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ENGAL07LAB
Submitted By:
Anore, Jefferson
Bolalin, Jerome C.
Cabrestante, Ace
Dapatnapo, Rey
Fernandez, Rachel Joy D.
Josue, Ryan Greggie D.
Raymundo, Alvin
Titong, John Victor
Submitted To:
APPROVAL SHEET
entitled “15 Watts Integrated Circuit Bridge Power Amplifier” has been prepared
Approved by:
Approved and accepted as partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of
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ICCT COLLEGES FOUNDATION INC.
V.V. Soliven Avenue II, Cainta, Rizal
College of Engineering
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Every ominous work needs self-effort, discipline and hard work, but it is also
essential to have proper guidance for the task to be efficiently fulfilled. Due to
this, first and foremost, we would like to give our greatest gratitude to the
presence and aid of the Lord who have never failed to provide amazing things and
We would also like to extend our earnest gratitude to the following individual/s
who have always been there to provide perpetual support throughout the duration
of this study:
financial and moral aspect and for serving as our inspiration and motivation to
Engr. Ivanlee Mendoza, our subject instructor, for giving us the opportunity to
acquire new knowledge and information sharing throughout the span of this study.
Every member of the researcher team who have given their utmost dedication to
The people whose name were not mentioned, we humbly extend our thanks for all
your help.
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ICCT COLLEGES FOUNDATION INC.
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College of Engineering
DEDICATION
To our subject instructor who given us the opportunity to expand our technical
To the future researchers who will use this study as reference for their own.
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ICCT COLLEGES FOUNDATION INC.
V.V. Soliven Avenue II, Cainta, Rizal
College of Engineering
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................... ii
DEDICATION.................................................................................................. iii
INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................. 1
GLOSSARY .................................................................................................... 21
REFERENCES ................................................................................................. 27
ICCT COLLEGES FOUNDATION INC.
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College of Engineering
INTRODUCTION
pertains to the application of scientific principles and knowledge for practical use,
one of the main reason why our civilization has advanced to the level that it has
today. One of the many forms and applications of technology is what we call
with its study the behavior and movement of electrons in different kinds of
materials. Electronics technology has been widely applied nowadays, from simple
passes by.
divisions or parts which has a specific purpose or task to accomplish in order for
the entirety to function effectively. For such phenomenon to take place, each
individual tasks efficiently. This can be done by the use of electric signals which
These components are mostly made with materials having both the properties of
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ICCT COLLEGES FOUNDATION INC.
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because of its conductive properties, electric signals tend to have some amount of
loss in amplitude of one of its parameters or properties after passing through one
electronic component (or sometimes the electric signal is just too weak to be used
These are devices which are used to amplify weak electric (analog) signals so that it
can attain a certain level that the other components can use, especially speakers.
increases the voltage, current or power of an input electric signal. Most amplifiers
are classified into two ways. The first classification is by their function. This
means that they're basically either voltage or power amplifiers. The other one
being by their frequency response. This means that an amplifier is also classified
based on a specific frequency range that it may amplify according to its design.
This study is specifically concerned with power amplifiers, audio power amplifiers
to be precise. Audio power amplifiers are commonly used in home audio systems
and musical instrument amplifiers like guitar amplifiers. Its in-depth discussion
power, inaudible electronic audio signals such as the signal from radio receiver or
recorded music, a live speech, live singing, an electric guitar or the mixed audio of
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invented in 1909 by Lee De Forest when he invented the triode vacuum tube (or
"valve" in British English). The triode was a three terminal device with a control
grid that can modulate the flow of electrons from the filament to the plate. The
triode vacuum amplifier was used to make the first AM radio. The early audio
power amplifiers was based on vacuum tubes which produces notably high audio
quality but was later replaces by solid state devices (transistors). Transistor-based
amplifiers became a great trend nowadays because it has lighter weight, more
reliable and requires less maintenance though some enthusiasts today still uses
vacuum-tube based amplifiers because they perceive that it has a warmer tube
The next chapter will have a more in depth and related discussion about the
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This study involves the creation of a 15 Watt Integrated Circuit Bridged Power
Amplifier. It accepts three different inputs namely magnetic phono, tuner, and
auxiliary inputs. The last input (auxiliary) can be used for tape/cassette players.
This device features a preamp and a tone control circuit in its preliminary
amplification stage and a loudness and balance (for stereo) along with the main
amplifier in its power amplification stage. The main amplifier of this device is
composed of a bridged connection between two audio power amplifiers ICs. It also
In this study, we have used the LM387 Dual Preamplifier for the preamp and
tone control functions and LM383 Audio Power Amplifier in a bridged type
connection for the main amplifier function. The LM387 is a low power dual pre-
outstanding features include high gain (104 dB), large output voltage swing (VCC =
2Vp-p), and wide power bandwidth (75 kHz, 20 Vp-p). The LM387 operates from a
In terms of the actual application of the LM387 in this circuit, one part of it
provides the pre-amplification and the other part is used for tone control. The
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ICCT COLLEGES FOUNDATION INC.
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College of Engineering
preamplifier can provide either low or high gain depending on the input signal. If
the input signal comes from either the tuner or auxiliary input, the pre-amplifier
very weak signals from the magnetic cartridge and corrects the frequency response
of the input signal. By using the other part of the LM387 in a Bandaxall Negative
feedback tone control circuit, the bass or treble can be either cut or boosted
The loudness control and balance control is also provided in the beginning
of the power amplification stage. The loudness control provides additional tonal
compensation in order to correct the low hearing sensitivity when the sound is too
low. The balance control is for used in two-channel operation to adjust the output
of two amplifier system to achieve an overall balance output. Two LM383 Audio
power amplifier are used in this system as the main power amplifying components.
The LM383 is a cost effective, high power amplifier suited for automotive
applications. It has a high current capability (3.5A) enables the device to drive low
impedance loads with low distortion. The LM383 is current limited and thermally
amplifier to withstand 40V transients on its supply. The LM383 comes in a 5-pin
TO-220 package. The main reason why a bridged type connection was chosen for
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ICCT COLLEGES FOUNDATION INC.
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amplifier can drive a 4-ohm 15 Watt or an 8-ohm 8 Watt Load Speaker in its output.
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ELECTRONIC SPECIFICATION
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SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
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BLOCK DIAGRAM
Baxandall Tone
Control Circuit
DC Supply In
Bridged Power Amplifier
Using LM383 (12V to 16V)
Output
(Loud Speaker)
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Input
(220V AC)
Step Down
Transformer
(220V to 12V)
Full-wave Rectifier
Filter
Output (12V to
16V DC)
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Component Functions
R1, R3, R17, R24, Limits the flow of current to the ground to minimize power
R27 loss.
C1, C8, C15, Filters incoming signals and allows only AC signals to pass
R15, (R9, C10, Forms the filter circuit that can either boost or cut the bass. (R9
R11, C9) and C10 for boost while R11 and C9 for cut)
The main controlling element for the bass part of the tone
R10
control circuit.
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R18, C14 Provides a negative feedback path to the tone control circuit.
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SAFETY ENGINEERING
There are lot of scenarios that can go wrong with electricity with potentially
dire consequences. Some of these are obvious - NEVER use your finger to test for
the presence of a mains voltage! - but others may not be such as heat-sinks that are
connected to the high voltage connector of a triac. However, take note that the
things that will be discuss are only few of many things to consider, so always
consider every possible aspect and scenario while working with circuits. If in any
Electrocution
with a live circuit. This is where an electrical current flows through the
body which can result in the heart stopping to work (cardiac arrest).
You may have heard some people say that AC is more dangerous than DC
power, or vice-versa. Rather than get into too much debate over one vs.
signals controlling the heart, but DC can cause burns and both can still kill
can kill if it has sufficient voltage and current whether it's AC or DC.
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project then you should normally use a metal case and earth the
case. This is done by taking a wire from the earth terminal and
there is a special connector in the case for connecting the earth, but
make sure that all the metal/parts of the case is properly earthed.
check that the equipment is not visibly damaged and that leads are
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4. Always unplug the amp before going in to solder something - don't depend
5. Electrolytic (and other type) filter capacitors can hold lethal charges - be
shorting the "+" side to the "-" side, or the "+" side to the chassis (unless the
cap is in a negative voltage supply, like the bias supply, where you must
short the "-" side to the chassis), using a wire or a screwdriver. This will
make a big spark and a loud noise, which is sure to impress any
middle of the jumper. Use a value of somewhere between 10K and 100K,
for dissipation reasons, but mainly because the higher power resistors are
insulate the resistor with heat-shrink tubing so the wires aren't exposed, or
you'll get shocked while trying to discharge the capacitors. The larger the
value of the resistor, the longer it will take to discharge the caps, and the
less of a spark you will see. If you use a large value resistor, be sure to
leave it in place long enough for it to drain all the charge out of the
capacitor (if in doubt, measure the voltage across the capacitor to make sure
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minutes after the amp is turned off. Don't depend on this resistor to do it's
job!
6. Be sure to turn the power off to the amplifier before discharging the
8. Learn first aid and buddy up. If working on mains voltage you
should have someone nearby that knows what you are doing so that
they can assist if anyone does go wrong. If you ever come across
connected to the supply then do not touch them directly as you can
the person away from the supply using an insulating material such
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Electrocution is not the only way that you can be harmed through using
electricity incorrectly. Fire can be just as big a risk and can happen at
much lower voltages than electrocution. Again this is a high risk with
mains electricity, but you should also take this into consideration when
working with lower voltage systems such as car or leisure batteries or low
voltage lighting all of which are capable of providing very high currents.
Burns
There is obviously a risk of burns whilst soldering, but there is also a risk
if a component is touched after it gets hot. Light fittings are well known
for their heat, but other components that are switching heavy loads can
Dangerous tools
Always read the warning instructions that come with tools. We’re not
particularly talking about metal working tools used in creating a home for
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your new creation, but you may also use power tools on the circuit itself,
such as rotary tools and heat guns used with heat shrink insulation.
Remember that the warnings are there for a reason. You may have drilled
hundreds of holes using an electric drill, but the first metal splinter in
your eye may permanently damage your sight. Always wear goggles /
Dangerous chemicals
If you get into making your own printed circuit boards then there are dangerous
manner to prevent damage to local wildlife. Always read the instructions provided
with your chemicals and contact your supplier if you are in any doubt about the
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GLOSSARY
A- The symbol for amps, or amperes, which is a unit of current flow. Common
prefixes are "m", for mA (10-3amps), and "u", for uA (10-6 amps).
AC- Alternating Current. This is electric current that periodically changes the
supply is the sinusoidal current that comes out of a wall outlet. It has no positive
polarity that changes at a rate equal to the frequency of the current. Common
some other countries, and 50Hz in other places in the world, most notably,
England. "Hz" stands for "Hertz", which is the name of the unit for frequency, and
means "cycles per second", indicating how many cycles, or changes from positive
to negative, the AC waveform goes through each second. In some older literature,
you may see the term "CPS", which stands for "cycles per second", used in place of
"Hz". Alternating current does not have to be sinusoidal in shape; the square wave
periodically.
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BIASING - the term commonly used for the practice of setting the idle current in
an output tube. Preamp tubes are biased as well, but they are biased only during
the initial design of the amplifier and use what is known as "cathode biasing", and
called the "dielectric". The capacitance is proportional to the area of the plates,
and inversely proportional to the distance between them. Capacitors are used to
block DC while passing AC. They are frequency-dependent devices, which mean
frequency gets lower. This makes capacitors useful for tone controls, where
CURRENT - The term given to electron flow. The unit of current is the "amp", or
"ampere", and indicates a current flow of one coulomb per second. A coulomb is a
DIODE - a two-element device which passes a signal in one direction only. They
are used most commonly to convert AC to DC, because they pass the positive part
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of the wave, and block the negative part of the AC signal, or, if they are reversed,
they pass only the negative part and not the positive part. This allows them to be
used to generate a positive or negative DC supply. There are both solid-state and
tube diodes. Since a diode will pass current in only one direction, they can also be
used to "clip" the top or bottom part of a signal. Diodes are also commonly
called "rectifiers" because they rectify the AC voltage, however, the term "rectifier"
is usually reserved for diodes used in the power supply section of an amplifier,
while "diode" is generally used in small signal, or low power applications, such as
clippers.
GROUND - The common "reference" point for the circuit. This is usually also
connected to the chassis, but there can be independent circuit grounds and chassis
grounds.
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intended application.
connector or pin at each end (or sometimes without them – simply "tinned"), which
without soldering.
with copper clad on one or both sides. The portions of copper that aren't needed
are etched off, leaving "printed" circuits which connect the components. Most
use cheap, single-sided PC boards without plated-through holes, which tend to pull
POWER - is the rate, per unit time, at which electrical energy is transferred by an
electric circuit. The SI unit of power is the watt, one joule per second.
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current. A current flowing through a resistance will create a voltage drop across
DC voltage within a power supply which has been derived from an alternating
many different models of guitar speakers, each with its own particular power
impedances of circuits. It consists of a minimum of two coils, the primary and the
secondary, wound on the same core. The core material can be ferrous (magnetic,
used in guitar amplifiers are invariably wound on iron cores. An ideal transformer
has no losses, it merely steps a voltage up or down in proportion to the turns ratio
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between the primary and the secondary. This is useful in converting the voltage
from a wall outlet, typically 120 or 240 volts, into a higher voltage for the tube
plate supply, typically 400V or more, and a lower voltage for the tube filament,
typically 6.3 or 12.6V. The transformer will also "reflect back" to the primary the
turns ratio. That is, if you have a 20:1 transformer with a 16 ohm impedance
connected to the secondary, it will "look like" a 6.4K ohm impedance on the
primary side. This is useful in matching the plate of a tube, which is very high
VOLTAGE - the term for electric force. Voltage is the energy per unit charge
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REFERENCES
http://www.tpub.com/neets/book8/30a.htm
"Audio
Amplifiers|Wikipedia"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_power_amplifier#Applic
ations
http://www.experimentalistsanonymous.com/diy/Datasheets/LM387.pdf
content/uploads/2009/03/lm383.pdf
http://www.aikenamps.com/index.php/safety-tips-for-working-on-tube-amplifiers
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