Q.

21
Refrigeration
It is a process of removing heat from an enclosed space or from a
substance for the purpose of lowering the temperature than the
surroundings.
In the industrialized nations and affluent regions in the developing world,
refrigeration is chiefly used to store foodstuffs at low temperatures. Air-
conditioning, the use of refrigeration for comfort cooling, has also become
widespread in more developed nations.
Evaporation
Evaporation is the process of a substance in a liquid state changing to a
gaseous state due to an increase in temperature and/or pressure.
Evaporation is a fundamental part of the water cycle and is constantly
occurring throughout nature.
Evaporators for industrial wastewater treatment exploit a natural
phenomenon: evaporation. ...

Q.22
Q.23
A heat exchanger is a device used to transfer heat between two or more
fluids.
Classification of Heat Exchangers by Flow Configuration
There are four basic flow configurations:
 Counter Flow
 Concurrent Flow
 Crossflow
Types of heat exchanger

Indirect heat exchangers

In this type, the steams are separated by a wall, usually metal. Examples of
these are tubular exchangers and plate exchangers.
Direct contact
This category of heat exchanger does not use a heat transfer surface,
because of this, it is often cheaper than indirect heat exchangers. However,
to use a direct contact heat exchanger with two fluids they must be
immiscible or if a single fluid is to be used it must undergo a phase change.
Examples are cooling towers, direct contact condenser, steam injegtors and
direct heating.
For further explanation you can visit
http://www.thermopedia.com/content/832/

Q.24
Chillers:
It is a machine used to reduce the temperature of the medium(water) or
cooling the water by vapor absorption or vapor compression system.
Basically, Chillers absorbs heat from the coolant, which is fully contained
within the cooling method. Usually, it transfers the heat to the surrounding
air in the cooling process.
Chillers are widely used in several organizations. Their different areas will
not be affected by the help of an air Chiller. Most importantly, there are many
installations rely on the chiller to produce heat during the winter season also.

Cooling Tower
The most easily recognizable form of direct contact heat exchanger is the
natural draught Cooling Tower found at many power stations. These units
comprise of a large approximately cylindrical shell (usually over 100 m in
height) and packing at the bottom to increase surface area. The water to be
cooled is sprayed onto the packing from above while air flows in through
the bottom of the packing and up through the tower by natural buoyancy.
The main problem with this and other types of direct contact cooling tower
is the continuous need to make up the cooling water supply due to
evaporator tower.
In this technology, a condenser is used that discharges water to cooling
towers and removes the heat. Hence, this process is done via air-liquid in
combination with spraying water on the surfaces. With the help of its fans,
the heat is transferred to the air passing in the cooling tower.
A cooling tower is found in mechanical processes and electric power
generation procedure of power plants. These plants are commonly located
near lakes or rivers which are selected to provide cooling.
Meanwhile, the water coming out of the condenser in the power plants should
be cool down to sustain the power generation process. So, a Cooling tower
is must be installed over there.
https://youtu.be/zgzre5Agwmo
Heat exchanger
Heat exchangers are devices that facilitate the exchange of
energy(heat) between two fluids that are at different temperatures by direct
or indirect contact of the two fluids.

Cooler
A cooler is a device that will take a hot material and remove heat from it,
such as heat from hot water or hot air making the materials cooler. A
refrigerator/freezer is in fact a cooler.
For further information you can visit
http://www.kooldrop.com/blog/difference-between-chiller-and-cooling-tower
https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-a-heat-exchanger-
and-a-cooling-tower#
https://youtu.be/g-oHu0k0EHQ
https://youtu.be/zgzre5Agwmo

Q.25
Approach of heat exchanger
This term refers to the temperature difference between the leaving process
fluid and the entering service fluid. If air is cooled from 300 F to 100 F using
90 F cooling water, the air temperature approaches the water by 10 F (100
– 90 = 10). Such a heat exchanger is said to have a “10 F
approach temperature.”
http://processprinciples.com/2012/06/approach-to-heat-exchanger-design/
Range of heat exchanger
This value can range from 15 to 50% depending on the application's
susceptibility to fouling and other application factors. The hot side medium
or fluid is the fluid that enters the heat exchanger at a higher temperature.
For further information you may visit
https://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/processing_equipment/heat_transfe
r_equipment/heat_exchangers