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Class Reg Number

Candidate Name .......................................................................

Chemistry H2 9746
Tutor Tutee
Revision Exercise 3: Stoichiometry, Chemical Bonding, Gases, Chemical Equilibrium

1 Juglone, a dye known for centuries, is produced from the husks of black walnuts. It is also
a natural herbicide (weed killer) that kills off competitive plants around the black walnut tree
but does not affect grass and other noncompetitive plants. The formula for juglone is
C10H6O3.

(a) Calculate the molar mass of juglone.

174.1 g

(b) A sample of 1.56 x 10-2 g of pure juglone was extracted from black walnut husks. How
many moles of juglone does this sample represent?

8.96 x 10-5 mol juglone

2 Penicillin, the first of a now large number of antibiotics (antibacterial agents), was
discovered accidentally by the Scottish bacteriologist Alexander Fleming in 1928, but he
was never able to isolate it as a pure compound. This and similar antibiotics have saved
millions of lives that might have been lost to infections. Penicillin F has the formula
C14H20N2SO4. Compute the mass percent of each element.

C = 53.81%
H = 6.453%
N = 8.969%

S = 10.27%
O = 20.49%
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3 A compound is composed of carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen. When 0.1156 g of this

compound is reacted with oxygen, 0.1638 g or carbon dioxide and 0.1676 g of water are
collected. What is the empirical formula of the compound?

4 Baking soda (NaHCO3) is often used as an antacid. It neutralizes excess hydrochloric acid
secreted by the stomach:

NaHCO3 (s) + HCl(aq) → NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (aq)

Milk of magnesia, which is an aqueous suspension of magnesium hydroxide, is also used

as an antacid:

Mg(OH)2 (s) + 2HCl (aq) → 2H2O (l) + MgCl2 (aq)

Which is the more effective antacid per gram, NaHCO3 or Mg(OH)2 ?

Mg(OH)2
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5 Methanol (CH3OH), also called methyl alcohol, is the simplest alcohol. It is used as a fuel in
race cars and is a potential replacement for gasoline. Methanol can be manufactured by
combination of gaseous carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Suppose 68.5 kg CO (g) is
reacted with 8.60 kg H2 (g).

Calculate the theoretical yield of methanol. If 3.57 x 104 g CH3OH is actually produced,
what is the percent yield of methanol?

Theoretical yield is 6.86 x 104 g

Per
cent yield is 52.0%

6 Carbon disulphide, CS2, is a volatile, stinking liquid which is used to manufacture viscose
rayon and cellophane.

The carbon atom is in the centre of the CS2 molecule.

(a) Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram of the carbon disulphide molecule. Show outer electrons
only.

(b) Suggest the shape of the molecule and give its bond angle.

shape .........................................................

bond angle .................................................

(c) Explain the term standard enthalpy change of formation, _Hf .

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(d) Calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation of CS2 from the following data.

standard enthalpy change of formation of SO2 = –298 kJ mol–1

standard enthalpy change of formation of CO2 = –395 kJ mol–1
standard enthalpy change of combustion of CS2 = –1110 kJ mol–1

(e) Carbon disulphide reacts with nitrogen monoxide, NO, to form a yellow solid and two
colourless gases which are produced in a 1:1 molar ratio.

Deduce the identity of each gas and write a balanced equation for the reaction.

gases ........................................................... and ...................................................................

equation ..................................................................................................................................

7 This question is regarding chemical energetics.

(a) Define the standard enthalpy change of formation of a compound.

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(b) The standard enthalpy change of formation of SiCl4 (g) is –610 kJ mol-1.

The standard enthalpy changes of atomisation of the elements silicon and chlorine are
+338 and +122 kJ mol-1 of atoms respectively.

Use these values to construct an energy cycle to show the formation of SiCl4 (g).
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(c)(i) Hence calculate the average bond energy of the Si-Cl bond from these data.

(ii) Suggest why the calculated value is different from the value given in the Data Booklet.

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(d) Pure silicon is made by reducing SiCl3H with hydrogen at a high temperature.

(i) Construct a balanced equation for this reaction.

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(ii) The bond energy of the Si-Br bond is 298 kJ mol-1.

Use this value, and other bond energy values given in the Data Booklet to suggest whether
the reaction between SiBr3H and hydrogen would be more or less endothermic than the
reaction between SiCl3H and hydrogen.

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(iii) State a use of pure silicon.

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8 This question is about the physical chemistry of gases, with particular emphasis on the
inert gas argon. Argon exists in the atmosphere as single atoms.

(a) State two of the assumptions of the kinetic theory as applied to an inert gas.

1 .............................................................................................................................................

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2 .............................................................................................................................................

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(b) How many atoms of argon are present in one mole of the gas?

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(c) You are to calculate the percentage of the volume occupied by the atoms themselves in
one mole of argon at room temperature and pressure.

(i) Use the Data Booklet to calculate the volume of one atom of argon.
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(volume = π r3, π = 3.14)
3

(ii) Use your answer to (c)(i) to calculate the volume of one mole of argon atoms.

(iii) State the volume occupied by one mole of argon (assume it to behave as an ideal gas) at
room temperature and pressure.

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(iv) What percentage of this volume is occupied by the atoms themselves?

(v) Explain how your answer to (c)(iv) justifies one of your assumptions in (a).

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(vi) Argon is used to fill electric light bulbs. These have a fine filament of a metal wire, usually
tungsten, which glows white hot from its electrical resistance to the current.

Suggest why argon, rather than air, is used to fill electric light bulbs.

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9 In the Haber Process, ammonia is synthesised from its elements.

(a) Write an equation, with state symbols, for the Haber process and state whether it is endo-
or exo-thermic.

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(b) What are the three usual operating conditions of the Haber Process?

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(c) Explain the considerations which lead to the temperature you have stated in (b) being
used.

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(d) Under certain conditions the equilibrium pressures of the three gases are

nitrogen 44.8 atm,

hydrogen 105.6 atm,
ammonia 37.2 atm.

(i) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kp, for the Haber Process.
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(ii) Calculate Kp from these data, giving the units.

(e) One of the uses of ammonia is to form nitrates which are used as efficient inorganic
fertilisers. The uncontrolled use of these fertilisers has led to environmental problems.

Briefly describe and explain these problems.

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10 Aspirin can be regarded as an acid. Although its formula is complicated, it can be

represented by H+A-, where A- is the negative ion. Aspirin is not very soluble, but its sodium
salt is. Addition of hydrochloric acid to this soluble aspirin will cause aspirin to precipitate
out.

(a) If H+A- is aspirin, what is the formula of the soluble aspirin compound?

Na+A-
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(b) Write an equation, with state symbols, to show the precipitation of aspirin when
hydrochloric acid acts on soluble aspirin.

HCl (aq) + NaA (aq) → HA (s) + NaCl (aq)

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(c) When a person takes soluble aspirin, the precipitation of aspirin takes place in the
stomach. Why?

Stomach contains hydrochloric acid, which will react with soluble aspirin compound
to form insoluble aspirin.
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(d) Study the reaction scheme below which shows how crystals of a compound, commercially
sold as Epsom Salts can be prepared.

excess insoluble
base A

Add acid B and warm, filter

Magnesium
sulphate solution

process X

Epsom Salts

(i)

Identify the substances A and B.

A: magnesium hydroxide / magnesium oxide

B: dilute sulphuric acid
(ii) .................................................................................................................................................

Write the chemical equation, including state symbols, for the reaction between substances
A and B.

Mg(OH)2 (s) + H2SO4 (aq)  MgSO4 (aq) + 2 H2O(l)

MgO (s) + H2SO4 (aq)  MgSO4 (aq) + H2O (l)

(e) .................................................................................................................................................

Dry Epsom Salts are finally obtained from the solution by process X. Briefly describe
process X.

Heat the magnesium sulphate solution to half its volume to saturate it. Allow the
solution to cool for crystals to form. Filter the mixture to obtain the crystals as the
residue. Filter, wash and dry the crystals between pieces of filter paper to obtain dry
Epsom Salts.
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11 Sulphur dioxide is oxidisied in the presence of water to harmless sulphate ions, SO42-.

To aqueous sulphur dioxide, acidified barium chloride solution is added. The mixture
remains colourless. When chlorine is added, a thick white precipitate forms.

(a) Identify the white precipitate and explain why it forms.

Chlorine acts as an oxidising agent to oxidise SO2 to SO42-. Thus, in the presence of
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sulphate ions, Ba2+ ions react with it to form the white ppt of barium sulphate.
.................................................................................................................................................

(b) Without the presence of water, sulphur dioxide gas reacts with chlorine to form sulphuryl
chloride.

SO2 + Cl2 → SO2Cl2

8.0 g of sulphur dioxide was mixed with 4.8 dm3 of chlorine. Calculate the mass of sulphuryl
chloride formed by this mixture.

No of moles of SO2 = 8 / (32 + 16 x 2) = 0.125 mol

No of moles of Cl2 = 4.8 / 24 = 0.2 mol

From the equation

1 mol SO2 ≡ 1 mol Cl2

0.125 mol SO2 ≡ 0.125 mol Cl2 (< 0.2 mol)

From the equation

1 mol SO2 ≡ 1 mol SO2Cl2

0.125 mol SO2 ≡ 0.125 mol SO2Cl2

mass of SO2Cl2 = 0.125 x (32 + 16 x 2 + 35.5 x 2) = 16.875 g = 16.9 g (to 3sf)

End of Paper