A FIRST COURSE IN TURBULENCE H, Tennekes and J. L. Lumley “The MIT Prem ‘Cambridge, Masachusets, and London, EnglandSeon 91972 ‘Fe hidaach nts of Techoloy ‘stand pining, Septerber 1973 Tost snd i Pr Onin seman pried rd tou : ‘ii res. Mopar ck ny ban ‘hotacoyng, ecoring or by any atormavon sgt and ‘aviet sym stout perenne rane bier 188N 0 262 20010 8 thardcorer) ‘CONTENTS Preface xi Bret guide onthe use of symbols x 1 ITRODUCTION 1 w ‘The nature of turbulence 1 Iregularity 1. Diffsvty 2. Large Reynolds numbers 2. Thre dimensional vorticity fluctuationt 2. Disipation 3. Continuum 3. Turbulent flows ae flow: 3. 12 Methods of aniysis 4 Dimensional analysis 5. Asymptotic invariance 6, Local invariance 6. a Therion of turbulence 7 “4 Dittusvty of turbulence 8 Diffusion ina problem with an imposed length sale 8. Eddy ditfsvity 10 Ditfusin in a problem with an imposed time sesle 11. 18 Length sales in turbulent flows 14 Laminar boundary layert 14, Diffusive and convective length sales 15, “Turbulent boundary layers 16. Laminar and turbulent friction 17. Small ‘sales in turbulence 19. An inviscid estimate for the disipation rate 20. Seale relations 21, Molecular and turbulent scales 23 16 (Outline ofthe material 26 2 TURBULENT TRANSPORT OF MOMENTUM AND HEAT 27, 2a ‘The Reynolds equations 27 “The Reynolds decomposition 28. Correlated variables 29. Equations fr the ‘mean flow 30. The Reynolds stress 32. Turbulent transport of heat 33.22 Elements of the kinetic theory of uses 24 Pure shear flow 34. Molecuar collisions 36. Characters times and lengths 38. The correlation between v, and vz 38. Thermal diffusivity 38. 2a Esimates of the Reynolds sre 40 Reynolds stress and vertex stretching 40, The mixinglength mode! 42, The length scale problem 44. neglected tramport term 45, The mixing length 25 an Integral scale 45, The gradienttransport fallacy 47. Further est motes 49. Recapitulation 49. 24 ‘Turbulent het transfer 60 ‘Reynolds analogy 61. The mixing length mode 1 25 ‘Turbulent shear low near aig wall 52 Alow with constant stress 54. Nonzero mass transfer 85, The mixingength pproech 55. The limitation of mixingtength theory 7. 3 ‘THE DYNAMICS OF TURBULENCE 69 34 Kine energy ofthe mean flow 50 Pure shear flow 60. The effects of viscosity 62. a2 Kinetic energy ofthe turbulence 63, Production equils dissipation 64. Taylor micoscle 65, Seale elatont 67 Spectral energy. wansfer 68. Further ertimater 69, Wind-tunnet tubs: lence 70, Pure shear flow 74 3a Vortcity dynamics 75 Vortcity vector and rotation tenir 76. Vortex tems in the equations of ‘motion 76. Reynolds stress and vorticity 78. The vorticity equation 8 Vortcity in turbulent flows 84. Two-dimensional mean flow 85, The dynamics of 9%; 88. The equation for Zs; 96. Turbulence is rote tional 87. An approximate vorticity budget 88. Multiple length sales £2. fe ee eet 34 “The dynamiot of temperature fluctuations 95 Mcroscals in the temperature field 95. Buoyant convection 97, Richardson numbers 88. Buoyancy time sale 08. Monin Oboukhow length 109. Conver tion inthe atmospharle Boundary layer 100. 4 BOUNDARY.FREE SHEAR FLOWS 108 a ‘Almost parle, twosdimensona flows 104 Pane lows. 104, The ctseatream momentum equation 108. The streamwise momentum equstion 108, Turbulent wokes 109. Turbulent jets and mixing layers 110. The mornentum integral 111. Momentum thickness 112. a2 Turbulent wokes 113, Saltpresevation 113. The meanarlocity profile 115. Axisymmetic wokes 118, Seale clations 119. The turbulent energy budget 120. 43 ‘The wske of asa propelied body 124 Pane waket 125, Axsymmettic wakes 127 44 ‘Torbulont jets and mixing layers 127 Mixing layers 128, Plane jets 128, The energy budget na pla 45 Comparative structure of wake, jets, and mixing layers 133 46 Thermal plumes 195 ‘Tworimensional plumes 138. Self preservation 141. The heet-fux inte al 142, Further results 142 jot 131. 5 WALL-BOUNDED SHEAR FLOWS 146 51 “The problem of multiple sales 146 Inertial subloyer 147. Velocty-defet tow 147,