Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 34

ABSTRACT

Water is the most important element for sustaining life on earth. 71% of the earth’s surface is
water-covered, and the oceans hold 96.5 percent of all earth’s water which is salty and cannot be
used directly. Water also exists in rivers, lakes, in icecaps and glaciers which is the fresh water
resource on earth and can be made into use directly. The ratio of salty water to fresh water on
earth is around 40 to 1. However population growth and industrialization has resulted in the great
demand of fresh water for different domestic, agricultural and industrial usage. Also, the earth’s
fresh water is very unevenly distributed. Fresh water shortage problem has become a major
problem these days and so desalination of the sea water is the only option left.

In the present research article an experimental study was conducted to analyze the
performance of stepped solar still with and without using phase change materials. Their
performance was compared on the basis of the energy and exergy efficiencies. In this study
magnesium nitrate hexa-hydrate and paraffin wax were used as phase change material. The
economic cost analysis, uncertainities and water quality was also tested. The experiment was
conducted in the premises of SHUATS Allahabad U.P. INDIA. It was observed from the
experiment that the total productivity of the still using PCM was higher than the still without
PCM. The experiment was conducted in the hot summer days in the month of April-May. The cost
study shows that the price of the output per litre reduces or decreases when the life expectancy is
presumed to be 30 years. A comparative cost examination is also carried out for all three still i.e.
still without applying PCM, still applying Mg(NO3)2.6H2O as PCM and still applying Paraffin
Wax as PCM. The still applying PCM were found to be more economical for the small-scale usage
as the productivity is obtained in off-sunbeam hours also. The experimental uncertainity was
obtained as 17.69%. The quality of distillate obtained was observed as the pH value and the TDS
of the output was 7.2 and 45 ppm.

1
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABSTRACT iii

CONTENTS iv
NOMENCLATURE vii

LIST OF TABLES viii


LIST OF FIGURES x

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 15-16


1.1 Availability of useful water and its distribution on earth
1.2 Solar distillation

CHAPTER II PRINCIPLE OF SOLAR DISTILLATION 17-26


2.1 Principles of solar distillation system
2.1.1 Principle working of solar stills

2.2 Classification of solar still systems


2.2.1 Passive stills

2.2.2 Active solar still


2.3 Heat and Mass transfer modes in a solar still
2.3.1 Internal heat transmission

2.3.1.1 Convective heat transmission


2.3.1.2 Evaporative heat transmission

2.3.1.3 Radiation heat transfer


2.3.4 External heat transmission

2.4 Phase change materials (PCMs)


2.4.1 Working of PCMs

2.4.2 PCM Classification

2.4.2.1 Organic PCMs

2
2.4.2.2 Inorganic PCMs

2.4.2.3 Eutectics

2.5 Solutions to the basic problems associated with PCMs


2.6 Parameters Affecting the Output of a Solar Still

2.6.1 Effect of design parameters of solar still

Effect of Water Depth

Effect of Gap Distance

Effect of Number of Covers

Effect of meteorological parameters on solar still

Effect of Wind Velocity

Effect of Ambient Air Temperature

Effect of Solar Intensity

Other Effects

Objectives

CHAPTER III REVIEW OF LITERATURE 27-28

CHAPTER IV SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 29

3
4
LIST OF FIGURES

TABLE PAGE
PARTICULARS
NO. NO.
4
Working of Solar Still
2.1
4
Schematic diagram of a solar still
2.2
5
Classification of solar desalination systems
2.3
Schematic Diagram of the conventional single slope passive solar 6
still.
2.4
Schematic Diagram of conventional single slope and stepped solar 7
still.
2.5
7
Diagram of single basin stepped solar still.
2.6
8
Schematic Diagram of solar still using Flat Plate Collector.
2.7
11
Diagram showing heat transfer in solar still
2.8
Heat and mass transfer classification in conventional solar still 12

2.9
14
Paraffin Wax
2.10
11
15
Magnesium Nitrate Hexahydrate
2.11
16
Grouping of PCM
2.12

12
NOMENCLATURE

I(t) Total incident solar radiations (W/m2)

A Surface area (m2)

α Absorptivity (i.e. 0.05 for both glass and water)

m Mass (kg)

Cp Specific heat capacity (J/kg K)

Qc Convective heat transfer

hc Convective heat transfer co-efficient (W/m2 0C)

Qe Evaporative heat transfer

he Evaporative heat transfer co-efficient (W/m2 0C)

Qr Radiative heat transfer

hr Radiative heat transfer co-efficient (W/m2 0C)

T Temperature

Ta Ambient temperature (K)

Ts Surface temperature of sun (K)

ƞd Daily efficiency

hfg Latent heat of evaporation

mew Distillate output, (kg)

ƞex Exergy efficiency

i Rate of interest annually

13
n Number of useful years

P Initial investment (rs.)

Ui Internal uncertainity

N Number of samples

σi Standard Deviation

PCM Phase Change Material

14
CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Clean water is vital requirement for healthy environment which influences the social and
economical development of nation. People using contaminated water are prone to water-borne
diseases and they cannot effectively engage themselves in economic activities. Moreover, fiscal
means that could be allocated to development projects are channelled to illness causing efforts.
Consequently, ill health subsidizes to the degradation of fiscal growth.
Being limited access to useful water that meets acceptable standard levels of biological, chemical
and physical constituents, approximately 97% of water available on the earth’s face is salty, and
environmental pollution caused predominantly by anthropogenic activities is also contributed to
the degradation of useful water resources.
The WHO report indicates that 78% and 96% of the rural and urban populations use clean
useful water on a global scale respectively. So, 4 billion cases of diarrhoea are reported per year,
with 88% of them being comply to make use of unclean/unsafe water, and insufficient sanitation
and hygiene. Such problem indicated the requisite for intermediations that aims at providing
hygienic water. It is estimated that more than
2.7 billion people will visage severe water shortage problem by year 2025 if the flora and fauna
keeps on consuming water at the similar rate per capita and the population growth fits the
forecasted trend. In India alone, more than 200 million people do not have any access to safe
useful water. The catastrophe is primarily owing to mismanagement of existing water resources,
population progression, and continuous climatic changes. And also most of the water is in the
oceans but it contains too much of salt and can’t be utilized for useful and other purposes.
The remaining water on earth which is useful is iced up in glacial masses and ice caps at
north and south poles. So, the only supply of useful water is mainly from streams, rivers, lakes,
etc. It is, therefore, necessary that a sincere attempt should be made to face the threatening water
crisis and preserve shrinking water supply accompanied by the rising demand. In view of this, the
development goals must incorporate a target to half the percentage of the population without
having access to safe water.
Indeed, this objective can be succeeded through a multi-faced approach, which is inclusive of the
advancement of appropriate technologies for water desalination. Nevertheless, a justifiable
source of energy is required to provide useful water to a greater percentage of the world

15
populace.
Recently, there have been concerns about environmental degradation arising predominantly froes
(GHG) which is the explanation for the atmospheric air temperature rise. In precise, the sweltering
of fossil fuels is considerably subsidizing to climate alteration through the emanation of CO 2
(major GHG) and other substances.
Consequently, application of re-newable energy expertise in the endowment of useful water can
assist in alleviating ecological degradation.
Increasing governmental support, industrialization and demand for useful water to drive Indian
water desalination industry in coming years. According to latest information issued by Tech-Sci
research “Indian water Desalination Plants Market Forecast Opportunities” in 2017. Indian water
detoxification market is all set to a growth of 22% for next 5 years. India currently has one
hundred eighty-two desalination units operating in numerous parts of the nation and it is
estimated to be over 500 by 2017(Tech-sci report 2011).
Various processes are available to produce potable water but the involvement of remarkable
energy consumption and periodic maintenance, the only solution to meet this growing useful
water demand is through distillation. The solar stills are used as a good method for obtaining the
useful water for even small scale demand because of their economical and technical advantages
as it uses the inexpensive technology including the material prices and manufacturing.

Water and its distribution on earth

The distribution of water on earth’s surface is very much uneven, only, 3% of water is in the
form of useful water. Of this useful water 69% is in the glacial mass, 30% underground and less
than 1% is in lakes, rivers etc. The remaining 97% is in the form of oceans and is salty and thus
cannot be used for any household or industrial purposes.

Solar Distillation

The energy requisite to vaporize water is the latent heat of vaporization of water, having a value
as of 2260 kJ/kg. This meant that to yield 1L (i.e. 1 kilo-gram, subsequently the density of water
is 1 kg/litre) of unadulterated water by purifying brackish water required a heat contribution of
2260 kJ. This is not allow for the efficiency of the heating method, which will be lesser than
100%, or for any recovery of latent heat that is rejected when water vapour is cooled down.

16
CHAPTER 2

PRINCIPLES AND WORKING OF SOLAR DISTILLATION SYSTEM

There are different type of components of energy balance and thermal energy loss in a
conventional single slope distillation unit. It is simple and hermetically sealed basin usually
made up of galvanized iron and is made insulated from all sides by using insulation materials.
The internal surface of the basin also known as basin liner is painted black so as to competently
absorb the solar radiations incident on it. There is also a special prearrangement made for the
collection of the quintessence output on the sides of the still or on the lower ends of the still. The
briny or the saline water is delivered in the basin for the purification process.

Principle working of solar stills

Solar distillation is the process which basically uses the heat of the sun directly for obtaining
useful water from the salty brackish water. The equipment or the device used is known as solar
still it consist of a shallow basin which is totally blackened from inside so as to absorb high
amount of incident rays and is covered with a transparent glass cover. The briny water is filled in
the shallow basin and the sun’s rays that are incident on the glass cover allow the water to heat
up present in the basin causing the process of vaporization. The heated water rises up in the form
of vapour and gets condensed on the inner side of the glass surface these droplets run down into
the trough collector and the pure or useful water gets collected in the measuring flask through the
outlet present on the side of the still leaving behind all the impurities and the salt content.
Incoming radiation from the sun is one of the most substantial input variables in solar distillation.
Sunbeam radiation voyages directly from the sun to a receiver surface, and its rays can be traced
from the sun’s position and used in determining the solar altitude and azimuth angles. These
angles affect the quantity of beam emission openly coming to a given surface.

17
Figure 2.1: Working of Solar Still

18
Figure 2.2: Schematic diagram of a solar still

19
Classification of solar still systems

Different kinds of solar stills have been made known in literature, including basin and wick
stills. In a basin type solar still, briny water is fed into a basin where it is heated by incoming solar
radiation. Then, vapour from the hot saline water is condensed for the production of distilled
water. A conventional solar still has one basin with no heat recovery from the transparent cover
which results in a low efficiency (Al-Kharabsheh and Goswami, 2003). Nonetheless, various
basins may be piled to improve heat. In this case, the lowest basin liner is blackened while the
other basin liners are made of a transparent sheet (such as glass) to allow incoming solar
radiation reach the bottom part of the still. In a wick type solar still, a blackened wick is soaked
with saline water and heated by incoming solar radiation. Again, vapour from the hot wet wick is
condensed for the production of distilled water. Basin type solar stills are common and they
have been exploited in supplying clean water in areas that cannot be easily accessed.

Solar Distillation Systems

Passive Solar Still Active Solar Still

Conventional Conventional
Single Slope double slope
Solar Still solar still
High Nocturnal
temperature Distillation
distillation

Symmetrical Non-
Symmetrical

20
Auxiliary Distillation

heating with collector

distillation concentrator
panel

Figure 2.3: Classification of solar desalination systems

21
Passive solar stills: -
Passive solar stills are the initial stills that are modified agreeing to the working principle.
To boost the performance some changes were made in the basin design of single slope solar still.
Modification can be done to enhance evaporation, condensation, increasing heat gain and
reducing heat loss from the still. These are inexpensive to mount and require no maintenance, can
be installed easily. These structures are the most economical device to obtain useful water for
domestic or minimal purposes and so can be used for rural or remote areas. The basic disadvantage
that is faced in such type of system is of lower yield of the quintessence output. Roughly some
improved conventional stills are given as follows:-
 Single slope solar still

 Modified single slope solar still

 Double slope still

 Milti-Wick solar still

 Stepped solar still

 Tubular solar still

 Vertical still

 Inclined solar water decontamination system

 Conical solar still

 Solar Earth water Still

22
Figure 2.4: Schematic Diagram of the conventional single slope passive solar still.

23
Figure 2.5: Schematic Diagram of conventional single slope and stepped solar still.

Figure 2.6: Diagram of single basin stepped solar still.

Active solar still: -


The daily output of inactive stills can be improved by aggregating the temperature variance

20
between the evaporating and the condensing surfaces. The water temperature in these stills mainly
depends on the level of incident isolation along with water depth. The temperature of evaporating
surface can be amplified by feeding the warm air energy into the basin by using some peripheral
sources, such stills with external sources are known to be as the active solar stills. Active

21
fluid present in the system. Though being more costly than passive system these structures are
more efficient comparatively. Such type of system requires high operating and maintenance cost
and also high initial investment cost. The basic advantage of using active system is that such
system can provide distillate during non-sunbeam hours by the usage of energy storage mediums,
and other such advantages can also be achieved by enhancing the design of the still or by using
some external sources like fins can be used so as to increase the exposure area, by using some
sensible heat storage medium, etc. Some of the examples of active still are as follows:-
 Solar still using Flat Plate Collector

 Solar still using parallel plate collector

 Vertical solar still using Flat Plate Collector

 Still unified with Parabolic Collector

 Solar still unified with solar pond

 Solar still unified with hybrid PV/T system

 Hybrid solar still

 Pre- heated water solar still

Figure 2.7: Schematic Diagram of solar still using Flat Plate Collector.

22
Heat and Mass Transfer modes in a solar still

The solar distillation process basically involves three modes of heat transfer. The heat
conduction takes place through the transparent cover, bottom and side walls, which results in a
loss of heat from the still. This loss can be abridged by the usage of a thick insulation layer of
insulating material. Heat from the basin is transferred to the brine water filled in the basin by the
help of convection while thermal energy from the hot water is transferred onto the condensing
glass cover by vaporization, convection and radiation, water vapour condenses on the cover,
yielding latent heat of condensation and distilled water is produced.
In turn, the glass cover dissipates heat to the environment by the help of convective and radiative
heat transfer modes. It is significant to be distinguished that internal heat transfer in a solar still
also includes mass transfer. Consequently, special correlations are used to estimate the
coefficients of convective and evaporative heat transfers from hot water to the transparent cover
surface.
Dunkle (1961) proposed the first correlation of the heat and mass transfer inside a solar still,
with b=0.075 and d=1/3. Some limitations of this correlation have been conveyed in literature. An
alternative model for estimating heat and mass transfer in a basin type solar still was also
developed. It was brought into being that there was good agreement between theoretical and
experimental data. Clark (1990) pointed out that Dunkle’s correlation over estimated the
evaporative coefficient of heat transfer at temperatures exceeding 328 K, and he therefore
formulated an appropriate model for computing the convective and evaporative coefficients of
heat transfer in solar stills operating at higher average temperatures (>328 K). Kumar, Tiwari and
Prasad (1996) reported that the correlation did not take into account the volume of the air space
between the hot water and the condensing cover. So, they included the mean height of the air
space between the saline water and the cover in their model, and found that b=0.0322 and
d=0.4114 for a passive cosmological still, and b=0.0538 and d=0.383 for an active solar
distiller. Tsilingiris (2007) studied the influence of using thermos-physical property of compound
of moist and desiccated air in the deduction of heat and mass transfer coefficients in solar stills.
It was found that the accuracy of modeling the transfer of heat and mass in solar stills improved
when the thermo-physical properties of a binary mixture were used as an alternative of the thermo-
physical properties of desiccated air.
Assumptions to be made while solving the energy balance equivalences as follows:-

 The solar still was leakage proof.

23
 No heat loss because of the air tight basin.

 Heat capability of cover, absorbing material and insulation is neglected.

 There was no temperature gradient across the basin water and glass cover of solar still.

 The water level maintained in the basin of the still is at a constant level.

 Only film-wise condensation is occurring in point of drop-wise condensation.

Internal heat transmission

Convective heat transmission

Convective heat transmission generally refers to the convection where the heat is transmitted
from one point to the other by the flow of the fluids. Such type of heat transmission can take
place in fluids and gases. There are two types of convection i.e. free or natural convection and
forced convection. In the present solar still the convective heat transmission takes place amid the
water present in the basin to the internal superficial of the glass cover. This phenomenon takes
place due to the temperature variance between the components.

Evaporative heat transmission

Evaporative heat transmission basically refers to the evaporation that is taking place inside the
still i.e. the conversion of the fluid or water to vapour form at some given temperature. This
phenomenon occurs in the still when the solar radiations falls on the glass cover of still and the
evaporation of water takes place. So, the evaporation takes place between the water and the
vapor that gets condensed on the inner glass surface.

Radiation heat transfer

The radiation heat transmission takes place mainly because of the emission of the radiation of the
object. Such type of heat transmission is free of any medium. In the present solar still the
radiative heat transmission takes between the water present in the basin to the inner surface of
the glass cover.

24
Figure 2.8 Diagram showing heat transfer in solar still

External heat transmission

The external heat transmission in a solar still takes place with the help of conduction convection
and radiation. In the present still the external heat transmission is considered to take place from
the solar still to the thermosphere. Such type of heat loss is top loss heat transfer. Other than top
loss heat transfer, bottom and side loss heat transfer are also a type of external heat transfer
process but are very negligible as compared to the top loss heat transmission.

25
Heat transfer
in solar still

External Internal

Conduction Convection Radiation Evaporation Convection Radiation


Basin Ambient Glass Ambient Glass Ambient Water Glass Water Glass Water Glass

Figure 2.9: Heat and mass transfer classification in conventional solar still

Phase change materials (PCMs)

Materials that are capable of storing latent heat at the time of the phase transition are known as
PCM. PCM have much higher thermal energy storage capability than the sensible heat storage
medium. These materials are very suitable in heat absorption or release of energy by undergoing
a change of phase. The following types of phase change takes place as follows:
 Solid to gas

 Liquid to gas

 Solid to liquid

A thermal system making use of a latent heat storage medium should possess following
important points:

 The PCM used should be in the specific temperature range

 A separate arrangement for holding the PCM

 A suitable heat exchanger for transferring the heat from the heat source to PCM and then
from PCM to the required point of use.
26
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Tiwari et al. (2003) has reviewed a work on solar desalination i.e. its present status in the
today’s world and its future perspective. The present review also includes water sources, water
demand, availability of potable water and its purification methods including the state of art and
historical background. The classification of decontamination units has been done on the basis of
works reviewed till today. The fundamental heat and mass transfer relation responsible for
developing, testing procedure for various designs of stills have also been discussed. The current
status of solar decontamination units in India, economics of single and double slope fibre re-
inforced plastic on the basis of long-term performance and references for future have been
conferred in brief.

Zurigat et al. (2003) has done research on a regenerative solar desalination unit where the unit
was modelled and its performance was evaluated. The partition consists of 2 basins (effects),
with facility for cooling water to flow in and out of the subsequent effect. This arrangement
provided has the facility of increasing the temperature difference between water and glass cover
in the Ist effect and utilizes the latent heat of water vapour condensing on the glass of the first
effect to generate more fresh water in the IInd effect. The capability of the regenerative still was
evaluated by comparing with the capability of the conventional still under the identical climate
conditions. The results after the simulations presented that the yield of the regenerative still was
20% more as matched to the conventional still. Constructing the stills absolutely insulated
escalates their yield two and half folds. Insulation has a very high influence on the regenerative
still matched to the conventional still. The wind velocity has a substantial influence on the yield
of the stills. It can escalate the yield by more than 50% if the wind velocity was increased from 0
to 10 m/s. The thickness of water on top of the first glass cover and the mass flow rate of water
going into the second effect have marginal effect on the yield of the regenerative still.

Radhwan (2004) has investigated the transient capability of a stepped still with built-in latent
heat thermal energy storage. The still was designed for heating and humidification of agriculture
greenhouses (GH) in far-off areas. The still comprises of five stepped basins with an inclined
glass cover and was perfectly insulated on the bottom. The basin was placed on a slab filled with

27
a deposit of paraffin wax phase change material, (PCM) that acts as a latent heat thermal energy

28
storage structure (LHTESS). Air from greenhouse come in the still from the bottom, flows
between the basins and glass cover where it was heated humidified, and then drifts back into the
greenhouse. The still performance parameters investigated were analyzed, and the results
obtained were compared with the case of a still without the latent heat thermal energy storage
structure. The results showed that the still with latent heat thermal energy storage structure has
an efficiency of 57%, and the total day-to-day yield was about 4.6 l/m2. It was brought into being
that the relative humidity of flowing air increased along the still and always leaves at saturation
conditions. The results directed that declining the air flow rate has a significant influence on the
still yield, while the GH heat load experiences a decrease. For a selected design and operational
parameters, the still was able to provide heat for the GH for 24 h/d. This finding was important
since heat could be provided to the GH at night and when it was most needed.

Mousa et al. (2005) reported study on simulations of three different types of stills and
comparison of their yield using typical meteorological year data of a isolated locality (Marmul)
in Oman. These are the regenerative, conventional, and still with double-glass-cover cooling.
Several structure parameters were also investigated with respect to their effect on the yield, i.e.,
water with and without dye in the lower basin, basin heat loss coefficient, mass of water in the
basins, and mass flow rate into the double-glass cover. The regenerative still had more than 70%
higher yield in comparison to the conventional still. If the stills are perfectly shielded, the
conventional still had greater yield than the double-glass-cover cooling. Increasing the water in
the lower basin reasonably reduced the yield of the 3 stills. Increasing the water film thickness
on top of the lower glass had no effect on the yield of the still with double-glass-cover cooling,
but slightly lowered the yield of the regenerative still.

Tiwari et al. (2006) attempted to find out the effect of water depth on evaporative mass transfer
coefficient for an inactive single slope solar still in summer climatic condition. The research has
been conducted for 24 hrs on five days for different five water depth from 0.04 m to 0.18m.
Experimental results show that the highest yield and efficiency are at lower depth.

29
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

A still is a cheap and easiest way that can be used to obtain fresh water from the brackish or salty
water to make it available for drinking and other expedient purposes. The basic problem that is
faced in stills is linked to the productivity or the output hence, a stepped still is used as in such
kind of still the area exposed to the sunlight increases and so the output obtained is much high
than the other types of still. The capability of still has also been improved by applying two
dissimilar type of PCM so that, the resulting output or the still can be increased and a good
amount of distillate can be gained in the off sunbeam hours. The exergy and energy efficiency of
the still has also been evaluated. A comparison is drawn between the conventional still without
applying PCM, still applying Paraffin wax as the PCM and still applying Mg(NO 3)2.6H2O as
PCM. The investigational attainment of still with and without applying PCM was obtained and a
comparison was made between their attainments. Economic cost study and the uncertainity of the
system in all three cases has also been evaluated. Water quality of the output obtained out from
the still has also been tested. The TDS has been measured by the digital meter and pH has been
measured by the pH metre.

In support, of the study done and by analysing the data obtained relating to the solar intensity,
ambient temperature, basin temperature, glass temperature, water temperature, side walls
temperature, wind speed and the output obtained, following conclusion can be drawn which are
as follows:-

 The energy efficiency for the still without applying PCM was obtained as 53.99%, still
applying Mg(NO3)2.6H2O as PCM is 73.95% efficient and still applying paraffin wax as
PCM is 64.93% efficient.
 The exergy efficiency for the still without applying PCM was obtained as 2.85%, still
applying Mg(NO3)2.6H2O as PCM is 3.46% efficient and still applying paraffin wax as
PCM is 3.07% efficient.
 The output obtained for still without applying PCM was obtained as 5.431 l/m2, still
applying Mg(NO3)2.6H2O as PCM is 7.500 l/m2 and still applying paraffin wax as PCM
is 6.510 l/m2.

30
The cost study shows that the price of the output per litre reduces or decreases when the life
expectancy is presumed to be 30 years. A computerised prototypical has been validated, for
the cost analysis technique used for the persistence of cost reckoning. A comparative cost
examination is also carried out for all three still i.e. still without applying PCM, still
applying Mg(NO3)2.6 H2O as PCM and still applying Paraffin Wax as PCM. The still
applying PCM were found to be more economical for the small-scale usage as the
productivity is obtained in off-sunbeam hours also.

In the existing contemplation the uncertainties have been evaluated for all the stills by
considering their respective output data. The experimental uncertainity was obtained
as17.69%. The external uncertainity is calculated by applying the degree of errors occurred
while taking the readings of the yield, temperature, and intensity etc, i.e. for such reasons
the least count, of instrument are being considered.

Also the trait of distillate attained, from the set-up was examined in the laboratory. The
results attained of the distillate water acquired from the set-up were as given:-

 The output was colourless and odourless.

 The pH value of the output was 7.2.

 The value of the Total Dissolved Salt of the output was 45 ppm.

31
REFERENCES

Aburideh Hanane, Deliou Adel, Abbad Brahim, Alaoui Fatma, Tassalit Djilali and Tigrine
Zahia (2012) An Experimental Study of a Solar Still: Application on the sea water desalination
of Fouka. Procedia Engineering, 33: 475 – 484.

Alaudeen A., Johnson K., Ganasundar P., Syed Abuthahir A., Srithar K. (2013) Study on
stepped type basin in a solar still. Journal of King Saud University, 26(2): 1-8.

Ali Javed, Sharma Aaushi and Rani Poonam (2015) Thermal Performance and Economic
Feasibility Analysis of a Basin Type Solar Still. International Research Journal of Engineering
and Technology (IRJET), 2(7): 144-153.

Al-Hamadani A. A. F., Shukla S. K. (2011) Water Distillation Using Solar Energy System with
Lauric Acid as Storage Medium International Journal of Energy Engineering, 1(1): 1-8.

Al-hamadani Ali A.F. and Shukla Shailendra K. (2010) Modelling of Solar Distillation
System with Phase Change Material (PCM) Storage Medium. Thermal science, 18 (2): 347-363.

Al-Hamadani Ali A. F., Shukla S. K., and Dwivedi Alok (2012) Experimental Performance
Analysis of a Solar Distillation System with PCM Storage. International Journal of Research in
Engineering and Technology (IJRET), 1(6): 307-311.

Amte Sachin, Athawale Vishal, Jayabhaye Suraj, More Sudhir (2016) Design and
Performance Analysis of Solar Still International Journal of Current Engineering and
Technology, 6: 205-208.

Arunkumar T., Vinothkumar K., Ahsan Amimul, Jayaprakash R., and Kumar Sanjay
32
(2014) Experimental Study on Various Solar Still Designs. International Scholarly Research
Network ISRN Renewable Energy: 1-10.

33
Bahadur Beer, Dubey Richa, and Rai Ajeet Kumar (2017) Performance study of a Solar Still
with Salt Hydrate as Energy Storage Medium. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering
and Technology, 8(2): 289–294.

Badran Omar (2011) Theoretical Analysis of Solar Distillation Using Active Solar Still
International Journal of Thermal and Environmental Engineering, 3(2): 113-120.

Badran O.O. (2007) Experimental study of the enhancement parameters on a single slope solar
still productivity. Desalination, 209: 136-43.

Bhalara Bhavik, Varshney Rajiv, Yadav Arun Kumar (2016) Experimental Analysis of
Modified Stepped Solar Still. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE),
13(5): 147-151.

Bhardwaj R., Kortenaar, M.V. ten and Mudde, R.F. (2013) Influence of condensation surface
on solar distillation. Desalination, 326: 37-45.

Clark J.A. (1990) The steady state performance of a solar still. Solar Energy, 44: 43-49.

Dincer I., and Rosen M.A. (2007) Exergy: Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development.
First edition, UK: Elsevier Ltd.

Dube Mauli K., Dhalpe Akshay T., Devkate Gaurav N. and Kadam Mayur D. (2017)
A Study of Performance of Solar Still with Stearic Acid as PCM. Journal for Research,
3(3): 5-8.

Duffie JA, Beckman WA. (2006) Solar engineering of thermal processes. Hoboken,
New Jersey, John Wiley and Sons

34
Dunkle R.V. (1961) Solar water distillation: the roof type still and a multiple effect diffusion
still. International development in heat transfer; International Heat Transfer Conference.
University of Colorado, 21: 895-902.

35
36

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi