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Heat and Mass Transfer 2(2+0)
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Lesson 8. Insulation materials, critical thickness of insulation and Numerical Problems
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HEAT TRANSFER FROM EXTENDED SURFACES
Current course
H&MT Fins: Heat transfer from a hot surface to surrounding fluid takes place by
Participants convection and is governed by Newton’s law of cooling
General
Module 1. Basic Q = h A (Ts – Tf) (1)
Concepts,
Conductive Heat
Transfer...
Lesson 1. Heat It is obvious from above equation that heat transfer rate can be enhanced by increasing
Transfer,
Importance of Either by increasing convective heat transfer coefficient, h.
Heat Transf...
Lesson 2. Or by increasing area of heat transferring surface, A.
Conduction-
thermal Or by increasing temperature difference, (Ts – Tf)
conductivity of
mate... Heat transfer rate is generally enhanced by increasing area of heat transferring surface
Lesson 3. One as shown in Figure 1. It is not possible always to increase the value of convective heat
dimensional
steady state transfer coefficient, h, by increasing velocity of flow of fluid surrounding the hot
conduction ... surface or to increase temperature difference by lowering temperature of fluid which is
Lesson 4. One in contact with the hot surface.
dimensional
steady state Increase in heat transfer area is achieved by attaching protrusions to hot solid surface.
conduction ...
These protrusions are referred as fins or spines and are made of materials having high
Lesson 5.
Electrical thermal conductivity such as aluminum. Fins bring about considerable enhancement in
analogy and heat transfer rate from a solid surface by exposing a larger surface area for convective
Numerical
Problem...
and radiative heat transfer.
Lesson 6.
Numericals on
conduction
Lesson 7.
Numericals on
conduction
Lesson 8.
Insulation
materials,
critical
thickness...
Lesson 9. Types
of Fins, Fin
Applications,
Heat Tr...
Lesson 10.
Special cases:
Fin insulated at
the end...
Lesson 11. Fin
Efficiency and
effectiveness,
Probl...
Module 2. Fin Applications:- Fins are generally used when convective heat transfer coefficient is low
Convection such as in case of gases and under natural convection. There are numerous appliances used
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Module 4. Heat Electrical apparatus like transformers and motors

Exchangers
Module 5. Mass Engines of scooters, motorcycles and compressors The circumferential fins of
Transfer rectangular or triangular profile are commonly used on the engine cylinders of
Courses scooters and motor cycles
Condenser and evaporators of a refrigerating systems
Car radiator
Types of Fins:
1. Straight
Fin: The terms straight fin is applied to the extended surface attached to a
wall which is otherwise plane. Figures 2 (a) and (b) are of fins of uniform area
whereas Figures (c) and (d) are of fins of non-uniform area.

2. Annular(circumferential) fin: Annular fin is one, attached circumferentially, to a

cylindrical surface as showon in Figure 3.

3. Spine or pin fin: It is an extended surface of cylindrical or conical shape as shown

in Figure 4.

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Heat transfer through a fin of uniform cross-section

The purpose of heat transfer analysis trough a fin is to determine the increases in heat
transfer obtained by attaching fins to a surface. In order to increase heat transfer from a
plane wall, a rectangular fin of length ‘L’, width ‘w’ and thickness ‘2δ’ has been
attached to the wall as shown in Figure 5. Heat flows along the length of the fin and it
is surrounded by atmospheric air at temperature Ta. Temperature at the base or root of
fin adjoining the wall is To.

In order to simplify the analysis, following assumptions have been made

Flow of heat takes place under steady state conditions and is one dimensional
i.e. along the length of fin.
Thermal conductivity of fin material is constant.
Convective heat transfer coefficient ‘h’ is uniform over the entire surface of
fin.
Temperature, To, at the base or root of fin is uniform and is equal to wall
temperature Tw.

Consider a small element of thickness ‘δx’ at a distance ‘x’ from the base of fin and its
perimeter and cross-sectional area are expressed as
Perimeter, P = 2w + 4δ = 2 ( w + 2 δ )
Cross-sectional area, Ac = w

Surface Area, A = P δx

Under steady state conditions, energy balance on this element can be expressed as
Rate of heat conducted in to = Rate of heat conducted = Rate of heat
convected
the element at x from the element at x+ δx from the
element

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