Chapter No1 About Climate and Energy in General

13/3/2019 Chapter no1 About Climate and Energy in General - Έγγραφα Google
Students’ Climate Report

Chapter 1
Climate and energy
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1vAcl-GaAVsb0jLSkMjUk99_QmPCv7PjQ0wboqfwRXvI/edit# 1/90
Table of Contents
Students’ Climate Report 1
Chapter 1 1
Climate and energy 1
Table of Contents 2
Climate of the country 6

General description (climate of country) 6
France: 6
Greece: 7
Italy: 10
Slovakia: 10
Spain: 11
Sweden: 12
Temperature (country) 13
France: 13
Greece: 14
Italy: 15
Slovakia: 16
Spain: 17
Sweden: 18
Rainfall/Snowfall (country) 20
France: 20
Greece: 21
Italy: 22
Slovakia: 22
Spain: 23
Sweden: 23
Wind (country) 24
France: 24
Greece: 24
Italy: 28
Slovakia: 29
Spain: 29
Sweden: 30
Climate of region 32
General description (region) 32
France - Paris Ile-de-France : 32
Greece - Kos: 32
Italy - Parma: 33
Slovakia - Žilina: 33
Spain - Cambrils: 34
Sweden - Norrbotten: 35
Temperature (region) 36
Greece - Kos: 37
Italy - Parma: 38
Rainfall/Snowfall (region) 42
Italy - Parma: 44
Wind (region) 48
Greece - Kos: 48
Italy - Parma: 49
Energy sources and energy production of the country 52

General description of energy production in country 52
France: 52
Greece: 52
Italy: 54
Slovakia: 56
Spain: 57
Sweden: 57
Renewable Energy Sources (country) 59
France: 59
Greece: 62
Italy: 63
Slovakia: 64
Spain: 64
Sweden: 65
Non Renewable Energy Sources (country) 67
France: 67
Greece: 67
Italy: 68
Slovakia: 68
Spain: 69
Energy sources and energy production of the Region 71

General description of energy production (region) 71
Greece - Kos: 71
Italy - Parma: 71
Renewable Energy Sources (region) 73
Greece - Kos: 74
Italy - Parma: 75
Non Renewable Energy Sources (region) 78
Greece - Kos: 78
Italy - Parma: 78
References 81
France: 81
Greece: 81
Italy: 82
Slovakia: 82
Spain: 83
Sweden: 83
Climate of the country

General description
France:
France is a country located in Western Europe. Clockwise from north, France borders Belgium
and Luxembourg to the northeast, Germany and Switzerland to the east, Italy to the south-east
and Spain to the south-west.
Although France is just the size of Texas, it is the largest country in Western Europe and
consequently its weather varies hugely from region to region.
The climate of France is generally cold in winter and mild in summer, but mild winters and hot
summers are usual along the Mediterranean sea (French Riviera) and in the South West of
France. Along the Rhône Valley an occasional strong, cold, dry, north-to-north westerly wind
blows known as the mistral. Lots of the snow falls in winter in the Mountainous regions like the
Alps, Pyrenees and Auvergne. In July and August, it's the peak of summer.
Paris is quite far north, so can have downright chilly days, even in July. The Mediterranean
beaches are close to the Alps and Pyrenees, and the climates on the coast versus mountains is
quite different.
France has four broad climatic zones: the humid seaboard zone west of the line Bayonne-Lille
with cool summers; a semi-continental zone with cold winters and hot summers in
Alsace-Lorraine, along the rhodanian corridor and in the mountainous massifs (Alps, Pyrenees,
Massif Central); an intermediate zone with cold winters and hot summers in the North, the Paris
region and the central region; and a Mediterranean zone with mild winters and quite hot summers
in the south of France.
In the South, the Mediterranean coast has the driest climate with any noticeable rain coming in
spring and autumn. Provence (in the southeast) occasionally plays reluctant host to le mistral, a
strong, cold and dry wind that blows in over the winter for periods of only a few days up to a
couple of weeks. The Mediterranean coastline and Corsica have plenty of sunshine during the
summer months, and refreshing sea breezes.
The impacts expected in France in the 21st century

What was observed during last decades should be accentuated: • Increase in the average
temperature of 1°C with 6,5°C in 2100 • Increase in the frequency, length and intensity of the
summer heat waves. . Increase in precipitations in winter and reduction in summer of water
supplies in the south • Reduction in the duration of snowing .
IMPACTS PRÉVUS EN FRANCE AU XXIe SIÈCLE

(Source : CDC Climat Recherche d’après le GIEC,www.greenfacts.org/fr/changement-climatique
Météo France, l’OCDE et le Conservatoire du Littoral
Greece:
The climate in Greece is typically Mediterranean: mild and rainy winters, relatively warm and
dry summers and, generally, extended periods of sunshine throughout most of the year
(http://www.hnms.gr/hnms/english/climatology/climatology_html).
Greece is situated at the most southeastern part of Europe, located between the 34° and 42°
parallel N., with a meridional extent from 19° to 28° E. and borders the Aegean Sea, the Ionian
Sea and the East Mediterranean Sea.
The climate in Greece is typical of the Mediterranean climate: mild and rainy winters, relatively
warm and dry summers and, generally, extended periods of sunshine throughout most of the year.
A great variety of climate subtypes, always within the Mediterranean climate frame, are
encountered in several regions of Greece. This is due to the influence of topography (great
mountain chains along the central part and other mountainous bodies) on the air masses coming
from the moisture sources of the central Mediterranean Sea.
Thus the weather in Greece varies from the dry climate of Attiki (Athens’ greater area) and East
Greece in general, to the wet climate of Northern and Western Greece.
In climatological terms, the year can be broadly subdivided into two main seasons: The cold and
rainy period lasting from mid-October until the end of March, and the warm and dry season
lasting from April until September.
During the first period the coldest months are January and February, with, a mean minimum
temperature ranging, on average, between 5 -10 degrees Celsius near the coasts and 0 – 5 Celsius
over the mainland, with lower values (generally below freezing) over the northern part of the
country.
Long stretches of consecutive rainy days are infrequent in Greece, even during the winter, and
the sky does not remain cloudy for more than a few days in a row, as it does in other regions of
the world. “Bad weather” days in winter are often interrupted, during January and the first
fortnight of February, with sunny days, known as ‘Halcyon days’ since ancient times.
https://goo.gl/images/5Amzce
The winter is milder in the Aegean and Ionian Islands compared to Northern and Eastern
mainland Greece. During the warm and dry period the weather is usually stable, the sky is clear,
the sun is bright and there is generally no rainfall. There are, however, infrequent and brief
intervals of rapid rain or thunderstorms chiefly over mainland areas.
https://goo.gl/images/YnD4qK
The warmest period occurs during the last ten days of July and the first ten days of August, when
the mean maximum temperature lies between 29.0 and 35.0 degrees Celsius. During the warm
period the high temperatures are tempered by fresh sea breezes in the coastal areas of the country
and from the north winds, known as ‘Etesian’, blowing mainly in the Aegean
(http://www.alpha-omegaonline.com/weather_greece.htm).
In Northern Greece the climate is a little different than the rest of the country. It is considered
Semi-arid (hot and cold), less mild. This is mainly found in areas of Macedonia and Thessaly
(cold semi-arid) while areas of Attica such as the Athens Riviera and some islands mainly in the
Cyclades have a hot semi-arid climate. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Greece
https://www.lonelyplanet.com/greece/northern-greece/weather
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Greece%27s_K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_Peel_e
t_al._(2007).png
Italy:
Italy is a peninsula, placed in Southern Europe. Because of its extension in latitude, it has many
different climate types.
The Koppen graphic shows us Italy climates variety: in the North there is a temperate climate, in
Central and in the Southern Italy there are subtropical and Mediterranean climates.
At high altitudes, the climate becomes colder, with lower temperatures and snow. At the highest
altitudes, the snow is perennial.
Slovakia:
The climate of the Slovakia can be described as typical European continental influenced
climate with warm, dry summers and fairly cold winters. Slovakia belongs to the northern
moderate climatic zone, with four seasons. The weather in Slovakia changes a lot by the
influence of dry continental air from the west and the humid ocean air from the North, Baltic and
Mediterranean Sea. The topography of Slovakia is very diverse and the altitude is also an
important factor affecting the air temperature, rainfall, solar radiation and wind.
The weather is usually warmer in the plains than in mountainous areas. The warmest and driest
region of Slovakia is Podunajská nížina (Danube lowland) with an annual average temperature
around 10.3 °C and precipitation around 530 mm. With increasing altitude the temperature
decreases and the rainfalls/snowfalls increase. The coldest places are mountain peaks in High
and Low Tatras with the average temperature of -4 °C in Summer and -10 °C in Winter with
precipitation over 2000 mm.
https://imgur.com/bHgNMPe
Spain:
Spain is a transcontinental country surrounded by Portugal on the west side; Gibraltar on the
south (which is also in contact with Ceuta and Melilla, the autonomous cities located in the north
of Africa) the Mediterranean sea on the east side, and by France on the north. In Spain we have
three types of climate: Mediterranean, semi-arid and oceanic.
- Mediterranean climate: characterised by the warm/hot and dry summers around all the
peninsula. According to the Köppen climate classification, there are two varieties of the
climate: Csa zone, is the hot summer zone which are the south of the country, and the Csb
zone, which is the warm zone which are the north-central part of the peninsula.
- Semi-arid climate: is the type of climate in which the territory receives minimum
evapotranspiration. In the Köppen climate classification, the varieties related to this
climate are Bsh and Bsk, which are predominant in the southeastern quarter of the
country.
- Oceanic climate: defined as the typical climate of west coasts in higher middle latitudes
of continent. Cfb is the Köpper classification for this kind of climate and in Spain, it is
the predominant in the northern quarter of Spain.
Sweden:
Sweden is unique in its climate as it is one of the few nations in the world were the entire country
has four seasons every year. That means that in these seasons there is different temperatures and
kinds of weather. We also have various temperatures between our seasons. For example, we have
relatively cold during the winter, at around -10 to 25 degrees and relatively warm during the
summers, at around 15 to 25 degrees.
Sweden is in the so called west wind belt with most of our wind being southwestern and western
wind. In the west wind belt, low pressure is moving along zones (primarily the polar front)
differencing the warm air from the cold.
The close distance to the Northern Atlantic Sea with the warm Gulf Stream and the dominating
wind directions gives an extremely mild climate for its latitude during wintertime. Low-pressure
also gives a fairly rich precipitation climate with rain the whole year. However, dry seasons can
also occur with a high-pressure pushing the low-pressure to the north or south of Sweden.
In Sweden, there is a large difference between our coastal areas and our inland areas. This means
that our inland cities like Kiruna get cold winters but on the other hand, they get warm summers
instead. As an effect of not being located near the coast, the air gets cooler in the winter thus
generating a more freezing winter. On the flipside, the water isn’t cooling down the air during the
summer, so it becomes a lot warmer. A coastal city like Gothenburg also get cold winters but it
doesn’t last as long as it takes some time to make the water freeze and as long as it isn’t frozen, it
makes the air warmer. During the summers, however it cools down the air so the temperatures
drop.
Most of Sweden is qualified as cold temperate zones with snowy winters and coniferous forest as
dominating vegetation.Locally in the mountains there´s occasionally tundra with purely small
sized vegetation, like herbs and Dwarfing tree´s.
Temperature (country)
France:
Of the land area, 91.4% has a temperate climate with significant precipitation in all seasons 7.9%
has a temperate climate with dry summers 0.7% has a highland climate.
Of the population, 91.1% live in a temperate climate with significant precipitation in all seasons
8.8% live in a temperate climate with dry summers, 0.1% live in a highland climate.
In the Southern France, average daily maximum temperatures reach a warm 27°C in August, and
an average of 12 hours of sunshine per day. 25-30 dry days per month can be expected during the
summer season.
On the Atlantic Coast and in Bordeaux the climate is generally mild with temperatures averaging
11°C in winter, up to 27°C in summer, and rainfall distributed throughout the year. With the days
fresh and possibly damp in the spring and often sunny in the autumn, the climate is one of the
most important factors behind Bordeaux's high quality wine it produces.
The weather in the French Alps varies from north to south. The northern Alps (the Savoy) are
subject to oceanic influences resulting in abundant precipitation year round with low
temperatures, and cold winters with sometimes heavy snowfall. Briancion, in the Alps, has a
mean temperature of -2°C in January, and 17°C in July. During the warm season, local winds
blow along this region's wide valleys and by midday, warm air rises from the valleys, causing
clouds to form around most mountain summits. The heights can sometimes attract storms that are
both violent and spectacular. The southern Alps (Provence and the Cote D'Azur) enjoy a typical
Mediterranean climate in this region. Occasionally, violent storms may occur, but they are
always followed by sunny spells.
Greece:
The temperature of Greece varies during the year. During winter (October - March) Greece has a
temperature from 10° C to -5° C or even lower. During the months April and May the
temperature gets warmer so it can vary from 20° C to 30° C. During the hottest months of the
year, which are June, July, August and September, the temperature varies from 20 C to 40 C.
During September the temperature rarely drops below 20° C, though it can get really windy and
it is also possible that some rainfall might occur.
The mean temperature of the capital of Greece, Athens, is 17 °C (63 °F ), ranging from a low of
2° C (36° F ) in the winter to a high of 37° C (99° F ) (the last decades even above 40°) in the
summer.
http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?LANG=en&PLZ=_____&PLZN=_____&W
MO=16716&PAG=0&CONT=__&LEVEL=160&REGION=0005&LAND=__&INFO=0&R=0
&NOREGION=0
Italy:
The lower temperatures (-8/-15°C in the winter) are concentrated in the Northern part of territory
(western and central Alpes) while we can find the highest temperatures (30/35 °C in the summer)
in the Southern part of Italy, like Apulia, Sardinia and Sicily.
The lowest temperatures are registered in January and February and range between -5 and -8 °C
in the cooler mountain areas, between 10 and 13 °C in the southern Italian regions. The highest
values are recorded in the months of July and August, with values above 24 °C.
The maps show the general increase of average temperatures in a period during the last 50 years.
Slovakia:
Spring is characterized by colder weather with average daily temperature of 9 °C in the first
weeks and about 14 °C in May and 17 °C in June. In Slovakia, the weather and climate in the
spring is very unstable.
In summer daytime temperatures reach 20-25 °C, but sometimes quite higher, 30 °C or more.
Most of the time it is dry and sunny weather, although sometimes heavy thunderstorms can occur
at the end of the day, especially in the mountainous regions. July is the warmest month with
temperatures up to about 36 °C, especially in the regions of southern Slovakia and with an
average temperature of 22 °C. The highest temperature was measured in Hurbanovo on 20 July
2007 and it was 40.3 °C.
Autumn in Slovakia, first weeks can be very warm and sunny. The average temperature in
September is around 14 °C, in November to 3 °C. Late September and early October is dry and
sunny time of a year (so-called Indian summer).
Winter temperatures are around -5 or -10 °C. In December and January it is usually snowing.
This year there was extremely cold winter in Slovakia. The temperature was 30 °C below zero in
no mountainous regions what is not typical.
January is the coldest month with daytime temperatures usually around zero, but in some cases
winter months can be very cold with temperatures far below zero and strong, cold northeasterly
winds, called Bora, especially in the mountainous regions.
On 11 February was in Vígľaš (a Slovak village) the lowest temperature with value -41. 0 °C.
In Slovakia global warming became evident, when the average annual temperature was raised
about 1.1 °C in the last 100 years. From the 1990s Slovakia experienced the warmest 12 years in
history. If global warming carries on, the average annual temperature can rise by 2 – 4 °C by
2075.
Spain:
Spain has, as we said, different climates: cold climates, warm climates and moderated climates,
and that’s why the temperatures vary a lot depending on where you are. For example, there are a
lot of zones that barely snow because of the “high” temperatures.
Case1-This is the average temperatures of Pamplona, a city in the Basque Country, which is in
the north of Spain. The blue lines indicate the highest and lowest temperatures reported in the
city during the months between 1953 and 2016.
Case2- As a city in the middle part of Spain, we have chosen Madrid, Spain’s capital. With the
same organization as the previous graphic, these data were reported between 1981 and 2010
Case3- And as the southern Spanish city we have selected Sevilla, located in Andalucía, the
autonomous community closest to Africa. This is one of the reasons why Sevilla is one of the
warmest cities in Spain.
The last two lines are the lowest and highest temperatures reported with its dates and years.
Sweden:
The temperature is
strongly dependent
on which season and
whether it is north or
south of the polar
circle. During
wintertime, the wind
direction, speed and
the amount cloud
hold a major role on
our temperature.
During the winter,
you can track the
coldest winds to the
valleys of Sweden.
However, in the
summer, it is the Northern mountains with the coldest temperature.
On the south coast of Skåne (south Sweden) between the years of 1961 – 1990 we had the
average temperature of 0 °C in January month. In the valleys of inner Lappland during the same
period, the temperature was an average of -16 to -17 °C. The coldest temperature in these valleys
has occasionally gone down to - 40 °C with a rare moment of even down to -50 °C. These
recording was made during January over the course of almost 30 years, to show the diversity of
our country´s climate.
The average temperature of Sweden between 1961 – 1990

measuring the month of July was at its peak at 17 °C in
southeastern Sweden and in lower terrain. Even though there
are a few records of there being heat up to 38 °C that was
before 1961 and can´t be included in this summary.
The lowest average temperature during July is found in the
mountains of Lapland and stations at Kebnekaise, with
temperatures at 7 °C. Both winter and summer temperatures
have been rising since 1990, which is shown below.
Rainfall/Snowfall (country)
France:
Snowfall
The Mediterranean coastline, interested by the climate which owes him its name, is in France the
sector where to observe flakes is rarest. From Perpignan to Nice, one observes in general
between 1 and 3 days of snow a year.
The areas of the West of France are subjected to a rather unfavourable oceanic climate with the
snowfalls. Thus, the number of days of snow a year is lower than 10 from Brittany to the
Toulouse region. In direct edge of the Atlantic littoral, this last goes down under the 5 days. The
Atlantic islands know on average only from 2 to 3 days with presence of snow a year.
Often more influenced by the cold air, the regions extending between the Center and the
septentrional English Channel (by including the littoral edge of the North Sea) record on average
10 to 15 days of snow a year. These snowfalls often occur in the form of downpours during the
active drags to the accesses of the English Channel.
The sectors located between the north of the Limousin and Picardy count on average 15 to 20
days of snow a year. Located in the center of the country, they are halfway between the oceanic
influence in the West and the continental influence in the East. The valley of the Saone is
subjected to a similar climate.
The areas extending between Champagne and the Massif Central via Burgundy add up an
average from 20 to 25 snowfalls a year. The continental influence is felt more in these sectors
which are often influenced by flows of cold air affecting the Central Europe.
It is without surprise in the Eastern areas that the snowfalls are most frequent. On the podium of
the areas most concerned: Lorraine, the Franche-Comté, Alsace as well as the Ardennes. These
sectors record on average 25 to 30 days of snow a year, punctually 35 in the exposed sectors.
www.meteo.france.fr
Greece:
Precipitation in Greece is heaviest in the north and in the mountains. Average annual rainfall
varies from 50 to 121 cm (20–48 in) in the north and from 38 to 81 cm (15–32 in) in the south.
http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Europe/Greece-CLIMATE.html#ixzz4aobWlrVz
&NOREGION=0
During the winter much of Greece may have snow, and much snowfall can be expected in the
higher mountains.
Italy:
The scheme of annual values of rainfalls shows how rainfalls can vary on the Italian territory.
The most of rainfalls take place in the eastern and northern part of Italy. In the southern part, that
is the hottest, rainfalls are way rarer.
During the last few years a change has been registered: always the same annual amount of water
is produced, but rains are no more equally distributed over the year. On the contrary, they are all
concentrated in fewer days of heavy rainfall.
Slovakia:
Average annual rainfall in Slovakia is 743 mm. Approximately 20% of the total annual
precipitation falls in the form of snow. The biggest average rainfall rate belongs to mountainous
areas – approximately 1500 millimetres per year.
Annual rainfall average of a year goes around 40% in summer, 25% in spring, 20% in autumn
and 15% in winter. The most rainy month is usually June or July, the least rainfall months are
from January to March.
The highest number of stormy days is in mountains, in valleys and basins, where on average is
around 30-35 of those days in year. The lowest number of stormy days is in lowlands. Stormy
days in winter are very rare.
In winter time, most of the rainfalls are in a form of snow, especially in high mountainous areas.
Snow in lowlands can be detected from October to April, and in areas above 1500 – 2000 metres
above sea level for a whole year, counting the summer months as well. The average of snowfall
days is around 40 days in the south of Slovakia, on the other side on the Eastern Slovak lowland
it is more than 50 days per year. In basins it is on average around 60 – 80 days, in mountainous
areas around 80 – 120 days. The highest count of snowfall is in The High Tatras, more than 200
days per year. In areas 1 300 meters above sea level snow cover is more than 100 cm high.
Spain:
There are regions in Catalonia, where the rainfall is greater than 700 mm per year. But there are
other regions where the rainfall is less than 700mm per year.
The following graphic indicates the average of days with rain in a year in three autonomous
communities in Spain.
Sweden:
In Sweden, we have precipitation during every season but we are in no way over the precipitation
compared to our European neighbours. Our yearly precipitation is around 600mm annually. That
is generally, what the precipitation is all over Sweden, however there’s one area that is different
from the rest of the country and that’s our mountain range. In our mountain range, the yearly
precipitation is at 900mm, that’s because when the clouds come over the mountains they are
forced to drop their rain over the mountain range thus generating more rainfall.
The most common precipitation in Sweden is frontal precipitation.
But the yearly average rests around 500 – 800 mm. the lowest amount of downpour is centred
around the smaller islands of the Baltic sea and the closed valleys in the mountain region with an
average of barely 400 mm per year.
During the summer downpour mainly comes from thunderstorms as hail or rain, resulting in
great amounts during short periods. The highest amount officially recorded during a
thunderstorm is 198 mm in 24 hours, but private recordings has gone past 200 mm at several
occasions.
During violent storm there was an estimated downpour between 300 – 400 mm on the eastern
side of the Fulu Mountains august 30 – 31, 1997, a rain that gave extreme erosion in streams and
creeks.
Wind (country)
France:
The climate of eastern and southern France is particularly influenced by the nature and the
direction of the wind. La Bise is the dry east wind that can blow over from central Europe; in
winter it can be bitterly cold, in summer blisteringly hot. Blocked over France by the Atlantic
weather systems and by
the Massif central Mountains, le Mistral is a prolongation towards the south of France. La Bise,
a dry wind that blows down the Rhone valley to central Provence for weeks can be surprisingly
cold.
Le Tramontane is the wind from the north that skirts round the Massif Central or blows over the
top of it towards the Mediterranean.
Le Vent d'Autan is a wind that blows up from the Mediterranean, and over towards Toulouse and
Bordeaux. It can bring very warm weather in the Autumn, and cause heavy rainfall if the air is
humid.
Greece:
It is useful to divide the Greek seas into 4 zones running from North to South, and thus examine
the course of the summer winds. Winds vary greatly from zone to zone. More specifically
(http://boatgreece.com/destinations/winds-in-greece):
THE FIRST ZONE includes the Ionian Sea and the West Coasts of the Peloponnese. For the
greater part of the summer, the North Ionian features light to medium NW winds, the maistros,
which appear in the early afternoon and usually fall during sundown.
The SECOND ZONE is the sea area that is located south of Attiki and east of the Peloponnese.
Very often in this area we have the southerly (SE) sirocco wind, the duration of which is usually
short. The sea in the north part of this zone is protected from the strong northern winds by the
land areas. In early summer there often is no wind at all, or weak winds blow, generally from the
south. However, from July till the end of the summer, in this zone we mostly have meltemia,
except for the NW Peloponnese, where you may have encounter western winds.
THE THIRD AND CENTRAL ZONE covers the greater part of the Aegean from North to
South, including the Sporades and the Cyclades. Throughout the summer, the prevailing winds
are northeastern winds in the Northern Aegean, and northwestern winds in the Southern Aegean.
The meltemia are weaker during May and June, stronger during July and August, but disappear
in the fall, when the high Balkan barometric pressures are decrease. These are not cold winds,
but they may blow continuously for 3 to 4 days in a sunny sky, reaching an intensity of force 6
and in some cases 7 to 8 on the Beaufort scale. They create sudden waves that may make
conditions difficult for small pleasure craft, particularly in the sea areas around the island of
Icaria and the Cavo Doro, north of Andros.
THE FOURTH ZONE comprises the sea areas of the NE Aegean, as well as the sea of Samos
and Kos before the coast of Turkey, is considerably influenced by the meltemia, particularly in
the north. However, during the greater part of the summer a slight, variable breeze blows on the
coasts of the southern region. In order to obtain more information regarding the winds and the
navigation weather forecasts, please follow the weather forecast broadcasts.
Meltemi winds https://goo.gl/images/dW7MqM
Winds Table
Average direction and wind speeds in knots in the Greek weather Forecast areas for shipping
during the months April-October.
APR. MAY JUN. JUL. AUG. SEP. OCT.
N.E. Aegean NE NE NE NE NE NE NE
(Limnos) 10.2 8.2 8.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 11.4
Thrakiko NE NE NE NE NE NE NE
(Thassos) 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.6 2.3
Rhodes Sea WNW WNW NW NW NW NW WNW

(Kos-Rodos) 13.6 13.0 13.0 13.6 13.6 13.0 11.4
S.W. Aegean N SW N N N N N
(Milos) 9.0 6.6 6.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 9.8
W.Cretan Sea SW NNW NW, N N, NW N N N

(Hania) 5.0 4.4 4.4 4.1 4.1 4.1 3.8
Kithira Sea NE W W NE NE NE NE
(Kithira) 9.8 8.2 7.8 7.4 8.2 9.0 10.6
Samos Sea NW NW NW NW NW NW NW
(Samos) 9.4 7.8 9.4 11.0 10.2 8.6 7.0
Karpathio Sea W W W W W W W
(Karpathos) 6.6 6.2 8.6 10.6 9.4 8.2 6.2
N. Ionian Sea SE W, SE W NW, W NW SE SE

(Corfu) 2.9 2.6 2.9 2.9 2.6 2.3 2.6
S.Ionian Sea W W W W W W NE
(Methoni) 11.8 11.0 11.4 11.8 11.0 10.2 9.8
Source: http://boatgreece.com/destinations/winds-in-greece
Italy:
Bora is the wind responsible for cold waves that regularly hit Italy. In summer, the Scirocco, a
warm wind from Africa, increases the temperatures of the peninsula. Only the Apennines, the
Sicilian coast and the Apulian plans have winds that can be used as clean sources of energy.
Slovakia:
In lowlands of Western Slovakia is the annual average wind speed in height of 10 meters above
the active surface around 3 to 4 meters per second-1 and 2 to 3 meters per second-1 in Eastern
Slovakia. In more open basins, for example in Považské podolie, Podtatranská basin, Košická
basin, is the annual average wind speed 2 to 3 meters per second-1 , in more closed basins, for
example in Zvolenská basin, Žiarská basin or Žilinská basin, is the average annual wind speed 1
to 2 meters per second-1 , in completely closed basins less than 1 meters per second-1 . In
mountainous areas, depending on sea level is the annual average wind speed 4 to 8 meters per
second-1 . Maximal wind speed in lowlands is over 35 meters per second-1 , in mountainous areas
around 60 meters per second-1 .
Spain:
In our country, we have different types of wind depending on the origin of the wind, it can be
dry or humid, or even warm or cold.
Borasco A thunderstorm or violent squall, especially in the Mediterranean.
Chubasco A violent squall with thunder and lightning,

encountered during the rainy season along the west coast
of Central America., but also in Spain.
Leveche A warm wind in Spain, or a hot

southerly wind in advance of a low pressure
area moving from the Sahara Desert.
Poniente. Normally a fresher westerly wind that

blows in from the Atlantic along the south coast of
Spain, which can be quite strong and it often keeps
fishing fleets held up in the southern ports.
Levante A hot south easterly wind which blows

over the Canary Islands .
Terral A warm to hot wind that blows over the mainland from North to South, but picks up heat
as it travels overland .
Leste A hot, dry, easterly wind of the Madeira and Canary Islands.
Sweden:
Because of the fact that Sweden is in the Western wind belt most of our uninterrupted wind
travels in a western or southwestern direction. On the southeastern side of Sweden, the western
winds aren't as common as in the west coast. This is because the wind changes direction and
becomes a more southwestern. The reason for the change is that the ocean has an expansion in
the northern and southern direction. The wind twists along the expansion of the ocean because it
is easier for the wind to blow over the water than the land, as the sea does not have mountains or
forests that will block the wind.
In the inland, the wind direction is guided by the topography. In for example Norrland (northern
Sweden) the wind twists along the valleys. The most valleys stretch in a north western to
southeastern direction, and thus the inland wind follows the same direction because of the lesser
air resistance. Because the valleys start to get smaller near the coastal regions, the effect is less
apparent and the wind from the sea is the dominant wind direction along the coast. During
winter, the north of Sweden gets a northern wind sweeping in. This causes the temperatures to
drop even more so instead of having -10 degrees it can drop to around 12 degrees.
In Sweden, the average wind speed is 6 - 10 m/s. The speed of the wind is highly depending on
the resistance it will face such as trees, buildings, cities, mountains and other things like them.
For example the two wind stations in Falsterbo (the coast) and Malmö (a city) showed that the
speed of the wind in two areas of the same region will be highly dependent on how much of the
wind is blocked and slowed down by obstacles.
Another phenomenon about the wind in Sweden is that we during the fall now experience more
and stronger winds especially in autumns.
Climate of region
General description (region)
France - Paris Ile-de-France :

Climate in the Paris area is variable. There is a chance of a downpour in spring or a thunderstorm
in summer.
Although its latitude (48°52'0"N) is roughly the same as Vancouver or the Island of
Newfoundland in Canada, the City of Paris benefits from a temperate climate as a result of its
location in Western Europe and the warming effects of the Gulf Stream.
Nestled in the Paris Basin, situated midway between an oceanic climate to the west and a
semi-continental climate to the east, Paris enjoys mild winters and relatively clement summers.
Greece - Kos:
Kos has a Mediterranean climate which is characterised by dry summers and mild, moist winters.
Kos, as well as most of the other Aegean Islands, has an average temperature above 0 °C (32 °F),
but below 18 °C (64 °F), in their coldest months.
Here are the average temperatures.
Average temperatures - Kos

Kos Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Min (°C) 8 7 10 12 15 19 21 21 20 16 12 10
Max (°C) 13 12 15 18 22 27 30 29 27 22 17 13
Min (°F) 46 45 50 54 59 66 70 70 68 61 54 50
Max (°F) 55 54 59 64 72 81 86 84 81 72 63 55
During winter, periods of rain alternate with warm, sunny days. We know that after three days of
howling winds, during which one closes all windows, turns inwards and appreciates the solid
walls of one’s house, one can expect mild, sunny days. During the spring, dry winds and rising
temperatures take place. The rainfall,is not constant and can vary considerably from year to year,
accentuating the severity of the Mediterranean climate. Rain does not fall evenly. Generally
speaking, you can come across more rain in the north than in the south, more in the west than in
the east of a continent, nor does the rain arrive yearly at the same time. During summer, regions
of Mediterranean climate are dominated by subtropical high pressure cells, with dry sinking air
capping a surface marine layer of varying humidity and making rainfall impossible.
Here is the average precipitation.
Average precipitation - Kos
Kos Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Prec. 170 115 75 35 20 8 2 5 15 60 90 135 732
(mm)
Prec. (in) 6,7 4,5 3 1,4 0,8 0,3 0,1 0,2 0,6 2,4 3,5 5,3 28,8
Days 12 10 9 7 5 3 3 3 3 6 8 12 81
Winter, from December to mid-March, is mild enough: daytime temperatures hover about 12/14
°C (54/57 °F). The rains are quite frequent, but there are also sunny days. Sometimes it can be a
bit cold, with highs below 10 °C (50 °F). The wind can increase the feeling of cold. Sometimes
you can even see a bit of snow, though usually without accumulation, at least in the plains.
Spring, from mid-March to May, is mild, and over the weeks becomes progressively warmer,
sunnier and less rainy.
Summer, from June to mid-September, is hot and sunny. The Meltemi, the wind from the
north-west, blows from mid-May, cooling the air, but with lower intensity than in the central
islands of the Aegean Sea. In addition, sometimes there may be a period of intense heat, with
maximum temperatures around 35 °C (95 °F).
Autumn, from mid-September to November, is often sunny and pleasantly warm at the
beginning, and gradually becomes milder, while the rains become more frequent.
https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/greece/kos
Italy - Parma:
Emilia-Romagna region has a temperate subcontinental climate, with hot, humid summers and
cold, freezing winters. Only along the coast the climate tends to become mediterranean.
Certainly the Adriatic sea is too small to affect the temperatures in the region. One of the basic
characteristics of this climate is the high temperature excursion between day and night; summers
are hot and sultry, but winters are cold and long. Autumns are really humid, foggy and cool until
the mid-November; obviously temperatures decrease as winter approaches. Spring is a season of
transition, but it’s mild as a whole.
Slovakia - Žilina:
Žilina self-governing region is located in Northern Slovakia and has an area of 6,804 km² and
population of 688,851 (2011). The whole area is mountainous, belonging to the Western
Carpathians. Žilina lies at an altitude of 342 metres above sea level. This region is variable with
significant altitude differences producing humid and cold climate.
The climate affects the most Žilina basin and the mountains surrounding it. Because in the basin
we can see fog in the mornings and the mountains mean that there is not so windy.
The sea level affects every part of Žilina self-governing region. This land has, as the whole
Slovak Republic, marks of dry continental air. According to long-term studies, in January it gets
colder than in another month of the year. In March and April warm weather comes with drop of
temperature. In half of June cold and humid oceanic air arrives in our region, which comes with
rainfall. We can measure the highest temperature in the second half of July and in the start of
August. In September and October the temperature is lower.
Spain - Cambrils:
In our country Spain, we have a great temperature, one of the best temperatures in the world, in
summer we have hot and good weather, and in winter, we also have low temperature and cold
weather. The rest of the year the region has different meteorologies, like alpino weather, atlantic
weather,etc… it depends on the local situation that you’re in, or the season of the year.
Sweden - Norrbotten:
Norrbotten is geographically the biggest region in Sweden, and the climate of our region varies a
lot in accordance with season and geographic location. Norrbotten is a region rich with diversity
in flora, fauna and with four distinct seasons. We are famous for our cold and long winters but
now with the climate change the increasing temperatures those winters are becoming shorter on a
yearly basis. In the year of 2000, Norrbotten had extensive and cold winters, with approximately
more than 200 days of snow. That amount of days with snow has been decreasing every year;
consequently, we have experienced a dramatic decrease in the amount of snow. Norrbotten has
two distinct climates due to the differences between coastal and inland climates. The inland
climate has a climate with warmer summers and colder winters. The coastal climate is more
stable due to the water serving as a thermos, giving of heat for longer during the winter and
making the summers cool and fresh, this is a prominent feature but it is short lived in the north
especially during the winter when the water freezes over with a thick layer ice.
Norrbotten has four distinct seasons that differ greatly. The winters are great and filled with a
frozen landscape. During the winter, the surface of Bottenviken will be completely covered in a
massive layer of ice. A popular recreational activity is to take the car out into the archipelago
driving in winter ways. We also have specialised boat made to be heavy enough to shatter the ice
while also strong and durable enough to climb up on the ice from the water so called icebreakers.
We also build an entire hotel from ice further up the inland.
After the long dark winter comes a short spring bringing the life and light back to Norrbotten. It
is also the mating season of our wildlife. The snow will melt to water and add to the streams and
rivers giving us rapids.
The summer is our season of light and warmth with the sun staying on the horizon and never
setting. The summer has the warmest temperature and a time with life everywhere and thriving.
Autumn is a season where the leaves turn orange and the light fades, the stars start to show, and
the temperature will decrease.
Temperature (region)

Temperature ranges between 20°C and 26°C from May through October. Springtime in Paris is
mild and relatively dry, and the autumn is equally extended. July and August are the warmest
months.
Daily average maximum temperatures range from 6°C in January to 26°C in August. The
wettest month on average is October (71 mm), when heavy Thunderstorms are possible.
During the past century, the coldest winter was in 1953-1954, when the thermometer dropped to
-15°C (5°F). The coldest day ever recorded was on 10 December 1879: -23.9°C (-11°F).
While the hottest recorded temperature reached 40.4°C (104.7°F) on 28 July 1948, the deadly
heatwave of August 2003 produced nine (9) consecutive days of temperatures exceeding 35°C
(95°F). These temperatures are quite exceptional, however.
For instance, there are about 171 days a year with precipitation of over 0.1 mm (0.004 in.), yet
only 16 days with more than 10 mm (0.4 in.). Thus, it is practical to carry a small umbrella with
you in all seasons.
Thanks to its temperate climate, however, snowfall is somewhat of a rarity in Paris. Although
there is at least a dusting of snow about 15 days a year, most accumulation generally disappears
within 24 hours. The highest snowfall ever recorded in one day was 40 cm (15.75 in) on 2 March
1946.
Greece - Kos:
Due to the fact that Kos, similar to other Aegean Islands, has Mediterranean climate, the
temperatures during the year vary from 0 °C to 40 °C. During the coldest months of the year
(November - March) the temperatures vary from 0 to 10 °C, but for the people in islands it can
get colder because of the humidity. During the warmer months of the year (April - September)
the temperature is higher varying from 15 - 20 °C to 40 °C. During the warmest months of the
year (June, July, August) the temperature may vary from 30 °C to 40 °C during the warmer hours
but during the afternoon and night it can drop to 25 - 20 °C.
In the recent decades, heat waves have become more often, during which temperatures can
exceed 40 °C making the atmosphere unbearable especially after noon.
The temperature of the sea in summer remains somewhat lower in the central and northern part
of the archipelago, as it does not exceed 23/24 degrees in July and August, while it becomes
higher in the southern islands such as Karpathos, Rhodes and Kastelorizo, where it can reach
25/26 degrees.
Here, for example, the temperature of the sea in Kos.
Kos Jan Feb Ma Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
r
Sea 17 16 16 17 19 22 23 24 24 22 19 17
(°C)
and
http://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/greece/dodecanese
Italy - Parma:
In summer, temperatures exceed 30 degrees, reaching more than 35 degrees during heat waves.
High temperatures are often accompanied by huge rates of humidity and a lack of wind, which
make the season hot and sultry. In winter lowest temperatures go below 0. The middle seasons
are instead characterized by a considerable thermal variability.
From the beginning of the 1990s, Emilia-Romagna has been subjected to an intense change of its
climate, with important increases in the average temperatures (+1,1°C) and extreme temperatures
(especially during the summer, +2°C).
Slovakia - Žilina:
As you can see in this table we do not have extreme temperature in this part of the Slovak
Republic. The coldest month here is January with an average annual temperature 0 °C. In the
winter months (December, January, and February) temperature can drop from 2 °C to -10 °C. In
the mountains it can be from -15 °C to -20 °C. The months of the spring days are not very cold
yet not very warm. The warmest month of the year is July with an average annual temperature
25°C, but the temperature in June, July and in August can rise from 20°C to 30°C. In the autumn
it gets slowly colder. The first month of this season, September is still warm, but in October and
November the temperature drops down.
Žilinská basin part
The average annual temperature is between 5 and 8.5 °C (41 and 47 °F). The average
temperature of the warmest month is between 15 and 18.5 °C (59 and 65 °F) and the average
temperature of the coldest month are between -6 to -3 °C (21 to 27 °F).
Mountain part
The average annual temperature is less than 5 °C (41 °F). The average temperature of the
warmest month is less than 15 °C (59 °F) and the average temperature of the coldest month is
less than −5 °C (23 °F).
Spain - Cambrils:
Catalonia has a mediterranean temperature, but also has some variations, with high temperatures,
around 16 and 17C, and the maximum temperatures are 43C in the hottest part, and low
temperatures, are around 0 and -1C, and the maximum temperatures are -30C in “Pirineus”. In
general has a great temperature, with goods climates and weather.
Also has differents weathers that are influenced by the temperature
- Alpino weather: located in the Pyrenees.
- Atlantic weather: located in Gerona
- Mediterranean weather: located in the rest of the territory.
Wet region: is located in general in Pyrenees, the raining is so usual, and the weather is wet, and
is under the 700 mm.
Hot region: is located near the beach (hottest part), and the rest of the region, which is superior
to 700 mm.
The following map shows the temperature average of Catalonia in 2015.
Catalonia Annual Average Temperature (2015)
The average temperature of Norrbotten has been increasing since the 1960s. The temperature has
varied, but in general, it’s getting warmer and warmer. From 1988-2010 the average temperature
has increased with about 2 degrees Celsius and by the year 2050 the increase is estimated to be
approximately 3 degrees Celsius. If you look further into the future, we can also see that in the
year of 2100 the increase could rise with an additional 2.5 degrees making it a total increase of
5.5 degrees Celsius. This increase will give us long term consequences like for example the
long-term degradation of the road.
The increasing temperatures is because of the greenhouse effect.
Which is; when the sun rays bounce against the Earth's surface, hitting the ozone layer at the
atmosphere some of the rays will hit the ozone layer and bounce back down to earth, the sun rays
will increase, and the temperature will eat away at the layer and an evil circle is born.
.
Northern part of Sweden (Norrbotten) has a lower temperature, due to higher altitude, than the
southern part. Especially up in the mountains near the border to Norway, compared with the
more southern part in the coast regions like Piteå.
Rainfall/Snowfall (region)

Paris is presented with an average of 619 mm (24.4 in) of rainfall per year, or 51.6 mm (2 in) per
month. On average there are 162 days per year with more than 0.1 mm (0.004 in) of rainfall
(precipitation) or 13.5 days with a quantity of rain, sleet, snow etc. per month.
The driest weather is in March when an average of 35 mm (1.4 in) of rainfall (precipitation)
occurs. The wettest weather is in August when an average of 64 mm (2.5 in) of rainfall occurs.
Spring, from March to May, is the driest season. Rainfall is distributed fairly evenly throughout
the other seasons. Average annual precipitation is 607-641 mm (24-25 inches). The most rainfall
recorded in a single day was on 24 August 1987: 95.7 mm (3.77 in).
Paris in winter
Greece-Kos:
Precipitation in the Dodecanese Islands hovers normally between 650 and 750 millimetres per
year, and is concentrated in the cold period, from October to March, when it can show up in the
form of shower or thunderstorm, and can sometimes be abundant.
Because of the long summer drought, the landscape is typically semi-arid, especially in the flat
islands and at low altitude (in some islands there are hilly and mountainous areas, which are
greener).
This is for example the average rainfall in the nearby island of Rhodes.
Average precipitation - Rhodes

Rhodes Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Prec. 150 120 75 25 15 3 0 0 7 65 90 145 695

(mm)
Days 11 9 7 3 2 0 0 0 1 5 6 11 55
The amount of sunshine in the Dodecanese is great in summer, when clear skies are the norm. In
winter, periods of bad weather, with cloudy skies, alternate with sunny periods.
Snowfall is very rare in the Aegean islands (about once or twice in thirty years). However, on
January 2017 there was an unprecedented wave of snowstorms in some of the Aegean islands,
which caused great problems in the infrastructures, supplies and communication.
http://allaksogolies.gr/xionia-paralies-nisia-xwras-mas/
http://www.briefingnews.gr/ellada/sta-leyka-toy-hionia-ntythike-i-ellada-hioni-kai-sta-nisia
Italy - Parma:
The quantity of precipitations in the Po plain are mediocre, generally from 650 to 800 mm per
year. The highest altitudes you get, the precipitations become more copious, exceeding 1500 mm
per year in the Apennines. It can snow here in winter. However, the peak in precipitations is
reached in spring and autumn. Summer is the driest season: as a consequence, rivers show
periods of law water levels alternated with period of sudden floods.
Slovakia - Žilina:
Žilina region belongs to mountainous areas and so the rainfall goes approximately around 1500
millimeters per year. Most of the year is dry. Snow days are in months from October to April.
The rainfall/snowfall and also the humidity of the area are affected by the basin in which this
region is set.
Spain - Cambrils:
Rainfall: In Catalonia, during 2016, the month with highest number of days with rain was
October with 21 days but the month with highest precipitation was April with a quantity over
100 mm.
Snowfall: As in snowfall, with our warm climate and “high” temperatures, we barely have
snowfalls. In 2016, we had an average of 0 days, even though the Pyrenees had snow, it wasn’t
enough to cover the average. The highest amount of snow in the past 7 years was in 2010.
Snowfall in Norrbotten:
Norrbotten used to be covered in snow for a little more than 200 days a year but since the year
2000, we have lost about 20 days of snowfall in Norrbotten. It is estimated that value will
increase until the year 2100 where there will become approximately 60-80 less days with
snowfall. That means that Norrbotten will have about 100 less snowy days in only 80 years’
time. Majority of Norrbotten is usually free of snow sometime between late April and beginning
of May, but you can now see that as the climate has been getting warmer the snow disappears
faster, and the temperatures rise as early as the beginning of April.
The amount of water in the snow also will be reduced. We won´t get as much water from the
snow as we get now, and thus the rapids we get at spring. If the snow is thick with lots of water
in it, it will become heavy and massive. Thick snow is good when you want to go skiing in the
winter. This is because if the water in the snow reduces there will be a decrease in the amount of
snow and consequently this means there are less places with snow for activities like skiing, and
skiing is one of most attractive activities of Norrbotten.
Rainfall in Norrbotten:
The amount of rainfall has increased and will keep increasing further on. We have seen and
understood that the rainfall will continue to increase and that it will affect our living creatures
(animals and humans) in both negative and positive directions.
In Piteå there have been many accidents with flooding. The streets have been filled up with water
and stores has had water coming up from the drains. Flooding in general affects primarily
low-lying roads and cities without position high above the water level.
Wind (region)

The windiest months in Paris are generally from November through January, averaging 21-23
km/hr. (13-14 mph). During the rest of the year, the city enjoys pleasant breezes of 15-18 km/h
(9-11 mph).
When extreme storms battered much of western Europe on 27 December 1999, the Paris region
suffered a loss of tens of thousands of trees and extensive property damage, with wind gusts
reaching 169 km/h (105 mph).
Greece - Kos:
During the winter period, over the Mediterranean basin, several low pressure systems are
formed, that result in volatile and bad weather patterns, which are made even worse by the
influence of this season's low temperatures. In contrast, during the summer, the distribution of
the pressure systems in the Mediterranean is very different, smoother and relatively stable.
The eastern Mediterranean and the Aegean Sea - as our area of interest – are almost permanently
under the influence of two barometric systems.
A high pressure system (High) formed over the continental Europe and a low pressure system
(Low) formed in the southeastern Mediterranean, over Cyprus and the Middle East.
These two barometric systems are almost firmly in place during the summer and their strength
and location are barely changing.
So, the winds blowing in the Aegean Sea throughout the whole warm period have an almost
fixed direction in every area of concern and a certain range of intensity, which essentially
depends only on the combination of those two barometric systems.
These winds are the well-known 'Etesian winds' (named by the Aristotle himself and means
"winds prevailing every year") also known as 'Meltemia', and as mentioned above, they are the
result only of the combination of these two permanent barometric systems that are installed
during the summer in the Eastern Mediterranean basin.
These winds can at times be very strong. This can lead to the schedules of the ferryboats to the
islands being severely disrupted.
In more detail, the actual distance and the depth/strength of the centers of those two barometric
systems, that either close-in or move-apart from each other slightly, affects the intensity and
direction of the prevailing winds in every area.
In a general rule, these winds are of northeast directions in the north Aegean, northward direction
in the central and eastern Aegean and of Northwestern directions in the southeastern Aegean Sea.
There are so many fluctuations and variance in the direction and strength of the surface winds in
every place of our region/country. Why don't we see only stable and absolutely predictable winds
with a sole, specific direction, creating evenly formed ripples and waves, without any
unpredictable or severe weather and sea state?
The answer is simple: the Aegean Sea is not an open sea without any obstacles. On the contrary,
it has countless islands islets and rocks, forming every kind and size of straits, blocks and tunnels
between them.
All this perplexed topography and distinct morphological configuration and orientation of every
geographical position is a real labyrinth, and the wind is forced to move through it!
This whole procedure results in the creation of turbulence, disrupting the smoothness of the
winds, changing them significantly from one location to another and leading to the development
of messy ripples and conflicting waves from multiple directions, and in essence, the harsh and
often inaccessible seas, we have to confront from time to time.
And the real problem is that all this turbulence makes the small scale, locally accurate prediction
of the winds and waves, almost impossible.
Italy - Parma:
Emilia Romagna presents a very high stability of the air masses, with wind calm especially in the
summer and in the winter. Only the Apennines have winds that can be used as sources of eolic
energy. Emilia Romagna Region ruled that a wind power plant can be installed on the hills only
at heights over 1200 meters and only if there are not less than 1800 hours of wind per year.
Slovakia - Žilina:
Žilina region belongs to the Žilinská basin, in which the annual average wind speed goes from 1
to 2 meters per second-1. The region as an mountainous area doesn’t belong to the windy parts of
Slovakia. As you can see on the graph, most of the days of months the wind speed is under 12
kilometers per hour.
Spain - Cambrils:
We have strong winds in the South of Catalonia, which is where we live. Specially in the coast,
because of the waves and the wind coming across the Mediterranean sea, in the middle part of
Catalonia; or the wind coming from the interior, in the south of Catalonia and where we live; or
the wind and climate coming from the Pyrenees, which is affected in the north of our region. The
Pyrenees’ mountains have a shield effect, which reduces the speed of the wind when it goes
across Catalonia, but for the north east and south of our region, the wind goes straight through
achieving 100km/h in many occasions.
In the winter though, the wind has a moderated strength but it is so cold that it feels like there is a
very low temperature than it really is. In summer, the wind is warm and dry, which increases the
need of hydration and the seek of shadow because of the feeling of a high temperature.
Summer:
On the coastland and the inland there will be an increase with about 1 m/s. The winds here in
Norrbotten are very different depending on how far you're from the coast. If you are by the sea
you may notice more strong winds and many gust, in the inland the winds are not as strong and
powerful. How frequent the storms come depends on how the weather situation, if it's a chilly
and cloudy day there's a big chance for winds and storms due to the cold and humidity. The most
common wind direction is from west.
Autumn/Winter:
Strong winds often occur in the autumn, especially when the temperature changes fast and often.
When there is a significant change in the weather, for example, if one day it is -10 Celsius and
then the next day there’s 3 degrees the snow starts to melt to become water and affects the
low-pressure. Therefore, it often gets very windy when the temperature rises fast. The water from
the molten snow will start to freeze ones the temperature turns to go below zero. The water
becomes ice and the roads and paths will become slippery and form a very unsafe traffic. This
happens increasingly more these days, thanks to climate change.
Energy sources and energy production

of the country
General description of energy production in country
France:
Availabilities reduced in France
France does not have great fossil or fissile energy resources: the oilfields and of conventional gas
are limited and in the course of exhaustion, the coal mining is economically overdrawn and was
abandoned. There is no more mine of uranium in activity. The exploitation of schist gases causes
debates as for its environmental impact. The country must thus work out an energy policy
making it possible to ensure the security of supply of these energies and the controlled prices.
The economic sector of energy in France understands the local production (52%) and the
importation (48%) of primary energy, their conversion energies secondary and transport and
energy distribution to the ultimate consumer. The energy sector accounted for 1,7% of the GDP
in 2013, and the energy bill 2,6% of the GDP in 2014. Primary energy consumption was divided
in 2014 into fossile fuel 47,5% (30,1% of oil products, 14% of natural gas, 3,4% of coal), 42,4%
of nonrenewable primary electricity (nuclear power 43,8% + pumping production balances
exporting electricity 2%), 9,6% of renewable energies (4,1% wood, 2,4% hydraulics, 0,9%
biomass fuel, 0,6% heat pumps, 0,5% wind, 0,5% urban waste, photovoltaic 0,2%, 0,4% various)
and 0,4% of nonrenewable urban waste. Electricity produced in 2014 comes for 77% from the
nuclear power, for 17,7% of renewable energy sources (especially production renewable: 12,6%)
and for 5% of fossil thermo plants. France places itself at the 2nd nuclear world rank of the
energy producers after the United States, and at the 1st rank for the share of the nuclear power in
the electrical production.
Greece:
Greece uses five important primary energy sources for electric energy production, which are
lignite, natural gas, oil, hydroelectric, solar and wind renewable energy sources (RES).
Energy production in Greece is dominated by the state owned Public Power Corporation (known
mostly by its acronym ΔΕΗ, or in English DEI). In 2009 DEI supplied 85.6% of all electric
energy demand in Greece while the number fell to 77.3% in 2010. Almost half (48%) of DEI's
power output is generated using lignite, a drop from the 51.6% in 2009. 12% of the electricity of
Greece comes from Hydroelectric power plants and another 20% from natural gas. Between
2009 and 2010, the energy production of independent companies increased by 56%, from 2,709
GWh (gigawatt per hour) in 2009 to 4,232 GWh in 2010.
https://www.google.fr/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved
=0ahUKEwiAweyr14PYAhXPyKQKHfAJDAwQjRwIBw&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slides
hare.net%2Felokab%2Fsources-used-for-electric-power-production&psig=AOvVaw18Tc_kTN4
EhsI2cYSMwqFz&ust=1513140910260513
https://www.google.fr/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=imgres&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved
=0ahUKEwim-9Di14PYAhWEzqQKHfgwCR4QjRwIBw&url=https%3A%2F%2Fourfiniteworl
d.com%2F2015%2F07%2F08%2Fwhat-greece-cyprus-and-puerto-rico-have-in-common%2F&p
sig=AOvVaw1Brfi0bDm5gCkI2upZ1miy&ust=1513141038619820
Italy:
In Italy, energy consumption has shown a growing trend up from 2000 to 2005. From 2005, a
constant decrease in consumption was observed, and it does not seem to stop. This trend is
mainly due to the economic crisis that hit the industrialised countries.
From 2000 to 2014 consumption of crude oil decreased by 37%. This reduction is mainly due to
the energy policies implemented in Italy that have privileged the use of natural gas as the
primary source of energy for the civil sector and for the production of electricity. Only renewable
sources resources showed a positive trend, notwithstanding the economic crisis that affected the
period taken into account.
Slovakia:
Thermal power plants
We have only two thermal power plants in Slovakia and these are Nováky power plant and
Vojany power plant.
Thermal power plant provides consumption of domestic coal used to generate electricity and heat
in the general economic interest pursuant. Thermal power plants have to be modernised in order
to comply with new legislation dealing with air protection and emission limits after 2015.
Nuclear power plants
Slovakia has four nuclear reactors generating half of its electricity and two more under
construction. The largest ones are Jaslovské Bohunice and Mochovce.
In November 2014 the government approved a long-term energy plan based on greater use of
nuclear power, some renewables, and reducing the use of coal.
Geothermal
According to the research, the potential of geothermal energy production is 5,500 MW, however
only 2.3% is currently being used.
Biomass
Currently 2% of all heat production is produced from biomass while the plan is to raise it up to
20% in five years.
Solar power plants
In Slovakia the amount of solar energy power plants is still rising which is good for environment.
The importance of these power plants is during summer, when 12% of solar energy is collected.
Wind power plant – there are only 3 wind parks in Slovakia with the power of 5.1 MW what
covers energy consumption of 3 thousand households.
Hydro power plant
There are 25 big water plants and more than 200 small water plants. The biggest resources of
hydro energy come from water dams. The big hydro plants can produce up to 4,500 GWh while
at the moment this potential is used around 75%. Small hydro plants are built on rivers and have
potential to produce 1,000 GWh while
Spain:
In Spain, we have many renewable energy production sources but also has some non renewable
sources. in 2013, our country became the first one to rely on wind as top energy source having
produced 20 percent of our energy with wind turbines. 42,8% of the electricity in Spain was
produced by renewable energy in 2014.
This graphic shows the percentage of renewable and nonrenewable energy production inside of
the circle and its types’ percentage.
Sweden:
All the electricity that Sweden produces comes to approximately 93% from sources with low
carbon-dioxide emissions. This is thanks to the use of hydroelectric power, that produces about
47 % of the electricity, and nuclear power, that produces about 34 % of the electricity and 10%
from wind power.
Hydroelectric power is one of Sweden's most developed forms of electrical production, as we

have several out-built rivers with huge hydroelectric power plants. Some examples of out built
rivers are Luleå-älv, Torne-älv and Göta-älv. An easy explanation to our hydroelectricity is that
controlled dams lets water flood through turbines, which drives generators that produce
electricity to our power distribution grid and home to our houses.
This is how most of our energy-sources works, but with different forces/powers/resources that
drives the turbines/generators. Another good example of that is our wind-power. About 10 % of
the electricity in Sweden comes from wind-power and Sweden plans to develop their
wind-power further. Piteå plans to develop their already big area of wind-power plants even
more.
Another source is combined heat and power plants that stands for 7 % of the electricity
production. These produces both heat and electricity and can use oil, coal and gas, but they are
mostly fuelled with biofuels.
Furthermore, the nuclear power that produces about one third of our electricity has been heavily
debated among both citizens and politicians. Therefore, our government has planned to phase out
the Swedish nuclear power as fast as the development of other electricity sources allows, due to
its´ risks of accidents and radioactivity.
One huge resource that provides us with many forms of energy is the forest. Sweden´s area is
covered with lots of forests and the trees has been an important part of our energy-production for
centuries. From the clearcuts that the machines make we saw construction-material, but also take
care of the sidelines to make different bio-fuels. An important fact is that the fuels from the
forest does not classify as renewable, but in a longer time-perspective, it is more sustainable than
ex. oil. This is due to the photosynthesis that means the growing trees use as much carbon
dioxide as the trees we burn releases. Thanks to an old law of replantation of the forest and
developed forest industry-plans, Sweden makes sure that we replace all the cut-down trees to
make this cycle go around.
Renewable Energy Sources (country)
France:
Hydraulics
It acts of the second source of electrical production after the nuclear power (capacity installed:
25,000 MW). The sites favorable to dam today are largely equipped, even if certain installations
to increase the capacity by it are possible. Small hydraulics can still develop, on condition that
controlling its environmental impact. The potential supplémentaire* would be of 3 TWh in 2020.
The energy of the tides is exploited only in the tidal power plant of the Rancid one.
* trade union Source of renewable energies, April 2011
The biomass
the biomass, which understands the use of wood and the valorization of biodegradable waste, is
also an important renewable energy source. It is a local resource, especially for the heating but
also the electric production (wood, methanisation of household wastes, industrialists or
agricultural) and the fuels. The forest surface of France east to the third rank in Europe behind
those of Sweden and Finlande*. The commercial exploitation of this resource to make it
available for the consumers must be developed to meet the needs In 2010, the rate of
incorporation of biomass fuel in the petrol and the diesel is of 6,7%. The level of consumption of
biomass fuel increased by 7,2% between 2009 and 2010. The assessment of biomass fuel in term
of greenhouse gas is very depend on the raw materials from which they are produced and of it
what these cultures possibly replaced (forests, food cultures…).
The solar energy and the geothermics of surface They are largely available. The photovoltaic
park connected to the electrical communication reaches at the end of March 2012 more than 2.67
GW. The photovoltaic electrical production is implemented in a simple and fast way.
Solar energy in France consists of three energy sectors under fast development, although
irregular, especially since 2010.
The thermal solar sector is with the 6th European rank, but on the surface of sensors per capita
France arrives only at the 18th European rank; the sector produced 0.4 % of the production of
French renewable energy in 2013.
The photovoltaic sector, at the beginning limited to niches of low size such as the power supply
of isolated sites, took gradually its take-off during years 2000 thanks to the installation of
subsidies in the form of rates of purchase much higher than the market prices. It provided 1.4 %
of the national production of electricity in 2015.
France is with the 5th rank of the European producers of photovoltaic electricity in 2015 with 6.7
% of the European production, behind Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom. In terms
of working installed capacity, it is located at the 4th European rank, in front of Spain; but in
terms of working installed capacity per capita, it is relegated to the 15th rank, 53 % only of the
European average. In terms of market (annual installations), France was located in 2015 at the
3rd European rank and the 9th world rank.
The thermodynamic solar sector with concentration is, in spite of some achievements of modest
size in the south of France, especially turned towards export: some large companies such as
Areva Solar, Alstom and Total signed important contracts in the United States, in India, in Abu
Dhabi and in Australia.
Wind energy
France has the second wind layer of Europe. The Grenelle Environment set an objective of 10%
for the share of wind electricity (terrestrial production and offshore oil rig) in electricity
consumption in 2020.
Solar energy in France consists of three energy sectors under development fast development,
although irregular, especially since 2010.
The thermal solar sector is with the 6th European rank, but on the surface of sensors per capita
France arrives only at the 18th European rank; the sector produced 0.4 % of the production of
French renewable energy in 2013.
The photovoltaic sector, at the beginning limited to niches of low size such as the power supply
of isolated sites, took gradually its take-off during years 2000 thanks to the installation of
subsidies in the form of rates of purchase much higher than the market prices. It provided 1.4 %
of the national production of electricity in 2015.
France is with the 5th rank of the European producers of photovoltaic electricity in 2015 with 6.7
% of the European production, behind Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom. In terms
of working installed capacity, it is located at the 4th European rank, in front of Spain; but in
terms of working installed capacity per capita, it is relegated to the 15th rank, 53 % only of the
European average. In terms of market (annual installations), France was located in 2015 at the
3rd European rank and the 9th world rank.
The thermodynamic solar sector with concentration is, in spite of some achievements of
modest size in the south of France, especially turned towards export: some large companies such
as Areva Solar, Alstom and Total signed important contracts in the United States, in India, in
Abu Dhabi and in Australia.
Other Energies
At the present time, research continues to develop new energy sources. Innovations are under
investigation in several sectors: marine energies to produce electricity starting from the marine
currents, force of the waves and swell, tides, differences of temperature between surface and
deep seas, even of the gradients of salinity; major geothermics to exploit the heat of the basement
(4 500 meters) to produce vapor which will actuate an electric generator; the hydrogen produced
starting from renewable energies, in particular of the biomass (it is produced today starting from
fossil energies). That would give him prospects interesting for storage for energy which could
then be converted by a combustible battery in buildings or vehicles; the advanced biomass fuel
obtained starting from agricultural residues, of forest resources, organic waste or algae, could
make it possible to reduce competition with the food uses and the consumption of space.
Greece:
Renewable energy in Greece accounted for 8% of the total energy consumption of Greece in
2008. 12% of the electricity of Greece comes from Hydroelectric power plants. In 2015,
renewable energy accounted for more than 20% of the energy produced in Greece; this excludes
energy produced by hydroelectric means, which accounts for more than 8%.
Following is a table showing the progres made in electricity prodused by windmills.
Wind Energy Capacity (MW)
Cou 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
ntry 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Gree 39 11 18 27 29 38 47 57 74 87 98 1,0 1,2 1,6 1,7 1,8 1,9 2,1 2,3

ce 2 9 2 7 3 3 3 6 1 5 87 08 34 49 65 80 35 74
Greece has sunny days for a long part of the year, meaning that there is a large potential for solar
power. The solar energy development in Greece started in 2006 and increased substantially from
2009 because of the high feed-in tariffs introduced and the corresponding regulations for
domestic applications of PVs on rooftops.
As of December 2013, the total installed photovoltaic capacity in Greece reached 2,419.2 MWp
of which 987.2 MWp were installed in the period between January–September 2013 despite the
financial crisis.Greece ranks 5th worldwide with regard to per capita installed PV capacity. It is
expected that PV produced energy will cover up to 7% of the country's electricity demand in
2014.
PV in Greece (MWpeak)[16][17][18]
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
5 7 9 19 55 205 631 1,543 2,585 2,603 2,613
Power Location Description Constructed
7+7 MW Naoussa Photovoltaic plants cluster 2013
4.3 MW Florina Florina industrial zone 2009
2 MW Volos Photovoltaic power plant Volos 2009
2 MW Thebes Photovoltaic power plant Thebes 2009
1.997 MW Koutsopodi 2009
1.99 MW Tripoli 2009
1.25 MW Pournari 2009
1 MW Iliopenditiki 2009
944 kW Pontoiraklia 2009
100 kW Kythnos 2009
60 kW Sifnos 1998
20 kW Tavros, ILPAP Building 2009
20 kW Ethel Station 2009
20 kW Maroussi, Eirini station 2009
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Greece, and references therein.
Italy:
These recent years have been characterised by significant growth in renewables. This growth is
mainly due to new wind farms (+33.3% in the number of systems and +1.7% in installed
capacity) and to photovoltaic systems (+8.7% in the number of systems and +2.3% in installed
capacity). Since the beginning of the 1900s, the greatest part of electricity produced with
renewable sources comes from hydropower plants. In recent years, the installed capacity of these
plants has remained almost constant, while other renewable sources have grown considerably
thanks to the various incentive systems that have supported their development.
Slovakia:
Hydro energy – is the mostly used renewable energy resource in Slovakia contributing with 90%
of all energy produced from renewable resources. At the moment only 25% of the potential from
hydro power plant is used. We have also 22 hydro power plant on the river Váh called Vážska
kaskáda.
Wind energy it’s not widely use in Slovakia and the reason for such low number of wind energy
production is there are missing suitable locations or such locations are in protected areas.
Solar energy
The production of energy using solar power plants has been rising by the years. Surveys reveal
that the amount of solar energy falling on the area of the country is 200 times bigger than the
current consumption.
Biomass
Biomass is widely used for heat production. Most of the resources come from wood (39%).
Another resource is dry straw.
Geothermal power
Slovakia is exposed to large geothermal resources. Slovakia is one of the countries in central
Europe with high geothermal resources occurrence which are not used sufficiently. The
disadvantage of these sources is a low temperature. These low temperature sources can be used
directly for district heating or to produce electrical power. The largest source in Slovakia is
located in a placed near Košice city – Ďurkov.
Spain:
In 2015, the report of renewable energy production sources in percentages are 19,1% by wind
power; 11,1% by hydroelectric power; 3,1 by solar power; 2,1 by solar thermal power and 2% by
renewable thermal energy. So in total, the energy produced by renewable sources was 37,4%,
which was lower than two previous years.
The following table shows the energy in GW produced in 2015 by each renewable energy.
Sweden:
All renewable energy sources in Sweden accounts for about 52 % of the total electricity
production, which is okay, but it´s important to strive for more.
The absolute biggest renewable electricity source is hydroelectric power. Sweden has a lot of
rivers that has been used to build water power plants and the biggest one is in Lule-älv
(Lule-river). Due to protection of wildlife and nature, four rivers aren't used to produce
hydroelectric power. These are Pite-älv, Kalix-älv, Vindel-älv and Torne-älv. By increasing the
efficiency of the existing water power plants, Sweden can produce more hydroelectric power
without building out the protected rivers
On days when the winds are strong, the wind-power can complement and save on the
hydroelectric power. Sweden's goal is to build more wind-power plants in the coming years.
Sweden has relatively good conditions for wind power, due to the coastline close to for example
the Baltic Sea. The best places are in southern Sweden, on the islands Gotland and Öland, but
also along the west coast and the mountains in north of Sweden. In the beginning of 2016
Sweden had 3 233 wind power plants and more were built during the year.
Wind is the most developing renewable energy source, but even though Sweden is a Nordic
country with dark winters, the technique with solar power is used in some parts. Mostly as solar
panels on roofs to complement another energy or heat source, as it would be hard to survive on
only solar power up here.
Furthermore, a part of the Swedish population uses earth heat or geothermal heating as systems
to heat their houses. In short, both earth heat and geothermal heating consists of pipes with water
in the ground. The cold water streams down the pipes and the temperature raises with a few
degrees Celsius, it streams past connected heat pumps, which stores the heat and transfer it to our
houses. The difference between earth heat and geothermal heating is that you either bury the
pipes horizontal or drill them down vertical in the ground-surface. Both are however good and
renewable solutions to heat our houses in the cold climate we live in, which makes us use even
more energy than the regular citizen closer to the equator.
Non Renewable Energy Sources (country)
France:
The Nuclear industry in France is installed in the years 1950 and 1960 with the commissioning
of nine engines at natural uranium graphite gas.
Nuclear industry gradually became the main source of electrical production in France. The
nuclear power covers, in 2004, 79 % of the French production of électricity and 18.4 % of the
total final consumption of energy in France.
The operation of the French nuclear power plants employs approximately 40 000 people in 2012
- according to the Authority of French nuclear safety - of which the half is employed by EDF and
other half by subcontractor companies .
The mix energetics of France is stable since the middle of the years 2000, with approximately 40
to 45 % of nuclear power, approximately oil 30%, gas 15%, around 8% of renewable energies
(hydraulics and others) and 4 % of coal.
Greece:
Greece uses lignite, oil and diesel in order to produce electricity. Almost half (48%) of DEI's
power output is generated using lignite, a drop from the 51.6% in 2009 12% of Greece's
electricity comes from Hydroelectric power plants and another 20% from natural gas. Greece
pays a fine annually to the EU because burning lignite is extremely harmful for the environment.
It can also cause health problems to the population located near the lignite power plants.Non
interconnected islands use oil and diesel at emergency cases. There is also a large cost when it
comes to shipping oil reserves from Athens to the rest of Greece.
Italy:
Oil is used for transports, and secondary as fuel to produce electric power. 90% of it has been
introduced from other countries, and only 10% of it has been produced in Italy, because our
subsoil lacks raw materials.
Slovakia:
Coal
Slovak consumption of coal is about from 8.2 to 9.45 ton per year. The most of coal has to be
imported from other countries.
The black coal isn’t mined in Slovakia so we must supply it from aboard. The primary import is
from Russia and Ukraine and it is burnt in the company U. S. Steel Košice or in thermal power
plant in Vojany. From 5 to 6 million ton of black coal comes from these two companies per year.
The brown coal is mined in Slovakia what ensures our independency in making heat or
electricity for ourselves. Domestic production of brown coal covers approximately 79% of
consumption that is needed for heat and electricity production. From 6% to 8% electricity in the
Slovak Republic is made out of it. The general consumption in Slovakia is 3 000 kt. per year.
The most important deposits of brown coal are in Nováky, Handlová and Gbely.
98% of oil comes from Russia and the other 2% is Slovak oil. Slovak republic processes every
year 5.5 million ton of oil per year. Slovnaft is the biggest corporation with capacity 6 million ton
of oil per year in Slovakia. This refinery belongs to three most modern refineries in Europe.
Spain:
This type of energy source still has a little bit higher percentage than the renewable sources. The
main sources are coal, petroleum, natural gas and nuclear energy; which are in every autonomous
community in Spain.
In green at this graphic is showed the percentage of renewable energies production; in brown,
coal; in blue, nuclear; in purple, petroleum; and in yellow, natural gas. These data are from 2012.
Sweden:
A heavily debated question in Sweden has been nuclear power. It counts as a non-renewable
energy source although it does not release any greenhouse gases, but it surely is a security risk
and therefore, the opinions about the nuclear power usage in Sweden are split. The risk of
accidents and radioactive waste is the biggest disagreements. Now, Sweden has 10 nuclear power
plants spread on three different places Oskarshamn, Ringhals and Forsmark. All close to the
coast, due to the reactors cooling-systems with seawater.
Quite recently the reactors in Barsebäck closed (2005) and as the government decided a couple
of years earlier, no new power plants will be established, but they will invest in security and
effectivity in the existing once and successively phase them out in favour for renewable energy
sources. One of the reasons for the slow decommissioning is our cold climate that force us to use
more energy. The winter is the season when Sweden´s energy-usage increases the most. During
that time, the nuclear power runs close to consistently to satiate our needs. On the other hand,
when the power demand is lower in the autumn and summer, the nuclear power shuts off more
regularly because of security checks and small restorations.
For example, a small amount of the Swedish energy production comes from combined heat and
power plants. These produces both electricity and heat, and are very energy-efficient as
approximately only 10 % of the energy in the fuel goes to waste. The combined heat and power
plants can be fuelled with almost any kind of flammable fuel. Sweden uses mostly biofuels, but
also fossil fuels in some of the power plants. The difference is that the power plants with biofuels
turn 30 % of the energy in the fuel to electricity, 60 % to heat and 10 % goes to waste, while
power plants with fossil fuels turn about 45 % each to electricity and heat, with the same waste.
We heat houses and other facilities with district heat coming from these power plants.
Another energy source that Sweden only uses in case of an emergency is the coal, oil and natural
gas-fuelled power plants that produces electricity. They aren't regularly producing and the
country does not rely on them particularly, but if hydroelectric- and nuclear power aren´t enough
these power plants are the Swedish solution.
Energy sources and energy production

of the Region
General description of energy production (region)

In the Ile de France region the natural gas is the main source of energy with 49% of consumption
followed by electricity from the nuclear power with 27% consumption.
The biomass from the forests is less developed with 5% consumption.
Greece - Kos:
Kos uses oil and diesel in cases of emergency and also wind and solar energy. Kos is connected
to Kalymnos, Pserimos and Nisiros. Kos is a commercial island, meaning that the economy of
Kos depends on a large scale on tourism. Because of that, the year is divided in two periods,
Summer and winter. During the summer, 80% of it’s electricity demands come from oil and the
rest, 20%, comes from RES.
During winter only 50% of electricity is covered by oil, meaning that 50% of electricity comes
from RES.
In the following link, the wind parks of Kos island can be seen.
https://www.thewindpower.net/windfarm_en_941_kos.php
There are also two solar parks, along with individuals that have placed solar panels on the roofs
of their houses.
Italy - Parma:
The fossil fuel system represents the most important energy production. In the electric sector,
renewable energies represents 33% of the total energy produced (3.146 MW on 9.351 MW
produced).
Slovakia - Žilina:
In Žilina self-governing region there are about 21 energy facilities used for production,
distribution or mediation of energy. The biggest one is the Stredoslovenská energetika a.s. (SSE),
which offers distribution of electricity, supply of electricity, maintenance and construction of
electrical networks and equipment. Another important facility is the Heating plant in Žilina.
Other examples in the region are Finas Plus, s.r.o. (services in the area of photovoltaic solar
systems) or Energy Trans, spol. s.r.o. (Construction, reconstruction, supply of heat and thermal
energy.)
Spain - Cambrils:
In Catalonia, current consumption of primary energy is still dominated by fossil fuels (oil is the
most consumed, followed by natural gas and coal). Nuclear energy accounts for 19.7% of
primary energy, while renewable energy is limited to a discrete 2.8%. 94% of energy comes from
nonrenewable energy sources.
- Renewable energy: Solar power plant. It works thanks to the calorific energy provided
by the sun.
- wind farm: Works thanks to the force made by the wind and moves the blades
- hydropower plant: Works thanks to the force made by the water of our rivers or by the
force of the waves of our seas.
- Non-renewable energy: Nuclear power plant and petrochemistry
Our region in Northern Sweden is named Norrbotten and is located around the Nordic Arctic
Circle. Therefore, we have a cold climate, which also means we use more energy than other
countries closer to the equator. This energy heats our houses, but also fuel our vehicles. Because
of Sweden´s oblong country-area and the small Swedish population that lives in our comparably
huge region, due to lack of big cities far north, we always drive cars/buses/trucks or travel by
plane for transport of both humans and merchandise. This definitely increases our emissions
when we fuel these transports with oil-based fuels. Furthermore, we have a hard time doing
anything about it because of the lack of affordable options such as electric cars and reasonably
available places to charge them in our large region.
Other than that, most of our energy comes from renewable sources, but we are also among
Sweden´s best forest industries which counts as non-renewable due to the release of carbon
dioxide when you burn the fuels made from trees. However, when you look at the impact on the
climate in a longer perspective, forest industry is more climate-friendly than oil-based fuels
because of its´ quicker circle of carbon in nature. In other words, the time it takes for carbon to
be released from utilized timber and then be absorbed by the growing flora is shorter than the
time it takes to bind carbon in fossil-organisms buried deep down in the surface of earth.
In the region, there is many hydroelectric plants even if most of the electricity consumes in the
middle and south parts of Sweden. There have also been many investigations in wind power in
the mountains of Norrbotten.
Renewable Energy Sources (region)

SOURCES POWER MW PRODUCTION GWH
Hydraulic 16 37
Photovoltaic 66 55
Biogaz/biomass 32 175
Wind power 9 20
Renewable Energy production in Ile de France source 2012 EDF https//ile-de-France.ademe.fr
There are many sources which are developed in the Ile de France region : the solar photovoltaic,
the solar thermic energy, the geothermic energy, the biomass(wood), the wind power.
Greece - Kos:
When it comes to RES, Kos uses wind power and solar power. During the winter, 50% of
electricity is produced by solar and wind power and during the summer, 20% of electricity comes
from RES, and that is because Kos, as a popular tourist destination, has an increased electricity
demand during those months. Yet, some on going projects for the increase of use of RES in the
region have started (Renewable energy sources (RES) projects and their barriers on a regional
scale: The case study of wind parks in the Dodecanese islands, Greece. / Oikonomou,
Emmanouil K.; Kilias, Vassilios; Goumas, Aggelos; Rigopoulos, Alexandrous; Karakatsani,
Eirini; Damasiotis, Markos; Papastefanakis, Dimitrios; Marini, Natassa. In: Energy Policy, Vol.
37, No. 11, 2009, p. 4874-4883.).
Tiny Tilos, an island in the Dodecanese close to Kos, is set to be powered by renewable energy
and become Greece’s ‘green island’
(https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2017/jun/15/tilos-greece-renewable-energy-wind-solar-pow
er)
Tilos could become even greener: it’s set to be the first island in the Mediterranean powered
completely by wind and solar energy. The island currently relies on oil-based electricity from
neighbouring Kos, via a submarine cable that is vulnerable to faults. Power cuts are frequent. By
installing a single wind turbine and small photovoltaic park, Tilos is creating a hybrid micro-grid
that will generate and store energy. Installation is under way and an 18-month pilot begins in
September, as part of a €15m project largely funded by the European commission. Eventually,
Tilos could export excess power to Kos, and the goal is to roll out similar projects on other small
islands in Europe.
https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/72824c36e4be3f76570cb79b72d01b03c6e253ed/0_753_2302_2301/maste
r/2302.jpg?w=620&q=55&auto=format&usm=12&fit=max&s=e37ddaa19a71faedbde370291ff567d1
Italy - Parma:
The region of Emilia-Romagna is very active in developing policies for the energy sector. In
2004 the region developed the Regional Energy Law (26/2004), that provides the regional
strategic plan for the energy sector (Regional Energy Plan, REP). This plan calls for
interventions of energy saving and for the valorisation of renewable sources.
In Italy, Emilia Romagna is the third region for photovoltaic systems installed.
Slovakia - Žilina:
The important part of the region is the woods, which have the potential for business of any
kind.They cover almost 57% of the region. The agriculture has only a little importance for the
regional economy. It’s intention is mainly in end user food products.
There are almost no raw material deposits in the region. There are some quarries producing
construction materials such as travertine, sandstone and limestone.
On the other side, there are a lot of mineral and geothermal resources, where water is bottled and
is distributed around the whole country.
The important renewable source of energy is the water dams nearby the city of Žilina and the city
of Orava which are used for electricity production. There is also a big amount of smaller solar
power plants in the region.
Spain - Cambrils:
In Catalonia, from 2006 to 2015 only 2,8% of the primary energy was produced by renewable
energy. In 2015, Greenpeace introduced to Generalitat de Catalunya, Catalonia’s government, a
planning and report which could lead the 100% of energy production to renewable sources in
2050. However, the main renewable energy production sources are the following:
Hydropower energy: In Catalonia, the most common distribution of hydraulic power plant is
the mini hydraulic power plant, located next to small rivers all around Catalonia. Despite of their
size we are able to have a big production because there is a big amount of plants
Eolic power energy: All around Catalonia we have windmills, which provides us with
electricity thanks to the turbines and the engine of the windmill. We mostly have the windmills at
the top of the mountains and we have plenty of them.
Solar energy: solar energy is one of the most used all around the world and many houses in
Cambrils have solar panels to provide energy to themselves.
Geothermic energy: this energy is produced by the heat inside the planet and the underground
water vapor which is used by a turbines to produce thermal energy and electricity.
Wave Power energy: thanks to the gravitational forces produced by the moon, Earth and sun
which produces waves in the sea. The other advantage is the salinity difference between rivers
and seas, which produces osmotic power.
We have biomass and agro combustible in consideration because, indeed they are
biocombustible, but the products are non renewable.
Though Norrbotten has emission problems due to far distances and cold weather, we use several
renewable solutions such as hydroelectric power plants and windmills. The biggest hydroelectric
power plants are established in Norrbotten´s Lule-älv (Lule-river). The total number of power
plants down Lule-älv is 15. It starts with the one in Boden and ends with the one in Ritsem
approximately 461 kilometres further up. The installed effect of the hydroelectric power plants in
Lulealv is 42000 Mega-Watt, which can be compared to the installed effect of 37000 Megawatts
in the nuclear power reactors in Ringhals. The biggest problem with this type of
electricity-production is the alteration of the river's surrounding nature when we build the power
plants in the water. We effect the wildlife when we disturb the natural waterflow, but
solution-development for these kinds of problems are a big priority. For example, the standards
are to build a sideline called “laxtrappa” (salmon-stairway), which is meant to give the fish a free
way to wander up the river during mating-season. Furthermore, several rivers are protected by
Swedish law and cannot be used for electricity-production. One good example is Pite-älv – the
river in our own city of Piteå, which is kept in its´ natural state.
This prohibition of establishing hydroelectric power plants in Piteå, gives us the opportunity to
invest in other renewable sources such as wind-power. As mentioned, Piteå´s biggest investment
area within the matter is Markbygden that is planned to have an installed effect of 10 TWH when
finished. That is enough to provide approximately 400 000 households with electricity for a year
(based on an average need of 25.000 KWH/household/year, which is almost half of northern
Sweden´s total households. The area of Markbygden is ~450 km2, which is double the size of the
region of Sweden's capital Stockholm. The planned number of turbines in Markbygden is around
1100 at the moment (November 2017). Norrbotten is a good example of a region with ambitions
to develop their energy-production and this is currently some of our biggest efforts to prioritize
sustainable development for the coming years. Since year 2009 to year 2014, the energy
consumed in households has decreased in Norrbotten, but our population and politicians
continuously strives to create a more energy efficient society by changing lifestyles, actions and
develop new science and services.
Non Renewable Energy Sources (region)

Nuclear power is well developed in France . There is one nuclear plant near Paris:
The Nogent nuclear power plant is located in Nogent sur Seine, on the right bank of the Seine
river. It is located 120 kilometers (75 mi) south-east of Paris. The plant houses two reactors each
of 1300 MWe and the site has a total area of 100 acres. Each reactor has its own cooling towers
165 meters (541 ft) high. It produces about a third of the yearly electricity consumption of
Ile-de-France and employs around 700 regular workers.
Greece - Kos:
Kos electricity needs are mainly covered by oil and diesel. Kos is connected to Tilos, Nisiros,
Kalymnos, Pserimos, Leipsous and Leros. There is a power plant in Mastichari, the only one in
Kos. During the summer, oil produces 80% electricity and during the winter 50%.
Italy - Parma:
In our region natural gas represents the most used non-renewable source of power. It is used in
the production of electricity, in the industrial and civil sector. Most of the gas we use (in Italy
through) comes pipelines, whereas a part of it is extracted in the Adriatic Sea, in order to satisfy
region consumption.
Except for modest deposits of natural gas, the mainland is lacking of important fossil fuel basins.
Slovakia - Žilina:
Coal is used in some thermal power plants. Other sources are renewable, the mostly used one is
water in water dams, wood and solar light.
Spain - Cambrils:
There are three types of combustible commonly used in Catalonia: fossil combustibles, nuclear
combustibles and agro combustibles, which is still in consideration. As fossil combustible we
have coal, petroleum and natural gas. As nuclear combustible, the nuclear fission is used as
nuclear energy but it’s dangerous because of the radioactivity of the elements used. Agro
combustible, as we have mentioned, is still in consideration of what kind of source is but because
of the type of product created by it (non renewable) the classification still has to be determined.
Norrbotten follows Sweden and Europe's climate goals strictly, which says that we will decrease
our non-renewable energy in favour for the renewable types. In our region, we mostly produce
renewable energy, but we use oil products in for example vehicles. Therefore, we still contribute
to the carbon dioxide emissions, which affect the climate change. One of the goals that
Norrbotten has is that most of the cars will run by renewable energy like biofuels and electricity.
Another is that no house will be warmed with non-renewable energy in a near future. Norrbotten
has for a long time had cars as a big part of our culture and an important tool for travel. This is
the reason for our biggest part of carbon dioxide coming from vehicles as a clear majority of
them are powered by fossil fuel based energy sources. Furthermore, we have mining industries,
forest industries and other production companies that needs to transport their products across our
country as well as across the borders, which also means trucks and boats that further contributes
to the release of greenhouse gases.
Especially the forest industry needs a lot of transport-vehicles and other huge machines that
utilizes fossil fuels to a higher degree. Our country has over 100 years of experience with this
kind of utilization of the forest, but we still make scientific researches and evaluate are forest
industry to develop it further. A recent improvement is higher use of forest residues to decrease
the spill of branches and tree-tops that could provide energy. Another is the increased
re-investment of energy in the industries, in other words, they use a part of the produced
electricity to drive their own production instead of using fossil-based fuels. This industry may be
non-renewable in the matter that it does release greenhouse gases, but as said, the nature-circle of
carbon is in this case much shorter than the equivalent circle of binding carbon in dead
organisms and dig them up to evaporate them and make different kinds of fossil-fuels. It simply
takes less time to bind the released carbon dioxide from the burned bio-based fuels in the
growing new trees, which means achieved balance in a longer time-perspective.
Although our region does not have any nuclear power or similar non-renewable energy sources,
we still contribute to Sweden´s ecological footprint due to these said examples of producing and
using energy and therefore, we need to continuously improve our lifestyles to accomplish the
goal of economic, social and ecological sustainability for our future generations and ourselves.
References
France:
www.meteo.france.fr
www.meteo.express.com
https//ile-de-france.ademe.fr
www.areneid.org
www.greenfacts.org/fr/changement-climatique
Greece:
http://www.ribadventure.gr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=139:weather-in-th
e-aegean-sea-en&catid=14&Itemid=252&lang=en
http://boatgreece.com/destinations/winds-in-greece
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Greece
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate
http://www.hnms.gr/hnms/english/climatology/climatology_html
http://www.alpha-omegaonline.com/weather_greece.htm
&NOREGION=0
&NOREGION=0
http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Europe/Greece-CLIMATE.html#ixzz4aobWlrVz
http://allaksogolies.gr/xionia-paralies-nisia-xwras-mas/
http://www.briefingnews.gr/ellada/sta-leyka-toy-hionia-ntythike-i-ellada-hioni-kai-sta-nisia
http://www.ribadventure.gr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=139:weather-in-th
e-aegean-sea-en&catid=14&Itemid=252&lang=en
https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/greece/kos
Italy:
https://www.britannica.com/science/Koppen-climate-classification
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Italy
http://www.centrometeoitaliano.it/
http://www.isprambiente.gov.it/it/pubblicazioni/stato-dellambiente/valori-climatici-normali-di-temperatur
a-e-precipitazione-in-italia
http://atlanteeolico.rse-web.it/
https://www.arpae.it/cms3/documenti/_cerca_doc/meteo/clima/Atlanteclimatico1961-2015.pdf
http://www.eniscuola.net/argomento/il-sistema-energetico/
http://www.gse.it/it/Dati%20e%20Bilanci/GSE_Documenti/ENG/Italy%20RES%20Stastistical%20Repor
t%202011%20WEB%20def%2015-11-2012%20%20tag.pdf
http://energia.regione.emilia-romagna.it/documenti/Secondo_piano_attuativo-PER-3.1-Il_sistema_energet
ico_regionale.pdf
http://www.sviluppoeconomico.gov.it/
http://unmig.sviluppoeconomico.gov.it/unmig/cartografia/tavole/impianti/EMILIA%20ROMAGNA.pdf
Slovakia:
http://www.slovak-republic.org/weather/
http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/climate/Slovakia.htm
http://www.slovak-republic.org/weather/
http://www.shmu.sk/sk/?page=1384
http://www.shmu.sk/en/?page=1064
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDilina#Geography
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDilina#Podnebie.2C_po.C4.8Dasie_a_klimatick.C3.A9_pomery
http://www.slovenskecentrum.sk/en/page/297
https://www.meteoblue.com/sk/po%C4%8Dasie/predpove%C4%8F/modelclimate/%C5%BDilina_slovensk%C3%A
1-republika_3056508
http://sustainable-event-alliance.org/slovakia/slovakia/energy/
Energy Policy of the Slovak Republic (book)
http://www.solarenergia.sk/en/photovoltaic-systems/solar-energy/
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN SLOVAKIA Stanislav Kušnír (book)
http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-o-s/slovakia.aspx
https://www.seas.sk/nuclear-power-plants
http://www.greenpeace.org/slovakia/sk/kampane/klimaticke-zmeny/Aktivity-Greenpeace-v-oblasti-klimy/Uholne-el
ektrarne/
https://slovnaft.sk/sk
http://www.azet.sk/katalog/energeticke-zariadenia-vyroba_2/abc/zilinsky-kraj/
Spain:
Website: http://mediambient.gencat.cat
https://es.wikipedia.org
http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/1/16/spain-becomes-firstcountrytorelymostlyonwindforenergy.
html
http://www.lineaverdemurcia.com/lv/guias-buenas-practicas-ambientales/energia/fuentes-de-energia-no-r
enovables.asp
Sweden:
Climate of the country:
http://www.smhi.se/kunskapsbanken/klimat/sveriges-klimat-1.6867
http://www.smhi.se/kunskapsbanken/klimat/vind-i-sverige-1.31309
(SMHI is the Swedish meteorological and hydrological institute)
Climate of the region:

http://www.lansstyrelsen.se/Norrbotten/SiteCollectionDocuments/Sv/publikationer/miljo%20och
%20klimat/Anpassning%20klimat/Klimatrapport%20Norrbotten%202016%20reviderad.pdf
http://www.lansstyrelsen.se/norrbotten/SiteCollectionDocuments/Sv/publikationer/miljo%20och
%20klimat/Anpassning%20klimat/naturmilj%C3%B6-klimatf%C3%B6r%C3%A4ndringar-norr
botten-2015.pdf
http://www.smhi.se/klimatdata
Energy sources and energy production of the country:

http://www.dn.se/ekonomi/elskolan/vattenkraft-och-karnkraft-ger-sverige-el/
http://www.svenskenergi.se/Elfakta/Elproduktion/
https://www.naturvardsverket.se/Miljoarbete-i-samhallet/Miljoarbete-i-Sverige/Uppdelat-efter-o
mrade/Energi/Fornybar-energi/
Energy sources and energy production of the region:

http://vattenkraft.info/?alvid=37
https://energimyndigheten.a-w2m.se/FolderContents.mvc/Download?ResourceId=3063
http://extra.lansstyrelsen.se/energi/SiteCollectionDocuments/Regionala%20strategier%20och%2
0energibalanser/Energibalanser/Energibalanser%20Norrbotten%20f%C3%B6r%20%C3%A5r%
202013.pdf
http://www.lansstyrelsen.se/norrbotten/SiteCollectionDocuments/Sv/miljo-och-klimat/klimat-oc
h-energi/Klimat-%20och%20energistrategi_low.pdf
http://www.lansstyrelsen.se/Norrbotten/Sv/naringsliv-och-foreningar/naringslivsutveckling/progr
am-och-strategier/klimat-och-energistrategi/Pages/default.aspx
http://www.lansstyrelsen.se/Norrbotten/SiteCollectionDocuments/Sv/publikationer/miljo%20och
%20klimat/Energi%20och%20klimat/Klimat%20och%20ernergistrategi.pdf

Chapter No1 About Climate and Energy in General

Transféré par

Informations du document

Copyright

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Chapter No1 About Climate and Energy in General

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

13/3/2019 Chapter no1 About Climate and Energy in General - Έγγραφα Google

Students’ Climate Report

Climate and energy

Climate and energy 1

Climate of the country 6

Energy sources and energy production of the country 52

Energy sources and energy production of the Region 71

Climate of the country

The impacts expected in France in the 21st century

IMPACTS PRÉVUS EN FRANCE AU XXIe SIÈCLE

Météo France, l’OCDE et le Conservatoire du Littoral

The average temperature of Sweden between 1961 – 1990

Meltemi winds https://goo.gl/images/dW7MqM

Rhodes Sea WNW WNW NW NW NW NW WNW

W.Cretan Sea SW NNW NW, N N, NW N N N

N. Ionian Sea SE W, SE W NW, W NW SE SE

Chubasco A violent squall with thunder and lightning,

Leveche A warm wind in Spain, or a hot

Poniente. Normally a fresher westerly wind that

Levante A hot south easterly wind which blows

France - Paris Ile-de-France :

Average temperatures - Kos

France - Paris Ile-de-France :

Catalonia Annual Average Temperature (2015)

France - Paris Ile-de-France :

Average precipitation - Rhodes

Prec. 150 120 75 25 15 3 0 0 7 65 90 145 695

France - Paris Ile-de-France :

Energy sources and energy production

Hydroelectric power is one of Sweden's most developed forms of electrical production, as we

Renewable Energy Sources (country)

Gree 39 11 18 27 29 38 47 57 74 87 98 1,0 1,2 1,6 1,7 1,8 1,9 2,1 2,3

5 7 9 19 55 205 631 1,543 2,585 2,603 2,613

Power Location Description Constructed

7+7 MW Naoussa Photovoltaic plants cluster 2013

4.3 MW Florina Florina industrial zone 2009

2 MW Volos Photovoltaic power plant Volos 2009

2 MW Thebes Photovoltaic power plant Thebes 2009

1.997 MW Koutsopodi 2009

1.99 MW Tripoli 2009

1.25 MW Pournari 2009

944 kW Pontoiraklia 2009

100 kW Kythnos 2009

20 kW Tavros, ILPAP Building 2009

20 kW Ethel Station 2009

20 kW Maroussi, Eirini station 2009

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Greece, and references therein.

Non Renewable Energy Sources (country)

Energy sources and energy production

France - Paris Ile-de-France :

Renewable Energy Sources (region)

France - Paris Ile-de-France :

Renewable Energy production in Ile de France source 2012 EDF https//ile-de-France.ademe.fr

Non Renewable Energy Sources (region)

France - Paris Ile-de-France :

Climate of the region:

Energy sources and energy production of the country:

Energy sources and energy production of the region:

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi