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Learning Objectives
Procedural Skills
1. Given a function and a point, sketch the corresponding tangent line.
2. Use the tangent line to estimate the value of the derivative at a point.
3. Recognize keywords in a context that correspond to the derivative.
4. What is a general procedure to sketch the derivative of the plot of a function?
Interpretation Skills
1. Compare and contrast secant lines and tangent lines.
2. What is the relationship between the tangent line of a function at a point, and derivative of
a function at a point?
3. Explain the difference between the derivative at a point and the AROC over an interval.
f (a + h) − f (a)
f 0 (a) := lim .
h→0 h
The term f 0 (a) is read as “the derivative of f (x) at the point x = a”.a
a
In the last lecture we solved problems of this form. This quantity represents the limit of the AROC
of f (x) over the interval [a, a + h] as h approaches zero.
The three dashed lines in the figure correspond to the AROC of f (x) over the intervals [0, 6],
[2, 6], and [5, 6]. As our interval gets smaller and smaller we see the secant lines approach the
solid line. This is a graphical interpretation of the relationship of AROC and the derivative.
The solid line is known as the tangent line of f (x) at x = 6.
The slope of the tangent line is the instantaneous rate of change of f (x) or, derivative of
f (x) at x = 6, denoted f 0 (6). This means we can estimate the value of the derivative of a
function at a point by drawing the tangent line and determining its slope.
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Lecture 7 3.5: Derivatives - Graphically and Numerically MTH 124
Example 1 The function g(t), given below, gives the population of a bacteria t
minutes after an infection. Estimate g 0 (5) and interpret your answer.
We will use the fact that the slope of the tangent line of g(t) at t = 5 is equivalent
to g 0 (5). First we sketch the tangent line to get1
Now we can simply choose any two points and calculate the slope. The line goes
through the points (4, 0) and (7, 450) so we have
450 − 0
g 0 (5) ≈ = 150.
7−4
The units of our calculation are helpful in understanding what this value represents.
If we include units we have
(450 − 0) bacteria bacteria
g 0 (5) ≈ = 150 .
(7 − 4) minute minute
So this means that 5 minutes into the infection the bacteria is growing, indicated by
a positive value, at a rate of 150 bacteria per minute.
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Lecture 7 3.5: Derivatives - Graphically and Numerically MTH 124
(c) Determine the correct order for the derivatives f 0 (−2), f 0 (0), and f 0 (1.1).
≤ ≤
2. Given the plot below, use a tangent line to approximate the derivative of g(t) at t = 2.
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Lecture 7 3.5: Derivatives - Graphically and Numerically MTH 124
3. Use the plot below to very roughly estimate the value of the derivative at each of the
given points, then plot the graph of f 0 (x).
x f 0 (x)
1
2
4
5.5
7
4. What happens to the value of the derivative as the f (x) “flattens out”?
Tips for sketching the derivative function f 0 (x) given the function f (x).
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Lecture 7 3.5: Derivatives - Graphically and Numerically MTH 124
By considering the connection between a function and its derivative we can make the following
generalizations.(Answer increasing, decreasing, constant.)
6. Given the plot of each of the functions below sketch their derivatives.
(a)
(b)
(c)
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Lecture 7 3.5: Derivatives - Graphically and Numerically MTH 124
7. Given that f (x) = x2 to determine whether each of the quantities is positive, negative, or
zero.2
(a) f 0 (1)
(b) f 0 (−1)
(c) f 0 (2)
(d) f 0 (0)
8. The total acreage of farms from 1980 and 2000 is given by the following table. Estimate
the instantaneous rate of change of the area of farm land in the year 1990. Explain your
estimation and why it is a good approximation of the instantaneous rate of change.
2
Hint: Plot the function!
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Lecture 7 3.5: Derivatives - Graphically and Numerically MTH 124
(a) Use the definition of the limit to determine g 0 (x). The limit definition is give below.
f (x + h) − f (x)
f 0 (x) = lim .
h→0 h
Reasoning Exercises
4. True or False If f 0 (x) = 0 at the point x = a, then f (x) must have either a
maximum or a minimum at that point.
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