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\begin{center}
{\scriptsize{Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, College of
Science, University of the Philippines Baguio}}
\end{center}

\hrule
\flushleft{ \textbf{Mathematics 122 Problem Solving Set 1}} \hfill{\textbf{02
March 2019}}
\vspace{0.1in}
\hrule
\vspace{0.1in}

\noindent
Provide a \textbf{NEAT} and \textbf{COMPLETE} solution to each of the following
items.

\begin{enumerate}
\item Find an equation relating $\textit{a}$, $\textit{b}$ and $\textit{c}$
so that the linear system has atleast one solution for any values $\textit{a}
$, $\textit{b}$ and $\textit{c}$

\begin{center}

\begin{cases} 3x + 2y + 3z = a \\ 3x - y + 5z =b \\ x - 3y + 2z = c}
\end{cases}

\end{center}

SOLUTION:

\left(\begin{array}{ccc|c}
2 & 2 & 1 & a\\
3 & -1 & 5 & b\\
1 & -3 & 2 & c\\
\end{array}
\right).\\
\bigskip

\sim\left(\begin{array}{ccc|c}
1 & -3 & 2 & c\\
3 & -1 & 5 & b\\
2 & 2 & 3 & a\\
\end{array}
\right).\\
\bigskip

\sim\left(\begin{array}{ccc|c}
1 & -3 & 2 & c\\
3 & 8 & -1 & b-3c\\
2 & 8 & -1 & a-3c\\
\end{array}
\right).\\
\bigskip

\sim\left(\begin{array}{ccc|c}
1 & -3 & 2 & c\\
3 & 8 & -1 & b-3c\\
0 & 0 & 0 & a-b+c\\
\end{array}
\right).\\
\bigskip

Since the third row is [0 0 0] which is equal to a-b+c. From the previous
lesson, the given linear system has infinitely many solutions.

\item Show that A = \begin{bmatrix}

a & b\\
c & d
\end{bmatrix}

is row equivalent to $I_{2}$ if and only if ad- bc 6 $\neq$ 0.

SOLUTION:
If ad-bc $\neq$ 0, then there must be atleast one of a or c is not equal to
0.
\bigskip
Assume that a $\neq$ 0, then

Show that A = \begin{bmatrix}

a & b\\
c & d
\end{bmatrix}
\bigskip

\sim \begin{bmatrix}
1 & b/a\\
c & d
\end{bmatrix}
\bigskip

\sim \begin{bmatrix}
1 & b/a\\
c & d-(cb/a)
\end{bmatrix}
\bigskip

Since ad-bc $\neq$ 0, then d-(bc/a) is not equal to 0.

\sim \begin{bmatrix}
1 & b/a\\
0 & 1)
\end{bmatrix}
\bigskip

\sim \begin{bmatrix}
1 & 0\\
0 & 1
\end{bmatrix}

\item Discover whether A = \begin{bmatrix}

1 & a & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 1 & a \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 1
\end{bmatrix} where a $\epsilon$ \mathbb{R}, is invertible or not and find
the \inv{A^{-1}} exists.

SOLUTION:

We need to find first the value of det(A).

det(A)=\begin{equation}
|A| = (1)\left|
\begin{array}{ccc}
1 & a & 0 \\
0 & 1 & a \\
0 & 0 & 1
\end{array}
\right| +
(a)\left|
\begin{array}{ccc}
0 & a & 0 \\
0 & 1 & a \\
0 & 0 & 1
\end{array}
\right| +
(0)\left|
\begin{array}{ccc}
0 & 1 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & a \\
0 & 0 & 1
\end{array}
\right| +
(0)\left|
\begin{array}{ccc}
0 & 1 & a \\
0 & 0 & 1 \\
0 & 0 & 0
\end{array}
\right| = 1
\end{equation}

Now, since the det(A) $neq$ 0, then the matrix A must be invertible,
hence \inv{A^{-1}}.
\bigskip

A^{-1}= \left(\begin{array}{cccc|cccc}
1 & a & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 1 & a & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0\\
0 & 0 & 1 & a & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0\\
 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1
\end{array}
\right).
\bigskip

\right).\\
\left(\begin{array}{cccc|cccc}
1 & a & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0\\
0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & -a\\
0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1
\end{array}
\right).\\
\bigskip

\left(\begin{array}{cccc|cccc}
1 & a & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & -a & a^{2}\\
0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & -a\\
0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1
\end{array}
\right).\\
\bigskip

\left(\begin{array}{cccc|cccc}
1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & -a & a^{2} & -a^{3} \\
0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & -a & a^{2}\\
0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & -a\\
0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1
\end{array}
\right).\\
\bigskip

Therefore, A^{-1} = \left(\begin{array}{cccc}

1 & -a & a^{2} & -a^{3} \\
0 & 1 & -a & a^{2}\\
0 & 0 & 1 & -a\\
0 & 0 & 0 & 1
\end{array}
\right)\\
\bigskip

\item Find all the values of the scalar $\lambda$ such that det($\lambda$I_3
- A) = 0
, where A= \left(\begin{array}{ccc}
-3 & -1 & -3 \\
0 & 3 & 0 \\
-2 & -1 & -2
\end{array}
\right).\\.

Since I_3 = \left(\begin{array}{ccc}

1 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 1 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 1
\end{array}
\right).\\.
\bigskip
 \rightarrow $\lambda$\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
1 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 1 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 1
\end{array}
\right|+
\left|
\begin{array}{ccc}
-3 & -1 & -3 \\
0 & 3 & 0 \\
-2 & -1 & -2
\end{array}
\right |.
\bigskip

\rightarrow $\lambda$\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
\lambda & 0 & 0 \\
0 & \lambda & 0 \\
0 & 0 & \lambda
\end{array}
\right|+
\left|
\begin{array}{ccc}
-3 & -1 & -3 \\
0 & 3 & 0 \\
-2 & -1 & -2
\end{array}
\right |.

\sim\left(\begin{array}{ccc}
\lambda +3 & 1 & 3 \\
0 & \lambda - 3 & 0 \\
2 & 1 & \lambda + 2
\end{array}
\right).\\.
\bigskip

det (A)= (\lambda + 3)[(\lambda - 3)(\lambda + 2] - 1[0-0] + 3[0- (\lambda -3)2]

\bigskip

= (\lambda + 3)[(\lambda)^{2} - \lambda - 6] + 3[2\lambda -6]

\bigskip

= [(\lambda)^{3} + 2(\lambda)^{2} - 9(\lambda) -18] - [6\lambda] +18

\bigskip

= [(\lambda)^{3} + 2(\lambda)^{2} - 15(\lambda)]

\bigskip

To find the value of \lambda, then

[(\lambda)^{3} + 2(\lambda)^{2} - 15(\lambda)] = 0
\bigskip

(\lambda)[(\lambda)^{2} + 2(\lambda)^{2} - 15] = 0

\bigskip

(\lambda) = 0, [(\lambda)^{2} + 2(\lambda)^{2} - 15] = 0

\bigskip

(\lambda) = 0, [(\lambda) + 5)(\lambda)- 3)] = 0

\bigskip

(\lambda) = 0, (\lambda) = -5, (\lambda) = 3

\bigskip

\item Let \left[

\begin{array}{ccc}
2 & 1 & 3 \\
-1 & 2 & 0 \\
3 & -2 & 1
\end{array}
\right]
\bigskip

a. Find adj(A).
SOLUTION:
det M_{11} = 2(2)- 0(-2) = 2
\bigskip

det M_{12} = (-1)(1)-0(3) = -1

\bigskip

det M_{13} = (-1)(2)-3(2) = -4

\bigskip

det M_{21} = (1)(1)-(-2)(3) = 7

\bigskip

det M_{22} = (2)(1)-(3)(3) = -7

\bigskip

det M_{23} = (2)(1)-1(3) = -7

\bigskip

det M_{31} = (1)(0)-(2)(3) = -6

\bigskip

det M_{32} = (1)(0)-(-1)(3) = 3

\bigskip

det M_{33} = (2)(2)-(-1)(1) = 5

\bigskip

A_{11} = 2
\bigskip

A_{12} = 1
\bigskip

A_{13} = -4
\bigskip

A_{21} = -7
\bigskip

A_{22} = -7
\bigskip

A_{23} = 7
\bigskip

A_{31} = -6
\bigskip

A_{32} = -3
\bigskip

A_{33} = 5
\bigskip

\left[
\begin{array}{ccc}
2 & 1 & -3 \\
-7 & -7 & 7 \\
-6 & -3 & 5
\end{array}
\right]
\bigskip

\left[
\begin{array}{ccc}
2 & -7 & -6 \\
1 & -7 & -3\\
-3 & 7 & 5
\end{array}
\right]
\bigskip

b. Compute det(A).
\bigskip

SOLUTION:

det A = (2)[(2(1)-0]- (-1)(-1) +-4(3)

= 4 + 1 -12
= -7
\bigskip

c. Verify that A(Adj(A))= (adj(A))A = det A (I_{3})

\bigskip
PROOF
|A(adj(A)| = \left[
\begin{array}{ccc}
2 & 1 & 3 \\
-1 & 2 & 0 \\
3 & -2 & 1
\end{array}
\right] x
\left[
\begin{array}{ccc}
2 & -7 & -6 \\
1 & -7 & -3 \\
4 & 7 & 5
\end{array}
\right] = \left[
 \begin{array}{ccc}
-7 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & -7 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & -7
\end{array}
\right]
\bigskip

Same result for the (adj(A))A. Since

\left[
\begin{array}{ccc}
-7 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & -7 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & -7
\end{array}
\right] = (-7)\left[
\begin{array}{ccc}
1 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 1
\end{array}
\right].

\therefore A(adj(A))=(adj(A))A = det (A) I_{3}

\bigskip

\item Solve the linear system \begin{cases} x + y + z = -4 \\ 2y + z = 4 \\ 2x + y

-z = 5}
\end{cases} for x, y and z using Cramer's Rule.
\bigskip

SOLUTION:

\left[\begin{array}{ccc|c}
1 & 1 & 1 & -4\\
0 & 2 & -1 & 4\\
2 & 1 & -1 & 5\\
\end{array}
\right].\\
\bigskip

Using the cofactor expansion we find the det(A) of the matrix,

det(A) = (-2)(-1-2) + 1(1-2)
= (-3)(-2) - 1
= 5
\Bigskip

Find X, Y, Z.
\bigskip

a. X = \cfrac{det(A_{x})}{det(A)}

Note that det{A_{x}} = \left[\begin{array}{ccc}

-4 & 1 & 1 \\
4 & 2 & -1 \\
5 & 1 & -1
\end{array}
\right].\\ = -4(-2-1) - (-4-5) + (4-10) = 15
\bigskip
X = \cfrac{det(A_{x})}{det(A)}
\bigskip
= X = \cfrac{15}{5} = 3
\bigskip

b. Y = \cfrac{det(A_{y})}{det(A)}

Note that det{A_{y}} = \left[\begin{array}{ccc}

1 & -4 & 1 \\
0 & 4 & -1 \\
2 & 5 & -1
\end{array}
\right].\\ = 1(-4-5) - (-4)(-2) + (-8) = -25
\bigskip

Y = \cfrac{det(A_{y})}{det(A)}
\bigskip

Y = \cfrac{-25}{5} = -5
\bigskip

c. Z = \cfrac{det(A_{z})}{det(A)}

Note that det{A_{z}} = \left[\begin{array}{ccc}

1 & 1 & -4 \\
0 & 2 & 4 \\
2 & 1 & 5
\end{array}
\right].\\ = 1(10-4) - 1(0-8) + -4(0-4) = 30
\bigskip

Z = \cfrac{det(A_{z})}{det(A)}
\bigskip
Z = \cfrac{30}{5} = 6
\bigskip

\item Compute the determinant of the matrix A= \begin{bmatrix}

4 & -4 & 2 & 1 \\
1 & 2 & 0 & 3 \\
2 & 0 & 3 & 4 \\
0 & -3 & 2 & 1
\end{bmatrix} using cofactor expansion.

To find the determinant of

$A= \begin{bmatrix}
4 & -4 & 2 & 1 \\
1 & 2 & 0 & 3 \\
2 & 0 & 3 & 4 \\
0 & -3 & 2 & 1
\end{bmatrix} $\\ we chose the second row of the matrix.
\bigskip

\Rightarrow |A|=a_{21}A_{21}+a_{22}A_{22}+a_{23}A_{23}+a_{24}A_{24}

\begin{align*}
A_{21}&=(-1)^{2+1}|M_{21}|\\
&=(-1) \begin{vmatrix}
-4 & 2 & 1 \\
0 & 3 & 4 \\
-3 & 2 & 1
\end{vmatrix}\\
&= (-1)(-12-24+0+9+32-0)\\
&= (-1)(-5)\\
&=5\\
\end{align*}

\begin{align*}
A_{22}&=(-1)^{2+2}|M_{22}|\\
&=(1) \begin{vmatrix}
4 & 2 & 1 \\
2 & 3 & 4 \\
0 & 2 & 1
\end{vmatrix}\\
&=(1)(12+0+4-0-32-4)\\
&=-20
\end{align*}

\begin{align*}
A_{23}&=(-1)^{2+3}|M_{23}|\\
&=(-1) \begin{vmatrix}
1 & 2 & 3 \\
2 & 0 & 4 \\
0 & -3 & 1
\end{vmatrix}\\
&=(-1)(0+0-18-0+12-4)\\
&=(-1)(-10)\\
&=10
\end{align*}

\begin{align*}
A_{24}&=(-1)^{2+4}|M_{24}|\\
&=(1) \begin{vmatrix}
4 & -4 & 2 \\
2 & 0 & 3 \\
0 & -3 & 2
\end{vmatrix}\\
&=(1)(0+0-12-0+36+16)\\
&=40
\end{align*}

\Rightarrow |A|= a_{21}A_{21}+a_{22}A_{22}+a_{23}A_{23}+a_{24}A_{24}

\bigskip

= 1(5) + 2(-20) +0(10) + 3(40) = 85

\par $\therefore$ The determinant of A using cofactor expansion about the second
row is 85

\end{enumerate}

\begin{center}
- - - END - - -
\end{center}
\vspace{0.2in}
\hrule

\begin{flushleft}
\textsc{\bfseries EDNA N. GUECO } \\
Professor in Mathematics \\
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science \\
University of the Philippines Baguio \\
\texttt{engueco@up.edu.ph}
\end{flushleft}

\end{document}