Republic of the Philippines

Congress of the Philippines

Metro Manila
Eighth Congress

Republic Act No. 6969 October 26, 1990

AN ACT TO CONTROL TOXIC SUBSTANCES AND HAZARDOUS AND NUCLEAR WASTES, PROVIDING PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS
THEREOF, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress assembled::
Section 1. Short title. – This Act shall be known as the "Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act of 1990."
Section 2. Declaration of Policy. – It is the policy of the State to regulate, restrict or prohibit the importation, manufacture, processing, sale, distribution,
use and disposal of chemical substances and mixtures that present unreasonable risk and/or injury to health or the environment; to prohibit the entry,
even in transit, of hazardous and nuclear wastes and their disposal into the Philippine territorial limits for whatever purpose; and to provide advancement
and facilitate research and studies on toxic chemicals.
Section 3. Scope. – This Act shall cover the importation, manufacture, processing, handling, storage, transportation, sale, distribution, use and disposal
of all unregulated chemical substances and mixtures in the Philippines, including the entry, even in transit as well as the keeping or storage and disposal
of hazardous and nuclear wastes into the country for whatever purpose.
Section 4. Objectives. – The objectives of this Act are:
a) To keep an inventory of chemicals that are presently being imported, manufactured, or used, indicating, among others, their existing and possible
uses, test data, names of firms manufacturing or using them, and such other information as may be considered relevant to the protection of health and
the environment;
b) To monitor and regulate the importation, manufacture, processing, handling, storage, transportation, sale, distribution, use and disposal of chemical
substances and mixtures that present unreasonable risk or injury to health or to the environment in accordance with national policies and international
commitments;
c) To inform and educate the populace regarding the hazards and risks attendant to the manufacture, handling, storage, transportation, processing,
distribution, use and disposal of toxic chemicals and other substances and mixture; and
d) To prevent the entry, even in transit, as well as the keeping or storage and disposal of hazardous and nuclear wastes into the country for whatever
purpose.
Section 5. Definition. – As used in this Act:
a) Chemical substance means any organic or inorganic substance of a particular molecular identity, including:
i) Any combination of such substances occurring in whole or in part as a result of chemical reaction or occurring in nature; and
ii) Any element or uncombined chemical.
b) Chemical mixture means any combination of two or more chemical substances if the combination does not occur in nature and is not, in whole or in
part, the result of a chemical reaction, if none of the chemical substances comprising the combination is a new chemical substance and if the
combination could have been manufactured for commercial purposes without a chemical reaction at the time the chemical substances comprising the
combination were combined. This shall include nonbiodegradable mixtures.
c) Process means the preparation of a chemical substance or mixture after its manufacture for commercial distribution:
i) In the same form or physical state or in a different form or physical state from that which it was received by the person so preparing such substance or
mixture; or
ii) As part of an article containing a chemical substance or mixture.
d) Importation means the entry of a products or substances into the Philippines (through the seaports or airports of entry) after having been properly
cleared through or still remaining under customs control, the product or substance of which is intended for direct consumption, merchandising,
warehousing, or for further processing.
e) Manufacture means the mechanical or chemical transformation of substances into new products whether work is performed by power-driven
machines or by hand, whether it is done in a factory or in the worker's home, and whether the products are sold at wholesale or retail.
f) Unreasonable risk means expected frequency of undesirable effects or adverse responses arising from a given exposure to a substance.
g) Hazardous substances are substances which present either:
1) short-term acute hazards, such as acute toxicity by ingestion, inhalation or skin absorption, corrosivity or other skin or eye contact hazards or the risk
of fire or explosion; or
2) long-term environmental hazards, including chronic toxicity upon repeated exposure, carcinogenicity (which may in some cases result from acute
exposure but with a long latent period), resistance to detoxification process such as biodegradation, the potential to pollute underground or surface
waters, or aesthetically objectionable properties such as offensive odors.
h) Hazardous wastes are hereby defined as substances that are without any safe commercial, industrial, agricultural or economic usage and are
shipped, transported or brought from the country of origin for dumping or disposal into or in transit through any part of the territory of the Philippines.
Hazardous wastes shall also refer to by-products, side-products, process residues, spent reaction media, contaminated plant or equipment or other
substances from manufacturing operations, and as consumer discards of manufacture products.
i) Nuclear wastes are hazardous wastes made radioactive by exposure to the radiation incidental to the production or utilization of nuclear fuels but does
not include nuclear fuel, or radioisotopes which have reached the final stage of fabrication so as to be usable for any scientific, medical, agricultural,
commercial, or industrial purpose.
Section 6. Function, Powers and Responsibilities of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources.– The Department of Environment and
Natural Resources shall be the implementing agency tasked with the following functions, powers, and responsibilities:
a) To keep an updated inventory of chemicals that are presently being manufactured or used, indicating, among others, their existing and possible uses,
quality, test data, names of firms manufacturing or using them, and such other information as the Secretary may consider relevant to the protection of
health and the environment;
b) To require chemical substances and mixtures that present unreasonable risk or injury to health or to the environment to be tested before they are
manufactured or imported for the first time;
c) To require chemical substances and mixtures which are presently being manufactured or processed to be tested if there is a reason to believe that
they pose unreasonable risk or injury to health or the environment;
d) To evaluate the characteristics of chemicals that have been tested to determine their toxicity and the extent of their effects on health and the
environment;
e) To enter into contracts and make grants for research, development, and monitoring of chemical substances and mixtures;
f) To conduct inspection of any establishment in which chemicals are manufactured, processed, stored or held before or after their commercial
distribution and to make recommendations to the proper authorities concerned;
g) To confiscate or impound chemicals found not falling within said acts cannot be enjoined except after the chemicals have been impounded;
h) To monitor and prevent the entry, even in transit, of hazardous and nuclear wastes and their disposal into the country;
i) To subpoena witnesses and documents and to require other information if necessary to carry out the provisions of this Act;
j) To call on any department, bureau, office, agency, state university or college, and other instrumentalities of the Government for assistance in the form
of personnel, facilities, and other resources as the need arises in the discharge of its functions;
k) To disseminate information and conduct educational awareness campaigns on the effects of chemical substances, mixtures and wastes on health
and environment; and
l) To exercise such powers and perform such other functions as may be necessary to carry out its duties and responsibilities under this Act.
Section 7. Inter-Agency Technical Advisory Council. – There is hereby created an Inter-Agency Technical Advisory Council attached to the Department
of Environment and Natural Resources which shall be composed of the following officials or their duly authorized representatives:
Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources Chairman
Secretary of Health Member
Director of the Philippine Nuclear Research Institute Member
Secretary of Trade and Industry Member
Secretary of Science and Technology Member
Secretary of National Defense Member
Secretary of Foreign Affairs Member
Secretary of Labor and Employment Member
Secretary of Finance Member
Secretary of Agriculture Member
Representative from a non-governmental organization on health and safety Member
The representative from the non-governmental organization shall be appointed by the President for a term of three (3) years.
The Council shall have the following functions:
a) To assist the Department of Environment and Natural Resources in the formulation of the pertinent rules and regulations for the effective
implementation of this Act;
b) To assist the Department of Environment and Natural Resources in the preparation and updating of the inventory of chemical substances and
mixtures that fall within the coverage of this Act;
c) To conduct preliminary evaluation of the characteristics of chemical substances and mixtures to determine their toxicity and effects on health and the
environment and make the necessary recommendations to the Department of Environment and Natural Resources; and
d) To perform such other functions as the Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources may, from time to time, require.
Section 8. Pre-Manufacture and Pre-Importation Requirements. – Before any new chemical substance or mixture can be manufactured, processed or
imported for the first time as determined by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, the manufacturer, processor or importer shall
submit the following information: the name of the chemical substance or mixture; its chemical identity and molecular structure; proposed categories of
use; an estimate of the amount to be manufactured, processed or imported; processing and disposal thereof; and any test data related to health and
environmental effects which the manufacturer, processor or importer has.
Section 9. Chemicals Subject to Testing. – Testing shall be required in all cases where:
a) There is a reason to believe that the chemical substances or mixture may present an unreasonable risk to health or the environment or there may be
substantial human or environmental exposure thereto;
b) There are insufficient data and experience for determining or predicting the health and environmental effects of the chemical substance or mixture;
and
c) The testing of the chemical substance or mixture is necessary to develop such data.
The manufacturers, processors or importers shall shoulder the costs of testing the chemical substance or mixture that will be manufactured, processed,
or imported.
Section 10. Action by the Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources of his Duly Authorized Representative. – The Secretary of Environment and
Natural Resources or his duly authorized representative shall, within ninety (90) days from the date of filing of the notice of manufacture, processing or
importation of a chemical substance or mixture, decide whether or not to regulate or prohibit its importation, manufacture, processing, sale, distribution,
use or disposal. The Secretary may, for justifiable reasons, extend the ninety-day pre-manufacture period within a reasonable time.
Section 11. Chemical Substances Exempt from Pre-Manufacture Notification. – The manufacture of the following chemical substances or mixtures shall
be exempt from pre-manufacture notification:
a) Those included in the categories of chemical substances and mixtures already listed in the inventory of existing chemicals;
b) Those to be produced in small quantities solely for experimental or research and developmental purposes;
c) Chemical substances and mixtures that will not present an unreasonable risk to health and the environment; and
d) Chemical substances and mixtures that exist temporarily and which have no human or environmental exposure such as those which exist as a result
of chemical reaction in the manufacture or processing of a mixture of another chemical substance.
Section 12. Public Access to Records, Reports or Notification. – The public shall have access to records, reports, or information concerning chemical
substances and mixtures including safety data submitted, data on emission or discharge into the environment, and such documents shall be available
for inspection or reproduction during normal business hours except that the Department of Environment and Natural resources may consider a record,
report or information or particular portions thereof confidential and may not be made public when such would divulge trade secrets, production or sales
figures or methods, production or processes unique to such manufacturer, processor or distributor, or would otherwise tend to affect adversely the
competitive position of such manufacturer, processor or distributor. The Department of Environment and Natural Resources, however, may release
information subject to claim of confidentiality to a medical research or scientific institution where the information is needed for the purpose of medical
diagnosis or treatment of a person exposed to the chemical substance or mixture.
Section 13. Prohibited Acts. – The following acts and omissions shall be considered unlawful:
a) Knowingly use a chemical substance or mixture which is imported, manufactured, processed or distributed in violation of this Act or implementing
rules and regulations or orders;
b) Failure or refusal to submit reports, notices or other information, access to records, as required by this Act, or permit inspection of establishment
where chemicals are manufactured, processed, stored or otherwise held;
c) Failure or refusal to comply with the pre-manufacture and pre-importation requirements; and
d) Cause, aid or facilitate, directly or indirectly, in the storage, importation, or bringing into Philippines territory, including its maritime economic zones,
even in transit, either by means of land, air or sea transportation or otherwise keeping in storage any amount of hazardous and nuclear wastes in any
part of the Philippines.
Section 14. Criminal Offenses and Penalties. –
a) (i) The penalty of imprisonment of six (6) months and one day to six (6) years and one day and a fine ranging from Six hundred pesos (P600.00) to
Four thousand pesos (P4,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person who shall violate section 13 (a) to (c) of this Act and shall not be covered by the
Probation Law.f the offender is a foreigner, he or she shall be deported and barred from any subsequent entry into the Philippines after serving his or
her sentence;
ii) In case any violation of this Act is committed by a partnership, corporation, association or any juridical person, the partner, president, director or
manager who shall consent to or shall knowingly tolerate such violation shall be directly liable and responsible for the act of the employee and shall be
criminally liable as a co-principal;
(iii) In case the offender is a government official or employee, he or she shall, in addition to the above penalties, be deemed automatically dismissed
from office and permanently disqualified from holding any elective or appointive position.
b) (i) The penalty of imprisonment of twelve (12) years and one day to twenty (20) years, shall be imposed upon any person who shall violate section 13
(d) of this Act.f the offender is a foreigner, he or she shall be deported and barred from any subsequent entry into the Philippines after serving his or her
sentence;
(ii) In the case of corporations or other associations, the above penalty shall be imposed upon the managing partner, president or chief executive in
addition to an exemplary damage of at least Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00).f it is a foreign firm, the director and all officers of such foreign
firm shall be barred from entry into the Philippines, in addition to the cancellation of its license to do business in the Philippines;
(iii) In case the offender is a government official or employee, he or she in addition to the above penalties be deemed automatically dismissed from
office and permanently disqualified from holding any elective or appointive position.
c) Every penalty imposed for the unlawful importation, entry, transport, manufacture, processing, sale or distribution of chemical substances or mixtures
into or within the Philippines shall carry with it the confiscation and forfeiture in favor of the Government of the proceeds of the unlawful act and
instruments, tools or other improvements including vehicles, sea vessels, and aircrafts used in or with which the offense was committed. Chemical
substances so confiscated and forfeited by the Government at its option shall be turned over to the Department of Environment and Natural resources
for safekeeping and proper disposal.
d) The person or firm responsible or connected with the bringing or importation into the country of hazardous or nuclear wastes shall be under obligation
to transport or send back said prohibited wastes;
Any and all means of transportation, including all facilities and appurtenances that may have been used in transporting to or in the storage in the
Philippines of any significant amount of hazardous or nuclear wastes shall at the option of the government be forfeited in its favor.
Section 15. Administrative Fines. – In all cases of violations of this Act, including violations of implementing rules and regulations which have been duly
promulgated and published in accordance with Section 16 of this Act, the Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources is hereby authorized to
impose a fine of not less than Ten thousand pesos (P10,000.00), but not more than Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000.00) upon any person or entity found
guilty thereof. The administrative fines imposed and collected by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources shall accrue to a special fund
to be administered by the Department exclusively for projects and research activities relative to toxic substances and mixtures.
Section 16. Promulgation of Rules and Regulations. – The Department of Environment and Natural Resources, in coordination with the member
agencies of the Inter-Agency Technical Advisory Council, shall prepare and publish the rules and regulations implementing this Act within six months
from the date of its effectivity.
Section 17. Appropriations. – Such amount as may be necessary to implement the provisions of this Act is hereby annually appropriated and included in
the budget of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources.
Section 18. Separability Clause. – If any provision of this Act is declared void or unconstitutional, the remaining provisions thereof not affected thereby
shall remain in full force and effect.
Section 19. Repealing Clause. – All laws, presidential decrees, executive orders and issuances, and rules and regulations which are inconsistent with
this Act are hereby repealed or modified accordingly.
Section 20. Effectivity. – This Act shall take effect after fifteen (15) days following its publication in the Official Gazette or in any newspaper of general
circulation.
Approved: October 26, 1990
BUSINESS ETHICS
Definition of Business Ethics
Business ethics is:
“…a study of what is right and wrong human behaviour and conduct in business. Business ethics is a study of the perceptions of people about morality,
moral norms, moral rules and ethical principles as they apply to people and institutions in business”[1]
The above mentioned definition depicts the following characteristics of business ethics:
Business is an integral part of human society and should be subjected to moral rules and moral evaluation. This further implies that businesses are
expected to reflect honesty across business activities
Business ethics caters to all stakeholders that directly or indirectly influence a business’ operations, distribution, services, company’s image, pricing and
quality of products and services. Stakeholders include, customers, employees, shareholders, creditors, environment, community and owners of a
business
Reasons for business ethics[2]
Improved employee and organizational morale – Conducting business in an ethical manner could include creating a motivational effect on the
employees that can improve the overall performance of the organization. The motivation can be related to building communication between employees,
conducting recreational activities or health and safety. For example, companies undertake regular (free) medical check-ups or organize sports’ day for
employees or a forum that resolves conflicts among employees.
Customer loyalty and attract new customers – Businesses act ethically when they are able to produce or provide good quality products or services and
at expected prices of the customers that encourage customer loyalty and attract new customers. For example, consistency in the taste of food products
(such as maggi noodles) or consistency in the performance of Birla white cement.
Improved financial performance – There is a positive relationship established between business ethics and financial performance (return on
investments, sales growth and profit) of the most well-known businesses in the world. These businesses include General Electric, Johnson & Johnson,
etc and Indian companies like the Tata group of companies, Hindustan Unilever Ltd, Birla group of companies, etc
Avoidance of negative exposures or performance backlashes – Negative exposures implies issues or problems that affect the image of the company or
the company’s brand in a bad limelight. For example, Tata Motors’ first car ‘Indica’ when launched in the mid-1990s did not function in accordance to the
expectations of the customers and adversely affected the image of Tatas. Legal matters or law suits among businesses can also lead to negative
exposure. Legal matters among businesses can be related to default in payments for supplies, negative advertising regarding a competitors’ product,
etc. Performance backlashes are related to a business’ inability to generate profits or revenue in the market that could also adversely affect the image of
the company or its brand. (Any examples?)
Attracting stakeholders – Businesses are required to maintain positive association with their existing stakeholders to sustain in the long-run. Accordingly,
businesses can also attract additional stakeholders like shareholders’ who can invest their money in the business or suppliers and creditors in case
businesses need to expand in different regions or markets. For example, a business never defaults in payments to their suppliers and suppliers supplied
relevant raw materials on-time without compromising with quality.
Community development and improvement – Any business needs to consume natural resources (water, land, etc) and non-renewable resources (oil,
electricity, forests, minerals etc) that can pollute the environment through emissions of wastes, greenhouse gases and exploit the resources in order to
gain profits. However, ethically running businesses realise the importance of restoring the resources around them mainly because it the same
environment in which their business operates and directly faces issues related to health and safety of their stakeholders. Though all businesses
generate wastes, some of them try to reduce the wastes through recycling, or generating electricity from wastes or harvesting rain water. Use of solar
energy and energy efficiency solutions can also reduce the dependence on government-run electricity thus developing and improving the environment in
and around the business.
Profit-motive & Business Ethics
The main motive of most businesses is profit-making. However, profit-making businesses understand moral values and norms of the society and profit-
motive in businesses are generally considered as an ethical issue[3]. Profit-motive as an ethical issue operates within two aspects of human conduct –
freedom and structure of business. Freedom implies that owners of business have the right to decide the amount of profits they wish to earn and
structure of the business governs the business activities that lead to profit-making and thus any monetary gain of a business is related to the structure of
the business. This implies that profit-motive has a good side that supports ethical conduct and activities of a business and are explored below:
Profit-motive motivates people to do something meaningful or provides a goal to pursue. For example, employees of a business could aim at saving for
the future by earning incomes; owners can aim at expanding their operations for a higher market share by earning profits, etc. Ethically, businesses
promote healthy competition among employees so that they work efficiently and in the industry it operates by providing good quality products and
services at reasonable prices.
Profit-motive enables problem solving among businesses. Business owners learn to cope with various obstacles and risks (operational and financial) in
order to earn profits. Profit-motive promotes cleverness and ingenuity for running a business. Ethically, businesses ensure the profits generated are
equally distributed with reduced risks spread across stakeholders.
Profit-motive encourages productivity. The desire for earning money encourages people to be more productive. The products / services provided by
businesses also contribute to enhancing human life and further encouraging increased productivity. Ethically, businesses operate with a holistic vision of
producing and distributing products and services that can be consumed not only by the end-customers but also by the employees / owners of the
business. The benefits of consuming businesses’ products and services could reach to everyone directly and indirectly related to the businesses.
Profit-motive generates potential capital. This implies that the profits earned by the business can be reinvested to establish new businesses leading to
job creation and more goods and services to the public. The new businesses can also be related to restoring community values (by building hospitals,
educational institutes, etc).
Without business ethics, profit-motive in a business could lead to rivalry[4] instead of healthy competition, greed and exploitation instead of equity in
wealth and social costs in the form of wastage of resources, pollution and harm to environment.

SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
Social responsibility is the act of exhibiting ethical behaviour in businesses. It is a state of being ethically or morally responsible for actions that
contribute to improving the quality of life of an individual, institutions or the society at large. Accordingly, activities undertaken in businesses could
encompass every social, economic and environmental aspect through social responsibilities. There are two dimensions of social responsibility for
businesses – Internal and External as explained below:
a) Internal responsibilities – Internal responsibilities involve social compliances that focus on human resource welfare, good quality in products /
services and favourable contribution to environment. Internal regulations include some mandatory, long-term and self-regulated initiatives of enterprises
in the form of various standardizations and business associations in India and abroad. Some of the mandatory compliances considered by businesses
include:
i. Water pollution act – Provides for the prevention and control of water pollution and for setting up of ‘Boards’ to prevent and control water pollution[5].
ii. Air pollution act – Provides for prevention, control and abatement of air pollution, for establishments of Boards and assigning these Boards relevant
powers and functions relating to the same[6].
iii. Environment Protection act – Provides for protection and improvement of the environment and establishment of authorities that mandate prevention
of environmental pollution and tackle specific problems related to the same[7].
In addition, there are some voluntary social compliance standards and certifications available for businesses that try to enable social responsibility
across their business activities. These standards / certifications emphasize on rules of social accountability that address health, safety and fundamental
rights of the enterprises’ employees and other stakeholders. The main purpose of such certifications is to protect and enhance the community and the
environment. Following is an indicative list of major standards:-
SA 8000 is a global social accountability standard for decent working conditions, developed and overseen by Social Accountability International (SAI). It
contracts with a global accreditation agency, Social Accountability Accreditation Services (SAAS) that licenses and oversees auditing organizations to
award certification to employers that comply with SA8000.
AA 1000 provides a basis for designing, implementing, evaluating and assuring the quality of stakeholder engagement by organizations. It is developed
by AccountAbility, a not-for-profit British organization.
ISO 9001 specifies requirements for a quality management system where an enterprise’s products caters to the customers’ needs as well as applicable
statutory and regulatory requirements. It is developed by International Organisation (ISO)
ISO 13485[8] specifies requirements for a quality management system where an organization needs to demonstrate its ability to provide medical
devices and related services that consistently meet customer requirements and regulatory requirements applicable to medical devices and related
services
ISO 14000[9] series is a family of standards for environment management systems and the supporting audit programme that is applicable to any
business or organization, regardless of size, location or income. It is developed by International Organisation (ISO).
ISO 22000 specifies requirements for a food safety management system where an enterprise, regardless of size and involved in any aspect of the food
chain needs to demonstrate its ability to control food safety hazards in order to ensure safe food consumption.
ISO 27000 series[10] (27001 to 27008) have been specifically reserved for information security matters and aligns with other certifications such as ISO
9000 and ISO 14000
OHSAS 18000[11]is an international Occupational Health and Safety Management System (OHSAS) specification that was developed to cater to the
health and safety obligatory needs of enterprises in an efficient manner. This specification comprises of two parts:
OHSAS 18001 that specifies assists in controlling health and safety risks
OHSAS 18002 that highlights procedures for implementation and registration
ISO 26000 or ISO SR is a family of standards, underdevelopment, which will provide guidelines for social responsibility that will be applicable to any
business regardless of its size, location or income.
b) External responsibilities – These responsibilities focus on community development by promoting education and social services through charities or
donations[12]. Examples of external responsibilities can include the following:
i. Creating social awareness regarding a cause through a business’ products / services. For example, Tata Tea’s “Jaago Re” concept[1
ii. Building educational institutes, hospitals, orphanages, homes for elderly, etc
iii. Contributing money through charities, donations in NGOs, educational institutes, hospitals, etc
iv. Enabling community participation and volunteering through blood donation camps, free medical-checks, eating healthy foods, etc
c) For additional examples, you may refer to the following link:
http://www.picindia.org/system/files/CSR_Guideline-21.12.09.pdf

Need for Social Responsibility

Easier access to capital – Businesses involved in activities related to social responsibility are looked upon as having capabilities of achieving long-term
goals and can easily find credit from financial for future plans or expansions
Positive brand equity – Businesses that indulge in social responsibility are able to build strong reputation or brand equity thus representative of being a
reliable and responsible enterprise in the minds of its customers/buyers.
Retention of human resources – Companies that indulge in internal social responsibility activities are able to create an extremely conducive work
environment based on improved work ethics and conditions which ultimately results in enhanced development of human resources and reduced attrition
rates.
Improved productivity – Employee efficiencies are higher in a favorable working environment that can result in improved productivity and cost-savings.
Strengthening relationship across stakeholders – Businesses that have formally implemented ESR activities through international certifications and
standardizations can avail from integration with global supply chains. This integration can provide consistent business from domestic companies and
MNCs in India and abroad
Risk management – A socially responsible business with its enhanced relationship with its stakeholders (domestic and foreign) is in a favorable position
to anticipate and respond to any regulatory, economic, social and environmental occurrences or surprises.
Global presence and growth – Compliance to standards and certifications highlighted by select developed nations like US, Japan and countries in EU
can facilitate reputation and continued business association for businesses involved in exports and imports
4. The Moral and Social Obligations of Business to the Environment Business depends on the natural environment for its operations, specifically, for its
energy, raw materials, and waste disposal. The natural environment in turn is affected by the industrial and agricultural activities of business. Since
business is dependent on the natural environment for its operations and obviously, for profit, business must take the lead in the effort to protect and
preserve the environment to which it is totally dependent. According to Maximiano, there are three factors that must be considered to be socially
responsible to the environment, namely:
1. business cannot use with impunity the different categories of creatures and resources, whether living or inanimate, simply as they will;
2. business must realize that the natural resources are limited. Our natural resources, once depleted are not renewable; and
3. business must comprehend the evil effects of industrial development on the quality of life. The direct or indirect result of industrialization is the
pollution of the environment, with serious consequences on the health and safety of the population (Maximiano, 2003). In addition Maximiano, also
enumerates the reasons for social responsibility of business towards the environment, to wit:
1. Business is socially responsible to the environment because it is an important part of the macro-ecological system. Business is part of the society and
as the same time part of mother nature, such that any separation made between business and nature is artificial and false.
2. Business depends on the natural environment for its operations, e.g., energy, raw materials and waste disposal. It is socially irresponsible for
business to destroy the very resources that they depend on.
3. Business also must take into account the ethical issues when it relates with environment, e.g., short term profit vs. long-term gain of the environment.

CASE 2: Silverstar Chemical Company1. The ethical dilemma or moral dilemma that Mr. David Santos, the president of
SilverstarChemical Company, is facing is the two distinct choices. One of the choices is to treat thesubstance to neutralize
its potentially injurious effects and then transport it to a legal dumpsitebearing in mind the company’s operating costs
might go to a level that might make the firmuncompetitive. The other choice is to still falsify that the there is no proof that
the waste havecancer-causing materials and there are only few fishing villages within a hundred kilometersdownriver
bearing in mind the health of other people. In other words, what would he do? Wouldhe treat it to save others’ lives or
continue it to save company’s employment and town’seconomy?
2.Environmental pollution is a moral issue because there are a lot of persons, issues, andthings to deem. You need to
consider if you are doing the right thing or the wrong thing not onlyfor the environment but also to others. For example, a
fisherman uses dynamites to capture morefishes. Obviously, this can cause water pollution. First, he needs to consider the
human beingswho will eat them because we all know that fishes that were caught using dynamites could causesome health
problem to us. Second, he needs to think about the environmental issues that we arefacing. Lastly, he needs to think the
other animals that can die. So, the people doing activitiesthat can cause pollution need to mull over if they are causing too
much harm to the environment.3.If I were the president, I would choose to treat the substance even if my company
willlose its competitive advantage. It is because if I would still be the president of a very good

company, what is the sense of it if I would be put into jail? And if I would still falsify the reportsto the authorities, no one is
assured that they won’t be able to uncover my company’s secrets.Also, what will I do is ethical. The substance is dangerous
for other people and animals. So, it isnot just good for the environment and others’ health but also for the pleasantness of
my name andname of my company. As a president, I will use my marketing strategies to regain my company’scompetitive
advantage in a moral way.4.The three other ethical issues that we can find in this case are: First, the fulfillment of thesocial
responsibility. Second, the resolution of the pollution that is very dangerous to the healthof well-being. Third, if Mr. Santos
would choose to treat it, how will he recuperate itscompetitive advantage without doing its bad activities again?