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Prepared by
Abdullah Khalil Hassan
70885
Ferroelectricity Abdullah Khalil Hassan 70885
Ferroelectricity:-
Electric dipole:
It's a system of two charges that have the same magnitude but opposite in sign
separated by definite distance.
q= Electric charge.
The dipole moment of any array of charge (total dipole moment) that determines the
degree of polarity of the array:
This torque will rotate the electric dipole to make its dipole moment align with the
direction of the external field.
Ferroelectricity Abdullah Khalil Hassan 70885
Electric Polarization:
The total dipole moment per unit volume.
Also,
= electric susceptibility.
Where the dielectric material is that has no free charges (i.e. all charges in this
material are bounded).
Where:
Types of polarization:
1- Electronic polarization:
Applying electric field will displace the center of positive (nucleus) and negative
(electrons) charges and induce a diploe moment called induced dipole moment that
given by:
But there is internal electric field that can reduce the applied electric field and given
by
Occurs in ionic crystals which have positive and negative ions that is arranged to give
zero net charges in the absence of electric field, but in the presence of electric field
the relative distance between the positive and negative ions increases giving a net
polarization (i.e. change in bond angels and inter atomic distances).
3- Orientation polarization:
It occurs in polar crystals in the absence of electric field dipoles are arranged
randomly giving a zero polarization, but in presence of electric field dipoles are
oriented parallel to the field giving a net polarization.
Ferroelectricity Abdullah Khalil Hassan 70885
1- Insulators.
2- Semiconductors.
3- Conductors.
4- Superconductors.
Ferroelectric materials:
Ferroelectricity is the phenomenon where spontaneous electric polarization of the
material takes place.
The domain walls have negligible length compared with the dimensions of the
domains.
2- Hysteresis loop:
Where:
Ps = saturation polarization.
Ec = coercive field, value of electric field required to reduce the polarization of the
material to zero.
3- Phase transition:
Near the Curie temperature the system behavior and electrical, mechanical and optical
properties changed.
Where the permittivity will have very high values near Curie temperature where its
value given by:
Tc = Curie temperature.
1- First order phase transition, when the first derivative of the free energy,
entropy and polarization with respect to temperature exhibit a discontinuity.
2- Second-order phase transitions, when there is continuity in the first derivative
but exhibit discontinuity in a second derivative of the free energy, entropy and
polarization with respect to temperature.
2. Storage memories – SRAM and DRAM are volatile. EEPROM and CMOS require
a battery backup and are very costly. Ferroelectric Random Access Memory is non-
volatile as well as cheaper. FRAM is reliable as well.
4. Optical Memory Display – Latest optical memory displays technologies are devised
using the Ferroelectric Material. PLZT is most preferred Ferroelectric Material for
this purpose.