Chapter 4 Market

Market Forces of Supply and Demand  Group of buyers and sellers of a

particular good or service.
 The terms supply and demand refer to
Markets and Competition the behavior of people

A. Market Economy Buyers as a group

-Better at answering the three fundamental  Determine the demand for the product.
economic question.
Sellers as a group
 What to Produce
 Determine the supply of the product.
 How to Produce
 For whom it should be Produce B. Competition
-Better at organizing economic activity Competitive Markets

 Efficient allocation of resources  A competitive market is a market in

which there are many buyers and
Efficiency
sellers so that each has a negligible
 Resources are fully utilized to achieve impact on the market price.
maximum output.
Perfect Competition
 No wastage of resources
 Ideal Market
Inefficient Situation: Shortage and Surplus
 Efficient allocation of resources
Pareto Efficiency  Homogenous Product
 Numerous buyers and sellers so that
 Situation in which it is not possible to
each has no influence over price.
make one person or firm better off
 Buyers and Sellers are price takers.
without making another worse off.
 Low/No barriers to entry/exit. (No
Production Efficiency Government Intervention, No Huge
Capital)
 Is an economic level at which the
 Buyers and Seller are well informed. (No
economy can no longer produce
asymmetric information problem)
additional amounts of a good without
lowering the production level of Monopoly
another product.
 Price Maker
Price  One seller, and seller controls price
-Example: Water Supply
 Mechanism by which resources are
efficiently allocated Oligopoly
 Is a signaling device that diverts scarce
 Few sellers
resources to their most efficient uses.
 Not always aggressive competition
 Determines the allocation of the
-Example: Oil Business
economy’s resources
Monopolistic Competition
 Many sellers
 Slightly differentiated products
 Each seller may set price for its own
product
-Example: Restaurants, books, schools,
toothpaste, shampoo, and soap.
Demand
 Refers to the purchasing behavior of a
buyer.
Quantity Demanded
 The amount of a good that buyers are
willing and able to purchase.
Law of Demand
 States that, other things equal, the
quantity demanded of a good falls
when the price of the good rises.
 Inverse/Negative Relationship
Demand Schedule
 A table, that shows the relationship
between the price of a good and the
quantity demanded.
Demand Curve
 The graph of the relationship between
price and quantity demanded.
Market Demand
 Sum of all individual demands for a
good or service
 Graphically, individual demand curves
are summed horizontally to obtain the
market demand curve.
Change in Quantity Demanded
 Movement along the demand curve
 Cause by a change in the price of a
product
Change in Demand
 A shift in demand curve, either to the
left or right
 Caused by any change that alters the
quantity demanded at every price.
Demand Curve Shifters
Price – Negative Relationship
Income – Negative/Positive Relationship
Price of Related Goods – Negative/Positive
Relationship
Taste – Negative/Positive Relationship
Expectation – Negative/Positive Relationship
Number of Buyers – Positive Relationship
Consumer Income
 Inferior Goods – As income increases,
the demand decrease.
Example – Low price noodles,
transportation
 Substitute Goods – As income
increases, the demand will also
increase.
Price of Related Goods
 Substitute Goods – goods used in place
or in new of each other.
-An increase in the price of one leads to
an increase in the demand for the
other.
 Complementary Goods – Goods used
jointly together.
-An increase in the price of one leads to
a decrease in the demand for the other.
Supply Supply Curve Shifters

 Refers to the behavior of sellers in Price - Positive Relationship

producing good.
Input Price – Negative Relationship
Quantity Supplied
Technology – Positive Relationship
 The amount of a good that sellers are
Expectation – Positive/Negative Relationship
willing and able to sell.
Number of Sellers – Positive Relationship
Law of Supply

 States that, other things equal, the

quantity supplied of a good rises when
the price of the good rises.
 Direct/Positive Relationship
Supply Schedule
Equilibrium
 Refers to a situation in which the price
has reached the level where quantity
supplied equals quantity demanded.

 A table that shows the relationship Equilibrium Price

between the price of the good and the
quantity supplied.
Supply Curve
 The graph of the relationship between
price and quantity supplied.
 The price that balances quantity
supplied and quantity demanded.
 On a graph, it is the price at which the
supply and demand curves intersect.
Equilibrium Quantity

Market Supply  The quantity supplied and the quantity

demanded at the equilibrium price.
 Refers to the sum of all individual
 On a graph it is the quantity at which
supplies for all sellers of a particular
the supply and demand curves
good or service.
intersect.
 Graphically, individual supply curves are
summed horizontally to obtain the
market supply curve.

Change in Quantity Supplied

 Movement along the supply curve.

 Caused by a change in anything that
alters the quantity supplied at each
price.

Change in Supply

 A shift in the supply curve, either to the

left or right.
 Caused by a change in a determinant
other than price.
Surplus  Decide whether the curve(s) shift(s) to
the left or to the right.
 When price > equilibrium price, then
 Use the supply-and-demand diagram to
quantity supplied > quantity demanded.
see how the shift affects equilibrium
 There is excess supply or a surplus.
price and quantity.
 Suppliers will lower the price to
increase sales, thereby moving toward
equilibrium.

Shortage

 When price < equilibrium price, then

quantity demanded > the quantity
supplied.
 There is excess demand or a shortage.
 Suppliers will raise the price due to too
many buyers chasing too few goods,
thereby moving toward equilibrium.
Shifts in Curves versus Movements along
Curves

 A shift in the supply curve is called a

change in supply.
 A movement along a fixed supply
curve is called a change in quantity
supplied.
 A shift in the demand curve is called a
Law of supply and demand change in demand.
 A movement along a fixed demand
 The claim that the price of any good
curve is called a change in quantity
adjusts to bring the quantity supplied
demanded.
and the quantity demanded for that
good into balance. Demand EqP, EqQ

Three Steps to Analyzing Changes in Supply EqP, EqQ

Equilibrium
Combine in Net Effect
 Decide whether the event shifts the
EqP, EqQ depending on which
supply or demand curve (or both).
curve will shift more and on its stiffness.