IDENTIFICATION OF INVERTEBRATE TAXONOMIC CHARACTER

By:
Name : Pratiwi Kusuma Kurniawati
Student ID : B1B017007
Entourage : D1
Group :4
Assistant : Yana Setiani Putri

ANIMAL SYSTEMATICS I LABORATORY REPORT

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY, AND HIGHER EDUCATION

JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF BIOLOGY
PURWOKERTO
2019
 I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Taxonomy is a scientific discipline that has provided the universal naming and
classification system of biodiversity for centuries and continues effectively to
accommodate new knowledge. Taxonomy known their character that distinguish between
different species and taxa (Siwi, 1991). Biological classification (taxonomy) aims to
simplify and order the immense diversity of life into coherent units called taxa that have
widely accepted names and whose members share important properties. It synthesizes
information concerning a great variety of characters (e.g.,morphological, molecular
(genes, metagenome, and metabolome) and ethoecological) (Ruggiero et al., 2015).
Systematics is the method to identification, determination, classification, and
verification. Identification is the process of finding and introduction of a wide range of
individual characteristics taxonomic. Identification is important when viewed in the terms
of the correct identification of a species that is being observed. Identification progressed
to the stage of determination by comparing the taxonomic characteristics between
individuals. The name is the end result of determination, usually done by referring to the
determination key or dichotomous key. The classification associated with efforts to
evaluate a large number of traits. Classification is grooming the animals into groups based
on similarities and relationships between animals, so Systematics may be defined as the
study of the kinds and diversity of organisms and the relationships among them (Syamsuri
et al., 2007).
In the classification system, living things are grouped into a large group and then
this large group is divided into small groups. These small groups are then divided into
more small groups again so that eventually small groups formed consists of only one type
of living thing. Levels this grouping is called taxon (Ereshefsky, 2007). Taxon category
introduced by Linnaeus starts from a low level, namely class, order, genus, and species.
Then, each successively nested within higher ranked categories because there is the
expansion of knowledge and the increase in the number of described species has required
an expansion of the number of hierarchical levels (ranks) within the system, so that the
categories of family and phylum (division) are added, and followed by intermediate
categories that have been added since. So, the arrangement of taxon categories from
higher level to the lower level are: kingdom, phylum (division), class, order, family,
genus, and species (Ruggiero et al., 2015). Kingdom is the highest taxon level of living
things. Phylum or division, the name phylum is used in the animal world, and the name
division is used in plants. Phylum or division consists of organisms that have one or two
characteristic equations. Phylum names do not have a typical suffix while division names
generally have a typical suffix, including phyta and mycota. Class, is taxon groups are
one level lower than phyla or division. Order, each class consists of several orders.
Family, is a taxon level under the order. Genus is consist of one word, the first letter is
written in capital letters, and all letters in the word are italicized or distinguished from
other letters. Species are a group of organisms that can marry each other to produce
offspring fertile (Ereshefsky, 2007).

B. Objectives

The objectives of this laboratory activity are:

1. To learn the definition and some examples of taxonomic characters in invertebrate.
2. To learn morphological character of several invertebrate.
 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Taxonomic characters are properties owned by members of the taxon and character
that makes the difference with other taxa. Taxonomic characters there are two characters
qualitative and quantitative characters. Qualitative characters is a character that can be
expressed in the description or drawings, while the quantitative characters is a character
that can be measured and quantified. The example of qualitative characters such as
poultry feathers and the examples of quantitative characters are the number of legs of
animals, body length, body weight, and other parts (Pratt, 1935).
Invertebrate are animals that do not have backbones. Morphology and anatomy of
invertebrates are simple including the digestive, respiratory, and circulatory system in
invertebrates also simple. These animals are composed by a single cell (unicellular) and
the rest of life activities are carried out by the cell itself (Bullough, 1960). According to
the symmetry of the body, invertebrates have a different symmetry. Radial symmetry is
the type of symmetry which fundamentally formed cylindrical body and the body parts
are radially surrounds a single axis, which leads to both ends. Bilateral symmetry is the
type of symmetry which if divided in two by anteroposterior halves will generate the same
as an object of reflection in the mirror (Pratt, 1935).
Phylum that includes into invertebrates groups are consists of 8 phylum, there are
Coelenterata is an invertebrate animal that has a body cavity. The cavity is used as a
digestive system (gastrovascular). Coelenterata phylum is better known as Cnidaria. The
word Cnidaria comes from Greek, cnido which means stinger because it matches the
characteristics that have stinging cells. Stinging cells are located on the tentacles located
around the mouth (Fried & Hademenos, 2005).
Nemathelminthes (in Greek, nema = threads, helminthes = worms) are referred to
as elliptical or ‘gilig’ worms. Nemathelminthes already has a body cavity and not a true
body cavity, because it has an artificial body cavity, Nemathelminthes is referred to as
pseudoselomate body size, shape, structure, and bodily functions. Nemathelminthes's
body size is generally microscopic. Female individuals are larger than male individuals.
The body is elliptical or threadlike with pointed edges (Fried & Hademenos, 2005).
Platyhelminthes are the simplest triploblastic animals, but their complexity is at the
organ level, compared to others that are still at the tissue level. This worm can live freely
and it is parasitic. The bilateral symmetrical Platyhelminthes body is flat. The size of the
Platyhelmintes is very diverse, ranging from almost microscopic to 20 meters long.
Platyhelminthes consisting of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Platyhelminthes do
not have body cavities (coelom), so they are called acoelomata animals (Robert, 1986).

Mollusks compose one of the largest Metazoan phylum. Giving a way only to the
arthropods in the total taxonomic diversity, the phylum includes about 130000 described
extant species and about 70000 described fossil species (Parkhaev, 2017). Mollusks are
soft-bodied animals. It body is soft protected by a shell, although some are not shelled.
This animal is classified as triploblastic coelomate. Body shape, shape, structure, and
bodily functions. The size and shape of mollusks varies greatly (Fried & Hadenemos,
2005).
Arthropod is the largest phylum in the animal world and includes insects, spiders,
shrimp, centipedes and other similar animals. Arthropods are commonly found in sea,
freshwater, land, and air environments, including various forms of symbiosis and
parasites. Nearly 90% of all animals known to people are Arthropods (Jutje, 2006).
Annelids are invertebrates that have perfect coelom (body cavity). They have
mouths in the first segment and anus in the last segment. The digestive tract consists of
the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestine, and ends in the anus. Annelids have
a collection of nerves (brain) at the anterior end of their bodies that are used as centers of
body coordination (Campbell, 2000).
Echinodermata is an animal that has prickly skin, hard skin made of lime or chitin,
a radial symmetry body, has five arms, a mouth under and the anus above, lives in the sea
with clear, undulating water. Echinodermata consists of 5 classes, namely Asteroidea has
a star-like shape. Ophiuroidea is a long arm resembling a snake, often referred to as sea
water star. Crinoidea is similar to plants, has 5 branched arms, attached to stones.
Echinodea is full of thorns made of calcium, some are short and some are long.
Holothuroidea is not spiny, smooth and soft skin, cucumber body shape is often found on
the beach (Campbell, 2000).
Porifera comes from the porous word which means pores and ferre which means to
carry. Porifera are the most primitive multicellular animals, do not have true tissue or
organs, but each cell shows its freedom to a certain extent. Generally the porphera animals
are found living in the sea, attached to the substrate and only move very little. Only the
spongilidae family that lives in fresh water on the porifera that lives in the sea ranges
from 10,000 species. Generally in shallow water, but there is also a deep part (Jutje,
2006).

Fundamental characters that used in grouping invertebrate among others body

symmetry, body layer, and body tagmatization or metamerism. The body symmetry of
invertebrate consists of two forms there are radial symmetry and bilateral symmetry.
Radial symmetry is one type of symmetry in which the body radially looks for a single
central axis. Related to the right and left sides of the animal's body is not clear, because
each arc is identical to the other arc, if a slice is directed to each radius that is resisted,
then the slice will divide the radial symmetrical invertebrate into two related in the
middle. The example is animals from Cnidaria phylum. Bilateral symmetry in
invertebrateanimals
invertebrate animalsgenerally
generallyhas
hasaa body
body that
that produces
produces two
two directions,
directions, from
fromthe
the front
front
(anterior) to the back (posterior) which will produce the same half as the one with the
changes in the mirror, if you notice that shows bilateral symmetry, the animal will show
a clearly visible division of the body consisting of the head, chest and abdomen. The
examples of animals that have bilateral symmetry are Arthropod and Insect (Jasin, 1989).
Based on the level of the body layer development, invertebrates can be
distinguished into diploblastic and triploblastic. Diploblastic animals have two layers of
the body, there are endoderm (inside) and ectoderm (outside), for the examples Porifera
and Coelenterata. Based on the presence or absence of body cavities (coelom),
triploblastic animals are differentiated into acoelomate triploblastic, pseudocoelomate
triploblastic, and coelomate triploblastic (Suhardi, 1983). Triploblastic animals have three
layers of body, there are ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm layer. A coelomate cavity
is defined as separating the intestines from the body wall. This allows the internal organs
to shift around and grow independently of the body wall, creating more flexibility
physiological and evolutionary. The examples of coelomate triploblastic animals are
Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, and Echinodermata. Acoelomate, is animals that do not
have a body cavity, meaning a solid body without cavities between the colon and the outer
body. The examples of acoelomate triploblastic animal is Platyhelminthes.
Pseudocoelomate is animals with artificial body cavity, the cavity forming mesoderm but
seems not true because mesoderm not divided into the inner and outer layer. The examples
of acoelomate triploblastic animal is Nemathelminthes (Syamsuri et al., 2007).
There are invertebrates consisting of segments or metamerism. These segments
are similar from front to back (anteroposterior), this kind of symptom, that is the body of
an invertebrate arranged by a series of segments or metamer, which is along the
anteroposterior axis called metamerism. Each metamer making up the body of this
invertebrate animal is similar in its construction and function. Generally animal
prototypes exhibit, each metamer or also called somite, is passed by the intestine, for the
example is Annelida. Tagmatization an invertebrate animal body patterns are where some
or many segment serves arrange a variety of function that are head, thorax, and abdomen.
Commonly taxa have a fixed total number of segment, but some branchiopods,
crustacean, centipedes, and arthropod have varying total number segment and also
varying in number of segment any particular body region such as insect thorax has three
segments, while decapods crustacean thorax has eight segments (Pratt, 1935).
 III. METHODOLOGY

A. Materials

The instruments used in this laboratory activity are specimen tray, forceps,
magnifying glass, microscope, stereo microscope, camera, gloves, surgical mask, and
stationary.
The materials used in this laboratory activity are invertebrate specimens and
ethanol 70%.

B. Methods

The method used in this laboratory activity are:

1. The characters of several invertebrate specimen were observed.
2. Some invertebrate specimens were identified based on the morphological characters.
The description was made by each students based on the identification observation.
3. The table of invertebrate characters observation and identification was completed.
4. The interim report was completed.
 REFERENCES

Bullough, W. S., 1960. Practical Invertebrate Anatomy. New York: St Martin’s Press.

Campbell, N. A., Reece, J. B. & Lawrence G. M., 2000. Biology. 5nd. San Francisco:
Benjamin-Cummings.

Ereshefsky, M., 2007. Systematic and Taxonomy. Canada: University of Ucalgary.

Fried, G. H. & Hademenos, G. J., 2005. Biology. 2nd ed. Jakarta: Erlangga.

Jasin, M., 1989. Zoologi Invertebrata. Surabaya: Sinar Wijaya.

Jutje, S. L., 2006. Zoologi Invetebrata. Makassar: Universitas Negeri Makassar.

Parkhaev, Y. U., 2017. Origin and the Early Evolution of the Phylum Mollusca.
Paleontological Journal, 51(6), pp. 91-112.

Pratt, H. S., 1935. A Manual of the Common Invertebrates Animal. Ireland: Blakiston
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Siwi, S. S., 1991. Kunci Determinasi Serangga. Yogyakarta: Kanisius.

Suhardi., 1983. Evolusi Avertebrata. Jakarta: UI Press.

Syamsuri, I., Suwono, H., Ibrohim, S., Sumberartha, I. W. & Rahayu, E., 2007. Biologi.
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