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Inspection-Ultrasonic Testing-
Radiography Testing- Eddy Current Testing.
Wavelength :
The distance required to complete a cycle
– Measured in Meter or mm
Frequency :
The number of cycles per unit time
- (Relates to the angle that the sound energy enters the test article)
Contact and Immersion
1 T R 1
2 T R 2
0 2 4 6 8 10
Flaw
Advantages
Less attenuation
No probe ringing
No dead zone
Orientation does not matter
Disadvantages
Defect not located
Defect can’t be identified
Vertical defects don’t show
Must be automated
Need access to both surfaces
1 2
surface = water delay
sound entry
backwall flaw
IP 1 IP 2
IE IE
BE BE
F
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
Thickness calibration
standards may be flat or
curved for pipe and tubing
applications, consisting of
simple variations in material ASTM Distance/Area Amplitude
thickness.
Distance/Area Amplitude
standards utilize flat bottom
holes or side drilled holes to
establish known reflector size NAVSHIPS
with changes in sound path
form the entry surface.
SUKESH O P/ APME/JECC 16-Oct-18
Calibration Standards (cont.)
76
Signal Amplitude
A-scan presentation displays
the amount of received
ultrasonic energy as a function
of time.
Relative discontinuity size can
be estimated by comparing Time
the signal amplitude to that
from a known reflector.
Signal Amplitude
Reflector depth can be
determined by the position of
the signal on the horizontal
sweep.
Time
16-Oct-18 SUKESH O P/ APME/JECC 79
Data Presentation - B-scan
80