International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)

Volume 9, Issue 13, December 2018, pp. 134–146, Article ID: IJMET_09_13_015
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=9&IType=13
ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

RECENT APPROACHES AND MEASUREMENT

TECHNIQUES FOR THE BEARING FAULT
ANALYSIS – A REVIEW
J.J. Jayakanth
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced
Studies (VISTAS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

M. Chandrasekaran*
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced
Studies (VISTAS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
*corresponding author

ABSTRACT
In recent years manufacturing sector uses different types of motors for its production
of parts and components. Majority of machining applications uses induction motors,
single phase motors for light duty application and three phase motor for heavy duty
application. The need for the industry is to run the motors failure free so that the
production capacity is meet out. To achieve this, motor components has to perform
trouble free operations, but in a due course of time when the motors are made to run for
a longer period of time, it develops wear among the parts. When considering the faulty
parts bearing wear is one major issue. Due to this the motor also gets damaged, if this
happens the entire motor has to be repaired or replaced. Many fault detections methods
and techniques have been implemented; different methods of bearing fault identification
are being conducted. Here a detailed review about bearing fault analysis and its recent
developments are described in this paper.
Keywords: induction motors, bearing fault identification
Cite this Article: J.J. Jayakanth and M. Chandrasekaran, Recent Approaches and
Measurement Techniques for the Bearing Fault Analysis – A Review, International Journal
of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 9(13), 2018, pp. 134–146
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=9&IType=13

1. INTRODUCTION
In any rotating machinery ball bearing is an important component. Most of the mechanical
hardware and motors uses ball bearings, which gives a supporting mechanism for the
machineries. The ball bearing makes the motor or any rotating machinery to run smoother with
minimal friction and mechanical losses in its movement. If the ball bearing runs smoother then
there won’t be any vibration or defects in it. Hence, fault diagnosis using vibration has become

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 134 editor@iaeme.com

 J.J. Jayakanth and M. Chandrasekaran

major contributing area and reported more number of [1–4]. Due to presence of noise in the data
measured, difficulties raised in bearing fault diagnosis from vibration signal analysis [5, 6].
Hence, de-noising the acquired vibration signal become more important in the area of signal
conditioning and fault diagnostics using vibration signal [6,7]. Whenever bearing is used for
longer period of time its starts developing internal wear, cracks, and hardening of the grease and
develops vibration in the bearing which results in wear of the rotating machinery. Due to this
reason the ball bearing in rotating machinery has to be replaced over a period of time. Some
methods have to be implemented to identify the defects caused in the ball bearing, so that the
rotating machinery does not get damaged by ball bearing. Many researches are exploring in depth
identification of bearing defects. Due to dynamic load, speed and external interference detection
of bearing faults operated in variable frequency drives becomes challenging [2]. Some of the
methods like time domain analysis, frequency analysis, wavelet transform, spectral analysis,
vibration and current monitoring are implemented in ball bearing analysis. This paper gives a
review of the various recent ball bearing defect analysis methods and techniques.
The common ball bearing defects are inner race defect, outer race defect, ball bearing defect,
hardening of grease and the vibration caused by it. From the reviewed papers few methods have
been classified which can give a detailed study on it. The following are the methods which can
detect the above mentioned defects.
• Time domain analysis
• Frequency domain analysis
• Vibration analysis
• Wavelet transform
• Spectrum analysis
• Current monitoring and
• Mathematical Modelling

(a) (b)

Figure.1. (a) Rolling element bearing and (b) Internal view shows the parts of ball bearing [10].

1.1. Time & Frequency domain analysis:

Reza Golafsha,.et.al, [7] has analysed the fault signature modelling and detection of inner race
bearing faults in their paper on “SVD and ‘Hankel’ matrix based de-noising approach for ball
bearing fault detection and its assessment using artificial faults”[1]. In this method, Singular
Value Decomposition (SVD), analyze the peak spectra using the phase coupled sidebands
occurring at spacing, has been predicted in this model. First the fault signature magnitude and

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 135 editor@iaeme.com

 Recent Approaches and Measurement Techniques for the Bearing Fault Analysis – A Review

load is tested. The results of the test consist of the machine vibration due to the radial movement
of the bearing, air gap variation due to relative motion between the raceways, variation in rolling
resistance due to load torque. The ball bearing radial movement confirms the machine vibration
with a faulty frequency. The measurements are taken through vibration transducers. From the
results a model is developed with time domain convolution of white noise with that of the
mechanical frequency response of the mechanical function [1].

Figure 2.Shown in the above figure is: downward radial load applied to the inner race of four bearing
surfaces as well as the resulting load zone [1].
To a large extent, the magnitude of this radial movement depends on the magnitude of radial
load applied to the inner raceway. Bearing illustrated in fig. 2. Shows, defect impact causes a
minimal effect in a rolling element, in the absence of radial load. This is because of racial
separation between the inner and outer raceways maintained in the neighboring rolling elements
and is able to pass over the defects. However, rolling element exhibits elastic deformation under
application of a radial load and experiences a compressive force. This forces rolling element into
the defects and causes impact effect. It also increases the inner race defects due to race way and
rolling element couplings. When the characteristic fault frequency of inner-race is an integer
multiple of rolling element characteristic frequency the rolling elements are easy to identify.
Hence the defects identification in rolling element or cage, this model is can be easily extendable.
Xiaoxi Ding.et.al.[3], proposed time-frequency manifold reconstruction of sparse method as a
transient method for identifying the bearing fault features. From this method reconstruction of
image sparse is computed with analysis framework. The transient characteristics of signal from
low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are studied jn this model. Time-domain averaging method [4],
band-pass filtering [5], frequency-domain thresholding [6], empirical mode decomposition
(EMD) [7], wavelet transform (WT) [8], time–frequency analysis (TFA)[9] are various de-
noising methods reported for fault signature extraction.
However, in acquired signals, the presence of background noise affects the fault diagnosis
and causes difficulty in fault diagnosis. This makes incapability in fault analysis; it makes the de-
noising process one of the most essential steps in signal condition monitoring and fault
identification. This study reports de-housing process with Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)
and ‘Hankel’ matrix successfully applied to vibration analysis of ball bearing in time domain
spectrums for the elimination of the background noise and the improvement there liability of the
fault detection process. The effectiveness of this method is compared experimentally as well as

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 136 editor@iaeme.com

 J.J. Jayakanth and M. Chandrasekaran

the simulated vibration signal tests conducted confirmed this de-housing approach suitability for
the fault identification in ball bearings.
S.A.McInerny et.al. [10], describes a laboratory module on fault detection in rolling element.
This module considering the basic operational characteristics of bearing element also provided
theoretical formulas for fault characteristic frequencies. Detection of bearing faults is carried out
using conventional spectral analysis of generated vibration signals using program developed in
MATLAB. This generated vibration signals includes important signatures obtained in bearing
housings. Also, described the inter relationship between fault signatures of bearing and amplitude
modulation and demodulation with the support of envelop analysis. Graphical user friendly
interface (GUI) software utilities developed in MATLAB allows exploring envelope analysis
using measured data / the generated signal. With GUI utilities obtained spectra with Hanning
window implemented FFT and user selectable parameters. In this method the envelop data has
bandwidth half of the acquired data, hence the enveloped data down sampled by a factor of 2
prior to spectrum analysis. The fault frequency of bearing and it’s harmonics are clearly visible
in the final processed spectrum.

1.2. Vibration Analysis:

Vibration analysis is one of the most powerful tools for the bearing fault detections. It would be
a simple process if noiseless vibration signatures are measured on bearings to identify fault in it.
But practically the acquired vibration signals from bearing element and it’s housing, buried in
noise due to random vibration caused by friction, misalignments and imbalances. These random
vibrations dominate the fault signature in the measured spectrum and actual expected vibration
spectrum are lost in the higher harmonics and its spectral noise floor.
Bearing failure occurs due to several mechanisms, including damages caused by mechanical,
crack, wear, lubricant deficiency, and corrosion [3]. Nicks and dents are due to abusive handling
of berating elements. When higher stress on the contact impair the smooth surface, i.e., marred
and reduces the life time of bearing element drastically. ‘Brinelling’ is another harmful condition
caused in rolling element due to its overload. Cyclic loading and over loading create crack in
bearing, manufacturing defects also leads to crack. In a bearing element gradual deterioration due
to wear leads to dimensioning related faults. Normally metal-to-metal friction occurs and
increases due to inadequate or poor lubrication also increases the temperature of the bearing
element, reduces bearing life time. Plastic deformation occurs due to operating forces. Scuffing
or scoring is lighter adhesive damage; sizing or galling is highly intense damage. Abrasive wear
occurs if any hard particle intervene the smooth contact surface. Higher humidity environment
due to surface oxidation produce rust and pits and raises the stress and ultimately leads to abrasion
and rapid wear. In an example of an outer race of a ball bearing is flawed because of one of the
failure mechanisms in which one of the balls rolls over the flaw, an impulsive force is incurred
that causes the bearing to vibrate. The bearing responds by “ringing” at its Fig. 3.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 137 editor@iaeme.com

 Recent Approaches and Measurement Techniques for the Bearing Fault Analysis – A Review

Figure 3. Vibration signal plot, amplitude as a function of time of a bearing shows ringing excitation
due to fault in outer bearing race [10].
The response excitation occurs each time one of the balls rolls over the flaw, hence the
fundamental frequency of the response waveforms is the rate at which the elements roll over the
flaw, is of interest in the detection of bearing faults, not the resonance frequency. Depending on
nature of bearing fault like outer race, inner race, balls and cage, different characteristic frequency
are generated in S.A.McInerny.et.al. [10].
Four characteristic frequencies are given here under of a rotating bearing element in which
the outer race is stationary and its rotating inner race.
Train Frequency or Cage Frequency (FTF)
FTF (Hz) = S (1/2) (1 – B/P Cos ϕ). (1)
Ball pass frequency, Outer race (BPFO)
BPFO (Hz) = S (N/2) (1 – B/P Cos ϕ). (2)
Ball pass frequency, Inner race (BPFI)
BPFI (Hz) = S (N/2) (1 + B/P Cos ϕ). (3)
And Ball Spin frequency (BSF)
BSF (Hz) = S (P/2B) (1 + B2/P2 Cos2 ϕ). (4)
Where B is ball diameter, P is pitch diameter, N is number of balls, and S is rotation rate of
the shaft (in hertz). But in thrust load condition the characteristic frequencies have some slippage
and needed appropriate correction factors. For these purpose software modules incorporated
required correction parameters are available commercially [11].
With the above theoretical calculations attempts were made to identify the characteristic
frequencies of bearing under test [10]. In this work a synthetic signal was constructed with a
square wave approximation and random noise, ringing pulse sequence and their sum has been
carried out and obtained simultaneous spectra and composite waveform. But in this analysis, the
higher harmonics in pulse sequence spectrum higher harmonics in the spectrum disappearing
slowly compared to square wave approximation. The peaks in the composite signal spectrum are
lost. Finally they used band pass filtering in “envelope analysis” rejects the high-amplitude low-
frequency signals associated with misalignment and imbalance to eliminate random noise [8, 9].
Analyzers and data loggers used in envelope analysis usually have user selectable band pass
settings of required frequencies. Final step in the envelope analysis process is calculation of the
spectrum of the rectified band pass filtered signal with Hilbert transform. In this work the
software utility developed in graphical user interface (GUI) with MATLAB utility for the
envelope analysis.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 138 editor@iaeme.com

 J.J. Jayakanth and M. Chandrasekaran

Figure.4. GUI based data processing flow diagram of Envelop Analysis with MATLAB utilities [10].

1.3. Spectrum Analysis

In S.A.McInerny et.al. Report [10], bearing fault frequency and its harmonics are distinctly visible
in the spectrum obtained with MATLAB based graphical user interface (GUI) program. This
confirms effectiveness of this spectrum analysis method in bearing fault deduction analysis.
JJ.Jayakanth.et.al.,[13], brings out the very simple way of detecting bearing faults, that too
in a static condition, as a first time, using impulse excitation technique and implemented with
power spectrum in LabVIEW graphical user interface (GUI) program with the graphical icon
auto computed FFT Power Spectrum module. In which acquired vibration signal from MEMS
accelerometer as a function of time, is auto computed online Power Spectrum (PS) through
LabVIEW Palette (i.e., Power Spectrum.vi), for 10 impulses to the bearing under test, computes
the averaged auto power spectrum of acquired time signal from MEMS accelerometer.
The power spectrum provides clear signature of faulty and good bearing in any size or make
of tested bearings. Since it reflects the energy spent by fault bearing is larger compared to the
smooth and lesser energy consumed good bearing for the given excitation, i.e, for an impulse.
Defective bearings increase the amplitude of the peaks in the power spectrum after FFT is carried
out which indicates the presence of the defect (as shown in fig.5).

Figure.5. (a) Acquired Vibration Signal from MEMS Accelerometer for excited impulses, (b) Auto
computed FFT Power Spectrum acquired Vibration Signals in LabVIEW for two bearings of same size
and make [13].

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 139 editor@iaeme.com

 Recent Approaches and Measurement Techniques for the Bearing Fault Analysis – A Review

1.4. Wavelet transforms:

S.Khanam.et.al. [14] diagnose fault analysis of bearing and access its severity using wavelet
technique. Generally speaking limited duration waveforms are called wavelets, in wavelet
analysis breaking up of a signal into shifted and scaled versions of the original wavelet that has
an average value of zero [15]. Wavelets are ideal tool for analyzing transient signals and provide
time-scale information and facilitate extraction of varying parameters with respect to time.
Wavelets transform are of two types, viz., continuous and discrete. Convolution of signal and
wavelet function calculation is involved in continuous wavelet transform A wavelet function is a
small oscillatory wave contains both the analysis and the window function. In discrete wavelet to
extract the genuine frequency content of the signal in various sub bands filter banks are used, for
signal analysis and synthesis. To reduce the computational time, discrete wavelet transform is
derived from continues wavelet transform discretization by adopting dyadic scale and translation
[16].
∗
, = (7)

Where j, k are integers, 2j and 2jk are the scale and translation parameter respectively, ψ is
the ‘mother’ wavelet and ψ * is the complex conjugate of ψ. The signal s(t) to be processed
passes through low pass and high pass filters emerging as low frequency and high frequency
signals (with approximations ai and details di respectively) at each decomposition(of level ‘n’).
Therefore, signal s (t) can be written as [17]
= + ∑!" (8)
Daubechies [15] proposed ‘Symlets’ supported wavelets with least asymmetry and highest
number of vanishing moments for a given support width, associated scaling filters are near linear-
phase filters, which make them easier to deal with small discontinuity present in the signal
without affecting the original information, The continuous and discrete wavelet transform uses
this approach due to its perfect reconstruction and cancellation capability. The sym5 wavelet
based decomposition gives raise defect size indication by precisely locates leading edge and
trailing edge impacts. The outer race defect size of the bearing element can be evaluated by
recording the raising (entry event) and trailing edge (exit event) of the signal after decomposition
for the sym5 wavelet. The following equation provides information about size of the defect using
duration between set of events at the leading and trailing of the defect edge:
-. /0 567
#$#% &'# = () × +) × ∆ = 21 − %8 9: × ∆ (9)
1 -.7

Where ‘rb’ is radius of the ball, ‘ωb’ is the ball spinning speed, ‘ωs’ is the rotational speed of
shaft, Dp is the bearing pitch diameter, db is the diameter of the ball, α is the deep groove ball
bearing’s contact angle equal to zero and Δt is the duration between the raising and trailing impact
pulse.
S.Khanam.et.al.,[14] have been performed experiments with an accelerometer using an
undamped natural frequency for acquiring the vibration signal using accelerometer mounting on
the top of test bearing housing. The captured signal was stored in Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
Analyzer and transferred to an intelligent processor system where the post processing was carried
out in the MATLAB environment. Experiments have been performed at user selectable shaft
rotational speed of and radial load. With varying size of the defect on the outer race of the test
bearing, random for the healthy case, periodic impulses generated as the ball passes over the
defect at a rate equal to characteristic defect frequency were observed experimentally. So the
impulses in the high frequency range of wavelet decomposition are covered in initial
decomposition. An average of the data points between the two events for all the bursts present in

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 140 editor@iaeme.com

 J.J. Jayakanth and M. Chandrasekaran

the signal enable to obtain bearing outer race defect size precisely by time interval between two
subsequent events.
The decomposition of the vibration signal using Symlet wavelet measures precisely the fault
size on the ball bearing outer race. The bearing fault less than the ball diameter with significant
depth has peak at leading edge and at trailing edge. The ball contact with the base generates
multiple events due to shallow faults. These measurements of defect sizes are verified with optical
microscope confirm the technique: a way easier and precise estimation bearing fault size.
Wavelets are competent tool for bearing fault diagnosis [18-24], due to its efficient
computational implementation and flexibility. Main implementation of wavelets in bearing fault
diagnosis by Peng and Chu [18] involves time frequency signal analysis, demising and extraction
of the weak signal, fault feature extraction, singularity detection, compression of vibration signal
and identification of system. Discrete wavelet transform are used in Prabhakar et al. [19] to
detect and identify single, multiple and combination ball bearing race faults. Shi et al. [20] uses
wavelet transforms and envelop spectrum for extracting bearing defect signatures. ‘Morlet’
wavelets are used for demodulating defect components in the bearings in Nikolaou et al., [21]
work, Qiu.et al. [22] reported a comparison of de-noising with wavelet filter and of de-noising
with wavelet decomposition and concluded that wavelet filter based de-noising and wavelet
decomposition based de-noising with the conclusion that wavelet filter based de-noising is
finding its suitability in weak signature detection. Junsheng et al. [23] reported the extraction of
bearing fault features from vibration signals by constructing impulse response wavelet in
continuous wavelet transform. The recent work by Kumar et al. [24] reported signal
decomposition using ‘Symlet wavelt’ for the extraction of outer race of taper roller bearing fault
size. The confident applications of ‘Symlet’ wavelets in many other fields are reported in
literature Literatures like noise reduction from ECG signals [25] and speech signal de-noising
[26].

1.5. Kurtosis coefficient a Time-Domain Statistics:

From the time domain data, vibration signal, evaluation of kurtosis coefficient [27-30] is
effectively used in the bearing fault detection. A zero mean signal, variance, σ2, is the mean
square value [i.e., the square of the root-mean-square, RMS value] of an AC coupled
accelerometer signals are zero mean signals. Its rectified waveform has a nonzero average or
mean value. In this case, the variance is given by
; = < ∑<" = −> (5)
Where N is the number of data points in the data sequence, and µ is the average value. The
kurtosis coefficient is a fourth-order statistic normalized by the square of the variance σ2
@ A B C
? = < ∑<" DC
(6)
This statistical moment is sensitive to the pulses induced by bearing defects and effective in
the rolling element bearing diagnostics.
The localized defects in the bearing element outer race, inner race and rolling element cause
faults in rolling element or the cage, which generates impacts and impulse and excite the total
system including bearing, sensor mounted on it and beating housing. The characteristic
frequencies of bearing elements and its order can be identified by using signal processing
techniques.
A de-convolution and de-noising technique is reported in Lianhuan Hong et.al. [31] As a
maximum correlated adaptive ‘kurtosis’ de-convolution and multi wavelet transform. In this
paper This paper propose a compound fault analysis combined with Hilbert envelope spectrum
analysis based on maximum correlated ‘kurtoris’ de-convolution theory. a parameter range

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 141 editor@iaeme.com

 Recent Approaches and Measurement Techniques for the Bearing Fault Analysis – A Review

estimation method is given for its parameter optimization. Standard flexible multi wavelets are
used in signal post processing to enhance the de-noising effect. An M-shift correlated kurtosis
composed fault characteristics index with square envelop spectrum entropy is used to construct,
particle swarm optimization based, customized multi wavelets. The usefulness of this method is
demonstrated by both simulated signal and practical vibration signals of a rotor in an experimental
rig with different compound faults. The reliability and superior effectiveness of this method are
confirmed by comparison with other fault detection methods.

1.6. Current monitoring:

S.Mitra et.al. [32] Carried out comparative measurements on fault bearing analysis with three
different techniques say: current monitoring technique, sound signal technique and vibration
analysis technique. In its work using current clamp, three phase induction motor current signal
was recorded. Audible sound or noise of the machine also measured using standard digital sound
level meter kept near motor under test. An accelerometer with sensitivity of 1 mV/g, and
bandwidth of 2 kHz was kept on the top the motor with to acquire the vibration signal. Fig.6.
shows the acquired spectrum of the current, vibration and sound sensors.

(a) (b)

(c)

Figure.6. Frequency as function of power spectral density plot of the (a) motor current signal (b) sound
signal acquired (c) vibration amplitudes of rotating bearings when the mixer motor (under load) in the
presence of external noise [32] .
In the comparative study, it has been reported first, the current signals are too weak, hence
the fault identification is too difficult in real time back ground, hence, it is really a challenging to
identify healthy and faulty bearings. Fault identification with acoustic and vibration signals
techniques are reasonably good compared to current monitoring technique.. Mounting acoustic
microphone also very simple than the vibration sensors, but artefact effect due to outside noise
in acoustic method is very much sensitive and affects the actual measurements. Hence it confirms,
vibration signals technique dominates the other methods for fault identification of the industrial
actuators.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 142 editor@iaeme.com

 J.J. Jayakanth and M. Chandrasekaran

1.7. Mathematical models:

Nabhan.A.et.al. [33] developed a mathematical model for the ball bearing defect analysis and
vibrations due to defect on the bearing race. Using a commercial package ABAQUS/CE,
investigations are carried out at the outer race and its housing is modeled in three-dimension.
Comparison has been made with an experimental vibration results with the simulated acceleration
signal obtained from the dynamic model. The influence of housing structure with different height
is investigated and corresponding vibration response has been evaluated using the root mean
square parameter RMS. It was found that, the housing with less height has lowest fluctuation in
the output response. Also, stability of bearing increased with the decrease of the bearing height,
where the bearings with less height showed the best results.
A finite element contact bearing model [34] establishes a high-precision elastic based on a
contact algorithm, in which all the important bearing geometry like internal clearance, roller and
race crowning, race width and thickness, and dimensions of the raceway shoulders were included.
This method is presented for calculating and analyzing the radially loaded double row bearing
with a raceway defect of varying depth, length, and surface roughness [35], also validated by
comparing experimental results to existing analytical models. The resonance frequency in the
first vibration mode of mechanical system was studied [36]. According to this study, the envelope
detection method for the first vibration mode resonance frequency could be effectively applied
in the signal processing for the bearing defect diagnosis. It is also found that, the vibration signal
amplitude for outer race defect is more than that of the inner race defect and the ball defect. The
theoretical model was aimed to study the effect of defect size, load and speed on the bearing
vibration and predict the spectral components.
To differentiate between vibrations signatures, Finite element model can be effectively used
for defects of different sizes in the bearing [37]. Experimental measurement result has been taken
for the analysis of the signal that has been obtained through the use of FFT analyzer. The vibration
signal pattern obtained from the simulation was found to have similar characteristics with
experimental data. A dynamic loading model simulates the distribution of load in the outer race
due to transfer load from the ball. Time domain analysis is performed to evaluate the output result
of vibration analysis from the finite element software. RMS and peak to peak value is used as the
time signal descriptors and can be used as a parameter for condition monitoring purposes. The
vibration response of healthy and defected bearing is compared with the simulated vibration
pattern and observed similar characteristics obtained from experimental results, [38].

2. CONCLUSION
The SVD and ‘Hankel’ matrix based de-noising approach based fault-signature model and
detection scheme, time - frequency analysis increases the possibility of inner-race defects
identification easily, also it can identify rolling-element defects when the inner-race characteristic
fault frequency, is an integer multiple of characteristic fault frequency due to rolling element.
This fault-signature model and detection scheme can be further extended for rolling-element and
cage defects. In the time–frequency manifold sparse reconstruction model studies the transient
characteristics of signal from low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Among the various other methods,
de-noising performance of TFM has a good result, since it combines the de-noising and atomic
decomposition merits in image sparse reconstruction. This method is effectively verified by
experimental analysis for bearing fault feature extraction.
A laboratory instructional module presented with conventional spectral analysis illustrated with
a synthetic signal generated in MATLAB, also a graphically driven MATLAB software utility
effectively explores the envelope analysis of measured data and the generated signal. Theoretical
calculations were made to identify the characteristic frequencies of bearing under test. Also
construction of synthetic signal using a square wave approximation, random noise, ringing pulse

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 143 editor@iaeme.com

 Recent Approaches and Measurement Techniques for the Bearing Fault Analysis – A Review

sequence and their sum has been carried out and obtained spectra each sequence and is composite
waveform. Using band pass filtering in “envelope analysis” and Hilbert transform for rectification
rejects the low-frequency, high-amplitude harmonics, associated with imbalance and
misalignment and to eliminate random noise outside the pass band to prevent loss of peaks in the
composite signal. Spectrum analysis reported with GUI utilities in both MATLAB and LabVIEW
implemented development programs confirms effective user friendly approach for fault
diagnosis.
In very simple way the designer directly using auto computed FFT Power Spectrum virtual
instruments program icon in LabVIEW of acquired vibration Signals and obtained the power
spectrum, which clearly identifies fault in bearings, that too in static environment , not like all
other reports uses only dynamic measurements technique..
The flexibility and efficient computational implementation in wavelets approach has proved
to be a competent tool for bearing fault detection. Kurtosis coefficient in a time-domain statistics
supports enhancing the de-noising effect further in the compound faults. The reliability and usage
of this method are compared with other fault detection methods.
Excellent comparative study of faulty bearings were carried out successfully with current
monitoring technique in bearing fault identification, and further confirmed that, the vibration
signals technique is predominant than other methods for fault identification of the bearing
elements.
Mathematical model approach provides high-precision elastic with a finite element contact
bearing model and includes all the important bearing geometry like: internal clearance, roller and
race crowning, race width and thickness, and dimensions of the raceway shoulders. Mathematical
model also supports calculating and analyzing the radially loaded double row bearing with a
raceway defect of varying depth, length, and surface roughness and validated successfully by
comparing experimental results.

REFERENCES:
[1] Jason R. Stack, Senior Member, IEEE, Thomas G. Habetler, Fellow, IEEE, and Ronald G.
Harley, Fellow, IEEE, Fault-Signature Modelling and Detection of Inner-Race Bearing
Faults, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 42, No. 1, January/February 2006
[2] S. Mitra, C. Koley, “Different Measurement Techniques for Detection of Bearing Faults in
Industrial Actuators – Comparative Study”, IEEE Calcutta Conference (CALCON) 2017
[3] X.Ding,Q.He,Time–frequency manifold sparse reconstruction: A novel method for bearing
fault feature extraction, Mech.Syst.Signal Process.(2016).
[4] S.Braun,The synchronous (time domain) average revisited, Mech. Syst. Signal Process. 25
(4) (2011) 1087–1102.
[5] Y.Wang, Z.He, Y.Zi, Enhancement of signal denoising and multiple fault signatures detecting
in rotating machinery using dual-tree complex wavelet transform, Mech. Syst. Signal Process.
24 (1) (2010) 119–137.
[6] E.G. Strangas, S.Aviyente, S.S.H.Zaidi, Time–frequency analysis for efficient fault diagnosis
and failure prognosis for interior permanent-magnet AC motors, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.
55 (12) (2008) 4191–4199.
[7] R.Golafshan, K.YuceSanliturk, SVD and Hankel matrix based de-noising approach for ball
bearing fault detection and its assessment using artificial faults, Mech.Syst.SignalProcess.
(2015)
[8] J.Antoni, Fast computation of the kurtogram for the detection of transient faults, Mech. Syst.
Signal Process.21 (1) (2007) 108–124.
[9] M. Amar, I.Gondal, C.Wilson, Vibration spectrum imaging: a novel bearing fault
classification approach, IEEETrans. Ind. Electron.62 (2015) 494–502.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 144 editor@iaeme.com

 J.J. Jayakanth and M. Chandrasekaran

[10] S.A. McInerny and Y. Dai, Basic Vibration Signal Processing for Bearing Fault Detection,
IEEE Transactions on Education, Vol. 46, No. 1, February 2003. p149-156.
[11] MATLAB Signal Processing Toolbox User’s Guide, vol. 4, The MathWorks, Inc., Natick,
MA, 1996.
[12] Y.Yang, D.J.Yu, J.S.Cheng, A roller bearing fault diagnosis method based on EMD energy
[13] Entropy and ANN, J.Sound Vib. 294 (2006) 269–277. 13. J.J.Jayakanth and
M.Chandrasekaran, “Virtual Instrumentation Programming and PSoC
[14] Embedded Design for Beating Fault Deduction: Uses Impulse excitation Technique”.
International Journal for Engineering &Technology. 7(3.27) 2018. P.170-173. 14. S.
Khanam, N. Tandon, J. K. Dutt. Fault size estimation in the outer race of ball
[15] Bearing using discrete wavelet transform of the vibration signal. Procedia Technology 14
(2014) 12 – 19, http://visl.technion.ac.il/documents/wavelet_ug.pdf.
[16] Prabhakar, S., Mohanty, A.R., Sekhar, A.S., 2002. Application of Discrete Wavelet
[17] Transform for Detection of Ball Bearing Race Faults, Tribology International 35, and p.793.
17. Kumar, R., Singh, M., 2013. Outer Race Defect Width Measurement in Taper Roller
[18] Bearing using Discrete Wavelet Transform of Vibration Signal, Measurement 46, p.537. 18.
Peng, Z.K., Chu, F.L., 2004. Application of the Wavelet Transform in Machine
[19] Condition Monitoring and Fault Diagnostics: A Review with Bibliography, Mechanical
Systems and Signal Processing 18, p. 199. 19. Prabhakar, S., Mohanty, A.R., Sekhar, A.S.,
2002. Application of Discrete Wavelet
[20] Transform for Detection of Ball Bearing Race Faults, Tribology International 35, and p.793.
20. Shi, D. F., Wang, W. J., and Qu, L. S., 2004. Defect detection for bearings using
[21] Envelope spectra of wavelet transform, ASME Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 126 (4), p.
567. 21. Nikolaou, N. G., Antoniadis, I. A., 2002. Demodulation of Vibration Signals
[22] Generated by Defects in Rolling Element Bearings Using Complex Shifted Morlet Wavelets,
Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 16(4), p. 677. 22. Qiu, H., Lee, J., Lin, J., Yu, G.,
2006. Wavelet Filter-Based Weak Signature
[23] Detection Method and its Application on Rolling Element Bearing Prognostics, Journal of
Sound and Vibration 289, p. 1066. Junsheng, C., Dejie, Y., Yu, Y., 2007. Application of an
Impulse Response Wavelet
[24] To Fault Diagnosis of Rolling Bearings, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 21, p.
920. 24. Kumar, R., Singh, M., 2013. Outer Race Defect Width Measurement in Taper Roller
[25] Bearing using Discrete Wavelet Transform of Vibration Signal, Measurement 46, p 537.
[26] 25. Awal, M. A., Mostafa, S. S., Ahmad, M., 2012. Quality Assessement of ECG Signal Using
Symlet Wavelet Transform, Proceedings of International Conference on Advances in
Electrical Engineering, p.129-134. Chavan, M. S., Mastorakis, N., Chavan, M. N., Gaikwad,
M. S., Implementation of
[27] SYMLET Wavelets to Removal of Gaussian Additive Noise from Speech Signal, Recent
Researches in Communications, Automation, Signal Processing, Nanotechnology,
Astronomy and Nuclear Physics, p. 37-41. L. Ott, An Introduction to Statistical Methods and
Data Analysis.North Scituate, MA:
[28] Duxbury Press, 1977. 28. H. Prashad, “Functional performance of roller bearings for
acceptance in routine
[29] Applications,” J. Inst. Eng. (India), pp. 105–113, Aug. 1995. 29. F. Honaravar and H. R.
Martin, “New statistical moments for diagnostics of rolling
[30] Element bearings,” J. Manuf. Sci. Eng., vol. 119, pp. 425–432, Aug. 1997. R. B. W. Heng
and M. J. M. Nor, “Statistical analysis of sound and vibration signals for monitoring rolling
element bearing condition,” Appl. Acoust., vol. 53, Jan-Mar 1998. pp. 211–226.
[31] Lianhuan Hong, Xiaobo Liu1 and Hongyan Zuo. Compound fault diagnosis of rotating
machinery based on adaptive maximum correlated kurtosis deconvolution and customized

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 145 editor@iaeme.com

 Recent Approaches and Measurement Techniques for the Bearing Fault Analysis – A Review

multiwavelet transform. IOP Publishing Ltd. Measurement Science and Technology, Volume
29, Number 11. 4th October 2018.
[32] S. Mitra et.al. Different Measurement Techniques for Detection of Bearing Faults in
[33] Industrial Actuators – Comparative Study. IEEE Calcutta Conference (CALCON), 2017. 78-
1-5386-3745-6/17. Nabhan. A. et.al.,EGTRIB Journal of The Egyptian Society of Tribology.
Volume.12, No. 2,
[34] April 2015, p.15 – 29 (ISSN 2090 – 5882). 34. Yi G., Robert G. P., “Stiffness matrix
calculation of rolling element bearings using a finite
[35] Element/contact mechanics model”, Mechanism and Machine Theory, 51, pp. 32–45, (2013).
35. Dick P., Carl H., Nader S., Alireza M. A., Sarabjeet S., “Analysis of bearing stiffness
[36] Variations, contact forces and vibrations in radially loaded double row rolling element
bearings with raceway defects”, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 50-51, p.139–
160, (2015). Yuh-Tay S., “An envelope analysis based on the resonance modes of the
mechanical system
[37] For the bearing defect diagnosis”, Measurement, 43, pp. 912–934, 2010. 37. Patil M. S., Jose
M., Rajendrakumar P. K., Sandeep Desai, “A theoretical mode to predict the
[38] Effect of localized defect on vibrations associated with ball bearing”, International Journal of
Mechanical Sciences, 52, pp. 1193–1201, (2011). 38. Patel U. A., Shukla R., “Vibrational
Analysis of Self-Align Ball Bearing Having a Local
[39] Defect through FEA and its Validation through Experiment”, International Journal of Modern
Engineering Research, 2, pp. 1073-1080, (2012). 39. Purwo K., Zahari T., “Vibration
Analysis of Defected Ball Bearing using Finite Element
[40] Model Simulation”, the 9th Asia Pasific Industrial Engineering & Management Systems
Conference, (2008).

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 146 editor@iaeme.com