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2 1
f3x(2) = (4500) + 30 × 300 ×
3 2
ÑÎ f 2 x ÑÞ Î6000 Þ
(2)
∴ Ï (2) ß = Ï ß
ÑÐ f 3 x Ñà Ð7500 à
Î F1x 1500 Þ
Ñ Ñ
∴ {F} = Ï3000 6000 ß
Ñ 7500 Ñ
Ð à
Stiffness matrices
1 2
(1)
[k ] = AE Ë 1 1Û
30 ÌÍ 1 1ÜÝ
2 3
[k ] = AE Ë 1 1Û
(2)
30 ÌÍ 1 1ÜÝ
Ë 1 1 0Û
(3) AE Ì Ü
[k ] = 1 2 1
30 Ì Ü
Ì
Í 0 1 1ÜÝ
Global equations
{F} = [K] {d}
Îu1 Þ
Ñv Ñ
E Ñ 1Ñ
σ(1) = [C’] {d} = [– C – S C S] Ï ß
L Ñu2 Ñ
Ñ
Ðv2 Ñ
à
Î 0 Þ
30 10 6 Ñ 0 Ñ
Ñ Ñ
= [– 1 0 1 0] Ï ß
30 Ñ 0.00825 Ñ
ÑÐ 0 Ñ à
99
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Îu2 0.00825Þ
30 10
Ñv Ñ
σ (2) =
6
Ñ2
[– 1 0 1 0] Ï
0 Ñ
ß
30 Ñu3 0.012 Ñ
ÑÐv3 0 Ñà
600 lb
in.
450 lb
in.
lb
300 in.
lb
150 in. 4
3
2
1
1 15 2 15 3 15 4 15 5
lb
150
in.
F = 1 ¥ 150 ¥ 15¢¢
2
= 1125 lb
1
3
F 1
(375 lb) 2
15¢¢ (750 lb)
3 F
300
F1 = 1125 lb
150
F2 = 150 ¥ 15 = 2250 lb
2
375 lb
750 lb
1125 15¢¢ 1125
+ +
1500 1875
Global equations
100
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AE
4500 = (– u2 + 2u 3 – u4) (2)
15
AE
6750 = (– u3 + 2u4 – u5) (3)
15
AE
4120 = (– u4 + u5) (4)
15
Using Gaussian Elimination, divide (1) by (2)
1 AE
1125 = ÈÉ u2 u5 ØÙ (5)
Ê 2 Ú 15
AE
6750 = (– u3 + 2u4 – u 5) (7)
15
AE
4120 = (– u4 + u5) (8)
15
1 AE
1125 = (u2 – 2 u3) (9)
15
Divide (6) by 1.5
1 AE
3750 = ÈÉ 0 u3 u4 ØÙ (10)
Ê 1.5 Ú 15
AE
10500 = [(2 – 0.067) u4 – u5)] (11)
15
AE
4120 = (– u4 + u5) (12)
15
1 AE
1125 = ÈÉ u2 u3 ØÙ (13)
Ê 2 Ú 15
1 AE
3750 = ÈÉ u ØÙ (14)
Ê 1.5 4 Ú 15
3
4 × (11)
3 AE
⇒ 7875 = ÈÉ u4 u5 ØÙ (15)
Ê 4 Ú 15
1 AE
11995 = u5 (16)
4 15
101
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Solve (16) for u5
11995 4 15
u5 = = 0.012 in.
2 30 106
By (15)
15 3
u4 = 7875 × (0.012 in.)
2 30 10 6
4
⇒ u4 = 0.01097 in.
By (10)
3750 (15 ) 1
u3 = 6
(0.01097)
2 30 10 1.5
⇒ u3 = 0.00825 in.
By (9)
1125 15 1
u2 = (0.00825)
2 30 10 6 2
⇒ u2 = 0.00441 in.
30 106 Î 0 Þ
σ (1) = [– 1 1] Ï ß
15 Ð0.00441à
30 106 Î0.00441Þ
σ (2) = [– 1 1] Ï ß
15 Ð0.00825à
30 106 Î0.00825Þ
σ (3) = [– 1 1] Ï ß
15 Ð0.01097 à
30 106 Î0.01097 Þ
σ (4) = [– 1 1] Ï ß
15 Ð 0.012 à
Exact solution
10 x
F1x P(x)
x
102
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1 lb
F1x = (60″) (600 )
2 in.
F1x = 18000 lb
1
P(x) = 18000 – 2 (10 x) x
P(x) = 18000 – 5 x2
x (18000 5 x 2 )
u(x) = Ô0 AE
dx
1 Ë 5
= Ì
18000 x x 3 ÛÜ + C
AE Í 3 Ý
u(0) = 0 = C
18000 5 3
3
x
u=
60 10 6
u=
0.008 60 ¥ 10 6
Four elements
0.007
0.006
0.005 One element
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
0
0 20 40 60
Axial coordinate in inches
5 Exact
4 s (x) = 9000 – 2.5 x2
3
2
1
0
0 20 40 60
Axial coodinate in inches
103
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3.55
lb
300
in.
Analytical solution
F(x) at wall = – 300 (60) = – 18000 lb
18,000 lb f (x)
lb
300
in.
x
1 Ë 150 x 2 Û
⇒ δ (x) = Ì 9000 x Ü +C
EÍ 2 Ý
1 2
f1x f2x
104
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(2) Two elements
1 1 2 2 3
300 30
f1x =
2
300 30
f2x = (1 1)
2
300 30
f3x =
2
f1x = 4500 lb
f2x = 9000 lb
f3x = 4500 lb
Global equation
30 106 Î 0 Þ
σ (1) = [– 1 1] Ï 3 ß
30 Ð6.75 10 à
⇒ σ (1) = 6750 psi (T)
NODE POINTS
K IFIX XC(K) YC(K) ZC(K)
1 111 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
2 011 6.000000E+01 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
105
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ELEMENTS
K NODE (I, K) E(K) A(K)
1 1 2 3.0000E+07 2.0000E+00
ELEMENTS
K MODE (I, K) K(K) A(K)
1 1 2 3.0000E+07 2.0000E+00
2 2 3 3.0000E+07 2.0000E+00
DISPLACEMENTS X Y Z
NODE NUMBER 1 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
NODE NUMBER 2 0.6750E–02 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
NODE NUMBER 3 0.9000E–02 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
106
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Four elements
NODE POINTS
K IFIX XC(K) YC(K) ZC(K)
1 111 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
2 011 1.500000E+01 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
3 011 3.000000E+01 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
4 011 4.500000E+01 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
5 011 6.000000E+01 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
DISPLACEMENTS X Y Z
NODE NUMBER 1 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
NODE NUMBER 2 0.3937E–02 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
NODE NUMBER 3 0.6750E–02 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
NODE NUMBER 4 0.8437E–02 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
NODE NUMBER 5 0.9000E–02 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
107
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Stress va’axial coordinate
9
8
Eight elements
7
Four elements
6
Two elements
[Thousnads]
Stress in psi
5 One element
4
3
Analytical
2
0
0 20 40 60
Axial coordinate in inches
0.006
One element
0.005
Two element
0.004
0.002
0.001
0
0 20 40 60
Axial coordinate in inches
1 2 A = 2 in.2
1 30¢¢ 2 30¢¢ 3 E = 30 ¥ 106 psi
lb
F = (1000 in. ) (30 in.) = 3000 lb
3000 lb
(1) 1 (1)
f1x = 1500 lb f2x = 1500 lb
3000 lb
(2) (2)
f2x = 1500 lb f3x = 1500 lb
Î F1x 1500 lb Þ
Ñ Ñ
{F} = Ï1500 1500 ß
Ñ F 1500 Ñ
Ð 3x à
AE Ë 1 1Û
[k(1)] = Ì 1
30 Í 1ÜÝ
AE Ë 1 1Û
[k(2)] = Ì 1
30 Í 1ÜÝ
108
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