Structure of the atom 1

4. STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM

Q.1 What did J J Thomson propose?
i. An atom consists of a positively charged sphere and the electrons are
embedded in it.
ii. The negative and positive charges are equal in magnitude. So, the atom
as a whole is electrically neutral.
 Limitation (Drawback)-The results of experiments carried out by
other scientists could not be explained by this model.
Q.2 Explain Rutherford’s nuclear model of an Atom
i. There is a positively charged centre in an atom called the nucleus. Nearly
all the mass of an atom resides in the nucleus.
ii. The electrons revolve around the nucleus in circular paths.
iii. The size of the nucleus is very small as compared to the size of the atom.
 Limitation (Drawback) - Revolution of electron in a circular orbit
would have acceleration and during acceleration, charged particles
would radiate energy. Thus revolving electrons would lose energy
and finally fall into the nucleus. Then the atom should be highly
unstable and mater would not exist in the form. But atoms are quite
stable. So this explanation does not match.
Q.3 Draw and explain Neil Bohr’s model of Atom
Bohr put forward the following postulates about the model of an atom.
1. Only certain special orbits known as discrete orbits of electrons are
allowed inside the atom.
2. While revolving in discrete orbits the electrons do not radiate energy.
3. These orbits or shells are called energy levels and are represented by the
letters K,L,M,N or the numbers, n=1,2,3,4…
Symbol At No No Of M No Of Val Valency
o Of Neutr a- Electron enc (Combining
mi Prot -Ons S (Electronic e Capacity)/
c ons s Configurati Elec Charge
N N on) tron When They
u u- Become Ion
m M
be b-
r E
r
H-Hydrogen 1 1 + - 1 1 (1) 1 1 (1 0r -1)
cation or anion
He-Helium 2 2 + 2 = 4 2 ( 2) 2 0
Li-Lithium 3 3 + 4 = 7 3 (2,1) 1 1 (+1) cation

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 Structure of the atom 2

Be-Beryllium 4 4 + 5 = 9 4 (2,2) 2 2 (+2) cation

B-Boron 5 5 + 6 = 1 5 (2,3) 3 3 (+3) cation
1
C-Carbon 6 6 + 6 = 1 6 (2,4) 4 4 (+4,-4) cation
2 or anion
N-Nitrogen 7 7 + 7 = 1 7 (2,5) 5 3 (-3) anion
4
O-Oxygen 8 8 + 8 = 1 8 (2,6) 6 2 (-2) anion
6
F-Fluorine 9 9 + 10 = 1 9 (2,7) 7 1 (-1) anion
9
Ne-Neon 10 10 + 10 = 2 10 2,8) 8 0
0
Na-Sodium 11 11 + 12 = 2 11 (2,8,1) 1 1 (+1) cation
3
Mg- 12 12 + 12 = 2 1 (2,8,2) 2 2 (+2) cation
Magnesium 4
Al- 13 13 + 14 = 2 13 (2,8,3) 3 3 (+cation)
Aluminium 7
Si-Silicon 14 14 + 14 = 2 14 (2,8,4) 4 4 (+4.-4) cation
8 or anion
P- 15 15 + 16 = 3 15-(2,8,5) 5 3,5 (+5,-3)
Phosphorus 1 cation or anion
S-Sulphur 16 16 + 16 = 3 16 (2,8,6) 6 2 (-2) anion
2
Cl-Chlorine 17 17 + 18 = 3 17-(2,8,7) 7 1 (-1) anion
5
Ar-Argon 18 18 + 22 = 4 18 (2,8,8) 8 0
0
K-Potassium 19 19 19 (2,8,8,1) 1 1 (+1)cation
Ca-Calcium 20 20 20 (2,8,8,2) 2 2 (+1)cation
Mn- 25 25 25 2 (+2) cation
Manganese
Fe- 26 26 26 2,3 (+2,+3)
Ferrous(Iron) cation
Co-Cobalt 27 27 27 2 (+2) cation
Ni-Nickel 28 28 28 2 (+2) cation
Cu-Copper 29 29 29 1,2 (+1,+2)
cation
Zn-Zinc 30 30 30 2 (+2) cation
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 Structure of the atom 3

Br-Bromine 35 35 35 1 (-1) anion

Ag-Silver 47 47 47 1 (+1) cation
I-Iodine 53 53 53 1 (-1) anion
Ba-Barium 56 56 56 2 (+2) cation
W-Tungsten 74 74 74
Pt-Platinum 78 78 78
Au-Gold 79 79 79
Hg-Mercury 80 80 80 1,2
(+1,+2)cation
Pb-Lead 82 82 82
Rn-Redon 86 86 86
Ra-Radium 88 88 88
U-Uranium 92 92 92

POLYATOMIC IONS SYMBOL

1. Ammonium NH4+
2. Hydroxide OH-
3. Nitrate NO3-
4. Hydrogen Carbonate HCO3-
5. Carbonate CO3- -
6. Sulphite SO3- -
7. Sulphate SO4- -
8. Phosphate PO4- - -

Q.4 J. Chadwick discovered another subatomic particle which had no charge

and a mass nearly equal to that of a proton. It was named as neutron (n).
Neutrons are present in the nucleus of all atoms, except hydrogen.
Q.5 What are rules followed for writing the number of electrons in different
energy levels or shells.
Ans-Following are the rules for writing the no. of electrons in different shells or
energy levels-
i. The maximum number of electrons present in a shell is given by the
formula 2n2, where n is the orbit number or energy level index 1, 2, 3...
- So first orbit or K shell will be 2n2=2(1)2=2, Second orbit or L shell will
be2n2=2(2)2= 8, Third orbit or M shell will be2n2=2(3)2= 18, fourth orbit or N
shell will be=2n2=2(4)2= 32 and so on.
ii. The maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in the
outermost orbit is 8.
iii. Electrons are not accommodated in a given shell, unless the inner shells
are filled. That is the shells are filled in a step-wise manner.
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 Structure of the atom 4

Q.6 what are valence electrons?

The electrons present in the outermost shell of an atom are known as the
valence electrons.
Q.7 Define Valency.
Ans-An atom of each element has a definite combining capacity, called its
Valency.
Q.8 Define the following
i. Atomic mass-The atomic number is defined as the total number of
protons present in the nucleus of an atom. It is denoted by Z.
ii. Mass number- The mass number is defined as the sum of the total
number of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom.
o Mass of an atom is due to protons and neutrons which are present in
the nucleus of an atom. So these are called nucleons.
iii. Isotopes-
Isotopes are defined as the atoms of the same elements, having the
same atomic number but different mass numbers.
E.g. there are 3 isotope of hydrogen
1
a. Protium 1H or H-1 isotope
b. Deuterium (D) 21H or H-2 isotope
3
c. Tritium (T) 1H or H-3 isotope

a. Carbon 126C or C-12 isotope

b. Carbon 146C or C-14 isotope

a. Chlorine 3517Cl or Cl-35 isotope

b. Chlorine 3717Cl or Cl-37 isotope
 It occurs in nature of two isotopic forms with masses 35u and 37u in
the ratio 3:1.
 So the percentage will be 75%, 25% each
 Average mass will be
35×75/100+37×25/100=35.5u

a. Bromine 7935Br or Br-79 isotope

b. Bromine 8135Br or Br-81 isotope

a. Oxygen 168O or O-16 isotope

b. Oxygen 188 O or O-18 isotope

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 Structure of the atom 5

o Many elements consist of a mixture of isotopes. The chemical

properties of isotopes are similar but their physical properties are
different.
iv. Isobars-
Atoms of different elements with different atomic numbers, which have
the same mass number, are known as isobars.
E.g. calcium has atomic number 20, and mass number is 40 that is 4020Ca
Argon has atomic number 18, and mass number is 40 that is 4018Ar
 Applications of isotope
I. An isotope of uranium is used as a fuel in nuclear reactors.
II. An isotope of cobalt is used in the treatment of cancer.
III. An isotope of iodine is used in the treatment of goitre.

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2018-19