TERMPAPER

DIFFERENT MECHANISM USED IN INDUSTRIES

CODE:MEC101

SUBMITTED TO:

MR. ACHITANAND DUBEY

SUBMITTED BY:

ANKUSH SHARMA

ROLL NO. B44

SECTION- G7901

REG. NO. - 10900746

 DIFFERENT MECHANISM USED IN INDUSTRIES

Introduction

A mechanism considered to be an assembly of mechanical items designed to achieve a specific

purpose within a machine. There are clearly an infinite number of mechanisms available but the
notes and links are concentrating on the specific ones as listed below.

Motion Control Using Computers

The notes below relate generally to mechanical methods for providing relative motion and
forces. There is an increasing tendency to produce motions using servo hydraulic systems and
stepping motors under the control of digital computers. Although the mechanism design often
requires creativity and a high level of analysis the final product is often low priced and provides
reliable, efficient, predictable performance. However a mechanism is generally made to perform a
fixed operation, reliably and predictably. Computer controlled motions can be continuously
monitored and if necessary modified. If the output motion is changed from a harmonic motion to a
periodic square wave motion or a sawtooth motion then changing the control parameters for a
computer controlled system is often very convenient. If a large number of systems have been
developed then the cost of modifying the software or firmware is much less than modifying a large
number of mechanisms..

Although the motions of many of high technology machines and computer systems are being
controlled by computers. The need for mechanisms is also increasing in consumer goods e.g.
mechanisms in consumer goods, toys, lifting equipment, vehicles, aircraft, industrial machines,
gardening implements,etc etc etc... ......

Classification Of Mechanisms

There are many methods of classifying mechanisms. The following list is a functional list based on
the type of motion required. This list is based on that provided in Theory of Machines and
Mechanisms ..Uicker, Pennock, ans Shigley. The notes below are low level descriptions. Over
time additional notes will be included...For detailed analysis and synthesis please refer to the books
listed in the book section of this site.

1. Snap-Action Mechanisms
2. Linear Actuators
3. Fine Adjustment Mechanisms
4. Clamping Mechanisms
5. Location Devices
6. Ratchets
7. Escapements
8. Indexing Mechanisms
 9. Swinging or Rocking Mechanisms
10. Reciprocating Mechanisms
11. Reversing Mechanisms
12. Couplings and Connectors
13. Sliding Connectors
14. Stop Pause and Hesitation Mechanisms
15. Curve Generators
16. Straight Line generators

17. Tracing Mechanisms

Snap Action Mechanisms

Snap action mechanisms are also called toggle and bi-stable mechanism are widely used for
components for simple toggle switches to clamps. A typical toggle mechanism is shown below...

Linear Actuators

Stationary Screws with rotating nuts

This group include machine tool traversing mechanisms, jacks, valve drives etc etc.
These mechanism essentially convert rotary motion to linear motion. High mechanical advantages
can result from components which are convenient to design and engineer. The output motions and
forces are very easy to evaluate for the input forces.

Stationary Nuts with with rotating screw

This group includes power screw actuators, valve drives, jacks. The characteristics of this group is
essentially the same as the group with stationary screws and rotating nuts

Single and double acting hydraulic and pneumatic cylinders

This is a massive group including positioning cylinders, rams jacks . The motions and forces are very
easy to calculate..The motion involves convertion of potential energy in fluid to kinetic energy of the
motion of the component moved by the cylinder

Fine adjustment mechanisms

A fine adjusting mechanism is primarily used for control where small movements are required resulting from larger
movements of the input. The variations of this group include screws, differential screws, gears, cams.etc etc. A
typical method of providing small output rotations from input motions is shown below.. One rotation of the input
shaft will result in a linear motion of the carriage of 0,5mm.
Clamping Mechanisms

Typical clamping mechanisms include toolmakers clamps, G clamps, screw clamps, clamps based on
cams. Clamps result from lever actions, screw forces, toggle motions..The two important factors in
the engineering of a clamp is the method of applying a high force and the method of retaining the
force after removal of the input motion...

Toggle Clamp
Toolmakers Clamp G Clamp Cam Clamp

Horizontal In-Line ToggleClamp Vertical Toggle Clamp

Location Devices

Location devices often involve positioning and centralising of the component being located. Jigs
and fixtures are used widely in industry for locating items prior to machining or assembly..

Ratchets
A ratchet is used to ensure that the motion of the output device is only allow in one direction even though the input
motion may be in either direction or oscillatory.

Escapements

Escapements are used for to control continuous motion to produce a highly controlled step motion at a fixed rate.
Escapements are used for mechanically driven clocks. When used with clocks the escapement controls the spring
driven clock mechanism such that it moves in regulated steps controlled by a pendulum or an oscillating arm.

Indexing Mechanisms

Indexing mechanisms generally converts a rotating, rocking or oscillatory motion to a series of step
movements of the output link or shaft. Indexing mechanisms are useful for counters and machine
tool feeds.

Swinging Or Rocking Mechanisms

This type of mechanism produces a swinging or rocking motion of a link. The motion is generally
less than 360o and is an oscillatory motion.

Reciprocating Mechanisms

Reciprocating straight line motion is most generally completed using pneumatic, hydraulic, and
electric linear actuators. Reciprocating motion is also achieved using rack and pinion, and cams.
Historically a number of machines have been operated very successfully using specially developed
mechanisms.

Reversing Mechanisms

It is comparatively easy to obtain reversing motion using pneumatic, hydraulic, levers and gears
methods.

Reverse Linear Motion Using 2-Racks Reverse Rotational Motion using 2

and a Pinion Pinions Reverse Linear Motion using Links

A mechanism capable of delivering output motion in either direction can also be achieved using
pneumatic and hydraulic systems with appropriate direction control valves. A lever or gear type
system would require the use of some type of clutch. Some two-way clutches which connect one
output shaft to one of two drive shafts rotating in the opposite directions can result in a direction
reversal of the output shaft without stopping the drive shaft. This, of course assumes no problems
due to inertia.
Rotational Couplings / Connectors

Transmitting motion between parallel, coaxial, intersecting and skewed shafts is achieved using
mechanical coupling systems. There are a wide range of different designs of couplings. The basic
simple design of coupling is used to transmit rotary motion in both directions between two co-axial
shaft. The design of these couplings is based on the torque to be transmitted, the speed, and the
degree of misalignment..The available range of gear designs can be used to connect shafts of
virtually any relative orientation. Gears not only allow the transfer of rotation but also direction and
speed.
Belt drives can also be used to couple shafts together. The method can accomodate various relative
shaft positions and can be designed such that the relative shaft positions can vary as rotation is taking
place.Chain drives provide more positive coupling than belt drives but are not as positive as gear
drives..Typical couplings based on simple link systems are shown below. These methods are limited
in the power that can be transmitted and the evenness of the output shaft motion.

Universal Coupling

Realeaux Coupling

Sliding Connectors

Sliding connectors are used when one slider is used to drive another slider. The normal problem is
that the sliders operate on the same plane but in different directions..Different methods of solving
this problem include.

1. Using Rigid links between the slider with pivot points on the sliders
2. Joining the sliders with belts, chains or guided chains- push_pull chains
3. Fastening racks to each slider and mechanically joining the sliders using gears
4. Using Rigid links between the slider with pivot points on the sliders
5. Using Flexible drive systems

6. Using hydraulic cylinders.

 Simple sliding linkage coupling Simple sliding coupling using Rack & Pinions

Simple sliding coupling using Rack & Pinions

Stop and Dwell Mechanisms

The most obvious example of this type of mechanism is that used to control the valves on and
internal combustion engine. The valve has to open, remain open for a fixed part of the cycle, close,
and remain close for a fixed part of the cycle. The solution for this type of mechanism is to use of
cam controlling the motion of the valve stem.

Indexing mechanisms as described in the indexing section can often provide stop and dwell motions.

Curve Generators

The four bar chain can be used to generate an infinite range of curves by adjusting the two fixed
pivot points and the lengths of the links. The curves generated by the free pivot points are obviously
circles with radii = to the length of the links to the adjacent fixed pivot points. The motion of points
along the coupler between the two free pivot points is however complex and variable.

The modern method of developing curve motion is to use Numerical control methods combined with
hydraulic, or electronic servo drives. There are however opportunities for using direct mechanical
systems for low cost components.
Straight Line Generators

The clear obvious method of developing a straight line motion is to use a machined slideway. The
obvious alternative method is to use computer controlled electric or hydraulic drive systems.
However in the early days of the engineering industry these options were not available and methods
of generating straight lines using linkages were developed. These systems all resulted in
approximate straight lines but they were generally sufficient for the requirements.

Whitwort
h Straight Line Mechanism
<
Robert Chebychev Straight Line
s Straight Line Mechanism Mechanism

Path Following Mechananisms

The pantograph (ref figure below) is a linkage mechanism that is used to trace the movement of a
point at a larger or small scale. Movement of point p is copied by movement of point p'. The
geometric requirement of the pantagraph linkage are that the links a,b,c & d form an equal sided
parallelogram.
1. BIOCHEMICAL

ForMECHANISM
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System has advanced capabilities that make it a versatile and powerful analytical tool for the development of many cutting
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ADINA is widely used in biomechanical applications. The following are some of the reasons for this widespread adoption:

• Advanced material models

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• Robust contact algorithms
• Fast and robust solvers
• CFD, general Navier-Stokes fluid
•
• State-of-the-art fluid-structure interaction capabilities for modeling the interaction between general nonlinear structures and
1. Shear Mechanism
2. Scoop Mechanism
3. Funnel Mechanism
4. Baffle Mechanism
5. Plunger Mechanism
6. Neckring Mechanism
7. Invert Mechanism
8. Blowhead Mechanism
9. Vertiflow Mechanism
The Operation of making glasses:
1. Shear mechanism - shears the gob
2. Scoop mechanism - guides the gob
3. Mould opening & closed mechanism - Blank mould closed
4. Funnel mechanism “ guides the gob in required shape
5. Baffle mechanism “ ˜ON™ operation
6. Plunger mechanism “ ˜ON™
7. Counter blow operation
8. Settle blow operation
9. Neckring mechanism - Parison transfer to blow mould
10. Blow head mechanism - Final blow
11. Take-out mechanism “ takes the bottle to the machine conveyor

SHEAR MECHANISM
The shear mechanism consists mainly of two sector gears, two arms and bracket. The shear blades are fixed on the
shear arms. The function of the shear mechanism is to shear the gobs in proper shape and size for the container
making process.
Mould supporting bracket

SCOOP MECHANISM
The scoop mechanism consists of a piston and cylinder arrangement. The purpose of scoop mechanism is to supply
the gob to the different sections of the I.S. machine for glass formation.
Piston rods & shafting

FUNNEL MECHANISM

The funnel mechanism consists of a piston and rod and a cylinder. The arm is dipped in an oil well and the
ËœOFFâ„¢ operation is spring controlled. The purpose of funnel mechanism is to hold the funnel arm and to guide
the gob in the required shape to the blank mould.

Improved cam design resulted in speed increase up to 33% during downstroke and 35% during upstroke
Less mold equipment wear
Prolonged mechanism service life
Reduced inventories for funnel mechanism and spare parts
Greater maintenance convenience
 Compatibility with existing mold equipment
Externally accessible ball check valves
Enlarged air passages
Integrated cushioning ring
Permanent lubrication
Precise mechanism movement

BAFFLE MECHANISM

A baffle mechanism consists of a long piston and rod and a cylinder. The twisting of the baffle of the baffle arm is
achieved by a cam provided at the bottom of the cylinder. The function of the baffle mechanism is to hold the
parison while giving counter blow and then to give the settle blow.

PLUNGER MECHANISM

The function of plunger mechanism is to provide the counter blow air for parison formation and to give the plunger
movement for the formation of the neck of the glass container. It consists of a piston and cylinder arrangement.
For Precision Parison Forming
Quick Exchange for Different Processes
Low Friction Design for Narrow Neck Press & Blow
Precise Plunger Alignment
Improved Plunger Cooling
Improved Efficiency and Reduced Job-Change time

CKRING MECHANISM
The neckring mechanism consists of a splined shaft and two cylinders, which are air operated. The function of
neckring mechanism is to hold the neckring and to transfer the ware than the blank mould to the blow mould.
50% higher cooling efficiency
Easier handling at job change
Rigid design
Well proven damper cylinder

INVERT MECHANISM

The invert mechanism consists of a racked piston and a cylinder. The end operations are cushioned by two hydraulic
cartridges. The function of invert mechanism is to rotate the neckring mechanism for parison transfer.
Cartridge valve

Predictable cooling helps produce more consistent container quality

Reduced cooling time leads to potential for higher production speed
Easier mold change helps reduce down time
Fumes carried away thus providing better working environment
No heat load on section helps increase mechanism life
Conversion of VertiFlow Molds to use of existing mold stock
BLOWHEAD MECHANISM

The blow head mechanism consists of a piston and rod and a cylinder. The cam and cam roller movement
determines the swing of the arm. The cam is immersed in an oil well. The function of the blow head mechanism is to
provide the final blow air for the complete formation of the bottle in the blow mould cavity.

Blowhead arms

Improved cam design resulted in speed increase up to 37% during downstroke and 24% during upstroke
Less wear on blowhead arms and blowheads
Prolonged mechanism service life
Reduced inventories for blowhead mechanism and spare parts
Greater maintenance convenience
Compatibility with existing mold equipment
Externally accessible ball check valves
Enlarged air passages
Optimized upstroke piston rod cushioning
Integrated air and lubrication piping
Precise mechanism movement

VERTIFLOW MECHANISM

The vertiflow mechanism consists of an air chamber and a damper, which is air operated. The function of the
vertiflow mechanism is to provide the cooling air for the cooling of the blow moulds in an I.S. machine.
CONCLUSION
The various mechanisms employed for making glass bottles and jars by the glass manufacturing industries are
discussed. Now, the glass industry is set to grow at a rapid pace because of the diverse uses of various types of
glasses. Fiberglass reinforced with plastics can be used in the construction of furniture, cars, trucks, lampshades,
bathroom fittings etc. Based on the recent developments in the glass industry, different types of glasses are being
used in many fields like as a riffle barrel which is lighter and stronger than the conventional type, to form thousands
of items in the body of a guided missile, for the construction of noses of deep diving vehicles

REFERENCE :

www.roymech.co

www.seminarprojects.com

www.latest-science-articles.com

www.infogrok.com