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https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/reso/006/11/0042-0048
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/carnot.html
Caloric Theory
Heat – amount of caloric fluid in the object. (unit used is calorie)
Temperature – concentration of caloric fluid in the object.
calorie – is the amount of heat needed to
raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by
1 Celsius degree.
Observation: At boiling
point, heat is continuously
added to water but the
temperature remains
100°C.
Caloric theory explanation:
The heat added is stored
(hidden) in steam which
are liberated when the
steam condenses.
(Latent heat of
vaporization)
Experiments Against the Caloric Theory
If caloric fluid cannot be
created nor destroyed,
then why does friction
produces heat?
Physicists are starting to infer
that maybe heat is just Boring of cannon produces heat
another form of energy. due to friction.
Benjamin Thomson/
Gas Count Rumford
Vacuum
(1753-1814)
Josiah
Willard Gibbs Ludwig Boltzmann
(1839-1903) (1844-1906)