CT Technical Considerations PDF

CT Technical Considerations
Chapter 1
O Coiled Tubing History & Manufacturing

O Tri-Axial Stress Theory
O Fatigue Theory & Analysis
O Welds
O Changing Modulus of Elasticity
O Permanent Elongation
O Pipe Twist
O Failure Analysis & Pipe Inspection
O Corrosion
Coiled Tubing History

Project P L U T O
Coiled Tubing Manufacturing

CT Technical 12.7 mm 1/2”
19.1 mm 3/4”
Considerations 7/8”
22.2 mm
25.4 mm 1”
Coiled Tubing 31.8 mm 1 1/4”
Evolution 38.1 mm 1 1/2”
Wall
WallSizes
Sizes 50.8 mm 2”
0.080”
CT
CT
CTSize
0.080”
Size
Size Issues
Issues
0.087”Issues
0.087”
CT Size Issues 60.3 mm 2 3/8”
0.095”
0.095”
0.102”
Pump
Pump//
•O•O Mobilization
0.102” &
Mobilization
0.109” & 66.7 mm 2 5/8”
Handling
Handling0.109”
Circulation
CirculationRates
Rates
0.125”
0.125”
•• Equipment:
Equipment:
0.134”
0.134”
OO Annular
AnnularFlow
Flow
0.156”
-- Injector
0.156” chains
73.0 mm 2 7/8”
Injector
0.175”
chains
Friction
Friction0.175”
-- goose-neck rollers
goose-neck
0.188”
0.188” rollers 88.9 mm 3 1/2”
Force
ForceConditions
0.203”
OO -- stripper
0.203” rubbers
Conditions
stripper rubbers
and0.225”
bushings
0.225”
and bushings
OO Fatigue
FatigueLife
-- BOP
0.250”
Life
0.250”
components
BOP components
0.236”
0.236”
OO Cost
Cost
“Continuous Tubing” Milling Process

“Continuous Tubing” Milling Process
Precision Video
EVOLUTION OF COILED TUBING MATERIAL

Material Application First Date
Carbon Steel All applications 1962
HSLA Steel All applications 1980
Q & T Steel Limited due to weldability & life 1991
Titanium Grade 12 Concentric workovers 1992
Titanium Grade 18 Production string between 1996
13 CR-Ni Stainless Test strings / Velocity strings 1997 / 1998
Composites 1997
Tri-Axial Stress Theory

O Von Mises - Henky - Huber Stress Ellipse

Pressure (+)
Axial Axial
Tubing Tubing
Load Load
(-) (+)
Pressure (-)
O Triaxial
Stresses
σA, σR, σH and τ are
then used to calculate one Equivalent Yield Stress Value

Axial Stress σA = F/Am
P d2 - P d 2 P - P
Radial Stress σR = - d2
d 2 - d2 d 2 - d2
P d2 - P d 2 P - P
σH = + d2
Hoop Stress
d 2 - d2 d 2 - d2
Shear due to Torsion τ = TORQUE * d

2J
(PDM)
where J is the polar moment of area.
TFA Conditions
TFA Conditions
TFA Conditions
Neutral Point
Sine Wave Buckling
Helical Buckling
Unsupported Section
Spiral Pitch
TM
O CIRCA
t Circulation Analysis
Single Phase
Two Phase
Transient
t Tubing Force Analysis
t Engineering Design
t Field Support
O TFA Report
O TFA Op-limit Graph
Expected Weight Gauge and Operating Limits during RIH
Job Data Weight Gauge Operating Limit
Friction Lock Limit Weight Gauge
15000
10000
Weight Gauge Reading [lbf]
5000
-5000
-10000
-15000
-20000
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Fatigue Theory & Analysis

O Fatigue Cycles
1 1/4” CT
O Fatigue Cycles Bending Stress

+
22.3 ft Radius Yield Radius for

6.8 m CT Other Sizes:
1.5” 27 ft
1.75” 31 ft
2.0” 36 ft
2.375” 42 ft
Reel Size for 1.5” CT in an Actual Reel Size Diameter

Elastic State = 92 Inches
Diameter = 563 Inches
O Fatigue Cycles Bending Stress

+
3 or 4 ft Radius
O Primary Factors Effecting Fatigue & Dilation

t Bending Radius *
t Internal Pressure *
t CT Material *
t CT Size and Wall Thickness *
t Welds *
t Axial Load
t Tubing Rotation
t Internal & External Surface Finish
O Previous CT Pipe Management

t 250,000 Running ft Method
t Does not take into account:

Where the damage has been accumulated
The pressure at which the cycle(s) occurred
Any corrosive damage
Bending Radius
2
4
O Bend Reversals
5
3
1
6
O Coiled Tubing Fatigue Model “CYCLE”

t Developed to Eliminate Failures Related to Tubing
Fatigue
Safety
Economics $$$$
t Fatigue Monitoring and Analysis
Low Level Fatigue
Dilation
t Capable of Real-Time Fatigue Tracking?
O CYCLE Fatigue Life

t Data captured is mean fatigue
t 100% of mean fatigue is 1 failure out of two tests.
t Safe working life = 1 failure in 1000 tests. Therefore 100% of

safe working life = 1 failure in 1000 tests.
t When 100% of safe working life is reached this is considered

"miled out pipe"

t Dependent Variables
Internal pressure
Bending Radius (Reel and Gooseneck)
t Uses the pressure at the bend ie. The pressure at

the gooseneck.
Circa works in the background of Cycle to determine
pressure at gooseneck.

t 1 Trip = 6 bend reversals
t Cycles to safe working life
t Cycles to ballooning
t The pipe is broken into 50' lengths
t Beside a weld the pipe is broken into 5' - 10' lengths

due to concentrating the fatigue around a weld.
t Fatigue only occurs when moving pipe
Pressure testing is not taken into account nor is
increasing pressure when not moving pipe.

CT String Fatigue Graph
Fatigue Graph
STRING # 15321 OD = 1.5 Grade: QT-1000
Estimated Fatigue Maximum Safe Life
100
90
80
70
60
Fatigue [%]
50
40
30
20
10
0 2500 5000 7500 10000 12500 15000 17500

Length [ft]
S T R IN G # 1 5 3 2 1 O D = 1 . 5 G ra d e : Q T -1 0 0 0 C u s t o m e r : C ic o O il a n d G a s
J o b D a t e 2 0 0 2 /0 1 /1 5 1 1 : 3 5 : 0 0 T i c k e t # : W e ll N a m e : D o la n d # 4 F i e ld :
C : \M y D o c u m e n t s \C la s s e s \ C T U 2 0 0 C y cl e \D e v e lo p m e n t A r e a \ 1 5 3 2 1 o n J 4 2 0 5 /1 4 / 2 0 0 2 4 : 4 9 : 2 8 P M
O Derivation of Safe Operating Life

• Safe Operating life
chance of failure less
than 1 in 1000
• Distribution assumed to
be Gaussian
Safe Working
• Average life to failure Life
not suitable Frequency
of Failure
operationally
Cycles Mean Life 1:1000 Chance

1:1000 Chance
of Failure to Failure of Survival
O Fatigue Failure
O Fatigue Crack
@ 8000psi
O Other Parameters That Effect Fatigue
t Acid
t Welds
t Slip marks
Factors Affecting
Fatigue Life
Parameter Better
O Diameter Smaller
O Wall Thickness Thicker
O Grade (strength) Higher
O Section welds “Same Wall” Strip Bias
Higher ductility and lower hardness grades of CT have longer cycle

life at low pressures (up to 2500-3000 psi) –
70 & 80 ksi cycle longer than 90 or 100 ksi materials at low
pressures
O Acid
O 3% taken off the life of the String

t Acid strength
t Volume
t Temperature
t Inhibition Loading
t etc...
Weld De-Rating Factors
Weld Type 70 ksi 80 ksi QT1000
Production Bias 0% 0% 0%
Factory Butt 60% 75% 60%
Field Repair/ 80% 80% 80%

Manual Butt
Field Repair/ 80% 80% 80%

Orbital Butt
A weld derating of 60% means, we reduce the fatigue life
remaining at that section as follows:
fatigue allowed = no weld fatigue*(1.0-0.6)
For Example, if we have good pipe with a remaining fatigue

life of 85%, the same pipe with a weld has only 34%
remaining life.
Another way of thinking about the affect of a derating factor is
how it accelerates the pipe life for subsequent cycles.
Total normal life: 400 cycles
% life consumed/cycle [normal]
= 100* 1/400 = 0.25%
% life consumed/cycle [derated]
= 100* 1.0/[400(1.0-0.6)] = 0.625%
Hence 10 cycles on a normal pipe costs 2.5% but on the derated
pipe we lose 6.25% of the SWL.
Slipmark De-Rating Factors
Slipmark Type Rating
Continuous Profile 25%
Interrupted Profile 80%

O Interrupted Slip marks

O Ballooning / Dilation 1.25” CT Sample

O 1 1/4” and smaller, max. = 30/1000”

O 1 1/2” to 2”, max. = 50/1000”
O 2 3/8” to 2 5/8”, max. = 70/1000”
O 2 7/8” and greater = 100/1000”
O Test ballooning with tubing measurement
system if required
Quality Tubing CT Fatigue Testing Machine
Neutral Position
CT Models Demo
300
QT700/HS70/HS80
Safe Working Life (cycles)
250
QT800
HS90
200
QT900
150 QT1000
HS110
100
50
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Internal Pressure (psi)
Coiled Tubing Butt Welds

O Key Controllable Welding Parameters:

t Mechanized welding process
Better heat input control
Repeatability of weld quality
t Edge preparation and groove detail
Tubing Circularizer: remove any ovality
Removal of internal flash and de-burr pipe cut edges – Pipe Lathe
Most critical parameter to achieve good fatigue life
t Welding Fixture
Secure tubing sections in horizontal position
Incorporate chill blocks
Permit movement in axial direction
X minimize residual stresses from welding shrinkage

t Consumable selection
Yield strength selected to match Specified Minimum Yield
Strength of CT
Fracture toughness
t Heat Input and thermal cycle control
Proper control limits reduction of yield to 10% of SMYS
t Welding Technique
Ultra-Fine Stringer Beads
X Control grain size, microstructure and grain refinement.
X 23 passes on 0.297” wall (7.5 mm) for ultra fine grain
structure

t Shielding gas
100% Argon
t Non-Destructive Examinations
Ensure absence of welding flaws
Radiographic (RT), “X-Ray”
Ultrasonic Testing (UT)
Circulate Drift Ball
O Conclusions of SPE 54481

tUse of Mechanized welding operations
required to achieve consistent quality and
reduced variability in fatigue life of welds
tStringent QA/QC measures including welder
supervision are essential when maximum
fatigue life performance is expected.
tBenefits of CT field repair girth welding are
significant even with present limited fatigue
life.
Conclusions of SPE 54481 cont’d
t A 100% increase of fatigue life typically obtained

with manual TIG is achievable with final orbital TIG
welding procedure.
t Additional refinements and testing required to prove
consistency.
O Coiled Tubing Welding Specification for Tube-
to-Tube Welds, September 1999
t ICoTA Welding Specification on qualifying a welding
procedure and a welder.
Coiled Tubing Welds
Magnatech Pipemaster™ Orbital TIG Full Function "D-Head"

Coiled Tubing Welds
Plastically Strained Girth Weld Showing "Embossed" Weld Metal

Coiled Tubing Welds
Example of Flush Root Pass using Orbital TIG WPS

(Weld Crown to be Removed Flush)
Coiled Tubing Welds
Completed Orbital TIG Test Weld Showing Constant WT and Flush ID

Coiled Tubing Welds
Typical Manual TIG Weld in CT Showing Unacceptable ID Profile

(Weld Crown Removed Flush)
Coiled Tubing Welds
Fatigue Crack in HAZ of Orbital TIG Test Weld.

Note Excessive WT at Weld
For Latest Coiled Tubing Welding

Guidelines
Pipe Twist
O What Causes The Coiled Tubing To Twist?

t Coiled tubing is not a perfectly symmetric object.
When a nonsymmetrical object is bent, it will tend to
twist.
Even if the object is loaded on its centroid, the
member will still want to twist.
t Majority of twisting occurs from bending the coiled
tubing plastically on the reel and gooseneck.
t Elastic bending also occurs downhole which may
also influence the twisting of the coiled tubing.
O What is the Significance of Coiled Tubing Twist?

t Pipe twist may result in extending the safe working life of the
coiled tubing, because if we bent the tubing about a new axis
each time, the pipe will not balloon as quickly.
t Increases the effect of permanent elongation

Changing Modulus of Elasticity (Hysterisis)

Changing Modulus of Elasticity (Hysterisis)
Maximum Load
Yield Load
PLASTIC REGION
Load (Stress)
Proportional
Limit ELASTIC REGION Ultimate Tensile
Strength
Elongation
0.2% Offset
Displacement (Strain)
O Stress-strain diagram definitions:
t Stress: Force applied to a defined cross-sectional area, psi.
t Strain or Elongation: Change in length divided by the initial

length. Function of the ductility of the material. Typical units
are in./in.
t Modulus of Elasticity: Slope of the elastic portion of the stress

strain diagram. Determines the elastic deflection of a member
under load.

t Proportional Limit: Point at which plastic
deformation begins.
t Yield point: Stress at a strain value of 0.2%. Typical
units are psi
t Elastic Stress: No permanent elongation imposed
on the specimen.

t Plastic Stress: Permanent stretch after specimen is
unloaded.
t Maximum Stress: Maximum tensile strength of the

material at a given elongation.
t Fracture Stress: Stress and elongation at which the

specimen broke.
O Changing Modulus of Elasticity

t Engineering steels are polycrystalline
Randomly oriented grains
Average apparent elastic modulus is 29 - 31 MMpsi
t The reduced modulus of elasticity affects

analytical calculations:
Estimation of tubing elongation
Stuck point calculations ( friction Lock )
Models of tubing stability (buckling)
Permanent Elongation
t Result of Tensile Load During Plastic Deformation
A transition load = 58% of the yield strength.

X Occurs after bending the coiled tubing at the reel and
gooseneck, then applying a load greater than 58% of
the yield strength
Zero elongation occurs if the transition load is not

applied.
t Expected elongation may be:
200 to 6000 microstrain
One finite element analysis predicted a microstrain of
1500. This is equivalent of 15 ft on a 10,000 ft string
of pipe.
t Rotation of coiled tubing results in bending about a
new axis. This may result in significant elongation of
the coiled tubing.
t Axially loading the coiled tubing (reel tension) while
bending the pipe may increase the effects of
elongation.
t Change in pipe length is relatively small
Most procedures performed with coiled tubing are
not affected.
t If depth accuracy is critical, use a method of
depth correlation:
Tag on a known depth and correlate at surface.
Run a profile locator
Run a tubing end locator
Run gamma - CCL in the BHA with stiff wireline
Failure Analysis
O CT Performance Report
t All CT Failures - of what ever nature should be
reported to CTRE
t Is this important?
New procedure for the gathering of samples and the relevant

information.
O CT Failures By
Cause
Manufacturing Flaw
25%
H2S Cracking
8%
Operator Error
Mechanical 6%
Damage
25% Erosion
2%
No Flaw
2%
Corrosion
32%
O CT Performance Report
t Total Failures = 51 Reported + 9 Unofficial
t Average Fatigue Life at Failure = 29%
t Assume 20K US$ / String
t = 852,000 US$ Unused Inventory
Pipe Inspection
O Companies Offering Coiled Tubing Inspection

Systems
t Tuboscope Vetco
t Stylwan
t CTES
t Rosen
O What is Required From BJ Services
t Internal and external flaw detection
distinguishable from background noise generated
by dirty or scaled tubing. Differentiate between
internal and external flaws.
t Must detect longitudinal cracks, transverse cracks
and corrosion pits.
t Depth measurement and circumference mapping
for easy location of flaw detections for manual
verification.
t Diameter measurement on at least three axes and
ovality calculations.
t Wall thickness indication.
O What is Required From BJ Services

t Ability to run in two directions.
t Operating environment ranging from -45 °C to +45
°C without having to re-calibrate the unit.
t Waterproof, dust proof and explosion proof
equipment suitable for desert, jungle, offshore and
arctic environments.
t Oilfield rugged so cable terminals, cables and
sensors are not easily damaged.
O CT Monitoring Systems - Where are we?

Several Systems on the market:
Product Ovality Flaw Cost
CTES X $60K
Stylwan X Not for Sale
Rosen X X
Not for Sale
TuboScope X X Not for Sale
O CT Monitoring Systems - Where are we?
t Canadian Operations are using the Stylwan & Tuboscope
Systems
H2S market driven
Has detected flaws in bias weld
Has detected mechanical damage on new tubing
As it stands, there is no one unit that meets all

the criteria.
t Purchase of an inspection system is not

recommended by BJ Services at this time.
BUT!!!
OPTI+Cal
O Desired Features:
t Easy to use in field
t Relatively inexpensive
t Zone 2 rating
O Measurement
t Diameter (can detect dent or flat spot)
t Ovality (collapse issues)
t Wall thickness (corrosion – especially
internal)
O OD & ovality to +/- 0.005”

O Wall thickness to +/- 5%
O Detect typical storage corrosion metal
loss pattern.
O Running speed 0 to 200 ft/min.
O Factory bias welds
O Interface to Jobmaster and CYCLE.
Environmental
O Mount on standard
level-wind trolley.
O Outdoor , -40 to
+40 deg C.
O All operating
regions, land and
offshore.
Magnets
8 sensors
MFL
partly
assembled
Fibers
Calliper
assembly
Diameter
sensor
Polarizer rotates
…as diameter
changes
General view
JobMaster:
digital data
Feb. 28 / 06 Field Trial

Corrosion
OExternal
OInternal
OCT Storage Inhibition

O Internal Corrosion:
t Wall thinning or pitting from acid
t Internal weld susceptibility
t Amine spearhead and blend inhibitors
t Soda ash to pasivate after acid treatment
O External Corrosion:
t Wall thinning or pitting
Internal Corrosion Is
t H2S cracking
The Main Problem
t CO2 corrosion
t Storage corrosion
Corrosion is defined as the deterioration of a

substance because of its reaction with its
surroundings.
In 1932 arsenic was found to be the best inhibitor for

protecting tubular from the corrosion caused by
hydrochloric acid. In 1958 the American Petroleum
Institute brought attention to the damage arsenic
caused the platinum catalysts in the refineries.
Because of this more regard was given to the use of
organic chemicals compounds as corrosion inhibitors.
Research carried out to find new inhibitors

found among other things that:
(1) Members of two inhibitor classes when used together
were found to be more effective than when one was
used alone,
(2) Certain chemicals which alone would not affect
corrosion would improve the action of other inhibitors.
Inhibitor formulations today are based on the first and

most acid treatments on wells with bottom hole
temperatures above 200°F (93°C) use the second.
Some of the primary factors affecting

corrosion are temperature, acid concentration,
type of steel, inhibitor concentration, time and
pressure.
Other factors such as fluid velocity and unlike

metals or galvanic corrosion can effect
corrosion but are generally controlled by job
design.
Inhibitors do not stop corrosion; they slow it

down by interfering with the production of
hydrogen.
If Hydrogen sulphide is present in the well, then
inhibition loading may have to be changed and a sulfide
cracking inhibitor such as HS-20 or HS-22 added.
Utilize the Corrosion Information Database for

recommended additive loading – Mixing Manual loading
tables are recommendations for carbon steel oilfield
pipe.
Example of Acid Corrosion

O Material Selection Specific to Well &

Job Profile
O H2S? O High Pressure?

t No = Any Material t HS90 Not Recommended
t Yes = HS70 preferred t D/t Ratio < 15
O High D/t Ratio Required O Normal Cycling Pressure
(light pipe)? Above 4,000 psi?
t HS90 & QT900 Not t HS90 Not Recommended
recommended O Normal Cycling Pressure
O Tapered String? Above 5,000 psi?
t No = Any Material t HS Not Recommended
t Yes = QT1000 not allowed O Majority of Cycling Below
O QT1000 Required? 3,000 psi?
t Internal Flash Removed t HS70/HS80 recommended
Only (= parallel string) O Field Welding Required?
O Pipe Size Greater 1 3/4”? t 70 or 80 Grades only
t QT800 Recommended
C T M a te ria l S e le c tio n
H2S ? Yes
No
Yes O D > 1 3 /4 "
No
L a rg e P u ll
C y c lin g a t
Yes C a p a c ity No
< 3 ,0 0 0 p s i
R e q u ire d ?
No
Yes
H S 90 N ot C y c lin g a t
R ecom m ended Yes
> 4 ,0 0 0 p s i
No
C y c lin g a t
Yes T a p e re d S trin g ? Yes
> 5 ,0 0 0 p s i
No
No
No
9 0 G ra d e s N o t H ig h D /t R a tio ?
Yes
R ecom m ended (lo w w e ig h t)
No
Yes F ie ld W e ld in g ? Yes
No
N o S p e c ific
Q T800 Q T900 Q T1000 H S 90 HS80 HS70
R e c o m m e n d a tio n
High Strength Coiled Tubing

O 90,000 to 110,000 psi minimum yields
O Primary Applications
t High pressure CT - 8,000 to 15,000 psi
t Increased well depths
t Longer straight wall strings
O Mechanical and Operational Challenges
t Higher hardness and lower elongation
t Sour gas limitations
t Cycle life not as great at lower pressures as 70/80 ksi
O 90 Ksi versus 100 Ksi Material
Tapered Strings
For deeper wells, tapered wall thickness

used to improve overall overpull/yield
strength to string weight performance.
Bias weld
profile Bias Weld Profiles
O Standard Taper
Intermediate section
Heavier wall tapered over length Lighter wall
O TruTaper
Bias weld Bias weld

O Continuous True-Taper Strip

Rolling to
form linear
taper
O 10% at each
end flat
O 80% tapered
O Wall
accurately
known
O Allows for
Gauge-to-
Cost Effectiveness vs. Operational
gauge BW’s
Benefits?
Exercise 1
O Tapered String Design
Stress along the string at the deepest BHA depth
Workstring % Yield Concentric % Yield
80
70
Percentage of Yield Stress
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 2500 5000 7500 10000 12500 15000 17500 20000
Measured Depth [ft]

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CT Technical Considerations

O Coiled Tubing History & Manufacturing

Coiled Tubing History

Coiled Tubing Manufacturing

Coiled Tubing 31.8 mm 1 1/4”

Evolution 38.1 mm 1 1/2”

“Continuous Tubing” Milling Process

“Continuous Tubing” Milling Process

EVOLUTION OF COILED TUBING MATERIAL

Tri-Axial Stress Theory

O Von Mises - Henky - Huber Stress Ellipse

σA, σR, σH and τ are

then used to calculate one Equivalent Yield Stress Value

Axial Stress σA = F/Am

Shear due to Torsion τ = TORQUE * d

Sine Wave Buckling

Friction Lock Limit Weight Gauge

Fatigue Theory & Analysis

O Fatigue Cycles Bending Stress

22.3 ft Radius Yield Radius for

Reel Size for 1.5” CT in an Actual Reel Size Diameter

O Fatigue Cycles Bending Stress

O Primary Factors Effecting Fatigue & Dilation

O Previous CT Pipe Management

t Does not take into account:

 The pressure at which the cycle(s) occurred

 Any corrosive damage

O Coiled Tubing Fatigue Model “CYCLE”

O CYCLE Fatigue Life

t 100% of mean fatigue is 1 failure out of two tests.

t Safe working life = 1 failure in 1000 tests. Therefore 100% of

t When 100% of safe working life is reached this is considered

O CYCLE Fatigue Life

t Uses the pressure at the bend ie. The pressure at

O CYCLE Fatigue Life

t Cycles to safe working life

t The pipe is broken into 50' lengths

t Beside a weld the pipe is broken into 5' - 10' lengths

O CYCLE Fatigue Life

t Fatigue only occurs when moving pipe

 Pressure testing is not taken into account nor is

increasing pressure when not moving pipe.

Estimated Fatigue Maximum Safe Life

0 2500 5000 7500 10000 12500 15000 17500

O Derivation of Safe Operating Life

Cycles Mean Life 1:1000 Chance

O Other Parameters That Effect Fatigue

Higher ductility and lower hardness grades of CT have longer cycle

O 3% taken off the life of the String

Weld Type 70 ksi 80 ksi QT1000

Factory Butt 60% 75% 60%

Field Repair/ 80% 80% 80%

Field Repair/ 80% 80% 80%

fatigue allowed = no weld fatigue*(1.0-0.6)

For Example, if we have good pipe with a remaining fatigue

Slipmark Type Rating

Continuous Profile 25%

Interrupted Profile 80%

O Interrupted Slip marks

O Ballooning / Dilation 1.25” CT Sample

O 1 1/4” and smaller, max. = 30/1000”

Coiled Tubing Butt Welds

O Key Controllable Welding Parameters:

The pressure at which the cycle(s) occurred

Any corrosive damage

Pressure testing is not taken into account nor is

A transition load = 58% of the yield strength.

Zero elongation occurs if the transition load is not