Electrolysis P142-145

1) Electrolysis is the process that breaks down compounds using electricity

2) A cathode is the negative electrode
3) Anions have a negative charge
4)
5) Li+ + e- Li
6) Hydroxide ions move towards the anode because they have negative ions
7) The test for oxygen is holding a glowing splint in oxygen, if oxygen is present it will relight
the splint
8) Oxygen discharges at the positive electrode
9) Hydrogen is formed at the cathode when NaOH is electrolysed
10) Time and current are the two factors which affect the amount of substance produced at
each electrode
11)
12) 1.2g ----2.4/2

Alcohols P154-157

1) Three uses of ethanol are alcohol, petrol replacements, and as solvent such as industrial
methylated spirits
2) Three condition needed for fermentation are Sugar from plants, enzymes from yeast,
temperatures between 25o C to 50o C and absence of oxygen
3) Ethanol can be renewable because it comes from plants such as corn which can be grown
over and over again
4) Ethanol is from a group of compounds called Alcohols
5) The term optimum temperature means that it is the best temperature for the enzymes to
work efficiently at
6) There are 5 C-H bonds in ethanol
7) There is 1 C-O bond in ethanol
8) There is one O-H bond in ethanol
9) C5 H11 OH Is the molecular structure for pentanol
HHHHH
10) H-C-C-C-C-C-O-H
HH HHH
11) A common feature of alcohol is that they all contain hydrogen, oxygen and carbon.
12) Ef
13) a) Ethene is used from crude oil to make ethanol b) Ethene is reacted with water to make
ethanol c)The reaction is called a hydration reaction.
14) Ethanol is renewable because most of it is created by a process called fermentation
15) A hot phosphoric catalyst is used in the process of hydration of ethene
16) The unreacted ethene is then recycled back through the catalyst
17) Advantages of fermentation: Renewable, it is carbon neutral, house waste can be used to
make ethanol therefore reducing the use of landfills.
 18) Cutting down forests is not a good idea as it ruins the home for some speices therefore they
may become extinct furthermore trees provide us with oxygen also by getting rid of tree this
will release harmful CO2 emmisons into the air.
19) The climate in the UK is not ideal for growing crops to make ethanol because the climate and
amount of land make it less economic to grow crops for fermentation.

Hardness of water P164-167

1) Hardness of water is caused by magnesium and calcium ions

2) Temporary hardness- this is when hardness of water is destroyed by boiled water,
Permanent hardness- this is when boiling water has no effect on the hardness.
3) You can tell the difference of the two because temporary hardness will the hardness of the
water will decrease when boiled water is poured whereas if a permanent hardness occur it
won’t affect the hardness of the water
4) Soap less detergents are useful as they are not affected by hard water
5) Rain water picks up hardness when it dissolves in some of the rock that it flows over on the
way to the reservoirs
6) Dolomite sulphate causes temporary hardness
7)
8) Carbon dioxide or hydrogen carbonate
9) ---164