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StressAnalysisof ConicalPipe-reducers
M A Rahman,Non-member
G M Zulfikar Ali, Non-member
Md R Khan,'Non-member
Md W Uddin. Non-member
This paper deals with the stressesin the conical pipe reducers, usedfor connecting pipes of unequql
diameters,under unifurm internal pressure. Computerprogranxfor stressanalysis of general composite
shells,with necessarymodifications,has beenusedfor thepresentanalysis.In this analysis,governingnon-
tinear equations-foraxisymmetric deformation af conical reducersare solved by the method of multisegment
integration, developedby Kalnins and Lestingi. The discrepancybetween the linear anri the non-linear
theoriesin predicting the stressesin the reducersis discussedin the anaiysis. The effict of variation of the
apex angle and the thicknessratio of the conical reducerson :he stressdistribution is also discussedin this
paper.
Ke.ywords.'Stressanalysls.Pipes,Conrcal reducers
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146
IE(I) Journal - MC
ends of the reducer are fixed or clamped. Hence, conditions theoriesare shown in the samefigures. It should be mentioned
at both the larger and smaller ends of the reducerare specified here that a diameter reduction ratio of 0.5 is consideredin this
as analysis,iei = 1.0correspondsto the largerend of thereducer
il=A,9=0,w=0 ( 1 8 ) while x = 0.5 correspondsto the smaller end (Fig 3). From
SOLUTION the resultsas shown in Figs (4 - 8), it is evident that the linear
theory is very conservativein predicting the results. It is also
The same method of multisegment integration as used by
noted that the conservativenessin estimating the stresses,
Uddin3 for nonlinear analysis of pressure vessels has been
stressresultantsand the moment resultantsincreaseswith the
employedwith boundaryconditions given in equations(18)"
increaseof thinness. Uddin3 pointed out that for shells sub-
The program starts with an initial arbitrary load F and an jected
to internal pressurethis conservativenessof the linear
incremental load step A F, and then solves the nonlinear theory also increasedfor increasing values of loading parame-
governingequationforload F with apreassignedconvergence ters,although,for avoiding the crowding of too many results,
criterion. The load F is then increasedby the incremental load it is not shown in this analysis.However, it is observedthat
the prediction of nonlinear theory about the meridional stress
step A F and solution is then obtained for this new load,
through iteration, with solutions of immediate previous load resultants,Nr, ir higher than that of the linear theory, which
as initial values.If the solution fails to converge at any load F, is quite contrary to the observations in other composite shell
problems.
Rr/R=0.5 It should be pointed out here that the stressparametersare all
normalized in terms of the loading pararneter"As a result,
there is no variation of the normalized parameterswith the
loading for linear theory [Figs (4 - 8)].
The most interesting observation in the presentanalysisis the
effect of the apex angle on the predicted results. It can be
observedfrom the Figs (4 - 8) that the discrepancy between
the linear and the nonlinear theories in predicting the results
becomesmore prominent for reducers of higher apex angle
(90') than thobeof smaller apex angle (60').
Nonlrnear
--- Lrnear
X=0.30
l>
Fig 3(b) Parabolicreducer(parameters: R/lr= thlckness ra$o,
Rr,/R= reductionratiorr)
the load step is halved and the solution is again attempted.
In this way, nonlinear solutions are obtained at increased
values of the loading parameter upto the desired level of
loading.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION x
In orderto point out the dgficienciesof the resultsof the linear Fig 4 Effectof apexangleand thicknessratlo on meridional
theories, the results of both the linear and the nonlinear bendingmomentsin the reducer
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b
tl
lb-
= tr-1
'+..t
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\r\ Fig 4 shows the variation of the bending moments along the
sheli meridian. The presenceof bending moment, in effect,
shows the disturbancein the membrane solutions of the re-
ducer.In other words, the magnitudeof the bending momenr
P/E= 3x 10's \
is ameasureof the deviationfrom the characteristicmembrane
v = 0.30 behaviourof shells.The discrepancybetweenthe linear_and
Y=450 the nonlineartheoriesin predicting the solutions is observed
here to increasewith increasingthinnessand increasingapex
angle.
The meridional stressresultantsare shown in Fig 5. As an
exception,it is observedthat the linear theory predictslower
values of the stressresultantsin comparison to that of the
nonlineartheory,{uite contraryto the normal expectations.
The circumferentialstressresultantsare shown rn Fig 6. It is
clear from this figure that the linear theory overestimatesthe
results comparedto nonlinear theory. Further, it is observed
that this stressresultantincreasesas apexangleof the reducer
increasesand its maximum value occurs in a zone very close
to the flange at its larger end.
The variationsof the meridional stressesat the inner and the
outer surfacesalong the reducermeridian are shown in Fig 7.
.5 .6 .7 .B .9. 1.0
X The presenceof bending moments at and near the two fixed
Fig 6 Effect of aper angie and thickness ratio on circumferen- ends are responsiblefor the wavy distribution of the stresses
tial stress resultants in the reducer near the two ends. The maximum meridional stressin the
fb' P/E=3x10s
Observationfrom the stresscurves shown in Figs 7 and 8,
revealsthat the meridionalstressesat the rnnersurtace(oaii Fj/h= 300
rs the rnost critical stress.It is also seenthat the recluceris v-30
critically stressednearthe two ends. ..\
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t)
€ REFERENCES
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tl
f-
Fw
Uddin. 'A computer Program for Nonrinear Analysis of prcssure Mechanics.' lournal of Applied Meclunic.s, June l 965, pp 3g3-3gS.
fld
Interrutrittnul Jourrutl of pressures ve.rsehrand piping, vol zz,
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shallow Spherical shells under Extemal pressure.' kturnal cf Aerospu:e
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