THEORY OF CHRIS ARGYRIS

Models of theories-in-use

The construction Argyris developed in order to explain theories-in-use is shown in figure 1.

Figure 1. Model explaining the process of developing theories-in use.

Governing variables are values which the person is trying to keep within some acceptable
range. We have many governing variables. Any action will likely impact upon a number of these
variables. Therefore any situation may trigger a trade-off among governing variables.

Action strategies are strategies used by the person to keep their governing values within
the acceptable range.

These strategies will have consequences which are both intended

those the actor believes will result and unintended.
Single-loop and Double-loop learning

It is suggested (Argyris, 1985) that the first response to this mismatch between intention
and outcome is to search for another strategy which will satisfy the governing variables.

For example a new strategy in order to suppress conflict might be to reprimand the other
people involved for wasting time, and suggest they get on with the task at hand. This may
suppress the conflict and allow feelings of competence as the fault has been laid at the feet of
the other party for wasting time. In such a case the new action strategy is used in order to
satisfy the existing governing variable. The change is in the action only, not in the governing
variable itself. Such a process is called single-loop learning. See Figure 3.

Another possible response would be to examine and change the governing values themselves.
For example, the person might choose to critically examine the governing value of suppressing
conflict. This may lead to discarding this value and substituting a new value such as open
inquiry. The associated action strategy might be to discuss the issue openly. Therefore in this
case both the governing variable and the action strategy have changed. This would constitute
double-loop learning. See Figure 3.

Figure 3. Single and double-loop learning

Double-loop learning is seen as the more effective way of making informed decisions
about the way we design and implement action (Argyris, 1974). Consequently, Argyris
approach is to focus on double-loop learning.