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1
Earlier Lecture
• Introduction to Cryogenics
• Hydrogen
• Structure of matter
3
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Introduction
• Properties of materials change, when cooled to
cryogenic temperatures.
• For example:
4
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Introduction
• The above examples show that material becomes
hard and brittle at low temperature.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Structure of Matter
• Solids are composed of atoms, which are bound
together and are arranged in regular arrays.
• Metals
• Plastics From Cryogenics
• Non – metals perspective
• Glasses
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Metals
• Metals have a highly ordered structure.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Lattice Structure of Metals
• Face-Centered Cubic (FCC)
• An atom at each of the eight corners
and an atom at the center of each of
the six faces. (Total = 14 atoms).
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Lattice Structure of Metals
• Hexagonal Close-Packed (HCP)
• An atom at each of the twelve corners, an
atom at the center of each of two vertical
hexagonal ends and three atoms in way
between the ends of prism. (Total = 17
atoms).
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Stress – strain curve
• When a ductile
specimen is
subjected to a tensile
test, the stress –
strain relationship is
Stress (s)
developed as shown.
PL
• Proportional Limit
Young's (PL) is the limit in
Modulus which the elongation
of the specimen is
directly proportional
Strain (ε) to stress applied.
12
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Stress – strain curve
• If this elongating
F force is removed,
specimen regains its
E
original shape –
G elastic behaviour.
Stress (s)
C D
PL • C is called as Yield
Point, the stress is
Yield Stress. The
point F is the
Ultimate Tensile
Stress and G is the
Strain (ε) breakage point.
13
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Stress – strain curve
• Brittle materials also
F have a Proportional
Limit (PL).
E
C D G relationship for a
PL brittle material is as
shown (Dotted).
• Stresses when
exceeded above PL,
Strain (ε) the brittle material
breaks.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Mechanical Properties
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Yield & Ultimate Strengths
Property Description
Yield • It is the stress at which the strain of
Stress a material shows a rapid increase
with an increase in stress, when
subjected to a simple tensile test.
Ultimate • It is the maximum nominal stress
Stress attained by a test specimen during a
simple tensile test.
16
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Yield Strength
1600
• The yield strength
1400
of various
Yield Strength, MPa
1400
ultimate strength of
1200
the materials also
1000 increases with
decrease in
temperature.
800
600
• Stainless steel has
304 Stainless Steel
400
9% Ni Steel
the high strength
200 C1020 Carbon Steel and is mostly
2024-T4 Aluminum preferred at
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 cryogenic
Temperature, K applications.
18
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Yield & Ultimate Strengths
• The Ultimate and Yield strengths of the material
largely depend on the movement of
dislocations.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Yield & Ultimate Strengths
• When these agitations are low, the movement
of dislocations is hampered.
20
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Fatigue Strength
• Materials exhibit fatigue failure when they are
subjected to fluctuating loads.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Fatigue Strength
Fatigue Strength at E6 Cycles,
1600
304 Stainless Steel • The fatigue
1400 Beryllium - Copper strength
1200
C1020 Carbon Steel
increases as the
temperature
1000 decreases.
MPa
800
• The fatigue
600 strength of
400
stainless steel is
higher as shown
200 in figure.
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Temperature, K
22
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Fatigue Strength
• Any fatigue failure begins with a microcrack
initiation.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Fatigue Strength
• In order to avoid fatigue failure, when a
specimen is subjected to fluctuating loads, the
working stress is maintained below a certain
value called as Endurance Limit.
24
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Impact Strength
• Charpy and Izod tests are used to measure the
resistance of a material to impact loading.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Impact Strength
In general, the
Charpy Impact Strength, MPa
160
304 Stainless Steel
•
140 9% Ni Steel impact strength of
2024-T4 Aluminum the materials
120 C1020 Carbon Steel decreases with
100 decrease in
temperature.
80
60
40
20
160
304 Stainless Steel • Few of the materials
140 9% Ni Steel
exhibit Ductile to
2024-T4 Aluminum
Brittle Transition
120 C1020 Carbon Steel
(DBT) at low
100
temperatures.
80
• The temperature at
60 which this occurs is
40
called as Ductile to
Brittle Transition
20
Temperature (DBTT).
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Temperature, K
27
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Impact Strength
Carbon steels
Charpy Impact Strength, MPa
160
304 Stainless Steel
•
140 9% Ni Steel undergo DBT at the
2024-T4 Aluminum temperatures around
120 C1020 Carbon Steel 80 to 100 K.
100
• This causes a sudden
80
decrease in the
60
impact strength of
the material at that
40
temperature.
20
• This decrease is as
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 shown by the “S”
Temperature, K curve in the figure.
28
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Impact Strength
Charpy Impact Strength, MPa
160
304 Stainless Steel • Hence, these
140 9% Ni Steel
materials cannot be
2024-T4 Aluminum
used for cryogenic
120 C1020 Carbon Steel
applications.
100
80 • Stainless steel is
most preffered
60 material from the
40
impact strength point
of view.
20
30
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Impact Strength
• The materials with Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
or Hexagonal lattice have more slip planes.
31
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Ductility
• A material which elongates more than 5% of
the original length before failure is called as
ductile material.
32
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Ductility
In general, the
80
•
% Elongation before failure
30
20
10
Ductile Brittle
FCC HCP HCP BCC
Cu, Ni Titanium Zinc Iron, Carbon
Cu-Ni alloys Molybdenum
Al & alloys Niobium
Aust. SS Most Plastics
Prof. 35
35
Prof. M
MDD Atrey,
Atrey, Department
Department of
of Mechanical
Mechanical Engineering,
Engineering, IIT
IIT Bombay
Bombay
Hardness
• Hardness is the measure of depth of the
standard indentation made on the surface of the
specimen by a standard indenter.
• Young’s Modulus
• Shear Modulus
• Bulk Modulus
• In other words, to
produce the same
stress at low
temperature, less
strain is required.
• As a result the
Strain (ε) Young’s modulus
increases.
38
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Elastic Moduli
320
C1020 Carbon Steel
• The Young’s modulus
9% Ni Steel of various commonly
Young's Modulus, GPa
280
304 Stainless Steel used materials is as
240 2024-T4 Aluminum shown in the adjacent
200
figure.
40
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Tensile Strength (Plastics)
275.84
Polyethylene terephthalate (Mylar) • The strength of
Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon)
241.36 Polytrifluoromonochloroethylene (Kel-F) various commonly
Ultimate Stress, MPa
Polyvinyl chloride
Nylon used plastics is as
206.88
shown. The strength
172.4 increases with the
decrease in the
temperature.
137.92
103.44
• Of all the plastics,
68.96
PTFE (Teflon) is the
34.48 only one which can
be deformed
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 plastically to a small
Temperature, K degree at 4K.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Properties of Plastics
• The effect of stress on plastics or elastomers is
very less as compared to metals.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Summary
• Stainless steel is the best material for the
cryogenic applications.
43
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
• A self assessment exercise is given after
this slide.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Self Assessment
1. Non –metals are classified into ____ and ______.
45
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Self Assessment
6. Thermal agitation in molecules is _______
proportional to temperature.
47
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Answers
1. Glasses, Plastics
2. Van der Waals
3. Symmetrical crystal lattice
4. Increases
5. Stainless steel
6. directly
7. Fatigue
8. Beryllium – Copper alloy
9. Lattice structure
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Answers
10. Percentage elongation
12. FCC
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Thank You!
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay