Electronic Circuit Analysis Lab: Sumathi Reddy Institute of Technology Science For Women

SUMATHI REDDY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SCIENCE FOR WOMEN
LABORATORY MANUAL
FOR
ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT
ANALYSIS LAB
DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
INDEX
List of Experiments
1. Single stage common emitter amplifier
2. Two stage RC coupled amplifier
3. Common source amplifier
4. Cascode amplifier
5. RC phase shift oscillator using transistor
6. Wein bridge & colpitt’s oscillator using transistor
7. Class A power amplifier
8. Class B complementary symmetry amplifier
TESTING IN THE HARDWARE LABORATORY
1. Hartely & colpitts oscillators

2. RC coupled amplifier
3. Darlington pair
4. MOS common source amplifier
5. class A power amplifier
List of Additional Experiments/Programmes

(other than curriculum)
1. Voltage series feedback amplifier
2. Common base amplifier
3. Class C power amplifier
ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
SINGLE STAGE CE AMPLIFIER
Aim: To Design a single stage CE Amplifier with vcc=12v RC=5k, hfe=50 VBE=0.6v
C1=C2=10µF,CE=100 µF and stability factor is 10. the operating point is said to be VCE=5V and
IC=1mA. AC input voltage is 50mV, 1KHZ. calculate the values of R1,R2and RE with this specification
and observe the frequency response of the CE amplifier and calculate Bandwidth.
Software required: TINAPRO
Equipments required:
1. CRO
2. Function generator
3. Power supply.
Components required:
1. Resistors: 86.8KΩ - 1 no.
29.3KΩ - 1 no.
1.96KΩ - 1 no.
1KΩ - 1 no.
2. Capacitors: 10μF - 2 no.s
100μF - 1 no.
3. Transistor: BC107 - 1 no.
Theory:
In the Bipolar transistor tutorial, we saw that the most common circuit configuration for an NPN
transistor is that of the Common Emitter Amplifier circuit and that a family of curves known
commonly as the Output Characteristic Curves, relate the transistors Collector current (Ic), to the
Collector voltage (Vce) for different values of Base current ( Ib )
All types of Transistor Amplifiers operate using AC signal inputs which alternate between a
positive value and a negative value so some way of “presetting” the amplifier circuit to operate between
these two maximum or peak values is required. This is achieved using a process known as Biasing.
Biasing is very important in amplifier design as it establishes the correct operating point of the transistor
amplifier ready to receive signals, thereby reducing any distortion to the output signal.
The aim of any small signal amplifier is to amplify all of the input signal with the minimum
amount of distortion possible to the output signal, in other words, the output signal must be an exact
reproduction of the input signal but only bigger (amplified).
To obtain low distortion when used as an amplifier the operating quiescent point needs to be
correctly selected. This is in fact the DC operating point of the amplifier and its position may be
established at any point along the load line by a suitable biasing arrangement.
The best possible position for this Q-point is as close to the centre position of the load line as
reasonably possible, thereby producing a Class A type amplifier operation, i.e. Vce = 1/2Vcc.
Circuit diagram:
86.8K 5K
R1
Rc
10 µF
VO
C2
10 µF
BC107 +
C1 Vcc 12V
+ 1K -
Vin RL
Ce
50 mv,1KHZ R2 29.36K 1.96K
Re 100 µF
-
Design procedure
Step1:To calculate the values R1,R2,RE Apply KVL to the output loop VCC=ICRC+VCE+IERE, IE=IC+IB
and β=IC/IB
Step2:Find the value of RB from the equation stability factor

S=[1+β] /[1+β{RE/RE+RB}]
Step3: Apply KVL in input loop to obtain VB ,VB=IBRB+VBE+IERE
Step4:To find the values of R1,R2 ; VB=VCC[R2/(R1+R2)],RB=R1R2/(R1+R2)
Procedure:
1. Open the TINAPRO software
2. Drag the components from library and connect as per the circuit diagram.
3. Keep the input voltage constant at 50mV.
4. By changing the frequency at input, find the corresponding output.
5. Calculate the voltage gain.
6. Calculate the band width from the frequency response curve.
Observation table: Keep Vin = 50mV
S. No F(KHZ) Vout(V) Gain Gain(db)
Expected graph:
Result: The frequency response of CE amplifier is observed.
S. No. Parameter Value
1 Max. Absolute Gain
2 Max. Gain in dB
3 3dB Gain
4 Lower Cutoff Frequency
5 Upper Cutoff Frequency
6 Bandwidth
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Why the CE amplifier provides a phase reversal?

2. In the dc equivalent circuit of an amplifier, how are capacitors treated?
3. What is the effect of bypass capacitor on frequency response?

4. Define lower and upper cutoff frequencies for an amplifier.
5. State the reason for fall in gain at low and high frequencies.
6. What is meant by unity gain frequency?
7. Define Bel and Decibel.
8. What do we represent gain in decibels?

9. Why do you plot the frequency response curve on a semi-log paper?
10. Explain the function of emitter bypass capacitor CE?
TWO STAGE RC COUPLED AMPLIFIER
Aim: To Design a Two stage RC Coupled Amplifier with vcc=12v RC=5k, hfe=50 VBE=0.6v
C1=C2=10µF,CE=100 µF. And stability factor is 10. The operating point is said to be VCE=5V and
IC=1mA. AC input voltage is 50mV and 1KHZ. calculate the values of R1,R2and RE for two stages with
this specification observe the frequency response of the CE amplifier and calculate Bandwidth.
.
Simulation software: TINAPRO
1. CRO
2. Power supply
3. Function generator.
29.3KΩ - 2 no.
1.96KΩ - 2 no.
1KΩ - 1 no.
100μF - 2 no.
Theory:
As the gain provided by a single stage amplifier is usually not sufficient to drive the load, so to
achieve extra gain multi-stage amplifier are used. In multi-stage amplifiers output of one-stage is
coupled to the input of the next stage. The coupling of one stage to another is done with the help of some
coupling devices. If it is coupled by RC then the amplifier is called RC-coupled amplifier.
Frequency response of an amplifier is defined as the variation of gain with respective frequency.
The gain of the amplifier increases as the frequency increases from zero till it becomes maximum at
lower cut-off frequency and remains constant till higher cut-off frequency and then it falls again as the
frequency increases.
At low frequencies the reactance of coupling capacitor CC is quite high and hence very small part
of signal will pass through from one stage to the next stage. At high frequencies the reactance of inter
electrode capacitance is very small and behaves as a short circuit. This increases the loading effect on
next stage and service to reduce the voltage gain due to these reasons the voltage gain drops at high
frequencies.
At mid frequencies the effect of coupling capacitors is negligible and acts like short circuit,
where as inter electrode capacitors acts like open circuit. So, the circuit becomes resistive at mid
frequencies and the voltage gain remains constant during this range.
Design procedure :
Analysis for first stage:
Step1:To calculate the values R1,R2,RE Apply KVL to the output loop VCC=ICRC+VCE+IERE, IE=IC+IB
and β=IC/IB
S=[1+β] /[1+β{RE/RE+RB}]
Step4:To find the values of R1,R2

VB=VCC[R2/(R1+R2)],RB=R1R2/(R1+R2)
Analysis for second stage similarly repeat the above procedure
Circuit diagram:
86.8K 5K 86.8K 5K
R1 R1
Rc Rc
10 µF 10 µF
VO
C2 C2 +
10 µF
BC107 Vcc 12V
BC107
C1
-
+ 1K
Vin RL
Ce Ce
50 mv,1KHZ R2 29.36K 1.96K R2 29.36K 1.96K
100 µF Re 100 µF
Re
-
Procedure:
Observations:

Expected graph:
Result:
The overall gain is calculated with the reference of 1st stage and 2nd stage gain. And bandwidth is
calculated.
2 Max. Gain in dB
3 3dB Gain
6 Bandwidth
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Why do you need more than one stage of amplifiers in practical circuits?
2. What is the effect of cascading on gain and bandwidth?
3. What happens to the 3dB frequencies if the number of stages of amplifiers increases?
4. Why we use a logarithmic scale to denote voltage or power gains, instead of using the simpler
linear scale?
5. What is loading effect in multistage amplifiers?

COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER
Aim: To observe the frequency response of the CS amplifier.

1. CRO
3. Power supply
1. Resistors: 1MΩ - 1 no.
4.7KΩ - 1 no.
1KΩ - 1no.s
10 KΩ - 1no
3. Transistor: 2N4393 - 1 no.
Theory:
The weak signal is applied between gate and source the amplified output is obtained at the drain
source terminal side.
For the proper operation of FET, the gate must be negative with respect to source i.e. input
circuit should always be reserve biased. This is achieved by inserting a battery VCC in the gate circuit
A small change in reserve bias on the gate produces a large change in drain current. This fact
makes FET capable of raising the strength of a weak signal. During the positive half cycle the reverse
bias on the gate decreases. This increases channel width and hence the drain current incresed.
During the negative half cycle the reverse bias on the gate increases, consequently decreases the
drain current. In this way amplified output is obtained across FET.
Circuit diagram:
Rd 10 K
Ci2 10µF
+ -
VO
D
C1 10µF
+ - G T1 2N4393
+
S
+
VDD 12 V
RL 1K
-
Vin
Rs 4.7 K
Cs100µF
Rs 1M
-
Procedure:

Expected graph:
Result: The frequency response of CS amplifier is observed.
2 Max. Gain in dB
3 3dB Gain
6 Bandwidth
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is Miller effect on common source amplifier?

2. What is the purpose of source resistor and gate resistor?
3. What is swamping resistor
4. What is the purpose of swamping resistor in common source amplifier
5. FET is a liner or non-linear device. And justify your answer
6. What is square law and give an example for a square law device
CASCODE AMPLIFIER
Aim: To study the response of a cascode amplifier and calculation of gain and band width using
TINAPRO software.
4. CRO
5. Power supply
1. Resistors: 1.18KΩ - 1no.s
2. Capacitors: 10 µf - 2 no.s
3. Transistor: BFW10 - 2 no.s
Theory: The cascode amplifier configuration consists of a common emitter stage followed by a
common base stage. The two major advantages of a cascode amplifier are a low load resistance (which
results in an improved frequency response) and a high output resistance.
Circuit diagram:
Procedure:

3. Measure base, emitter and collector D.C voltages of both stages and compare against estimated
values.
4. By keeping the amplitude of the input signal constant, vary the frequency.
5. Note down the output for corresponding values of input frequencies.
6. Calculate the voltage gain in decibels.
Observations:
Expected graph:
Frequency response:
Result:
The frequency response of cascode amplifier is observed.
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What are the applications of cascode amplifier?

2. Why it is called as cascode Amplifier?
3. What are the advantages of cascode Amplifier?
4. What is the main difference between cascode and cascade amplifier?
RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR
Aim:
To study the working of RC phase shift oscillator and to calculate frequency of oscillations and
compare the theoretical and practical frequencies using TINAPRO software.
Software required: TINAPRO.
1. CRO
2. Power supply.
1.Resistors: 22KΩ - 1 no.
2.2KΩ - 1 no.
10KΩ - 1 no.
1KΩ - 1no.
4.7KΩ - 3 no.s
2. Capacitors: 100µf - 1 no.
10 µf - 2 no.s
0.1 µf - 3 no.s
Theory:
An oscillator is a circuit which takes DC voltage or current and converts into useful Ac voltage
or current. It is different from the oscillator in the sense that amplifier takes AC and amplifiers the given
Ac signal where as the oscillator takes the DC input and converts it into AC, there are the sinusoidal and
non sinusoidal oscillators
RC phase shift oscillator is a sinusoidal oscillator. The oscillator is an amplifier with a feedback.
In feedback resistor and capacitor are connected. This is called RC phase shift oscillator because RC
networks are used in feedback and each RC network gives a 60 degrees phase shift and the total phase
shift produced is 360 degrees, the frequency of oscillator depends on the RC values.
Circuit diagram:
Procedure:
1. Open the TINAPRO software.
3. Note down the time period of the oscillations for a given value of R, C in the tank circuit.
4. Find frequency of oscillation which is the reciprocal of time period for different values of
R, C in the tank circuit.
5. Verify the observed frequency with the theoretical values.
Expected graph:
1
Calculations: Frequency: F=
2πRC√6
1
Time period: T=
F
Observations:
S. No R(KΩ) C(µF) F(KHZ) F(KHZ)

Theoretical Practical
Result:
Theoretical and practical frequencies of RC phase shift oscillator have been compared.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What are the conditions of oscillations?
2. Give the formula for frequency of oscillations?
3. What is the total phase shift produced by RC ladder network?
4. What are the types of oscillators?
5. What is the gain of RC phase shift oscillator?
WEIN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR
Aim: To study the working of wein bridge oscillator and calculate the frequency of oscillations
practically and compare with theoretical frequency .
Equipment required:
1.single channel power amplifier 1No
2.CRO 1No
Components required : 1.Transistor(BC107B) 1No

2.Resistor 2.2KΩ 2No
22KΩ 2No
1KΩ 3No
10KΩ 1No
47KΩ 1No
3kΩ 2No
3.Capacitors 10µF 2No
100 µF 1No
0.1 µF 2No
Theory: The frequency of the oscillations of the oscillator can be varied by varying the values of C1
and C2 simultaneously. It is a two stage circuit in which the frequency of oscillator is determined by a
RC bridge network
Circuit diagram
Expected Graph:
Procedure:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram

2. Calculate the frequency of oscillators from different values of R1,R2 and C1,C2 are kept constant
3. Tabulate the readings
Calculations:
Theoretical f=1/2∏ R1R2C1C2,

Practical frequency calculate
Observation table:
SLnO R1 R2 C1 C2
Result: The theoretical and the practical frequency of the wine bridge oscillator is observed and
calculated
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. Give the formula for frequency of oscillations in Wein Bridge Oscillator circuit?
2. What is the condition for Wien Bridge oscillator to generate oscillations?
3. What is the total phase shift provided by the Wein Bridge oscillator?
4. What is the function of lead-lag network in Wein Bridge oscillator?
5. Which type of feedback is used in Wein Bridge oscillator
6. What is the gain of Wein Bridge oscillator?
7. What are the applications of Wein Bridge oscillator
8. What is the condition for generating oscillations?
9. What is the difference between damped oscillations undamped oscillations?
Colpitt’s Oscillators
AIM: To study and calculate frequency of oscillations of colpitt’s oscillator.
Software Rwquired: TINA Software
Circuit Diagram:
THEORY:
The tank circuit is made up of L1,C4 and C5 .The resistance R2 and R3 provides the necessary
biasing. The capacitance C2 blocks the D.C component. The frequency of
oscillations is determined by the values of L1,C4 and C5, and is given by f = 1 / (2 (CTL1)1/2)
Where CT = C1C2 / ( C1 + C2)
The energy supplied to the tank circuit is of correct phase. The tank circuit provides 1800 out of phase.
Also the transistor provides another 1800 . In this way, energy feedback to the tank
circuit is in phase with the generated oscillations.

PROCEDURE:
Connections are made as per circuit diagram.
Connect CRO output terminals and observe the waveform.
Calculate practically the frequency of oscillations by using the expression f = 1 / T ( T=

Time period of the waveform)
Repeat the above steps 2,3 for different values of L, and note down the practically values
of oscillations of the collpitt’s oscillator.
Compare the values of oscillations both theoritically and practically.
OBSERVATIONS:
Inductance ( mH ) Theoretical Frequency Practical Frequency

( Hz ) ( Hz )
MODELWAVEFORM:
PRECAUTIONS:
1. All the connections should be correct.
2. Transistor terminals must be identified properly.
3. Reading should be taken without any parallax error.
RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. Give the difference between Hartley and colpitts oscillator.

2. Classification of oscillators.
3. Give an example for LC oscillator.
4. Which phenomenon is employed for crystal oscillator.
5. Give the applications of oscillator.
CLASS A POWER AMPLIFIER
Aim: To design a transformer coupled CLASS A power amplifier with high efficiency
and to supply an output power PL=32W at load resistance of 1KΩ VCC=12v.And also to
find power and transformer turns ratio. Assume β=100,VBE=0.3v
1. CRO
3. Power supply
4. Multimeter.
1. Resistors: 166KΩ - 1 no.
1KΩ - 1 no.
3. Inductor: 50mH - 1 no.
4. Transistor: TPV598 - 1 no.
Theory:
This amplifier is called as “series fed” because the load RL is connected in series with
transistor output. It is also called as direct coupled amplifier.
ICQ = Zero signal collector current
VCEQ = Zero signal collector to emitter voltage
Power amplifiers are mainly used to deliver more power to the load. To deliver more
power it requires large input signals, so generally power amplifiers are preceded by a series
of voltage amplifiers.
In class-A power amplifiers, Q-point is located in the middle of DC-load line. So
output current flows for complete cycle of input signal. Under zero signal condition,
maximum power dissipation occurs across the transistor. As the input signal amplitude
increases power dissipation reduces. The maximum theoretical efficiency is 25%.
Circuit diagram:
. TR1 . VO
R2 1K
N1 N2 +
V1 12V
R1 66K
C1 22 µF
T1 TPV598
+
VG1
Output wave form:
Procedure:
3. Apply input voltage and measure D.C current.
4. Keep the input signal constant and vary the frequency, note down the output
5. voltage.
6. Plot the frequency response and calculate the bandwidth.
7. Calculate the DC input power, AC output power and efficiency and compare it with
theoretical efficiency.
Observation table:
S. no Frequency(KHZ) Input Output Gain=Vo/Vin

voltage(V) voltage(v)
Expected graph:
Calculations: Efficiency is defined as the ratio of AC output power to DC input power

DC input power = Vcc x IDC
2
𝑉𝑃−𝑃
AC output power =
8𝑅𝐿
PAC
Efficiency η%= ( ) x100
PDC
Result: Class A power amplifier is implemented and the efficiency is found to be______.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Define class A power amplifier?
2. Give the reason why class A power amplifier is called as directly coupled power
amplifier?
3. What is the efficiency of class A power amplifier?
4. In a power transistor, when the maximum power dissipation takes place?
5. List out the different types of distortions?
6. Define Harmonic distortion?
CLASS B COMPLEMENTARY SYMMETRY AMPLIFIER
Aim:
To study the working of complementary symmetry Class B push-pull power
amplifier in order to achieve maximum output AC power and efficiency using TINAPRO
software.
1. CRO
3. Power supply
4. Multimeter
Resistors: 1KΩ - 1 no.s
2. Transistors : 2N3904 - 1 no.
2N3906 - 1no.
Theory:
Power amplifiers are designed using different circuit configuration with the sole
purpose of delivering maximum undistorted output power to load. Push-pull amplifiers
operating either in class-B are class-AB are used in high power audio system with high
efficiency.
In complementary-symmetry class-B power amplifier two types of transistors, NPN

and PNP are used. These transistors acts as emitter follower with both emitters connected
together. In class-B power amplifier Q-point is located either in cut-off region or in
saturation region. So, that only 180o of the input signal is flowing in the output.
In complementary-symmetry power amplifier, during the positive half cycle of

input signal NPN transistor conducts and during the negative half cycle PNP transistor
conducts. Since, the two transistors are complement of each other and they are connected
symmetrically so, the name complementary symmetry has come. Theoretically efficiency
of complementary symmetry power amplifier is 78.5%.
Circuit diagram:
-
Vcc 24 V
+
T1 2N3904
VCC
+ T2 2N3906
Vin
RL 1K
-
Ve 24V
Procedure:
3. Apply input voltage and measure D.C current.
4. Keep the input signal constant and vary the frequency, note down the output
voltage .
5. Calculate the DC input power, AC output power and efficiency and compare it
with theoretical efficiency.
Expected graph:
DC input power = Vcc x IDC
2
𝑉𝑃−𝑃
AC output power =
8𝑅𝐿
PAC
Efficiency η%= ( ) x100
PDC
Result:
The class B amplifier has been implemented and the cross over distortion is
observed and plotted. The efficiency of the amplifier is found to be____________.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Differentiate between voltage amplifier and power amplifier.

2. Explain impedance matching provided by transformer
3. Under what condition power dissipation is maximum for transistor in this
circuit?
4. What is the maximum theoretical efficiency?
5. Sketch current waveform in each transistor with respective input signal
6. How do you test matched transistors required for this circuit with DMM?
7. What is the theoretical efficiency of the complementary stage amplifier?
8. How do you measure DC and AC output of this amplifier?
9. Is this amplifier working in class A or B?
Testing in the hardware laboratory (minimum 2 experiments)
1. Hartley & Collpitts oscillators

2. RC Coupled Amplifier
3. Darlington pair
4. MOS common source amplifier
5. Class A power amplifier
HARTLEY OSCILLATOR AND COLPITTS OSCILLATOR
Aim:
A) To study the working of Hartley oscillator and to calculate the frequency of
oscillations practically and compare with theoretical frequency.
B) To study the working of Colpitts oscillator and to calculate the frequency of
oscillations practically and compare with theoretical frequency.
Equipment required:
1. Single channel power supply(0-30V)
2. Decade Capacitance Box - 2 no.s
3. Decade Inductance Box - 2 no.s
4. CRO(0-30MHz, 0-20Vp-p)
5. BNC Probes(1:10)
1. Bread board
10KΩ - 1 no.
2.2KΩ - 1 no.
1 KΩ - 1 no.
4. Capacitors:10µF - 2 no.s
5. Connecting wires.
Theory:
Oscillator is a circuit which takes DC voltage or current and converts it into useful
AC voltage. Amplifier is different from the oscillator. In the oscillator DC is converted to
AC. There are two types of oscillators. They are sinusoidal oscillator and non sinusoidal
oscillators.
A) Colpitts is a sinusoidal oscillator. The construction of oscillator is an amplifier with
feedback. For Colpitts oscillator in feedback there are two capacitors and one inductor. The
frequency of the oscillator depends on the values of the C, L of the feedback circuit.
B) Hartley is a sinusoidal oscillator. The construction of oscillator is an amplifier with
feed back. For Hartley oscillator in feed back there are two inductors and one capacitor.
The frequency of the oscillator depends on the values of the C, L of the feedback circuit.
Circuit diagram:
A) Hartley Oscillator:
B) Colpitts Oscillator:
Procedure:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Vary one of the inductance (L1 or L2), at constant capacitance C.
3. Note down the time period of the oscillations.
4. Find the frequency of oscillations
5. Compare the practical frequency with the theoretical frequency.
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Vary one of the capacitance (C4 or C5), at constant inductance L.
3. Note down the time period of the oscillations.
4. Find the frequency of oscillations
5. Compare the practical frequency with the theoretical frequency.
Observation table:
S. No C(µF) L1(mH) L1(mH) F(KHz) Theoretical F(KHz) Practical
S. No L(mH) C4(µF) C5(µF) F(KHz) Theoretical F(KHz) Practical

Expected graph:
Calculations:
1
A) Hartley Oscillator: F= , where Leq = L1 + L2
2π√LeqC
1 C1 .C2
B) Colpitts Oscillator: F= , where Ceq = ( )
2π√LCeq C1 +C2
Result:
The Hartley and Colpitts oscillators have been implemented and practical
frequencies are compared with theoretical frequencies.
Viva questions:
1. What are the applications of LC oscillator?
2. What type of feedback is used in oscillators?
3. What is the loop gain of an oscillator?
4. What is the difference between amplifier and oscillator?
5. What is the condition for oscillations?
RC COUPLED AMPLIFIER
Aim: To Design a Two stage RC Coupled Amplifier with vcc=12v RC=5k, hfe=50 VBE=0.6v
C1=C2=10µF,CE=100 µF. And stability factor is 10. The operating point is said to be
VCE=5V and IC=1mA. AC input voltage is 50mV and 1KHZ. calculate the values of
R1,R2and RE for two stages with this specification observe the frequency response of the
CE amplifier and calculate Bandwidth.
.
7. CRO
8. Power supply
29.3KΩ - 2 no.
1.96KΩ - 2 no.
1KΩ - 1 no.
100μF - 2 no.
Theory:
As the gain provided by a single stage amplifier is usually not sufficient to drive the
load, so to achieve extra gain multi-stage amplifier are used. In multi-stage amplifiers
output of one-stage is coupled to the input of the next stage. The coupling of one stage to
another is done with the help of some coupling devices. If it is coupled by RC then the
amplifier is called RC-coupled amplifier.
Frequency response of an amplifier is defined as the variation of gain with
respective frequency. The gain of the amplifier increases as the frequency increases from
zero till it becomes maximum at lower cut-off frequency and remains constant till higher
cut-off frequency and then it falls again as the frequency increases.
At low frequencies the reactance of coupling capacitor CC is quite high and hence
very small part of signal will pass through from one stage to the next stage. At high
frequencies the reactance of inter electrode capacitance is very small and behaves as a
short circuit. This increases the loading effect on next stage and service to reduce the
voltage gain due to these reasons the voltage gain drops at high frequencies.
At mid frequencies the effect of coupling capacitors is negligible and acts like short
circuit, where as inter electrode capacitors acts like open circuit. So, the circuit becomes
resistive at mid frequencies and the voltage gain remains constant during this range.
Design procedure :
Analysis for first stage:
Step1:To calculate the values R1,R2,RE Apply KVL to the output loop
VCC=ICRC+VCE+IERE, IE=IC+IB and β=IC/IB

S=[1+β] /[1+β{RE/RE+RB}]
Step4:To find the values of R1,R2

VB=VCC[R2/(R1+R2)],RB=R1R2/(R1+R2)
Analysis for second stage similarly repeat the above procedure
Circuit diagram:
86.8K 5K 86.8K 5K
R1 R1
Rc Rc
10 µF 10 µF
VO
C2 C2 +
10 µF
BC107 Vcc 12V
BC107
C1
-
+ 1K
Vin RL
Ce Ce
50 mv,1KHZ R2 29.36K 1.96K R2 29.36K 1.96K
100 µF Re 100 µF
Re
-
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in figure.

2. Set the input signal amplitude 50mV and frequency 1 KHz in the function
generator.
3. Feed the sine wave signal to the input of the amplifier and observe an amplified
voltage at the output without distortion.
4. By keeping input signal voltage, constant 50mV, vary the signal frequency.
5. Note down the output Vo amplitude of signal for different frequencies.
6. Calculate the Bandwidth from the plot of graph.
Observations:
Expected graph:
Result:
The overall gain is calculated with the reference of 1st stage and 2nd stage gain. And
bandwidth is calculated.
2 Max. Gain in dB
3 3dB Gain
6 Bandwidth
VIVA QUESTIONS:
3. What happens to the 3dB frequencies if the number of stages of amplifiers

increases?
4. Why we use a logarithmic scale to denote voltage or power gains, instead of

using the simpler linear scale?

DARLINGTON PAIR
Aim:
To plot the frequency response of a Darlington amplifier. Calculate gain and
bandwidth.
Equipment required:
2. Function Generator(0-3MHz, 20m-30V)
3. CRO(0-30MHz, 0-20Vp-p)
4. BNC Probes(1:10)
1. Bread board
2. Transistors:BC547C - 2 no.s
22KΩ - 1 no.
2.2KΩ - 1 no.
1KΩ - 1 no.
390Ω - 1 no.
4. Capacitors:10µF - 1 no.
5. Connecting Wires.
Theory:
Darlington transistor (often called a Darlington pair) is a compound structure
consisting of two bipolar transistors (either integrated or separated devices) connected in
such a way that the current amplified by the first transistor is amplified further by the
second one.
This configuration gives a much higher common/emitter current gain than each
transistor taken separately and, in the case of integrated devices, can take less space than
two individual transistors because they can use a shared collector. Integrated Darlington
pairs come packaged singly in transistor-like packages or as an array of devices (usually
eight) in an integrated circuit.
The Darlington configuration was invented by Bell Laboratories engineer Sidney
Darlington in 1953. He patented the idea of having two or three transistors on a single chip
sharing a collector.
Circuit diagram:
Procedure:
7. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in figure.
8. Set the input signal amplitude 50mV and frequency 1 KHz in the function
generator.
9. Feed the sine wave signal to the input of the amplifier and observe an amplified
voltage at the output without distortion.
10. By keeping input signal voltage, constant 50mV, vary the signal frequency.
11. Note down the output Vo amplitude of signal for different frequencies.
12. Calculate the Bandwidth from the plot of graph.

Expected graph:
Calculations: Band Width = f2-f1
Result: The frequency response of Darlington pair amplifier is observed.
VIVA QUESTIONS
3. What happens to the 3dB frequencies if the number of stages of amplifiers

increases?
4. Why we use a logarithmic scale to denote voltage or power gains, instead of using
the simpler linear scale?

MOS COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER
Aim: To observe the frequency response of the Common Source amplifier.

Equipment required:
3. CRO(0-30MHz, 0-20Vp-p)
4. BNC Probes(1:10)
4. Bread board
5. Transistor: BC245A - 1 no.
6. Resistors: 1KΩ - 2 no.s
1.5KΩ - 1 no.
100KΩ - 1 no.
7. Capacitors:10μF - 2 no.s
Theory:
The weak signal is applied between gate and source the amplified output is
obtained at the drain source terminal side.
For the proper operation of FET, the gate must be negative with respect to source
i.e. input circuit should always be reserve biased. This is achieved by inserting a battery
VCC in the gate circuit.
A small change in reserve bias on the gate produces a large change in drain current.
This fact makes FET capable of raising the strength of a weak signal. During the positive
half cycle the reverse bias on the gate decreases. This increases channel width and hence
the drain current increased.
During the negative half cycle the reverse bias on the gate increases, consequently
decreases the drain current. In this way amplified output is obtained across FET.
Circuit diagram:
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
3. By changing the frequency of the input, find the corresponding output voltage.
4. Calculate the gain.
5. Calculate the band width from the response curve.
Expected graph:
Result: The frequency response of Common Source amplifier is observed.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1) What are the different types of MOSFETS?
2) How is MOSFET different from JFET?
3) What are the advantages of MOSFET?
4) What are the difference between depletion mode MOSFET and enhancement
mode MOSFET
CLASS A POWER AMPLIFIER (WITH TRANSFORMER LOAD)
Aim:
To study the Class A power amplifier with transformer load and calculate the
efficiency.
Equipment required:
3. DMM(0-20mA) - 1 no.
4. CRO(0-30MHz, 0-20Vp-p)
5. BNC Probes(1:10)
1. Bread board
2. Step down transformer
3. Transistor: CL100B - 1 no.
1K Ω - 1 no.
500Ω - 1 no.
5. Capacitors:100µf - 1 no.
10µf - 1 no.
Theory:
This is also sometimes referred to as single ended power amplifier. The term
“single ended” (denoting only one transistor) is used to distinguish it from the push-pull
amplifier using two transistors.
In case of a direct-coupled class A power amplifier shown, the quiescent current
flows through the collector resistive load and causes large wastage of dc power in it.
This dc power dissipated in the load resistor does not contribute to the useful ac output
power.
Furthermore, it is generally inadvisable to pass the dc through the output device
such as in a voice coil of a loudspeaker. For these reasons an arrangement using a suitable
transformer for coupling the load to the amplifier is usually employed. This arrangement
also permits impedance matching.
In a power amplifier circuit shown R1 provide fixed biasing and emitter resistor
RE is meant for bias stabilization. The emitter bypass capacitor CE is meant for RE to
prevent ac voltage. The input capacitor Cin couples ac signal voltage to the base of the
transistor but blocks any dc from the previous stage. A step-down transformer of suitable
turn ratio is provided to couple the high impedance collector circuit to low impedance load.
Circuit diagram:
Procedure:
2. Apply input from the function generator and measure D.C current.
3. Calculate the DC input power, AC output power and efficiency.
4. Compare it with theoretical efficiency.

D.C Power PDC = VCC ICC
V2
1
A.C Power PAC =
2R"L
where V1= Magnitude or peak value of primary voltage
RL N2 V2
R"L = (where n = = )
n2 N1 V1
PAC
Efficiency η% = ( ) x100
PDC
Result: Class A power amplifier with transformer load is implemented and the efficiency
is found to be______.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Define class A power amplifier?
2. Give the reason why class A power amplifier is called as directly coupled power
amplifier?
3. What is the efficiency of class A power amplifier?
4. In a power transistor, when the maximum power dissipation takes place?
5. List out the different types of distortions?
6. Define Harmonic distortion?
EXPERIMENTS BEYONED THE SYLLABUS
VOLTAGE SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER
Aim: To calculate and compare the gain of the amplifier with and with out applying
voltage series feed back connection.
Equipment required:
1.power supply Vcc=12V
2.input AC source (200mV)
3.CRO
1.Transistor BC107 1No
2.Resistor 2.2KΩ 1No
22 KΩ 1No
1 KΩ 1No
10 KΩ 1 No
100ohm 1 No
3.capacitors 100µF 1No
10µF 2No
Theory:
Based on the magnitude of the input and the output impedances of amplifier relative of the
source and load impedance respectively, the amplifiers can be classified into four
categories, voltage, current, transconductance and trancresistance amplifier.
In the voltage series feed back I.e open loop gain(Av) is taken without taking Rl into
account,
Now theritically voltage gain with feedback (Avf) can be calculated from (Av)
Ie Avf=Av/1+βAv
Where β=R1/R1+R2
Circuit diagram
Model Graph
Procedure:
2. Drag the required components from library and join components from according to the
circuit diagram
3. Without feedback (removing the R1 and R2) find the voltage gain
4. With feedback find the voltage gain
5. Tabulate the result
Calculations
Practical voltage gain(AVf) with feed back
Avf=o/p voltage/i/p voltage
Theoritical(Avf)
Avf=AV/1+βAv
Observation table
Sno Resistance AV AVF(theoritical) AVF(Practical)
Result: The frequency response of a voltage series feedback amplifier with and without
feedback is observed by using TINAPRO.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Define feedback?
2. Define positive feedback?
3. Define negative feedback?
4. Define sensitivity?
5. What is transfer gain?
6. List out the characteristics of feedback amplifier?
7. What is the effect of input resistance due to series mixing?
8. What happens to output resistance due to voltage sampling?
9. Write the expression for input and output resistance of voltage series
feedback amplifier?
10. Give the properties of negative feedback
COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER
Aim:.
To simulate the Common Base amplifier in TINAPRO and study the transient and
frequency response.
Software tool
TINAPRO
Equipment required:
DC SUPPLY 1
FUNCTION GENERATOR 1
CRO 1
Resistors: 9.1k,1k,3k,453ohm
Transistor: Bc107b,
Capacitor: 1micro Farad:3
Circuit Diagram:
Theory:
In Common Base Amplifier Circuit Base terminal is common to both the input and output
terminals. In this Circuit input is applied between emitter and base and the output is taken
from collector and the base. As we know, the emitter current is greater than any other
current in the transistor, being the sum of base and collector currents i.e. IE= IB+ IC In the
CE and CC amplifier configurations, the signal source was connected to the base lead of
the transistor, thus handling the least current possible. Because the input current exceeds
all other currents in the circuit, including the output current, the current gain of this
amplifier is actually less than 1 (notice how Rload is connected to the collector, thus
carrying slightly less current than the signal source). In other words, it attenuates current
rather than amplifying it.
With common-emitter and common-collector amplifier configurations, the transistor

parameter most closely associated with gain was β. In the common-base circuit, we follow
another basic transistor parameter: the ratio between collector current and emitter current,
which is a fraction always less than 1. This fractional value for any transistor is called the
alpha ratio, or α ratio.( α= IC/IE) Since it obviously can't boost signal current, it only
seems reasonable to expect it to boost signal voltage.
Operation: The positive going Pulse of input Source increases the emitter voltage. As
the base voltage is Constant, the forward bias of emitter base junction reduces. This
reduces IB, reducing IC and hence the drop across RC since VO=VCC - IC RC, the
reduction in IC results in an increase in VO.
Procedure:
1. Open TINAPRO Software to design Common Base amplifier circuit

2. Select on New editor window and place the required component on the circuit
window.
3. Make the connections using wire and set oscillator (FG) frequency & amplitude.
4. Check the connections and the specification of components value properly.
5. Go for simulation using Run Key observe the output waveforms on CRO
6. Indicate the node names and go for AC Analysis with the output node
7. Observe the Ac Analysis and draw the magnitude response curve
8. Calculate the bandwidth of the amplifier
Frequency Response
Results:
.
1. From the frequency response curve the following results are calculated:
2 Max. Gain in dB
3 3dB Gain
6 Bandwidth
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Explain impedance matching provided by transformer

2. Under what condition power dissipation is maximum for transistor in this
circuit?
3. What is the maximum theoretical efficiency?
4. Sketch current waveform in each transistor with respective input signal
5. What is the theoretical efficiency of the complementary stage amplifier?
6. How do you measure DC and AC output of this amplifier?
CLASS C POWER AMPLIFIER
Aim: To study class C power amplifier and to determine its efficiency.
Equipment required:
1. Dual channel power supply(0-30V)
3. DMM(0-20mA) - 2 no.s
4. CRO(0-30MHz, 0-20Vp-p)
5. BNC Probes(1:10)
1. Bread board
2. Transistor: CL100B - 1 no.
3. Resistors: 1KΩ - 2 no.s
100Ω - 1 no.
4. Capacitors:100µf - 1 no.
10µf - 2 no.s
Theory:
In a class C power amplifier the total angle during which the current flows is less
than 180 degrees. This angle is called as angle of conduction. This principle advantage of
class C is that it has a high efficiency. The circuit shows class C amplifier with a LC tank
network in the collector circuit. Tank is a resonant circuit whose resonant frequency is
1
closely equal to f0= .
2π√LC
The purpose of the tank is to produce the fundamental component of class C
waveform which has the same frequency as input voltage. This configuration is called as
tuned amplifier and the resonant frequency of the tank is set equal to the input frequency.
The tank is highly a selective filter which suppresses the harmonics and passes
fundamental. The tank circuit offers high impedance at resonant frequency for which the
voltage gain is large. Since the impedance of the tank is very large at centre frequency,
the corresponding gain is also large.
The efficiency of class C power amplifier is very large and can reach very close to
85%, because very little power is dissipated when the transistor is cut-off, and it is cut-off
most part of the full cycle of the input.
The class C operation is not suitable for audio frequency power amplifiers. The
class C amplifiers are used in tuned circuits used in communication areas and in radio
frequency circuits with tuned RLC loads. As used in tuned circuits, class C amplifiers are
called tuned amplifiers. These are also used in mixer or converter circuits used in radio
receivers and wireless communication systems.
Circuit diagram:
Procedure:
2. Apply input from the function generator and measure D.C current and A.C
current.
3. Compare it with theoretical efficiency.
Calculations: Efficiency is defined as the ratio of AC output power to DC input power.

50∗Vo ∗Io
Efficiency η% = x100%
Vcc ∗Icc
Result: The efficiency of the Class C power amplifier is found to be______.

VIVA – QUESTIONS:
1. What are the different types of tuned circuits?

2. What is Q of Tuned circuit employed in circuit?
3. How is class C operation obtained in this circuit?
4. State relation between resonant frequency and bandwidth of a Tuned
amplifier.
5. Differentiate between Narrow band and Wideband tuned amplifiers.
6. How harmonic distortion is reduced in class-C Tuned amplifiers?
7. Specify the applications of class-„C‟ tuned voltage amplifier?
8. What is a synchronously tuned amplifier?
9. What is stagger tuned amplifier?
10. What is meant by unloaded and loaded Q of tank circuit?How can you
reduce cross over distortion ?

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TESTING IN THE HARDWARE LABORATORY

1. Hartely & colpitts oscillators

List of Additional Experiments/Programmes

Software required: TINAPRO

Step2:Find the value of RB from the equation stability factor

Step3: Apply KVL in input loop to obtain VB ,VB=IBRB+VBE+IERE

Step4:To find the values of R1,R2 ; VB=VCC[R2/(R1+R2)],RB=R1R2/(R1+R2)

S. No F(KHZ) Vout(V) Gain Gain(db)

Result: The frequency response of CE amplifier is observed.

S. No. Parameter Value

1 Max. Absolute Gain

4 Lower Cutoff Frequency

5 Upper Cutoff Frequency

1. Why the CE amplifier provides a phase reversal?

3. What is the effect of bypass capacitor on frequency response?

8. What do we represent gain in decibels?

Simulation software: TINAPRO

Analysis for first stage:

Step3: Apply KVL in input loop to obtain VB ,VB=IBRB+VBE+IERE

Step4:To find the values of R1,R2

Analysis for second stage similarly repeat the above procedure

S. No F(KHZ) Vout(V) Gain Gain(db)

S. No. Parameter Value

1 Max. Absolute Gain

4 Lower Cutoff Frequency

5 Upper Cutoff Frequency

2. What is the effect of cascading on gain and bandwidth?

5. What is loading effect in multistage amplifiers?

Software required: TINAPRO

1. Open the TINAPRO software

Observation table: Keep Vin = 50mV

S. No F(KHZ) Vout(V) Gain Gain(db)

S. No. Parameter Value

1 Max. Absolute Gain

4 Lower Cutoff Frequency

5 Upper Cutoff Frequency

1. What is Miller effect on common source amplifier?

Simulation software: TINAPRO

1. Open the TINAPRO software

S. No F(KHZ) Vout(V) Gain Gain(db)

1. What are the applications of cascode amplifier?

Software required: TINAPRO.

S. No R(KΩ) C(µF) F(KHZ) F(KHZ)

Components required : 1.Transistor(BC107B) 1No

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram

Theoretical f=1/2∏ R1R2C1C2,

Software Rwquired: TINA Software

Where CT = C1C2 / ( C1 + C2)

circuit is in phase with the generated oscillations.

Connections are made as per circuit diagram.

Connect CRO output terminals and observe the waveform.

Calculate practically the frequency of oscillations by using the expression f = 1 / T ( T=

Compare the values of oscillations both theoritically and practically.

Inductance ( mH ) Theoretical Frequency Practical Frequency

1. All the connections should be correct.

2. Transistor terminals must be identified properly.

3. Reading should be taken without any parallax error.

1. Give the difference between Hartley and colpitts oscillator.

S. no Frequency(KHZ) Input Output Gain=Vo/Vin

Calculations: Efficiency is defined as the ratio of AC output power to DC input power

Simulation software: TINAPRO

In complementary-symmetry class-B power amplifier two types of transistors, NPN