3 CHapPTER Hydrostatic Forces o > 3.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter deals with the fluids (i.e. liquids and gases) at res relative motion between adjacent or neighbouring fluid layers. The the change of velocity between two adjacent fluid layers divided by t be zer0 or =0. The shear stress whichis equal oy. 5X will als the fluid particles will be : 1, due to pressure of fluid normal to the surface, 2. due to gravity (or self-weight of fluid particles) » 3.2 TOTAL PRESSURE AND CENTRE OF PRESSURE Total pressure is defined as the force exerted by a static Nuid ona the fluid comes in contact with the surfaces. This force always acts Centre of pressure is defined as the point of application of the! are four cases of submerged surfaces on which the total pressure f determined. The submerged surfaces may be : 1. Vertical plane surface, 2. Horizontal plane surface, 3. Inclined plane surface, and(a) Total Pressure (F), The total pressure on the surface may be determined by dividing the entire surface into a number of ‘small parallel strips. The force on small strip is then calculated and the total pressure force on the whole area is calculated by integrating the force on small strip. Consider a strip of thickness dh and width 6 at a depth of 4 from free surface of liquid as shown in Fig. 3.1 Pressure intensity on the strip, P=pgh (See equation 2.5) Area of the strip, dA=bxdh Total pressure force on strip, dF =p X Area =pghxbxdh Total pressure force on the whole surface, Fafar=[osh xbxdh=pe[b But Joxtxdn = fax aa = Moment of surface area abou = Area of surface x Distance 0 =Axh F=pgah For water the value of p= 1000 kg/m? and g = 9.81 mV/s. The force v (b) Centre of Pressure (h*), Centre of pressure is calculated by usin which states that the moment of the resultant force about an axis is equa components about the same axis. ‘The resultant force F is acting at P, at a distance A* from free surt Fig. 3.1. Hence moment of the force F about free surface of the liquid = Moment of force dF, acting on a strip about free surface of liquid =dFxh =pghxbxdhxh Sum of moments of all such forces about free surface of liquid = Jrehxbxdhxh=pg [ox[ Hyd - FXh* = pgiy But F=pedh a pgAh x h* = pgiy A or re Be ae By the theorem of parallel axis, we have IpzlgtAxh® where J, = Moment of Inertia of area about an axis passing througl the free surface of liquid. ‘Substituting /,, in equation (3.4), we get Igt+ Ah _ |, oo te atc i) m4 +h In equation (3.5), h isthe distance of C.G, of the area of the verti liquid. Hence from equation (3.5), it is clear that : (i) Centre of pressure (i.¢., h*) lies below the centre of gravity ¢ (i) The distance of centre of pressure from free surface of liquid liquid. Table 3.1 ‘The moments of inertia and other geometric properties