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EXPERIMENT- A
JAW CRUSHER
OBJECTIVES
THEORY
Jaw crusher is used for coarse crushing (feed size: 40 mm -50 mm; product size: 2 -10 mm). The
crusher has a fixed jaw and a moving jaw pivoted at the top with the crushing faces made of
manganese steel. Since the maximum movement of the jaw is at the bottom, there will be little
tendency for the machine to clog, though some uncrushed material may fall through and have to be
returned to the crusher. Further the maximum pressure will be exerted on the large material which is
introduced at the top. The machine is usually protected so that it is not damaged if lumps of metal
invariantly enter, by making one of the toggle plates in the driving mechanism relatively weak so
that, if any large stresses are set up, this is the first part to fail. Easy renewal of the damaged part is
then possible.
Jaw crushers are made with jaw widths varying from about 100 mm to 200 mm and the running
speed is about 240 rpm, the smaller machines running at higher speeds. The speed of operation
should not be so high that a large quantity of fines is produced as a result of material being
repeatedly crushed because it cannot escape sufficiently quickly. The angle of nip, ie the angle
between the jaws, is usually about 30o. The power requirement of the crusher depends upon the size
and capacity.
One of the laws of comminution or crushing has been proposed by Rittinger. According to
Rittinger’s law, the work required for size reduction is directly proportional to the new surface
created.
E / M = KR (Sp – SF)
Where,
KR = Rittinger’s constant
1
The reciprocal of KR is called Rittinger’s number.
Where,
P is the power required for crushing (W)
.
m is feed rate in Kg/s
s is the particle density, Kg/m3
KR is Rittinger’s Constant, J/m2
Dvs,p and Dvs,F are the sauter diameter of product and feed respectively in mm.
Dvs = Sauter diameter is defined as the diameter of a spherical particle having same specific surface
(surface area per unit volume) as the particle under consideration.
1
ni x i
Again Dvs =
__
DPi
Where n is specific surface ratio
If screen diameter of the particle is very nearly equal to its volumetric diameter then it can be
1
assumed that n = λs =
s
λs is shape factor
and reciprocal of sphericity ( s ) is called shape factor.
‘n’ is taken to be constant for a given material since it is now equal to shape factor.
1 1 s
For feed, nx x
__i i , F = s __i,F =
xi , F
Dvs,F =
__
DPi DPi DPi
1 1 s
nx x xi , P
Similarly for product, Dvs,P =
__i i, P = s __i,P = __
D Pi DPi DPi
If K’R = (6 KR / ρs)
P 1 1
Then we have .
K 'R
m Dvs , P Dvs.F
REQUIREMENTS
Jaw Crusher, Sieve Shaker, Sieves, Weighing Balance, Feed, Stop watch.
PROCEDURE
2
1. Prepare feed to be crushed in the jaw crusher (10 Kg feed of metal stone, 2” max size).
2. Start the jaw crusher, introduce feed stones one after another into the hopper , start stop
watch, note the time and number of pulses on the energy meter till the completion of crushing
the entire feed material. This gives the power consumption (P2) under loaded condition.
3. Run the jaw crusher in unloaded condition for the same time as in step 2, note the
number of pulses on the energy meter. This gives the power consumption (P 1) to run the empty
jaw crusher.
4. Take different sieves ( GI frame sieves with aperture size20 mm, 10mm, 8 mm, 4.75 mm
BSS mesh no 6,10 and pan) and perform sieve analysis of the product from the crusher.
5. Weigh the material in each sieve.
OBSERVATIONS
DATA ACQUISITION
x i, P
__
D Pi
3
CALCULATIONS
Dvs,p and Dvs,F are the sauter diameter of product and feed respectively in mm.
KR is Rittinger’s constant
s
xi , F
Dvs,F =
__
( you may assume Dvs,F =22 mm
DPi
s
xi , P (you may assume s (product)= 0.9 )
and Dvs,P =
__
D Pi
EXPECTED RESULTS
__
1. Calculate the mass fraction xi versus average particle diameter D Pi of each fraction.
2. Determine Rittinger’s constant KR (in J/m2 ) and Rittinger’s number for the material crushed
( in m2 / J ).
3. Compare the Rittinger’s number thus obtained with those reported in literature.
REFERENCES
4
EXPERIMENT- B
ROLL CRUSHER
NAME------------------------------- ID NO----------------------------------------------
SEC. NO---------------------------- BATCH NO---------------------------------------
DATE-------------------------------- INSTRUCTOR’S SIGNATURE---------------
OBJECTIVES
THEORY
Roll Crusher is used to reduce the particle size of materials. They are very common in
industry and have a wide application. In a Roll Crusher, feed of known size is passed between two
heavy smooth faced metal rolls rotating on parallel horizontal axis. Solid particles caught between
the rolls are broken due to compression and drop below. The two rolls turn towards each other at the
same speed. The roller speed ranges from 50 to 100 RPM. Roll Crushers are classified as secondary
crusher with feed 8 mm to 75mm in size and products 8 mm to 1mm. The forces exerted by the rolls
can be varied by adjusting the springs provided. To allow the unbroken material to pass through
without damaging the machine, one roll is spring mounted.
The Lab setup is used to crush different types of material. Both the rolls are interconnected
with the gears. Power is transmitted from motor to one roll with coupling and to the other roll by
means of gears. A hopper is provided at the top for feeding the material. Particles of feed caught
between the rolls are broken in compression and drop out below. The rolls turn towards each other
at the same speed. They have relatively narrow faces and are larger in diameter so that they can nip
moderately large lumps. Loading bolts are provided for safety. The maximum size of the product is
approximately equal to gap between the rolls & it can be adjusted by loading bolts.
A more realistic way of estimating the power required for crushing and grinding was
proposed by Bond. Bond postulated that the work required to form particles of size DP from very
large feed is proportional to the square root of the surface-to-volume ratio of the product.
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According to Bonds law, if 80 % of the feed passes a mesh size DPa mm and 80 % of the product a
mesh of DPb mm, it follows that
P 1 1
.
K b
m D Pb D Pa
Kb is Bonds constant.
P 1 1
.
0 . 3162 Wi
D Pb
DPa
m
REQUIREMENTS
PROCEDURE
1. Prepare 10 Kg feed of laterite stone. The size of the material must not be more than 8
mm (solids passing through GI frame 10 mm and remaining on 4.75 mm ). Note the
average size of feed, DPa.
2. Switch on the main and MCB (mega circuit board) switch and start the motor.
3. Introduce feed to the roll crusher, start the stop watch, note the time of crushing (t sec),
note the number of pulses (NP2) on the energy meter.
4. Run the roll crusher with no load condition for t sec and record the number of pulses on
the energy meter (NP1).
5. To switch off the machine push the red button and switch off MCB and main.
6. Sieve the product for size distribution (using GI frame sieves with aperture size 6.3mm,
4.75 mm BSS mesh no 6,8, 10,14 and pan).
7. Construct a graph of cumulative mass fraction versus aperture size and find out D Pb from
the graph.
6
OBSERVATIONS
DATA ACQUISITION
Mesh Screen Mass retained Mass Average Cummulative mass
no opening Product fraction particle fraction ( smaller than
(mm) mi, P Retained diameter __
D Pi ) Product
Product __
D Pi XP
xi, P
P 0.3162 W
. i
1
1
m D Pb D Pa
CALCULATIONS
7
Power consumed by machine in loaded condition :
NP2 3600
P2 = -------- x -------- kW
t e.m.c
P 1 1
.
0 . 3162 Wi
m D Pb D Pa
EXPECTED RESULTS
__
1. Plot Cumulative mass fraction (X P) versus aperture size D Pi .
2. Determine work index Wi for the material crushed ( in Kwh / ton of feed).
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PRECAUTIONS & MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS
1. The machine should not run when there is no oil in oil cups.
2. All the nuts and bolts of motor and unit fixed with the base are to be checked up before
operation.
3. Clean the Rolls and whole unit before and after its use with cloth.
TROUBLESHOOTING
If the starter switch is not operating properly and drip as you start it means motor taking over load
so remove that.
1. Proper cleaning and oiling is necessary.
2. If the feed material chokes in between the Rolls stopped the motor and remove the
choked material manually.
3. If the motor stops during experimentations and as you start but starter drips it means
starter over heated stop the crusher for at least 15 min and again start.
REFERENCES
9
EXPERIMENT- C
BALL MILL
NAME------------------------------- ID NO----------------------------------------------
SEC. NO---------------------------- BATCH NO---------------------------------------
DATE-------------------------------- INSTRUCTOR’S SIGNATURE---------------
OBJECTIVES
THEORY
A Ball Mill consists of a cylindrical shell slowly turning about a horizontal axis and filled to
about 1/4th of its volume with solid grinding medium (i.e. metallic balls, wooden balls or rubber
balls ). When the Ball Mill is rotated, the grinding elements (balls) are carried to the side of the shell
nearly to the top, from where; they fall on the particles under. In a Ball Mill most of the size
reduction is done by impact. The energy expended in lifting the grinding units are utilized in
reducing the size of the particles. Ball Mill can accept a feed size of 12mm or less and deliver
appropriate size in the range of 50m. The speed of Ball Mill varies between 60 to 70 r.p.m. As the
product size become fines, the capacity of a mill reduces the energy requirement increases. The
power consumption of a ball mill is in the range of 0.8 to 10 kwh/ton.
1 g
nc = ------ -------- ---------(1)
2 R-r
REQUIREMENTS
PROCEDURE
OBSERVATIONS
Known data
Motor = 1 HP, DC
DATA ACQUISITION
condition pulse Time
No load
With load
Particle size distribution of product for (a) differential analysis (b) cumulative analysis
Mesh Screen Mass retained Mass Average Cummulative mass
no opening Product fraction particle fraction ( smaller than
(mm) mi, P Retained diameter __
D Pi ) Product
Product __
D Pi XP
xi, P
m=
CALCULATIONS
P 3600
Pe = -------- x -------- kW
t e.m.c
1 g
nc
2 Rr
6. Draw plots for differential and cumulative analysis. Refer to Mc Cabe Smith 6th Ed pg 947, 950.
Differential analysis- Plot of mass fraction vs particle size
Cumulative analysis – Plot of cumulative mass fraction smaller than stated size vs particle size.
EXPECTED RESULTS
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1. Always use the feed size less than, 5mm and greater than 3mm for ball mill.
2. Don’t run the motor below 180 volts and not above than 240 volts.
3. Revolution counter should be zero before start.
4. Coupling fixing pin should be fixed after attached the ball mill coupling.
5. Don’t attach or detached the coupling during the experiment.
TROUBLE SHOOTING
REFERENCES
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