSk;
218. cr;rePjpkd;wk; bjhlu;ghd rpy tifaA;fs; cau;ePjp kd;wA;fSf;Fk; bghUe;Jjy;
219. cau;ePjpkd;w ePjpauru;fspd; Miz cWjpbkhHp Vw;g[k; gjtpg; gpukhzKk;
220. epue;ju ePjpauruhf epakdk; bgw;wtu; tHf;Fiuqu; bjhHpy; elj;j fl;Lg;ghL
221. ePjpauru;fspd; CjpaA;fSk;, gpwt[k;
222. ePjpauru; xUtu; Xu; cau;eP jpkd;wj;jpypUe;J kw;bwhU cau;ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F khw;wg;gLjy;
223. jw;fhypa jiyik ePjpauru; epakdk;
224. TLjy; kw;Wk; jw;fhypa eP jpauru;fspd; epakdk;
224.m) cau;ePjpkd;wA;fspd; mkUifpay; Xa;t[ bgw;w ePjpauru;fis epakpj;jy;
225. epfH;epiyapy; nUf;fpw cau;ePjpkd;wA;fspd; Ms;tiu
226. ePjpg;Bguhizfs; rpytw;iwg; gpwg;gpg;gjw;F cau;ePjpkd;wj;jpw;fhd mjpfhuk;
227. cau;ePjpkd;wj;jhy; midj;J ePjpkd;wA;fisa[k; fz;fhzpf;Fk; mjpfhuk;
228. tHf;Ffs; rpytw;iw cau;ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F khw;Wjy;
229. mYtyu;fs;, gzpahsu;fs; kw;Wk; cau;ePjp kd;wA;fspd; bryt[fs;
230. cau;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhu tuk;ig xd;wpa kz;lyA;fSf;F tpupt[g;gLj;Jjy;
231. nuz;L my;yJ Bkw;gl;l khhepyA;fSf;Fg; bghJthdbjhU cau;ePjpkd;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jjy;
232. (ePf;fg;;gl;lJ)

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nay;-6
fPHik ePjpkd;wA;fs; (Subordinate Courts)
233. khtl;l ePjpgjpfs; epakdk;
233.m) khtl;l ePjpgjpfspd; epakdKk; mtu;fs; tHA;Fk; jPu;g;g[iua[k; nd;dgpwt[k;
bry;YgoahFbkd;gJ
234. khtl;l ePjpgjpfsy;yhj kw;w egu;fis ePjpj;Jiwg; gzpf;F mku;j;Jjy;
235. fPHik ePjpkd;wA;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;
236. bghUs; tpsf;fk;
237. ne;j naypd; tifaA;fs; rpy tFg;g[ my;yJ tFg;g[fisr; rhu;e;j eLtu;fSf;Fg; bghUe; Jjy;
238. (ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
gFjp-8
xd;wpa kz;lyA;fs; ( The Union Territories )
239. xd;wpa kz;lyA;fspd; epu;thfk;
239.m) Fwpg;gpl;l rpy xd;wpa kz;lyA;fSf;Fr; rl;lg;Bguit my;yJ mikr;ruit my;yJ
nuz;ila[k; cUthf;Fjy;
239.m.m) jpy;yp rk;ge;jkhd rpwg;g[ tifaA;fs;
239.m.M) murpayikg;g[ nae;jpuk; Bjhy;tpa[Wk; epiyapy; tifa[k;
240. xd;wpa kz;lyA;fs; rpytw;wpw;F xGA;F Kiwfis cUthf;f FoauR jiytUf;F cs;s mjpfhuk;
241. xd;wpa kz;lyA;fSf;fhd cau;ePjpkd;wA;fs;
242. (ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
gFjp-9
Cuhl;rpfs; ( The Panchayts)
243. braw;bghUs; tpsf;fA;fs;
243.m. fpuhk mit
243.M. Cuhl;rpfspd; mikg;g[
243.n. Cuhl;rpfspd; Tl;likg;g[
243.N. nlxJf;fPL
243.c. Cuhl;rpfspd; gjtpf;fhyk;
243.C. cWg;gpdu;fspd; jFjp nHg;g[fs;
243.v. Cuhl;rpapd; mjpfhuA;fs;, mjpfhu epiy kw;Wk; bghWg;gilt[fs;
243.V. Cuhl;rpfshy; tupfs; tpjpg;gjw;fhd mjpfhuA;fSk;, Cuhl;rpfspd; epjpfSk;
243.I. epjpepiyia Ma;t[ bra;tjw;fhf epjp Mizaj;ij Vw;gLj;Jjy;
243.x. Cuhl;rpfspd; fzf;Ffs; jzpf;if
243.X. Cuhl;rpfSf;fhd Bju;jy;fs;
243.Xs. xd;wpa kz;lyA;fSf;Fg; (a{dpad; gpuBjrA;fSf;F) bghUe;Jjy;

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243.f. ne;j gFjp rpy Ml;rp gFjpfSf;F bghUe;jhJ

243.A. epfH; epiyapypUf;Fk; rl;lk; kw;Wk; Cuhl;rpfs; bjhlu;e;jpUj;jy;
243.r. Bjujy; tp&aA;fspy; ePjpkd;wk; jiyapLtjw;F jil
gFjp-9m
efuhl;rpfs; ( The Municipalitties)
243.q. brhw;bghUs; tpsf;fA;fs;
243.l. efuhl;rpfs; mikg;g[
243.z. efuhl;rpfis mikj;jy;
243.j. thu;L FGf;fs; mikg;g[k; mjid Vw;gLj;JjYk;
243.e. nlxJf;fPL
243.g. efuhl;rpfspd; gjtpf;fhyk;
243.k. cWg;gpdu;fspd; jFjpapHg;g[fs;
243.a. efuhl;rpapd; mjpfhuA;fs;, mjpfhu epiy kw;Wk; bghWg;gilt[fs;
243.u. efuhl;rpfshy; tupfs; tpjpg;gjw;fhd mjpfhuA;fSk; efuhl;rpfspd; epjpfSk;
243.y. epjp Mizak;
243.t. efuhl;rpfspd; fzf;Ffs; jzpf;if
243.t.m. efuhl;rpfSf;fhd Bju;jy;
243.t.M. xd;wpa kz;lyA;fSf;F (a{dpad; gpuBjrA;fSf;F) bghUe;Jjy;
243.t.n. ne;jg; gFjp rpy Ml;rp gFjpfSf;F bghUe;jhJ
243.t.N. khtl;lj; jpl;lj;jpw;fhd FG
243.t.c. bgUefu (khefu) tsu;r;rp FG
243.t.C. epfH;epiyapypUf;Fk; rl;lk; kw;Wk; Cuhl;rpfs; bjhlu;e;jpUj;jy;
243.t.v. Bju;jy; tp&aA;fspy; ePjpkd;wk; jiyapLtjw;Fj; jil
gFjp-10
gl;oay; kw;Wk; gHA;Foapdu; gFjpfs; ( The Scheduled and Tribal Areas)
244. gl;oay; kw;Wk; gHA;Fog; gFjp epu;thfk;
244.m. m^;^hkpy; rpy gHA;Foapdu; thGk; gFjpfspy; jd;dhl;rp

gFjp-11
kj;jpa muRf;Fk; khepy muRfSf;Fkpilapyhd cwt[fs;
( Relations between the Union and the States)
nay;-1
rl;lkpaw;WtJ bjhlu;ghd cwt[fs;
( Legislative Relations)
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rl;lkpaw;Wk; mjpfhuA;fisg; gfpu;e;J bfhs;Sjy;

( Distribution of Legislative Powers)
245. ehlhSkd;wj;jhy; naw;wg;gl;l kw;Wk; rl;lg;Bguitahy; naw;wg;gl;l rl;lA;fis ePl;oj;jy;
246. ehlhSkd;wj;jhy; my;yJ rl;lkd;wj;jhy; naw; wg;gLk; rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpag;gFjp
247. TLjy; ePjpkd;wA;fs; rpytw;iw mikf;f tHptifr; bra;a ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;fhd mjpfhuk;
248. rl;lk; naw;WjYf;fhd vq;rpa mjpfhuA;fs;
249. ehl;od; kPJ mf;fiw bfhz;L khepyg; gl;oay; bjhlu;ghd tp&aj;jpy; rl;lkpaw;Wtjw;fhd
ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;Fs;s mjpfhuk;
250. mtru fhy gpufldk; mkypypUf;Fk; BghJ khepyg; gl;oaypYs;s tp&aA;fs; bjhlu;ghf rl;lkpaw;w
ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;Fs;s mjpfhuk;
251. tpjpfs; 249 kw;Wk; 250 nd; fPH; ehlhskd;wk; naw;wpa rl;lA;fSf;Fk; khepyr; rl;lkd;wA;fs;
naw;wpa rl;lA;fSf;Fkpilapyhd Kuz;ghLfs;
252. nuz;L my;yJ Bkw;gl;l khepyA;fspd; xg;g[jYld; kw;Wk; mj;jifa rl;lkpaw;wiy Vw;Fk; kw;w
khepyk; vjpw;Fk; ehlhSkd;wk; rl;lkpaw;wYf;Fupa mjpfhuk;
253. cyf mstpyhd cld;gof;iffSf;Fr; brayhf;fk; bfhLf;f rl;lkpaw;wy;
254. ehlhSkd;wk; naw;wpa rl;lA;fSf;Fk; khepyr; rl;lkd;wA;fs; naw; wpa rl;lA;fSf;Fkpilapyhd
Kuz;ghLfs;
255. eilKiwfs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l tp&aA;fspy; kl;Lk; Bjitg;gLk; gupe;JiufSk; Kd; mDkjpf;Fk;
nay;-2
epu;thfj; bjhlu;g[fs; ( Administrative Relations)
bghJthdit (Generals)
256. khepyA;fs; kw;Wk; xd;wpaj;jpw;Fs;s fl;Lg;ghLfs;
257. rpy jWtha;fspy; khepyA;fis kj;jpa muR jkJ fl;Lg;ghl;oy; itj;jpUf;Fk;
257.m) (ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
258. rpytw;wpy; khepyA;fSf;F mjpfhuA;fis tHA;Ftjw;F kj;jpa muRf;Fs; mjpfhuk;
258.m) khepy murhA;fj;jpd; mjpfhuj;ij kj;jpa murhA;fk; braw;gLj;jp xg;gilj;jy;
259. (ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
260. ne;jpaht[f;F btspapYs;s epytiufs; bjhlu;ghf kj;jpa muRf;Fs; mjpfhu tuk;g[
261. bghJr; bra;iffs;, gjpt[fs; kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiw eilKiwfs;
262. khepyA;fSf;fpilapyhd MWfs;, Mw;Wg; gs;sj;jhf;Ffs; rk;ke;jkhd jfuhWfspy; jPu;g;g[fs;
263. khepyA;fSf;fpilapyhd FGf;fs; rk;ke;jkhd tifaA;fs;
gFjp-12
epjp, brhj;J, xg;ge;jA;fs;, tHf;Ffs;
( Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits)
nay;-1

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epjp (Finance)
bghJthdit (General)
264. bghUs; tpsf;fk;
265. rl;l mjpfhu epiyapduy;yhj tifapy; tupfis tpjpj;jy; TlhJ
266. ne;jpah kw;Wk; khepyA;fspd; bjhFg;g[ epjp
267. vjpu;ghuhr; bryt[ epjp
268. jPu;itfis kj;jpa murhA;fk; tpjpj;jYk; mjid khepyA;fs; tr{ypj;jYk;
268.m) xd;wpaj;jhy; tpjpf;fg;gLk; Brit tupa[k; mjid kj;jpa muRk; khepy muRfSk;
tr{ypj;jYk;;
kw;Wk; jdjhf;fpf; bfhs;SjYk;
269. kj;jpa mur tupia tpjpf;ft[k; tr{ypf;ft[k; bra;J khepyA;fSf;F xJf; fPLr; bra;jy;
270. kj;jpa muRf;Fk; khepyA;fSf;Fkpilapy; tuptpjpg;g[k; gfpu;e;jspg;g[k;
271. kj;jpa murpd; Behf;fj;jpd; bghUl;L rpy jPu;itfspYk; tupfspYk; jz;lj;jPu;it
272. (ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
273. rzy; kw;Wk; rzy; bghUs;fs; kpJ Vw;Wkjp jpu;itf;Fg; gjpyhf khdpak; tHA;Fjy;
274. tupfspy; mf;fiw bfhz;Ls;s khepyA;fspd; rl;l Kd; tot[fSf;F FoauRj; jiytupd;
Kd;djhd gupe;jiu Bjitbad;gJ
275. kj;jpa murpypUe;J khepyA;fs; rpytw;wpw;F khdpak;
276. bjhHpy;fs;, tu;j;jfA;fs;, Btiyfs;, gzpfspy; kPJ tupfs;
277. tpyf;Ffs;
278. (ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
279. “ bkhj;j tUkhdj;ija[k; ” nd;d gpwtw;iwa[k; fzf;fpLjy;
280. epjp Mizak;
281. epjp Mizaj;jpd; gupe;jiufs;
282. jkJ tUthapypUe;J kj;jpa muR my;yJ khepy muR bryitf; bfhLj;J jpu;j;jy;
283. bghJ fzf;fpy; tut[ itf;fg;gLk; bjhFg;g[ epjp vjpu;ghuhr; bryt[ epjp Mfpatw;wpd; ghJfhg;g[
284. bghJ CHpau;fshYk;, ePjpkd;wA;fshYk; bgwg;gLk; bjhiffs; kw;Wk; tHf;fhspfspd;
itg;gPLfSf;Fg; ghJfhg;g[
285. khepy tup tpjpg;gpdpd;Wk; kj;jpa muR brhj;Jf;F tpyf;fspg;g[
286. bghUs;fs; thA;Fjy; my;yJ tpw;gidapd; kPJ tpjpj;jYf;F fl;Lg;ghLfs;
287. kpd;rhuj;jpw;F tupapd;W tpyf;fspg;g[
288. rpy r{H;epiyfspy; jz; zPu; my;yJ kpd;rhuk; rk;ge;jkhf khepyA;fspd; tuptpjpg;gpypUe;J
tpyf;fspg;g[
289. kj;jpa murpd; tupapdpd;W khepy brhj;J kw;Wk; tUkhdj;jpw;F tpyf;fspg;g[
290. rpy bryt[fs; kw;Wk; Xa;t{jpaA;fs; rk;ge;jkhd rupfl;Lif

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290.m) Bjtjhd epjpaA;fs; rpytw;wpw;F tUlhe;jpu brYj;Jif

291. (ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
nay;-2
fld;fs; ( Borrowing )
292. ne;jpa murhA;fk; fld; thA;Fjy;
293. khepyA;fshy; fld; thA;fg; bgWjy;
nay;-3
brhj;J, xg;ge;jA;fs;, cupikfs;, bghWg;gilt[fs;, fl;Lg;ghLfs; kw;Wk; tHf;Ffs;
( Property, Contracts, Rights, Liabilities, Obligations and Suits)
294. brhj;Jf;fs;, chpikfs;, bghWg;gilt[fs; fl;Lg;ghLfs; chpik nwf;fk;
295. brhj;Jf;fs;, chpikfs;, bghWg;gilt[fs; fl;Lg;ghLfs; chpik nwf;fk;
296. ftdpg;ghuw;Wk; fhyA;fle;JkpUf;Fk;; brhj;J muRf;Fr; brhe;jkhdbjd;gJ
297. ne;jpa epytiuapd; ePh; vy;iyf;Fs; my;yJ fz;l jpl;oy; my;yJ nepjpahtpd; bghUshjhu ts
tuk;g[f;Fs; nUf;Fk; epyA;fs;, fdpg;bghUs;fs; midj;Jk; kj;jpa muRf;Fr; brhe;jkhdjhFk;.
298. th;j;jfk;, nd;dgpwtw;iw Bkw;bfhs;tjw;fhd mjpfhuk;
299. xg;ge;jA;fs;
300. tHf;FfSk;, eilKiwfSk;
nay;-4
brhj;Jhpik (Rights to Property)
300.m. rl;lj;jhy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l brhj;ij egh;fs; vLj;Jf; bfhs;sf;TlhJ.
gFjp-13
ne;jpa epytiuf;Fs; th;j;jfk;, tzpfk; kw;Wk;
Bghf;Ftuj;Jj; bjhlh;g[ Rje;jpuk;
(Trade, commerce and intercourse
within the Territory of India)
301. th;j;jfk;, thzpgk; kw;Wk; tzpfk; my;yJ Bghf;Ftuj;Jj; bjhlh;g[ Rje;jpuk;
302. th;j;jfk;, thzpgk; kw;Wk; tzpfk; my;yJ Bghf;Ftuj;Jj; bjhlh;gpd; kPJ fl;Lg;ghL tpjpg;gjw;F
303. th;j;jfk; kw;Wk; tzpfk; rk;;ge;jkhf kj;jpa, khepy murhA;fk;; rl;lkpaw;Wk; mjpfhuA;fSf;fhd
fl;Lg;ghL
304. khepyA;fspd; kj;jpapy; th;;j;jfk;, thzpgk; .
305. epfH;epiyapYs;s rl;lA;fisg; ghJfhj;jYk;, khepy Mjpf;fj;jpw;fhd rl;lj;jpw;F tHptif
bra;jYk;
306. (ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
307. cwg[fs; 301 Kjy; 304 tiuapyhd Behf;fA;fis epiwBtw;Wtjw;fhf mjpfhu epiyapdiu
epakpj;jy;.

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gFjp-14
ne;jpa epytiuf;Fs;; th;;j;jfk;, tzpfk; kw;Wk;
Bghf;Ftuj;Jj; bjhlh;g[ Rje;jpuk;
(Trade, commerce and intercourse
within the Territory of India)
308. bghUs; tpsf;;fk;
309. kj;jpa my;yJ khepy murpy; gzpahw;Wk; egh;;fspd; gzp Fwpj;j tiuaiwfSk; epge;jidfSk;
310. kj;jpa my;yJ khepy murpy; gzpahw;Wk; egh;fspd; gzp Fwpj;j tiuaiwfsk; epge;jidfSk;
311. kj;jpa my;yJ khepyj;jpy; Ml;rpj;Jiwg; gzpapypUf;Fk; egh;fis btspBaw;Wjy;, ePf;Fjy; my;yJ
goj;juj;ijf; Fiwj;jy;
312. midj;jpe;jpag; gzpfs;
312.m. mYtyh;fs; rpyuJ gzp epge;jidfspy; BtWgLjYf;F my;yJ ePf;Ftjw;F
ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;Fs;s mjpfhuk;
313. khWjy; tifaA;fs;
314. (ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
nay;-2
muRg; gzpahsh; Bjh;thizaA;fs;
(Public Service Commissions)
315. kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepyA;fSf;fhd muRg; gzpahsh; Bjh;thizaA;fs;
316. cWg;gpdh;fspd; epakdKk;, gjtpf;fhyKk;
317. muRg; gzpahsh; Bjh;thizak; xd;wpd; cWg;gpdh; xUtiu ePf;ft[k; jw;fhypkhf tpyf;ft[k;
bra;jy;.
318. Mizaj;jpd; cWg;gpdh;fs; kw;Wk; CHpah;fspd; gzp epge;jidg; gw;wp xGA;FKiwfis
tFg;gjw;Fhpa mjpfhuk;.
319. cWg;gpdh;fspd; gjtp Kot[w;wJk; cWg;gpdh; Mizaj;jpy; gjtp tfpf;fj;jil
320. muRg;gzpahsh; Bjh;thizaj;jpd; mYty;fs;
321. muRg; gzpahsh; Bjh;thizaj;jpd; mYty;fis ePl;og;gjw;fhd mjpfhuk;
322. muRg; gzpahsh; Bjh;thizaj;jpd; bryt[fs;
323. muRg; gzpahsh; Bjh;thizaj;jpd; mwpf;iffs;
gFjp-14m
jPh;g;;ghaA;fs; (Tribunals)
323.m. eph;thfj; jPh;g;ghaA;fs;
323.M. kw;iwa tp&aA;fSf;Fj; jPh;g;ghak;
gFjp-15

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Bjh;jy; (Election)
324. Bjh;jy; xd;iwf; fz;fhzpf;ft[k;, fl;lisaplt[k; fl;lhs; ifapy; itf;ft[k;, Bjh;thizaj;jplk;
325. rhjp, rkak;, ndk; my;yJ ghypdk; fhuzkhf ve;j egUk; rpwg;g[ thf;fhsh; gl;oaypy;
Brh;f;fg;glBth, Bfhhpf;ifaplBth jFjpa[ilatud;W.
326. kf;fsit kw;wk; khepyr; rl;lkd;wA;fSf;fhd Bjh;jy; taJ te;Bjhh; thf;Fhpik mog;gilapy;
eilbgWjy; Btz;Lk;.
327. rl;lg; Bguitj; Bjh;jy;fSf;F tifaA;fis naw;w ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;Fs;s mjpfhuk;
328. rl;lg; Bguitj; Bjh;jy; rk;ge;jkhf tifaA;fis naw;w khepyr; rl;lg;Bguit xd;Wf;Fs;s
mjpfhuk;
329. Bjh;jy; tp&aA;fspy; ePjpkd;wA;fs; jiyaplj;jil
329.m. (ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
gFjp-16
rpy tFg;gpdh; rk;ge;jkhd rpwg;g[ tifaA;fs;
( Special provisions Relating to certain classes)
330. kf;fsitapy; gl;oay; kugpdh; kw;Wk; gl;oay; gHA;Fo kugpdUf;fhd nl xJf;fPL.
331. kf;fsitapy; MA;fpByh-ne;jpa ndj;jtUf;fhd gpujpepjpj;Jtk;.
332. khepy rl;lg;Bguitfspy; gl;oay; kugpdh; kw;Wk; gl;oay; gHA;Fo kugpdUf;fhd nl xJf;fPL.
333. khepy rl;lg;Bguitfspy; MA;fpByh-ne;jpa r}fj;jthpd; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
334. mWgJ Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF nl xJf;fPL kw;Wk; jdpg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; Kot[f;F tUjy;
335. gzpfs; kw;Wk; gjtpfSf;;F gl;oay; kugpdh; kw;Wk; gl;oay; gHA;Fo kugpdhpd; Bfhhpf;if
336. rpy gzpfspy; MA;fpByh-ne;jpa r}fj;jtUf;fhd rpwg;g[ tifaA;fs;
337. MA;fpByh-ne;jpa r}fj;jth;gad;ghl;Lf;F fy;tp khdpak; tHA;Fjy; rk;ge;jkhd rpwg;g[ tifak;
338. gl;oay; kugpdUf;fhd Bjrpa Mizak;
338.m. ; gl;oay; gHA;Fo kugpdUf;fhdBjrpa Mizak;
339. gl;oay; kugpdh; kw;Wk; gl;oay; gHA;Fo kugpdh; ey;thH;t[ kPjhd kj;jpa murpd; fl;lhs;if
340. gpw;gLj;jg;gl;l tFg;gpdh;fspk; epiyfisf; fzlwptjw;fhd Mizaj;ij epakpj;jy;
341. gl;oay; kugpdh;
342. gl;oay; gHA;Fo kugpdh;
gFjp-17
mYty; bkhHp ( official language )
nay;-1
343. kj;jpa murpd; mYty; bkhHp
344. mYty; bkhHpf;fhd ehlhSkd;w Mizak; kw;Wk; FG
nay;-2
khepy bkhHpfs; (Regional language)

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345. mYty; bkhHp my;yJ khepy bkhHp

346. xU khepyj;jpw;Fk; kw;bwhU khepyj;jpw;Fkpilapy; my;yJ khepybkhd;wpw;Fk; kj;jpa
muRf;;Fkpilapy; jfty; bjhlh;g[f;fhd mYty; bkhHp
347. khepyk; xd;wpd; kf;fs; bjhifapy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l gphptpdh; BgRk; bkhHp rk;ge;jkhd rpwg;g[[
tifaA;fs;
nay;-3
cr;rePjpkd;wk;, cah;ePjp kd;wA;fs; nd;d gpwtw;wpd;
bkhHpfs;
348. cr;rePjpkd;wk;, cah;ePjp kd;wA;fs;, rl;lA;fs;, rl;l Kd; tot[fs;, nd;dgpwtw;wpy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; bkhHp
349. bkhHp rk;ge;jkhd rl;lA;fs; rpytw;iw naw;Wtjw;fhd rpwg;g[ eilKiw
nay;-4
rpwg;ghd bewpKiwfs;
(Special Directives)
350. FiwfSf;fhd KiwaPLfSf;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; bkhHp
350.m. bjhlf;f epiyapy; jha;bkhHp Bghjidf;fhd trjpia Vw;gLj;jpj; jUjy;
350.M. bkhHp rpWghd;ikapdUf;fhd rpwg;g[ mYtyh;
351. ne;jpbkhHp tsh;r;rpf;fhd bewpKiw
gFjp-18
mtru fhy tifaA;fs (Emergency provisions)
352. mtrufhy gpufldk;
353. mtrufhy gpufldj;jpd; tpist[
354. mtrufhy gpufldk; mkypypUf;Fk; BghJ tUtha; gfph;khdk; rk;ge;jkhd tifaA;fs;
bghUe;Jif
355. khepyA;fis btspehl;L Mf;fpukpg;gpypUe;Jk; cs;ehl;Lf; FHg;gA;fspypUe;Jk; kj;jpa murhA;jfk;
ghJfhj;jy;
356. khepyA;fspy; murpayikg;g[ nae;jpuk; braw;glhky; jtWk; jUthapy; FoauRj; jiyth; Ml;rp
mky;gLj;Jjy;;
357. cWg;g[ 356d; fPH; gpufldk; gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;ljpd; fPH; rl;lkd;w mjpfhuA;fis brYj;Jjy;
358. mtrufhy gpufldj;jpd; BghJ cWg;g[ 19d; tifaA;fis epWj;jp itj;jy;
359. mtrufhyj;jpy; gFjp IIIny; tHA;fg;gl;l mog;gil chpikfs;mky;gLj;Jtij
epWj;jpitj;jy;(20,21I jtpu)
359.m. (ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
360. epjp beUf;fo fhy tifaA;fs;

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gFjp-19
gy;tif ( Miscellaneous)
361. FoauRj; jiytu;, MSeh;fs;, nuh$;gpuKf;fSf;Fg; ghJfhg;g[
361.m. ehlhSkd;wk; kw;Wk; rl;lkd;w eltof;iffis btspLtjw;fhd ghJfhg;g[
362. (ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
363. ehl;oil cld;gof;iffs; kw;Wk; nju cld;gof;iffs; rk;ge;jkjf vGk; rr;rut[fspy;
ePjpkd;wA;fs; jiyapLtjw;Fj; jil
363.m. ne;jpa RBjr murpd; Ml;rpahsh;fshf mA;fPfhpf;fg;gl;lika[k; mth;fSf;fhd khdpak;
xHpf;fg;gLjYk;.
364. bghpa JiwKfA;fs; kw;Wk; tpkhd epiyaA;fs; rk;ge;jkhd rpwg;g[ tifaA;fs;
365. kj;jpa muR tFf;Fk; Mizfis epiwBtw;Wtjw;Fj; jtWtjhy; Vw;gLk; tpist[
366. brhw;bghUs; tpsf;fA;fs;
367. bghUs; tpsf;fk;
gFjp-20
murpayikg;g[r; rl;l jpUj;jk;
( Amendment of the constitution)
368. murpayikg;g[r; rllj;ijj; jpUj;jt[k; mjw;fhd eilKiwfis tFf;ft[k; ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;Fs;s
mjpfhuk;.
gFjp-21
jw;fhypf, nilf;fhy kw;Wk; rpwg;g[ tifaA;fs;
(Temporary Traditional and Special Provisions)
369. khepyg; gl;oaypy; cs;s tp&aA;fs; xUA;fpize;j gl;oaypy; nUe;jhy;, me;j tp&aA;fs;
rk;ge;jkhf mjpfhuk;
370. rk;K-fh&;kPu; khepyk; rk;ke;jkhd jw;fhypf tifaA;fs;
371. kfhuh&;ouh kw;Wk; F$uhj; rk;ke;jkhd rpwg;g[ tifaA;fs;
371.m) ehfyhe;J rk;ke;jkhd rpwg;g[ tifaA;fs;
371.M) m^;^hk; khepyk; rk;ke;jg;gl;l rpwg;g[ tifaA;fs;
371.n) kzpg;g{u; khepyk; rk;ke;jkhd rpwg;g[ tifaA;fs;
371.N) Me;jpu khepyk; rk;ke;jkhd rpwg;g[ tifaA;;fs;
371.c) Me;jpuhtpy; kj;jpa gy;fiyfHfk; Vw;gLj;Jjy;
371.C) rpf;fpk; rk;ke;jkhd tifaA;fs;
371.v) kpBrhuk; khepyk; rk;ke;jkhd rpwg;g[ tifaA;fs;
371.V) Bfhth khepyk; rk;ke;jkhd rpwg;g[ tifaA;fs;
372. epfH;epiyapYs;s rl;lA;fSk; mjd; jGtYk; bjhlu;e;J mkypypUf;Fk;
372.m) rl;lj;ijg; bghUj;jpaikj;J Vw;WjYf;F FoauRj; jiytUf;Fs;s mjpfhuk;
373. rpy r{H;epiyfspy; egu;fs; vtiua[k; jLg;g[f; fhtypy; itg;gjw;fhd cj;juitg; gpwg;gpg;gjw;Ff;
FoauRj; jiytUf;Fs;s mjpfhuk;
374. Tl;lhl;rp ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs; kw;Wk; Tl;lhl;rp ePjpkd;wj;jpy; epYitapYs;s eilKiwfs; gw;wpa
tifaA;fs;
375. ne;j murpayikg;g[r; rl;lj;jpd; tifaA;fSf;F cl;gl;L ePjpkd;wA;fs;, mjpfhu epiyapdh; kw;Wk;
mYtyh; mYtiyj; bjhlh;e;J
376. cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpaurh;fs; rk;ge;jkhd tifaA;fs;
377. ne;jpahtpd; fzf;Fj; jzpf;ifj; jiyth; rk;ge;jkhd tifaA;fs;
378. Bjh;thizaA;fs; rk;ge;jkhd tifaA;fs;
378.m. Me;jpu gpuBjr khepyr; rl;lkd;wg; gjtpf;fhyk; rk;ge;jkhd tifaA;fs;
379. -391 (ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
392. nila{Wfis ePf;Ftjw;Ff; FoauRj; jiytUf;Fs;s mjpfhuk;
gFjp-22
FWe;jiyg;g[, bjhlf;fk; ne;jpapy; Mjhug{u;tkhd }yk; kw;Wk; ePf;fA;fs;
( Short Title, Commencement, Authoritative Text in Hindi and Repeals )
393. FWe;jiyg;g[
394. bjhlf;fk;
394.m) Mjhug{u;tkhd ne;jp bkhHp }yk;
395. ePf;fk;

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