FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND ADMINISTRATION

UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

GUIDELINE TO GRADUATION EXERCISE (EIA3005)

1. Introduction

This Graduation Exercise is equivalent to 6 credits and is taken in two (2) consecutive
semesters in the academic year as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Bachelor of Economics.

2. Learning Outcomes

After completing this course, students will be able to:

a. recognise and solve any problem in the field of economics and administration
or
other related subjects;
b. apply appropriate knowledge and theories in solving issues or problems; and
c. acquire skills in conducting research and preparing research report.

3. Pre-requisite

Must have taken at least 60 credits of coursework, and have acquired a pass in
EIX2001 Research Methodology.

4. Procedure

Refer Appendix A.

5. Roles and Responsibilities

5.1 Graduation Exercise Committee

This committee, headed by a Chief Coordinator, consists of representatives

from each of the departments, has the following responsibilities:

a. to plan, coordinate and oversea the implementation of the Graduation

Exercise;
b. to provide and update guidelines and information pertaining to
Graduation Exercise; and
c. to propose to Undergraduate Studies Committee (JPID) for approval of
field of study, title, appointment of supervisor and examiner.

5.2 Chief Coordinator

The duties of the Chief Coordinator are as follows:

a. to chair the Graduation Exercise Committee meeting;

b. to brief students on matters pertaining to the Graduation Exercise; and
c. to provide guidance and consultation to students concerning
Graduation Exercise.

5.3 Supervisor

The supervisor’s tasks are:

a. To guide and advise student in the preparation of research proposal,

conducting research and in completing research project;
b. to endorse title of the Graduation Exercise to the Graduation Exercise
Committee;
c. to ensure supervisee keeps record of meeting using Form GE-6;

1
 d. to assess the analysis of plagiarism of the draft report;
e. to grade the Graduation Exercise draft report and submit Form GE–4 within
the time stipulated by the Faculty; and
f. to submit Form GE–6 upon completion of supervision to the FEA Academic
Office.

5.4 Internal Examiner

The Internal Examiner’s task is to grade the Graduation Exercise report and
submit Form GE–4 within the time stipulated by the Faculty.

5.5 Student

Student’s tasks are:

a. to attend preparatory briefing and obtain a copy of the Guidelines to

Graduation Exercise;
b. to propose field of research and potential supervisor;
c. to complete and submit the following forms to the Academic Office:
(i) Form GE-1
(ii) Form GE-2
(iii) Form GE-3
(iv) Form GE-5
d. to register for Graduation Exercise course in both semesters (3+3 credits);
e. to submit research proposal to the supervisor and Faculty;
f. to discuss progress of research with supervisor and ensure completion of
Graduation Exercise report;
g. to ensure the originally of the Graduation Exercise report (refer Appendix
B);
h. to submit notice of submission of draft report and subsequently final
report
to the Faculty (refer Appendix A) within the given period;
i. to upload a soft copy of the draft report into SPECTRUM;
j. to endorse the page on declaration of originality of work;
k. to seek his/her own funding for financing the research project; and
l. to uphold the image of the University, have positive attitude and
contribute the best of his/her ability as an asset to the Faculty and the
University.

6. Graduation Exercise Preparation

The length of the Graduation Exercise Project must not be more than 15,000 words
not inclusive of References and Appendices using A4 white paper (80 gsm). The
report can be written either in Bahasa Melayu or English. Nevertheless, students are
encouraged to write in English.

The proposed structure of contents for Graduation Exercise:

6.1 Preface
No Item Explanation
1. Front Covers and the Spine Hardbound with dark green color (on
format, refer to Appendices C1 and C2.
For sample of color, refer to Academic
Office)
2. Inside Cover Refer to Appendix C3
3. Declaration of Originality Refer to Appendix C4
of Work
4. Acknowledgement 1 page, single spaced
5. Abstract Not more than 200 words
6. Table of Contents 1 page, single spaced
7. List of Tables
8. List of Figures
9. Acronyms if necessary
Notes: Pages for Items 1 to 2 should not be numbered.
Pages for Items 3 to 9 must be numbered in Roman numerals (ii, iii, ….. )
6.2 Main Section
No Chapter / Section Explanation
1. Introduction Presentation of problem statements, objectives,
importance of research and scope of research
and organization of chapters.
2. Literature Review Survey on previous literature in the field and
related topics.
3. Methodology Description of research framework, data
collection and data analysis techniques and
sampling methods, where appropriate.
4. Result and Discussion Presentation of a clear and rigorous solution to
research problems with appropriate data
analysis techniques. The findings should be
compared and contrasted with those of
previous studies presented in the literature
review.
5. Conclusion The findings are summarized and concluded
with suggestions if applicable.
References Refer to Section 6.4.
Appendices If applicable.
Note: Pagination for Items 1 to 7 must be in Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, ….. )

6.3 Type-Setting Format

Font for text and size
Font for table, diagram,
footnotes and etc.
Margins
Spacing
Illustration materials
Page numbering
Arial 11.
Depending on suitability and must be consistent
throughout the whole Graduation Exercise.
Refer to Figure 1.
1.5 lines.
Use “Table” and “Figure” only to label
illustrations, accordingly. Each table, figure
(inclusive of photos) must be numbered with a
title. Source of material must be written at the
bottom of the figure, chart or photos. The
table/figure numbers must be mentioned in the
analysis preceding the table/figure.
At the bottom center of the page.

Figure 1: Margin Specification

2.5cm (1 inch)

4cm 2.5cm (1 inch)

(1.5 inch)

2.5cm (1 inch)

3
2
6.4 Referencing

Use the APA Style author-date system for referencing or to quote within your
written text and to list the REFERENCES1 used. Other systems can also be
used consistently throughout with the permission of your supervisor.

(1) Referencing within the text

All references and quotes used in the text must be shown in the same
place where it is done.

Example 1: Reference with One (1) Author

According to Nafziger (1997) entrepreneurship could react in a free

environment, but its function is more complete when there is business
hierarchy.

or

Entrepreneurship could react in a free environment, but its function is

more complete when there is business hierarchy (Nafziger 1997).

Note: Given there are references/quotes from the same author within the
same year, add alphabets in small letters next to the year; for
example Nafziger (1997a), Nafziger (1997b). Both references must
be listed in the REFERENCES separately as Nafziger (1997a) and
Nafziger (1997b).

Example 2: Reference with Two to Three (2 to 3) Authors

Narayanan, Lai and Cheah (1993) state that although some firms begin to
transfer their technology, the transfer is only confined to handling and
maintenance levels while the R & D activities still remain at the main firm.

Note: The same referencing can be done by placing the name of the
authors at the end of the statement as per Example 1 above.

Example 3: Reference with Four (4) or more Authors

Akintoye et al. (2001) defined private financing initiative (PFI) as public

service delivery in the form of public-private partnership (PPP) where the
responsibility to provide public service such as transportation, recreation,
sewerage etc. is transferred from the public sector to the private sector for
a stipulated period.

Note: The name of the authors can also be placed at the end of the
statement as per Example 1 above. However, all the names must
be shown in a sequence like in Section 6.4 (3)(iii).

However, the citation in REFERENCES must list the full set of

authors (instead of “et al.”)

(2) Quotation within Text

The same format for Section 6.4(1) above can be used when using
quotations from any authors, but the symbol “...” may be used in the
quotation used, and the page number from of the original quote must be
shown after the year of publication. Quotes are commonly
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 used when a term or concepts is unique and is cumbersome to be
translated into the language you are using.

Example: Quotation from One Author

A development strategy that hastens the shift in production from

agriculture to secondary activity is often said as a policy that is consistent
with “natural course” of consumption trends and economic development
(Kelley 1960, pp. 110-111).

Reference citations in text require the following information:

 Last name of author
 Publication year
 Page number where the quote can be found.

For more than one sentence quoted, the citation quote such as the
following should be indented on both sides, converted into font size 10
and italicised.

Sekaran (2000) stressed that:

“… use of better instruments will ensure more accurate results, which
in turn will enhance the scientific quality of the research. Hence in
some way we need to assess the “goodness” of the measures
developed. That is, we need to be reasonably sure that the instruments
… indeed measure the variables they are supposed to, and that they
measure them accurately.” (p. 204)

If the quote is part of a sentence, let it be part of a sentence. Eg.:

Sekaran (2000) stressed that the “use of better instruments will ensure
more accurate results, which in turn will enhance the scientific quality of
the research”(p. 204).

(3) Listing References/Quotations

Any reference or quote used in your report must be listed in the

REFERENCES. The references must be listed in alphabetical order
according to the name of the first author.

(i) Article in a Journal

Kelley, A.C. (1960). Demand patterns, demographic change and
economic growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 83(1), 110-
126.

(ii) Book
Nafziger, W.E. (1997). The economics of developing countries. 3rd ed.,
New Jersey: Prentice-Hall International Inc.

(iii) Chapter in a Book

Akintoye, A., Beck, M., Hardcastle, C., Chinyio, E. & Asenova, D.
(2001), Risks in private finance initiative projects. In Montanheiro, L. &
Spiering, M. (Eds.), Public and Private Sector Partnerships: The
Enterprise Governance (pp. 1-16). Sheffield Hallam University Press,
U.K.
 (iv) Conference/Seminar Proceedings
Narayanan, S., Lai, Y.W. & Cheah, K.G. (1993, 16-19 April). Transfer
of technology revisited: Evidence from the electronics and electrical
sector in Penang. Paper presented at the MIER National Outlook
Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

(v) Proceeding
Narayanan, S., Lai, Y.W. & Cheah, K.G. (1993, 16-19 April). Transfer
of technology revisited: Evidence from the electronics and electrical
sector in Penang. Paper presented at the MIER National Outlook
Conference, Kuala Lumpur: MIER, pp. 1-17.

(vi) Project Paper/Graduation Exercise/Dissertation/Thesis

Tsao, Y. (1982). Growth and productivity in Singapore: A supply side
analysis. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Harvard University, USA.

(vii) Internet Sources

World Health Organization (2007, March 5). Occupational and
community noise. Retrieved from
www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs258/en/.

7. Evaluation
Student’s results are determined as follows:

a. The student will be graded based on the marking system in force.

b. The grade obtained will be included in calculating the CGPA and the student
must PASS at least with a Grade C (Grade Point 2.0).
c. The student is deemed to have failed if he/she has:
i. changed field, title and/or the supervisor of the Graduation Exercise without
the approval of the Faculty;
ii. withdrawn from the Graduation Exercise without the approval of the Faculty;
iii. not submitted the Graduation Exercise report within the stipulated time;
iv. plagiarised; and
v. produced a report that was submitted before to other institutions.

d. The Chief Coordinator/Graduation Exercise Committee will recommend a second

examiner if:
i. Supervisor or examiner gives a FAIL grade; or
ii. The difference in the marks given by the supervisor and examiner is 15 or
above; or
iii. Student officially appeals for re-evaluation.

In this situation, the average mark after the re-evaluation will be final.

8. Closing Remarks

The Faculty hopes that the Graduation Exercise would benefit students by improving
knowledge and skills before entering the job market.

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 FORM GE-1 [FEP589/2017]

FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND ADMINISTRATION

UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

GRADUATION EXERCISE (EIA3005)

(6 CREDITS)
(PROPOSAL OF RESEARCH FIELD, TITLE AND SUPERVISOR)

Name : ___________________________________________________
Matric No. : ___________________________________________________
I/C No. / Passport No. : ___________________________________________________
E-mail : ___________________________________________________
Telephone No. : ___________________________________________________
I hereby understand the Guideline of Graduation Exercise (EIA3005) provided by the Undergraduate
Unit, Academic Office, for the requirements of the Bachelor of Economics. I have read and
understood the followings (please tick  at the appropriate box):

Proposed Field of Research : Economics

Development Studies

Administrative Studies and Politics

Applied Statistics
**Please tick  your appropriate field according to your specialisation.

Proposed Supervisor :___________________________________________________

Proposed Title : __________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

Submit a draft proposal together with this form.

The Report of the Graduation Exercise must be submitted for examination within the
stipulated deadline.

You will be awarded with a grade F (Fail) if the Report of Graduation Exercise is not
submitted within the stipulated deadline, and you will need to repeat the course.

Student’s Signature : _________________________ Date : __________________________

*for office use only

Approval by Proposed Supervisor

(to be obtained by students)

Proposed Supervisor’s _________________________ Date : __________________________

Signature:

7
 Form GE-2

FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND ADMINISTRATION

UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

EIA3005 GRADUATION EXERCISE

SUBMISSION NOTICE OF REPORT
Date: ………………………

Dean
Faculty of Economics and Administration
University of Malaya
(Attn: Assistant Registrar)

Name of Supervisor: ……………………………………………………….

Signature: ……………………………………………………….

Date: ……………………………………………………….

Sir/Madam,

Submission of Title Graduation Exercise Report for approval

I hereby give two (2) month’s notice from the date of this letter to submit the draft EIA3005
Graduation Exercise report with an initial abstract for approval. The title of my Graduation
Exercise report is listed as below:

Approved field of study: ……………………………...........................................................

Proposed title: .……………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………..

Thank you.

Yours Sincerely,

…………………………………….
Signature

Name of Student: ………………………………………………………...

Matric No.: ……………………….....

Correspondence
Address: …………………………………………………………………………......................

Tel No.: …………………………………….. (h/p) ……………………………….. (home)

E-mail: ……………………………………..

8
 Form GE-3

FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND ADMINISTRATION

UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

EIA3005 GRADUATION EXERCISE

SUBMISSION OF FINAL DRAFT
Date: ………………………

Dean
Faculty of Economics and Administration
University of Malaya
(Attn: Assistant Registrar)

Name of Supervisor: ……………………………………………………….

Signature: ……………………………………………………….

Date: ……………………………………………………….

Sir/Madam,

Submission of EIA3005 Graduation Exercise Draft Final Report for Examination

I hereby submit
1. Two (2) copies of draft final EIA3005 Graduation Exercise report in comb-bound
format for examination
2. Uploaded one (1) copy of the report in SPECTRUM:

Approved Field of Study: ..…………………......................................................................

Title of Graduation Exercise

Report as approved: ………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………..............

Thank you.

Yours sincerely,

…………………………………….
Signature

Name of Student: ………………………………………………………...

Matric No. ……………………….....

9
CONFIDENTIAL
Form GE-4

FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND ADMINISTRATION

UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

EIA3005 GRADUATION EXERCISE

EVALUATION
Semester: I / II Academic Session: ___________

Name of Student: ____________________________ Matric No: _____________________

Title: ____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

Name of Supervisor/Examiner: ____________________________________________________________

To be submitted before: __________________________________________________________________

Evaluation of EIA3005 Graduation Exercise for Bachelor of Economics

Maximum Examiner’s
Marks Marks
Introduction to the Study
A clear background, problem statement, research questions
1. 15
and objectives, importance of study and scope of research
as well as structure of report.
Literature Review
2. 15
A comprehensive and clear review of past research.
Methodology
3. Clear description of research framework, method of data 20
collection and where applies, sampling.
Analysis
4. Ability to analyze data, discuss research output critically and 40
relate to past research that has been discussed.
Presentation Style
Ability to present a report that is systematic and consistent as
5. 10
well as ability to apply various instruments and exhibit
mastery of language.
Total Mark 100

Marking Schemes:

Marks Grade Grade Denotation Marks Grade Grade Denotation

Point Point
90-100 A+ 4.0 High Distinction 50-54 C 2.0 Pass
80-89 A 4.0 Distinction 45-49 C- 1.7 Fail
75-79 A- 3.7 Distinction 40-44 D+ 1.3 Fail
70-74 B+ 3.3 Credit 35-39 D 1.0 Fail
65-69 B 3.0 Credit 00-34 F 0.0 Fail
60-64 B– 2.7 Credit
55-59 C+ 2.3 Pass
 Comments (if any)

Please tick (  ) accordingly:

Pass
Pass with corrections
Fail

_________________ __________________________
Date Supervisor/Examiner’s Signature

11
10
 Form GE-5

FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND ADMINISTRATION

UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

EIA3005 GRADUATION EXERCISE

SUBMISSION OF FINAL REPORT
Date: ………………………

Dean
Faculty of Economics and Administration
University of Malaya.
(Attn: Assistant Registrar)

I hereby certify that the candidate has made appropriate correction/changes.

Supervisor’s Signature: ………………………………….............................................................................

Name: …………………………………………………………………………………………

Date: ………………………...........................................................................................

Sir/Madam,

Final Submission of EIA3005 Graduation Exercise Report

I hereby submit one (1) tape-bound copy of my Graduation Exercise report and also one (1)
CD copy in PDF Format, duly checked by my supervisor. The title of this report is:
……………………………………………………………................................................................................
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Thank you.

Yours Sincerely,

…………………………………….
Signature

Name of Student : ………………………………………………………...

Matric No. …………………….....

Correspondence
Address: …………………………………………………………………………......................

Tel No.: …………………………………….. (h/p) ……………………………….. (home)

E-mail: ………………………………………………………………………………………….
 Form GE-6

FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND ADMINISTRATION

UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

EIA3005 GRADUATION EXERCISE

RECORD OF MEETING

STUDENT’S INFORMATION

Name: ________________________________________________________________________
(as per NRIC/ Passport)

Matric No.: ______________________

Field of Study: ________________________________________________________________________

Suggested Title: ________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Name of Supervisor: ________________________________________________________________________

Period of Supervision: Semester: _____ Session: ___________ to Semester: ________ Session: _______

DATE OF SIGNATURE
SUPERVISOR’S COMMENT
MEETING SUPERVISOR STUDENT

(Attention: This form must be submitted to the Academic Office, FEA together with Form GE-3).

12
13
 DATE OF SIGNATURE
SUPERVISOR’S COMMENT
MEETING SUPERVISOR STUDENT

(Attention: This form must be submitted to the Academic Office, FEA together with Form GE-3).

14
 APPENDIX A
FLOW CHART FOR PREPARING GRADUATION EXERCISE, FEA

Start

STAGE 1
STUDENT
(Semester I)  Prepare draft research proposal
 Identify field of study and supervisor
 Complete and submit application using Form GE-1 to Academic Office, FEA
Week 8 Semester II, Previous Session


GE COMMITTEE
 Process student application and identify the field and supervisor
 Propose to JPID

JPID
 Endorse research field and supervisor to faculty

FACULTY
 Approve research field and supervisor

UNDERGRADUATE UNIT, ACADEMIC OFFICE

 Notify in writing to students and supervisors of the deadline:

 Notice of submission of Reports and abstract drafts;
 Submission of Final Draft Report for examination; and
 Final GE Report.

STUDENT
 Register GE officially on-line (3 credits)
Beginning of Semester I, Current Session

STUDENT
 Conduct research and discuss with supervisor
Continue to next Semester

STUDENT
STAGE 2
 Register GE officially on-line (3 credits)
(Semester II) Beginning Semester II, Current Session

STUDENT
 Discuss with supervisor
 Complete research project

STUDENT
 Submit Form GE-2 to Academic Office, FEA

GE COMMITTEE
 Process Form GE-2, propose GE title and examiner to JPID for approval
2 weeks after closing date of submission notice of GE title

15
 A

JPID
 Endorse and present title and examiner to Faculty for approval
4 weeks after closing date of
GE submission notice

FACULTY

 Consider JPID’s recommendation

 Notify the result in writing to student and supervisor
5 – 6 weeks after closing date of GE submission notice

STUDENT
 Submit 2 hard copies together with Form GE-3 & GE-6 to Academic Office, FEA and upload full report via
SPECTRUM
On or before closing date of GE Submission

FACULTY
 Submit final draft and turnitin reports to supervisor and examiner
1 week after closing date of GE submission

EXAMINER
 Submit Form GE-4 together with the examined copy to the Faculty
Within 3 weeks after submission of GE

UNDERGRADUATE UNIT, ACADEMIC OFFICE

 Accept Form GE-4 and compile results.
1 weeks after closing date of marks submitted by Examiner

GE COMMITTEE
 Process and propose decision for Faculty’s approval
 Appoint a 3rd examiner if warranted

JPID
 Proposed results to Faculty for approval
2 weeks after closing date of marks submission by Examiner

FACULTY
 Consider JPID’s recommendation
 Notify the results in writing to student
3 weeks after closing date of marks submission by Examiner

16
 B

STUDENT
 Obtain GE result
3 weeks after closing date of marks submission by Examiner

Pass?

Fail
Yes

Discuss with
Require
Amendment? supervisor and
make changes

Yes

Repeat Course No

Submit 1 hard copy (Tape Binding)

together with Form GE-5 to the
Faculty within the stipulated period

End

17
 APPENDIX B

PROHIBITION AGAINST PLAGIARISM (In accordance with Section 6 of Prohibition Against Plagiarism, Part
II, General Discipline, Universities and University College Act, 1971 University of Malaya (Discipline of
Students) Rules 1999)

“… 1. A student shall not plagiarize any idea, writing, data or invention belonging to another person.

2. For the purposes of this rule, plagiarism includes:

(a) the act of taking an idea, writing, data or invention of another person and claiming that
the idea, writing, data or invention is the result of one’s own findings or creation; or

(b) an attempt to make out or the act of making out, in such a way, that one is the original
source or the creator of an idea, writing, data or invention which has actually been taken
from some other source.

3. Without prejudice to the generality of sub rule (2) a student plagiarizes when he:

(a) publishes, with himself as the author, an abstract, article, scientific or academic paper, or
book which is wholly or partly written by some other persons;

(b) incorporates himself and allows himself to be incorporated as a co-author of an abstract,

article, scientific or academic paper, or book, when he has not at all made any written
contribution to the abstract, article, scientific or academic paper, or book;

(c) forces another person to include his name in the list of co-researchers for a particular
research project or in the list of co-authors for a publication when he has not made any
contribution which may qualify him as a co-researcher or co-author;

(d) extracts academic data which are the results of research undertaken by some other
person, such as laboratory findings or field work findings or data obtained through library
research, whether published or unpublished, and incorporate those data as part of his
academic research without giving due acknowledgement to the actual source;

(e) uses research data obtained through collaborative work with some other person, whether
or not that other person is a staff member of a student of the University, as part of another
distinct personal academic research of his, or for a publication in his own name as sole
author, without obtaining the consent of his co-researchers prior to embarking on his
personal research or prior to publishing the data;

(f) transcribes the ideas or creations of others kept in whatever form, whether written, printed
or available in electronic form, or in slide form, or in whatever form of teaching or research
apparatus, or in any other form, and claims whether directly or indirectly that he is the
creator of that idea or creation;

(g) translates the writing or creation of another person from one language to another whether
or not wholly or partly, and subsequently presents the translation in whatever form or
manner as his own writing or creation; or

(h) extracts ideas from another person’s writing or creation and makes certain modifications
without due reference to the original source and rearranges them in such a way that it
appears as if he is the creator of those ideas . …”

18
 APPENDIX C1

FRONT COVER FORMAT OF GRADUATION EXERCISE (EIA3005)

(Font: Arial 14, all in CAPITAL LETTERS)

TITLE OF GRADUATION EXERCISE

NAME OF STUDENT

FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND ADMINISTRATION

UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

ACADEMIC SESSION
(State the academic session of submission)
APPENDIX C2

SPINE NAME OF STUDENT ACADEMIC SESSION

(State session during submission)
 APPENDIX C3

INSIDE COVER FORMAT OF GRADUATION EXERCISE (EIA3005)

EIA3005: GRADUATION EXERCISE

TITLE OF GRADUATION EXERCISE

NAME OF STUDENT
(MATRIC NO.)

FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND ADMINISTRATION

UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF

THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE
OF BACHELOR OF ECONOMICS

SESSION XXXX/YYYY
(State the academic session of submission)
 APPENDIX C4

DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY OF WORK

I admit that this Graduation Exercise is my own work except the information,
excerpts and references used have been acknowledged. I also admit that
the contents of the Graduation Exercise are original and have not been
submitted to the University of Malaya or other institutions for any other
purposes. I am solely responsible for all the contents of this Graduation
Exercise. Faculty of Economics and Administration and University of Malaya
shall be absolved from any form of legal actions arising from this research.

Signature: ...............................................................................

Name: ...............................................................................

Matric No. : ………………………………………………………..

Date: ...............................................................................

(Your submission is invalid without your signature above)

ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

iii
ABSTRACT

25
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS

v
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

vi