Lecture-1

Introduction
Summary of Lecture

 Introduction to the course and subject

 Power System
 Role of power system in the society
 Components of power System
 Operation and control
 Organizational Structure

Instructional Objective
On completion of this lecture you (students) should be able to:

A. Describe the scope and nature of the course

B. Explain the function of a Power System (PS)
C. Describe the components of a PS and explain their functions
D. Explain the advantages of HV AC Transmission and use of Different voltage levels in
Transmission and Distribution
E. Describe the organizational structure of a PS

Power System Analysis

This course will cover the following topics

 Overview of interconnected power system

 Modern methods of power system analysis
 Basic tools for analysing the operation of a power system in normal as well as
emergency conditions
 Power system building blocks
 Transmission line modelling and analysis
 Transformers and Synchronous machine representation
 Power flow
 Symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault analysis
 Stability analysis
 Travelling Waves

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 Power System
What is
s Power System?
Power system is a set of power and control elements operating coherently together to
supply electrical energy with standard quality of voltage and frequency to consumers.

OR

Power system is a largest and complex man made system which deals with the
business of Generation, Transmission and Distribution of Electrical Energy.

What are power elements?

The elements which can generate, transmit, transform and consume the
electrical energy are called power elements. For example: Generators, transformers
and machines etc.

What are control elements?

The elements which can control the voltage, current and frequency are called
control elements. For example: relay, circuit breaker, voltage regulator etc.

Typical Power System

Where, Generation voltage is 11kV or 15 kV or 22 kV or 33 kV

Transformer T1 is 11kV/400kV

Transformer T2 is 400 kV/66kV

Transformer T3 is 66kV/11kV

Distribution system contains loads that are either

ither commercial type (like office buildings,
huge apartment complexes, hotels etc) or residential (domestic) type.

Usually the commercial customers are supplied power at a voltage level of 11 kV

whereas the domestic consumers get power supply at 400-440
400 V (Line to Line)
Line).

Note that the above figures are given for line-to-line

line line voltages. Since domestic customers
get single-phase
phase supplies, they usually receive 230-250
250 V at their inlet points.

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 Role of Elctricity in the society
It provides a very vital service to the society. We all know how critical electrical
energy is. We can think of it as life of any industrial system. It is something like air for us.
We, in fact, do not think about this until, unless it is absent. The greater the per capita
consumption of energy in a country, the higher is the standard of living of its people.
Whenever, there is power cut, then we think about it. We are so use to it that we
always expect that we switch on something, the power should come and the device
should operate.
So, it should be operated with the goal of achieving:

 Highest reliability standard

 Lowest operating cost
 Minimum environmental impact

Importance in our daily lives and impact on modern society:

 Electricity is one of the most important blessings that science has given to mankind. It has
also become a part of modern life and one cannot think of a world without it. Electricity
has many uses in our day to day life. It is used for lighting rooms, working fans and
domestic appliances like using electric stoves, A/C and more. All these provide comfort to
people. In factories, large machines are worked with the help of electricity. Essential items
like food, cloth, paper and many other things are the product of electricity.
 Modern means of transportation and communication have been revolutionised by it.
Electric trains and battery cars are quick means of travel. Electricity also provides means
of amusement, radio, television and cinema, which are the most popular forms of
entertainment are the result of electricity. Modern equipment like computers and robots
have also been developed because of electricity. Electricity plays a pivotal role in the
fields of medicines and surgery too — such as X-ray, ECG. The use of electricity is
increasing day by day.
All India Per capita Consumption:

Power System Components

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The
e components required in power system are based on the functions such as:

 Generation
 Transformation
 Transmission
 Distribution
 Consumption
 Storage

Functions in Power System

Note: The consumption devices are the part of the Power system and need to be
modelled in Power System analysis. Although they are owned or controlled by
the power utility.

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 Power Generation
 The power generation takes place in power plants which may be
geographically dispersed
 A power plant may house more than one generating units
 These are of different types based on source of energy used.

Source of Energy
 Hydrocarbons (Oil, Coal, Natural gas etc)
 Water
 Nuclear
 Solar
 Chemical
 Wind
 Tidal

Energy Conversion
Conversion process in a thermal power plant:

Chemical energy Burners Thermal Energy

Thermal Energy Boilers Mechanical Energy

Mechanical Energy Turbines Kinetic Energy

Kinetic Energy Rotating Electrical Machines Electrical Energy

Power Maps

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Nuclear Power Stations

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 Installed Nuclear Power capacity in India

*Rawatbhata (Rajasthan).

Nuclear Under Construction

Type of Reactors
Reactor Type Fuel Moderator
Pressurized water reactor(PWR) Enriched UO2 Water
Boiling water reactor (BWR) Enriched UO2 Water
Pressurized heavy water reactor(PWR) Enriched UO2 Heavy water
Light water graphite reactor(PWR) Enriched UO2 Graphite
Water water energetic reactor(WWER or Enriched UO2 Water
VVER-1000 (Russian))

Nuclear Reaction:

235
U92 + n0 → 236U92 → 89Kr36 + 144Ba56 + Huge amount of Energy.

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Installed Capacity(in MW) of Power Stations in India
(as on 31.12.18)

RES

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 Sector Wise Installed Capacity (MW) (As on 31.12.2018) –
Sector MW % of Total

State Sector 104408.3 29.89

Central Sector 83921.63 24.03

Private Sector 160958.29 46.08

Total 349288.22

Fuel wise installed Capacity (MW) (As on 31.12.2018)

Fuel MW % of Total

Total Thermal 223027.34 63.85

Coal 191092.50 54.71

Lignite 6360.00 1.82

Gas 24937.22 7.14

Oil 637.63 0.18

Hydro (Renewable) 45399.22 13.00

Nuclear 6780 1.94

RES* (MNRE) 74081.66 21.21

Total 349288.22 100.00

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Generation in India (Region wise)

Power Transmission

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 The Power Transmission is accomplished through transmission network
and transformer.

Transmission Networks:
 Connect remote energy generating plants to consumption points
 Interconnect power pools to reduce generation reserve & cost and
increase reliability
 Include High Voltage AC Transmission
 Include HVDC transmission

High Voltage Transmission Offers:

 Low transmission losses / MW transfer
 Lower line-voltage drop / Km
 Higher transmission capacity / Km
 Reduced right-of-way (land over which a power line passes) requirement /
MW transfer as number of circuits reduced with higher voltage
 Lower capital and operating costs / MW transfer

Power Transmission Equipments

 Transformers
 Step-up transformers
 Step-down transformers
 Voltage Regulators
 Phase Shifter
 Transmission lines and cables
 Circuit breakers and Isolators
 Shunt & series Reactors and Capacitors
 Lightning arresters
 Protective Relays
 FACTS Devices Flexible AC Transmission System Such as SVC,
STATECOM, TCSC, UPFC, etc
 Converter / inverter

Standard Transmission Voltage in India

 AC Transmission:
 765 kV
 400 kV
 220 kV
 110 kV
 132 kV
 HVDC Transmission:
 500 kV
 800 kV

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 Power Grid Regions

HVDC Line and links in India

HVDC LINK NAME DESCRIPTION ABOUT HVDC LINK
Vindhyachal Back- Connects Northern and Western regions with 2 lines. Transmission
To-Back link Power is 250 MW and the Operational Voltage is 70 KV
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Chandrapur Back- Connects southern and western regions with 2 lines. Transmission
To-Back link Power is 500 MW and the Operational Voltage is 140 KV
Sasaram Back-To- Connects northern and eastern regions. Transmission Power is 500 MW
Back link and the Operational Voltage is 140 KV
Vizag Back-To-Back Connects southern and eastern regions. Transmission Power is 500
link MW and the Operational Voltage is 140 KV

Maximum Transmission Power is 1500 MW and the Operational

Rihand - Dadri Voltage is 500 KV. It is a Bipolar Link of length 814 KM in Uttar
Pradesh.

Maximum Transmission Power is 1500 MW and the Operational

Chandrapur - Padghe Voltage is 500 KV. It is a Bipolar Link of length 753 KM in
Maharastra.

The Transmission length is about 196 KM and the Transmission

Sileru-Barsoor
Power is 400 MW and the Operational Voltage is 200 KV

It is a bipolar Transmission Line of length 1825 KM from Assam to

Biswanath Chariyali -
Uttar Pradesh.
Pradesh Maximum Transmission Power 6000 MW and the
Agra
Transmission Voltage is 800 KV.

It is a bipolar Transmission Line of Length 1376 KM connecting

Talcher- Kolar Eastern and Southern regions . Maximum Transmission Power is 2000
MW and Opertional Voltage is 500 KV.

Synchronous Grid in India

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Asynchronous Links

Distribution System

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The power distribution is accomplished through distribution network and
transformer at medium and low voltages.
voltages

Standard Distribution Voltage in India

Electrical energy received from HV/MV level is distributed to customers

 At MV/LV levels
 Medium voltage level are: 66 kV, 33 kV, 11 kV
 Low voltage level are: 6.6 kV, 3.3 kV, 2.2 kV, 415 volt
 Single phase and/or three phase

Main equipment in Distribution System:

 Distribution Transformers (DXFR)
 Feeders (over head or underground cables)
 Switches, fuses, etc.
 Protective relays
 Lightning Arrestors
 CT/PT

Typical Distribution System

T &D and AT & C Losses:

Losses

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 AT&C is abbreviated for Aggregated technical and commercial losses which means it
is whole combining these 2 factors named as Technical Losses and Commercial Losses.

Technical Losses are unavoidable losses due to flow of power in transmission and
distribution systems which is result of:

 Network Design
 Specifications of the equipments used in the network
 Network Operation Parameters

It is normally in the range of 10% to 15% normally for Indian networks.

Commercial losses are avoidable up to some extent which arises due to operational
loopholes. It is result of:

 Theft & Hooking

 Metering Issues
 Inefficient Billing
 Inadequate revenue collection
 Low Customer Satisfaction
 Non-remunerative tariff Structure & subsidies

AT&C is normally measured in percentage w.r.t any asset distribution asset such as
Feeder and DTR ( Distribution Transformer ) etc.

% AT&C = { 1 - Billing Efficiency x Collection Efficiency } x 100

where

Billing Efficiency: Total Billed Unit (kWH) / Total Input Energy (kWH) w.r.t.
distribution asset

Collection Efficiency: Total Collected amount / Total Billed Amount

Power System Operation and Control

Key Operational Goals
 Power Balance: Generation must remain balanced with demand
 Total generation = Total Demand + Losses

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  System Security: Equipment power flows must not exceed equipment
rating, under normal or a single outage condition

Power Quality Considerations

 Frequency Regulation: System frequency must remain within its operational range
 f min  f (t )  f max
 49.0 Hz  f (t )  50.5 Hz
 Voltage Regulation: Bus voltage must remain within their operational limits
 V min  V (t )  V max
 0.95  V (t )  1.05 pu

Types of Operation/Control

 Centralized
 It is based on System-Side data
 Slow events are handled by this type of control
 Such as:
 Dispatchers/Operators,
 SCADA (supervisory Control and Data acquisition),
 EMS (Energy Management System)
 Frequency Control (Regulation)
 Interchange Control
 Generation Dispatch (Control of generating units)
 System security assessment and enhancement (both static
and dynamic)
 Unit Commitment (unit on/off status)
 Decentralized
 It is based on local data
 Fast events are handled by this type of control
 Such as:
 Protection against over-voltage and over current
 Generator speed control (governor action)
 Generator terminal voltage control (excitation system)

Control Hierarchy in Power System

Typical control hierarchy in power system is as follows:

 Device
 Remote Terminal Unit

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  Master Station
 Utility Control Centre
 Regional Control Centre
 National Control Centre

Power System structure

The power system structure
ucture is the organizational management of different entities in
power system.

 Traditional Power System (Regulated): It is termed as vertically integrated

system,, where generation, transmission and distribution are controlled by single
entity.. Features of this are as follows:
 Operated by state utilities (state electricity boards)
 Operate as monopolies (have captive customers)
 Government regulated
 Have to get regulatory approval for rate increase
 No incentive to increase generation efficiency
 Vertically Integrated business structures for improved profitab
profitability

 Restructured Power System (Deregulated):: It is an emerging structure where

generation, transmission and distribution are unbundled.
 It has been legislated by Government (Indian
Indian Electricity Act 2003
2003), hoping
that it results in:
 Increased competition (reduced rates)
 New technology utilization in generation, Transmission &
Distribution
 Increased outside investment in power system infrastructure
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  Deregulation has necessitated break-up of traditional utility vertically
integrated structure into independent business units:
 Gencos (Generating Companies)
 Power Marketers
 Transco (Transmission Company-Owner)
 Independent System Operator (operating the transmission
network)
 Retail Service providers
 Discos (Distribution Companies)

Assignment-1 (Due date: 6/02/19)

1. Historical developments in the area of electrical energy.
2. National and International blackouts.
3. Difference between power and distribution transformers.
4. Salient points of Indian Electricity Act 2003.
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5. Salient features of IEC-61850 standard.
6. Energy conversion process from source to electricity in hydro, solar, wind, fuel
cell and tidal.
7. Differentiate between (i) traditional and smart grid (ii) microgrid and nanogrid.
8. Make the Bar charts of the data available in different tables

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