Appendix B

Momentum Equation in Cylindrical

Coordinate

The equations of motion and energy for a Newtonian incompressible flow are given in cylin-
drical coordinates (x, r, θ) (cf. Panton [2005]). The instantaneous velocity components are ṽx , ṽr
and ṽθ respectively in axial, radial and azimuthal directions. Assuming the gravity force acts in
axial direction, ~g = (−g, 0, 0), which also is the main direction of the flow. The flow is assumed
to be steady state therefore time variation (∂/∂t) terms are omitted.

B.1 Averaged Momentum Equations

Using equation 8.19 we get the continuity equation as below:

Continuity Equation:
∂ṽx 1 ∂ 1 ∂ṽθ
∇.~v =
+ (rṽr ) + =0 (B.1)
∂x r ∂r r ∂θ
Using equation 8.48 we get the momentum equations as below:

Momentum Equation in Axial Direction:

∂ṽx ∂ṽx 1 ∂ṽx 1 ∂ P̃ 2

ṽx + ṽr + ṽθ ( )=− + ∇.(µS̃x ) + g β (T̃ − To ) (B.2)
∂x ∂r r ∂θ ρo ∂x ρo
Momentum Equation in Radial Direction:
 
∂ṽr ∂ṽr 1 ∂ṽr ṽθ 1 ∂ P̃ 2
ṽx + ṽr + ṽθ − =− + ∇.(µS̃r ) (B.3)
∂x ∂r r ∂θ r ρo ∂r ρo
Momentum Equation in Tangential Direction:
  !
∂ṽθ ∂ṽθ 1 ∂ṽθ ṽr 1 1 ∂ P̃ 2
ṽx + ṽr + ṽθ + =− + ∇.(µS̃θ ) (B.4)
∂x ∂r r ∂θ r ρo r ∂θ ρo

where ρo and To are the reference density and temperature and the viscous terms are defined
as below:

     
∂ ∂ṽx 1 ∂ ∂ṽx ∂ṽr 1 ∂ ∂ṽθ 1 ∂ṽx
2∇.(µS̃x ) ≡ 2 µ + rµ( + ) + µ( + ) (B.5)
∂x ∂x r ∂r ∂r ∂x r ∂θ ∂x r ∂θ

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Natural Convection Boundary Layers & Swirling Jets

     
∂ ∂ṽx ∂ṽr 1 ∂ ∂ṽr 1 ∂ ∂ ṽθ 1 ∂ṽr

2∇.(µS̃r ) ≡ µ( + ) +2 rµ + µ r ( )+
∂x ∂r ∂x r ∂r ∂r r ∂θ ∂r r r ∂θ
 
1 ∂ṽθ ṽr
− 2µ 2 + 2 (B.6)
r ∂θ r

   
∂ ∂ṽθ 1 ∂ṽx 1 ∂ 2 ∂ ṽθ 1 ∂ṽr
2∇.(µS̃θ ) ≡ µ( + ) + 2 µr (r ( ) + )
∂x ∂x r ∂θ r ∂r ∂r r r ∂θ
 
1 ∂ 1 ∂ṽθ ṽr
+ 2µ( + ) (B.7)
r ∂θ r ∂θ r

The assumption of constant viscosity is practical for swirling jet equations therefore these terms
change to µ∇2~v . In natural convection equations, the viscosity term should be kept inside the
divergence (∇.(µSij )) as µ varies with the temperature. The density variation effect in non-
isothermal flow is limited to the buoyancy term in equation B.2, using the Boussinesq approxi-
mation and a reference density ρo .

By using Reynolds decomposition in equations above, we divide each instantaneous velocity com-
ponent to its mean and fluctuation part:

Axial Component(x) : ṽx = U + u

Radial Component(r) : ṽr = V + v
Tangential Component(θ) : ṽθ = W + w
Temperature : T̃ = T + t′
Pressure : P̃ = Pm + p

where t and p are the fluctuating temperature and pressure and Pm is the local pressure minus
hydrostatic pressure. As long as Boussinesq approximation is used, we avoid decomposing
the viscosity(µ) to the mean and fluctuating components because the correlation of viscosity-
velocity adds too much complexity into the equations. Now we substitute these terms into the
momentum equations and take average:

Averaged Momentum Equation in Axial Direction:

∂U ∂U W ∂U 1 ∂Pm 2
U +V + =− + ∇.(µSx )
∂x ∂r r ∂θ ρo ∂x ρo
 
∂u ∂u w ∂u
− u +v + + g β (T − To ) (B.8)
∂x ∂r r ∂θ

Averaged Momentum Equation in Radial Direction:

∂V ∂V W ∂V W2 1 ∂Pm 2
U +V + − =− + ∇.(µSr )
∂x ∂r r ∂θ r ρo ∂r ρo
∂v w ∂v w2
 
∂v
− u +v + − (B.9)
∂x ∂r r ∂θ r

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 APPENDIX B. MOMENTUM EQUATION IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATE

Averaged Momentum Equation in Tangential Direction:

 
∂W ∂W W ∂W VW 1 1 ∂Pm 2
U +V + + =− + ∇.(µSθ )
∂x ∂r r ∂θ r ρo r ∂θ ρo
 
∂w ∂w w ∂w vw
− u +v + + (B.10)
∂x ∂r r ∂θ r

Here we use the sign < > to show the averaged terms in the equations. Using the continuity
equation to make the Reynolds Stresses involved in the equations yields,

Averaged Continuity Equation:

∂U 1 ∂(rV ) 1 ∂W
+ + =0 (B.11)
∂x r ∂r r ∂θ
If we subtract equation B.11 from the decomposed continuity equation, we get:

Fluctuation Continuity Equation:

∂u 1 ∂(rv) 1 ∂w
+ + =0 (B.12)
∂x r ∂r r ∂θ

∂u u ∂(rv) u ∂w
u + + =0


∂x r ∂r r ∂θ





∂u 1 ∂(rv) 1 ∂w ×ui

∂u v ∂(rv) v ∂w
+ + =0 −−−→ v + + =0
∂x r ∂r r ∂θ 
 ∂x r ∂r r ∂θ

∂u w ∂(rv) w ∂w



 w
 + + =0
∂x r ∂r r ∂θ
using chain rule:
  2     
∂u ∂u 1 ∂(ruv) ∂u 1 ∂(uw) w ∂u

 −u + −v + − =0
∂x ∂x r ∂r ∂r r ∂θ r ∂θ





1 ∂(rv 2 )

      
∂(uv) ∂v ∂v 1 ∂(vw) w ∂v
⇒ −u + −v + − =0

 ∂x ∂x r ∂r ∂r r ∂θ r ∂θ


1 ∂(w2 ) w ∂w
     
 ∂(uw) ∂w 1 ∂(rvw) ∂w



 −u + −v + − =0
∂x ∂x r ∂r ∂r r ∂θ r ∂θ
∂u2 1 ∂(ruv) 1 ∂(uw)

∂u ∂u w ∂u
u + v + = + +


∂x ∂r r ∂θ ∂x r ∂r r ∂θ






∂v ∂v w ∂v 2
∂(uv) 1 ∂(rv ) 1 ∂(vw)
⇒ u +v + = + + (B.13)


 ∂x ∂r r ∂θ ∂x r ∂r r ∂θ
2

 u ∂w + v ∂w + w ∂w = ∂(uw) + 1 ∂(rvw) + 1 ∂(w )



∂x ∂r r ∂θ ∂x r ∂r r ∂θ

By substituting the averaged fluctuations in equations B.8 to B.10 with the new parameters in
equation B.13, we will have averaged momentum equations in cylindrical coordinate as:

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Averaged Momentum Equation in Axial Direction:

∂U ∂U W ∂U 1 ∂Pm 2
U +V + =− + ∇.(µSx )
∂x ∂r r ∂θ ρo ∂x ρo
 2 
∂u ∂(uv) 1 ∂(uw) uv
− + + + + g β (T − Tref ) (B.14)
∂x ∂r r ∂θ r

Averaged Momentum Equation in Radial Direction:

∂V ∂V W ∂V W2 1 ∂Pm 2
U +V + − =− + ∇.(µSr )
∂x ∂r r ∂θ r ρo ∂r ρo
∂(uv) ∂v 2 1 ∂(vw) w2 − v 2
 
− + + − (B.15)
∂x ∂r r ∂θ r

Averaged Momentum Equation in Tangential Direction:

 
∂W ∂W W ∂W VW 1 1 ∂Pm 2
U +V + + =− + ∇.(µSθ )
∂x ∂r r ∂θ r ρo r ∂θ ρo
∂(uw) ∂(vw) 1 ∂w2
 
vw
− + + +2 (B.16)
∂x ∂r r ∂θ r

For a statistically homogeneous flow in tangential direction (∂/∂θ = 0), the averaged conti-
nuity and momentum equations in an incompressible, high Reynolds number, turbulent, round
jet flow with swirl can be reduced to the equation below:
Averaged Continuity Equation:
∂U 1 ∂(rV )
+ =0 (B.17)
∂x r ∂r
Averaged Momentum Equation in Axial Direction:
    
∂U ∂U 1 ∂Pm 1 ∂ ∂U 1 ∂ ∂U ∂V
U +V =− + 2 µ + rµ( + )
∂x ∂r ρo ∂x ρo ∂x ∂x r ∂r ∂r ∂x
 2 
∂u ∂(uv) uv
− + + + g β (T − Tref ) (B.18)
∂x ∂r r

Averaged Momentum Equation in Radial Direction:

W2
     
∂V ∂V 1 ∂Pm 1 ∂ ∂U ∂V 1 ∂ ∂V V
U +V − =− + µ( + ) +2 rµ − 2µ 2
∂x ∂r r ρo ∂r ρo ∂x ∂r ∂x r ∂r ∂r r

∂(uv) ∂v 2 w2 − v 2
 
− + − (B.19)
∂x ∂r r

Averaged Momentum Equation in Tangential Direction:

    
∂W ∂W VW 1 ∂ ∂W 1 ∂ 3 ∂ W
U +V + = µ + 2 µr ( )
∂x ∂r r ρo ∂x ∂x r ∂r ∂r r
 
∂(uw) ∂(vw) vw
− + +2 (B.20)
∂x ∂r r

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 APPENDIX B. MOMENTUM EQUATION IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATE

B.2 Transport Equations For Reynolds Stresses

In order to calculate the transport equations for Reynolds stresses in an incompressible, high-
Reynolds number flow, we subtract instantaneous momentum equations ( B.2,B.3 and B.4 )
from averaged momentum equations ( B.8, B.9 and B.10 ):

 
∂u ∂u W ∂u 1 ∂p 2 ′ ∂U ∂U w ∂U
U +V + =− + ∇.(µsx ) − u +v +
∂x ∂r r ∂θ ρo ∂x ρo ∂x ∂r r ∂θ
   
∂u ∂u w ∂u ∂u ∂u w ∂u
− u +v + − u +v + + gβt′ (B.21)
∂x ∂r r ∂θ ∂x ∂r r ∂θ

 
∂v ∂v W ∂v w 1 ∂p 2 ′ ∂V ∂V w ∂V W
U +V + −W =− + ∇.(µsr ) − u +v + −w
∂x ∂r r ∂θ r ρo ∂r ρo ∂x ∂r r ∂θ r

∂v w ∂v w2 ∂v w ∂v w2
   
∂v ∂v
− u +v + − − u +v + − (B.22)
∂x ∂r r ∂θ r ∂x ∂r r ∂θ r

   
∂w ∂w W ∂w w 1 1 ∂p 2 ′ ∂W ∂W w ∂W W
U +V + +V = − + ∇.(µsθ ) − u +v + +v
∂x ∂r r ∂θ r ρo r ∂θ ρo ∂x ∂r r ∂θ r
   
∂w ∂w w ∂w vw ∂w ∂w w ∂w vw
− u +v + + − u +v + + (B.23)
∂x ∂r r ∂θ r ∂x ∂r r ∂θ r

where t′ and s′ are the fluctuating terms. To create Reynolds Stress Equations we multiply each
equation above with a fluctuating component, then taking average and adding combination of
two equations. Using the continuity equation simplifies some terms:

• Avg (u× Eqn B.21) + Avg (u× Eqn B.21)

∂u2 ∂u2 W ∂u2

 
2 ∂pu ∂u 2
U +V + = − −<p > + < 2u∇.(µs′x ) >
∂x ∂r r ∂θ ρo ∂x ∂x ρo
  ( 3 2v 2w
)
∂U ∂U uw ∂U ∂u 1 ∂ ru 1 ∂u
− 2 u2 + uv + − + + + 2gβut′ (B.24)
∂x ∂r r ∂θ ∂x r ∂r r ∂θ

• Avg(v× Eeq.B.22) + Avg(v× Eqn.B.22)

∂v 2 ∂v 2 W ∂v 2
 
vw 2 ∂pv ∂v 2
U +V + − 2W = − −<p > + < 2v∇.(µs′r ) >
∂x ∂r r ∂θ r ρo ∂r ∂r ρo
  ( 2 3 2w 2
)
∂V ∂V vw ∂V W ∂uv 1 ∂ rv 1 ∂v vw
− 2 uv + v2 + − vw − + + −2
∂x ∂r r ∂θ r ∂x r ∂r r ∂θ r
(B.25)

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Natural Convection Boundary Layers & Swirling Jets

• Avg(w× Eeq.B.23) + Avg(w× Eqn.B.23)

∂w2 ∂w2 W ∂w2 w2

 
2 ∂pw ∂w 2
U +V + + 2V =− −<p > + < 2w∇.(µs′θ ) >
∂x ∂r r ∂θ r r ρo ∂θ ∂θ ρo
( ) ( )
∂W ∂W w2 ∂W W ∂uw2 1 ∂rvw2 1 ∂w3 vw2
− 2 uw + vw + + vw − + + +2
∂x ∂r r ∂θ r ∂x r ∂r r ∂θ r
(B.26)

• Avg(v× Eeq.B.21) + Avg(u× Eqn.B.22)

 
∂uv ∂uv W ∂uv uw 1 ∂pv ∂pu
U +V + −W = − +
∂x ∂r r ∂θ r ρo ∂x ∂r
 
1 ∂v ∂u 2 
+ <p >+<p > + < v∇.(µs′x ) > + < u∇.(µs′r ) >
ρo ∂x ∂r ρo
 
∂U 2
∂U vw ∂U 2
∂V ∂V uw ∂V W
− uv +v + +u + uv + − uw
∂x ∂r r ∂θ ∂x ∂r r ∂θ r
( )
∂u2 v 1 ∂r uv 2 1 ∂uvw uw2
− + + − + gβvt′ (B.27)
∂x r ∂r r ∂θ r

• Avg(w× Eeq.B.21) + Avg(u× Eqn.B.23)

 
∂uw ∂uw W ∂uw uw 1 ∂pw 1 ∂pu
U +V + +V = − +
∂x ∂r r ∂θ r ρo ∂x r ∂θ
 
1 ∂w 1 ∂u 2 
+ <p >+ <p > + < w∇.(µs′x ) > + < u∇.(µs′θ ) >
ρo ∂x r ∂θ ρo
( )
∂U ∂U w2 ∂U ∂W ∂W uw ∂W W
− uw + vw + + u2 + uv + + uv
∂x ∂r r ∂θ ∂x ∂r r ∂θ r
( )
∂u2 w 1 ∂r uvw 1 ∂uw2 uvw
− + + + + gβwt′ (B.28)
∂x r ∂r r ∂θ r

• Avg(w× Eeq.B.22) + Avg(v× Eqn.B.23)

w2
 
∂vw ∂vw W ∂vw vw 1 ∂pw 1 ∂pv
U +V + −W +V = − +
∂x ∂r r ∂θ r r ρo ∂r r ∂θ
 
1 ∂w 1 ∂v 2 
+ <p >+ <p > + < v∇.(µs′θ ) > + < w∇.(µs′r ) >
ρo ∂r r ∂θ ρo
( )
∂V ∂V w2 ∂V ∂W ∂W vw ∂W W
− uw + vw + + uv + v2 + + (v 2 − w2 )
∂x ∂r r ∂θ ∂x ∂r r ∂θ r
( )
∂uvw 1 ∂r v 2 w 1 ∂vw2 v 2 w w3
− + + + − (B.29)
∂x r ∂r r ∂θ r r

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 APPENDIX B. MOMENTUM EQUATION IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATE

The equation for the turbulence kinetic energy in cylindrical coordinate can be obtained di-
rectly from the normal Reynolds stress equations by adding them and defining k, the average
fluctuating kinetic energy per unit mass, as:
1 2 1
k ≡ q = [u2 + v 2 + w2 ] (B.30)
2 2
The incompressibility condition (B.1) is used to eliminate the pressure-strain rate term.

Turbulence kinetic energy equation:

∂k ∂k W ∂k vw w2
U +V + −W +V =
∂x ∂r r ∂θ r r
( )
1 ∂uq 2 1 ∂(rvq 2 ) 1 ∂wq 2
 
1 ∂pu 1 ∂(rpv) 1 ∂pw 2
− + + − + + + ∇.µ < ~vsij >
ρo ∂x r ∂r r ∂θ 2 ∂x r ∂r r ∂θ ρo
( )
∂U ∂U uw ∂U ∂V ∂V vw ∂V ∂W ∂W w2 ∂W
− u2 + uv + + uv + v2 + + uw + vw +
∂x ∂r r ∂θ ∂x ∂r r ∂θ ∂x ∂r r ∂θ
2
− µ < sij sij > + gβut′ (B.31)
ρo
In this equation we split the viscous term into the turbulence transport (or divergence) term
and dissipation term as below:

• Transport of kinetic energy due to viscous stresses:

( )
2 ∂ µ ∂k ∂u2 1 ∂ruv 1 ∂uw
∇.µ < ~vsij >≡ + + +
ρo ∂x ρo ∂x ∂x r ∂r r ∂θ
( )
1 ∂ µ ∂k ∂uv 1 ∂rv 2 1 ∂vw w2
+ r + + + −
r ∂r ρo ∂r ∂x r ∂r r ∂θ r
( )
1 ∂ µ ∂k ∂uw 1 ∂rvw 1 ∂w2 vw
+ + + + + (B.32)
r ∂θ ρo ∂θ ∂x r ∂r r ∂θ r

• Rate of dissipation of turbulence kinetic energy:

*  
∂u 2
 2
v2 1 ∂w 2
 
2 µ ∂v
− ǫ ≡ − µ < sij sij >= − 2 +2 −2 2 +2
ρo ρo ∂x ∂r r r ∂θ
2  +
∂ w 2 ∂w 1 ∂u 2
   
∂v ∂u 1 ∂v
+ + +r ( ) + + (B.33)
∂x ∂r r ∂θ ∂r r ∂x r ∂θ

B.3 Averaged Energy Equation

General energy equation in cylindrical coordinate for a steady state incompressible flow is cal-
culated using equation 8.32 in chapter 8 as below. We also neglect the density change due to
pressure changes since the flows we are interested in are subsonic flows.

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Energy equation
!
∂ T̃ ∂ T̃ 1 ∂ T̃
ρo Cp ṽx + ṽr + ṽθ = ∇.(κ ∇T̃ ) + µ Φ̃ (B.34)
∂x ∂r r ∂θ
The Laplacian operator and dissipation function are defined as:
! ! !
∂ ∂ T̃ 1 ∂ ∂ T̃ 1 ∂ ∂ T̃
∇.(κ ∇T̃ ) = κ + κr + 2 κ (B.35)
∂x ∂x r ∂r ∂r r ∂θ ∂θ

2 2 2
1 ∂ṽr 2
    
∂ṽr 2 ∂ṽθ ∂ṽx
∂ṽθ ṽθ
Φ̃ = 2 + 2 + ṽr + 2 + − +
∂r r ∂θ ∂x
∂r r r ∂θ
2 
∂ṽx 2
 
1 ∂ṽx ∂ṽθ ∂ṽr 2
+ + + + + (∇.~v )2 (B.36)
r ∂θ ∂x ∂x ∂r 3
All the fluid properties in this equation are depend on the temperature fluctuation. To perform
a numerical computation, one should consider calculating the correlation of fluctuating viscos-
ity, thermal conductivity and specific heat with respect to the local velocity and temperature.
In this study we are just performing the Reynolds decomposition on velocity and temperature
and pressure as in the momentum equations. Low velocity in the flow (M a << 1) helps us
to neglect the heat generation due to viscous dissipation and omit the last term of the energy
equation.

Averaged Energy equation

   
∂T ∂T W ∂T ∂ ∂T 1 ∂ ∂T
U +V + = α − ut +
′ αr − r vt ′
∂x ∂r r ∂θ ∂x ∂x r ∂r ∂r
!
1 ∂ ∂ T̃
+ 2 α − r wt′ (B.37)
r ∂θ ∂θ

The equation governing the transport of the temperature fluctuation can be derived, similar
to the Reynolds stress equations, by subtracting the mean energy equation B.38 from the in-
stantaneous energy equation B.34,then multiplying with the fluctuating temperature(t′ ) and
averaging them. The result will be:

Mean square fluctuating temperature equation

! !
∂t′2 ∂t′2 W ∂t′2 ∂ ∂t′2 1 ∂ ∂t′2
U +V + = α − ut′2 + αr − r vt′2
∂x ∂r r ∂θ ∂x ∂x r ∂r ∂r
!  
1 ∂ ∂t′2 ∂T ∂T wt′ ∂T
+ 2 α − r wt′2 − 2 ut′ + vt′ +
r ∂θ ∂θ ∂x ∂r r ∂θ
(  2  2  2 )
∂t′ ∂t′ 1 ∂t′
− 2α < >+< >+ 2 < > (B.38)
∂x ∂r r ∂θ

158