Physics and Chemistry of the Earth xxx (2016) 1e17

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Moment tensors, state of stress and their relation to faulting processes

in Gujarat, western India
Sandeep Kumar Aggarwal a, b, *, Prosanta Kumar Khan a, Sarada Prasad Mohanty c,
Zafeiria Roumelioti d
a
Department of Applied Geophysics, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad 826004, Jharkhand, India
b
Institute of Seismological Research, Gandhinagar 382009, Gujarat, India
c
Department of Applied Geology, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, Jharkhand 826004, India
d
Department of Civil Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Time domain moment tensor analysis of 145 earthquakes (Mw 3.2 to 5.1), occurring during the period
Received 16 April 2015 2006e2014 in Gujarat region, has been performed. The events are mainly confined in the Kachchh area
Received in revised form demarcated by the Island belt and Kachchh Mainland faults to its north and south, and two transverse
18 December 2015
faults to its east and west. Libraries of Green's functions were established using the 1D velocity model of
Accepted 30 January 2016
Kachchh, Saurashtra and Mainland Gujarat. Green's functions and broadband displacement waveforms
Available online xxx
filtered at low frequency (0.5e0.8 Hz) were inverted to determine the moment tensor solutions. The
estimated solutions were rigorously tested through number of iterations at different source depths for
Keywords:
Moment tensor
finding reliable source locations. The identified heterogeneous nature of the stress fields in the Kachchh
Stress inversion area allowed us to divide this into four Zones 1e4. The stress inversion results indicate that the Zone 1 is
Kachchh dominated with radial compression, Zone 2 with strike-slip compression, and Zones 3 and 4 with strike-
Talala slip extensions. The analysis further shows that the epicentral region of 2001 MW 7.7 Bhuj mainshock,
Jamnagar located at the junction of Zones 2, 3 and 4, was associated with predominant compressional stress and
Mainland Gujarat strike-slip motion along ~ NNE-SSW striking fault on the western margin of the Wagad uplift. Other
tectonically active parts of Gujarat (e.g. Jamnagar, Talala and Mainland) show earthquake activities are
dominantly associated with strike-slip extension/compression faulting. Stress inversion analysis shows
that the maximum compressive stress axes (s1) are vertical for both the Jamnagar and Talala regions and
horizontal for the Mainland Gujarat. These stress regimes are distinctly different from those of the
Kachchh region.
© 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
The Kachchh, Saurashtra and Mainland Gujarat regions (Fig. 1)
of Western India are important tectonic domains having clear ev-
idence of neotectonic activities. The region experienced two
devastating earthquakes in 1819 (MW 7.8) and 2001 (MW 7.7), and
several moderate magnitude (MW ~ 6.0) earthquakes. Because of
recurrences of such great earthquakes, detailed investigation of
active sub-surface tectonic processes in the northern part of
Gujarat, which falls in seismic zone V, was carried out. Interestingly,
* Corresponding author. Department of Applied Geophysics, Indian School of
Mines, Dhanbad 826004, Jharkhand, India.
E-mail address: Sandeep12480@gmail.com (S.K. Aggarwal).
all the four seismic zones V, IV, III and II on the seismic zone map of
India (BIS, 2002) are co-located in the state (Fig. 1), and ~70% of land
mass of Gujarat is under threat of moderate to severe seismic
hazard. The 2001 Kachchh earthquake aftershock sequence recor-
ded at dense seismic network (Rastogi et al., 2012a) provides an
opportunity to study the fault behaviors using moment tensor (MT)
analysis. National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI), Hyder-
abad started monitoring the Kachchh seismicity since 2001 and
published MT solutions of 9 earthquakes (Mandal et al., 2006,
2009). Soon after the occurrences of two shocks of magnitude
MW 5.6 in 2006, 10 seismographs were installed by the Institute of
Seismological Research (ISR), Gandhinagar. Later, the Gujarat
Seismic Network (GSN) was strengthened by adding 50 more
seismographs till the end of 2012 (Fig. 2). The GSN recorded several
thousand shocks with completeness magnitude Mc 3.0 (Aggarwal

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2016.01.004
1474-7065/© 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Please cite this article in press as: Aggarwal, S.K., et al., Moment tensors, state of stress and their relation to faulting processes in Gujarat,
western India, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2016.01.004
2 S.K. Aggarwal et al. / Physics and Chemistry of the Earth xxx (2016) 1e17

Fig. 1. Distribution of moderate to great historical earthquakes in Gujarat area. Solid red lines indicate the boundary between different seismic zones. Inset map at top right in-
dicates the location of the Gujarat (rectangular box). ABF: Allah band fault, BcF: Bachau fault, BF: Banni fault, IBF: Island belt fault, KF: Kim fault, KHF: Katrol hill fault, KMF: Kachchh
mainland fault, MKF: Manfra Kharoi fault, NKF: North Kathiawar fault, NPF: Nagar Parkar fault, NWF: North Wagad fault, SKF: South Kathiawar fault, BU: Bela uplift, CU: Charor
uplift, GRK: Great Rann of Kachchh, KU: Kadhir uplift, LRK: Little Rann of Kachchh, PU: Pachham uplift, WU: Wagad uplift, HFT: Himalayan Frontal Thrust. (For interpretation of the
references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Fig. 2. Distribution of seismicity occurred in Gujarat area between 2006 and 2014. The broadband seismic stations were established by the Institute of Seismological Research
during 2006e2012. EMCF: Eastern Margin of Cambay fault, WMCF: Western Margin of Cambay fault, GoK: Gulf of Kachchh. Other morphotectonic features are explained in Fig. 1.

Please cite this article in press as: Aggarwal, S.K., et al., Moment tensors, state of stress and their relation to faulting processes in Gujarat,
western India, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2016.01.004
 S.K. Aggarwal et al. / Physics and Chemistry of the Earth xxx (2016) 1e17 3

Table 1
List of online seismographic stations in and around Gujarat operating since 2006.

Sl. No. Seismograph station Lat. ( N) Long. ( E) Year of installation Details of seismic instruments

1 Suvai 23.61 70.49 2006 CMG 3T, DM-24

2 Khavda 23.92 69.77 2006 CMG 3T, EAM
3 Surendranagar 22.73 71.59 2006 CMG 3T, DM-24
4 Morbi 22.84 70.89 2006 CMG 3T, DM-24
5 Rajkot 22.36 70.76 2006 CMG 3T, DM-24
6 Lalpur 22.35 69.96 2006 CMG 3T, DM-24
7 Junagadh 21.36 70.72 2006 CMG 3T, EAM
8 Una 20.98 70.93 2006 CMG3T, DM-24
9 Amreli 21.31 71.25 2006 CMG 3T, DM-24
10 Sipu 24.39 72.29 2006 CMG 3T, DM-24
11 Kadana 23.29 73.85 2006 CMG 3T, DM-24
12 Kevadia 21.88 73.71 2006 CMG 3T, EAM
13 Valsad 20.22 73.45 2006 CMG 3T, DM-24
14 Radhanpur 23.82 71.62 2006 CMG 3T, PFC 130
15 Bela 23.87 70.80 2008 CMG 3T, DM-24
16 Desalpar 23.74 70.69 2008 CMG 3T, DM-24
17 Badargadh 23.47 70.62 2008 CMG 3T, EAM
18 Vamka 23.43 70.43 2008 CMG 3T, S3 DM-DCM
19 Dwarka 22.29 69.04 2008 CMG 3T, S3-DM-DCM
20 Raisan 23.20 72.65 2009 CMG 3T, PFC 130
21 Gadhada 23.87 70.37 2010 CMG 3T, DM-24
22 Bhavnagar 21.69 71.99 2010 CMG 3T, EAM
23 Bhachau 23.28 70.34 2011 CMG 3T, DM-24
24 Chobari 23.51 70.34 2011 CMG 3T, DM-24
25 Vadodara 22.31 73.13 2011 CMG 3T, DM-24
26 Ukai 21.22 73.58 2011 CMG 3T, DM-24
27 Gabana 21.88 73.71 2011 Trillium 120P Taurus
28 Jitgadh 21.82 73.54 2011 Trillium 120P Taurus
29 Naswadi 22.02 73.77 2011 Trillium 120P Taurus
30 Kwant 22.08 74.05 2011 Trillium 120P Taurus
31 Alirajpur 22.29 74.17 2011 Trillium 120P Taurus
32 Kukshi 22.20 74.71 2011 Trillium 120P Taurus
33 Badwani 22.03 74.92 2011 Trillium 120P Taurus
34 Shahada 21.50 74.41 2011 Trillium 120P Taurus
35 Sagbara 21.54 73.79 2011 Trillium 120P Taurus
36 Dhamkada 23.35 70.15 2011 CMG 3T, PFC 130

et al., 2015; Telesca et al., 2015a, b) and motivated to compute MT
solutions of 145 earthquakes (MW
3.2), occurring in several
seismically active areas in Gujarat, and recorded during
2006e2014 at 36 stations (Table 1).
The contemporary estimation of MT at seismic point source is
the best way to describe the nature of active faulting and under-
standing the source dynamics/kinematics of a region. The time
domain moment tensor (TDMT) solutions of earthquakes are based
on waveform data, and reliable for investigating the nature of
faulting vis-a -vis the operative seismotectonics of the region
(Dreger and Kaverina, 2000). The TDMT solutions have good
agreement with estimation of other existing techniques like
Regional Centroid Moment Tensor (RCMT), cut and paste (CAP), and
have been tested by D'Amico et al. (2010, 2011, 2013, 2014) and D’
Amico (2014) for different regions around the world. The TDMT
method used in the present work solves the moment tensor ele-
ments by performing a linearized inversion that minimizes the
difference between the observed and synthetic waveforms. This
method accounts for errors in the velocity model by applying a
single time shift at each station to the observed waveforms to best
match the synthetics. While the CAP method accounts for event
miss location and imperfect Green's functions, breaks the three-
component regional waveforms into five windows: vertical and
radial component Pnl; vertical and radial component Rayleigh
wave; and transverse component Love waves. The CAP method
performs a grid search over double-couple mechanisms and allows
the synthetic waveforms for each phase (Pnl, Rayleigh and Love) to
shift in time to account for errors in the Green's functions. Different
filtering and weighting of the Pnl segment relative to surface wave
segments enhances sensitivity to source parameters (Templeton
et al., 2008).
According to Romanowicz et al. (1993), the MT solutions based
on TDMT are well-consistent for computations from minimum 4
stations’ records or only 3 component data recorded at one station,

Table 2
P-wave velocity (Vp), S-wave velocity (Vs) and density (r) models for Kachchh, Saurashtra and Mainland Gujarat regions.

Kachchh (after Mandal, 2006) Saurashtra (after Rao and Tewari, 2005) Mainland Gujarat (after Kaila, 1990)

Depth (km) Vp (km/s) Vs (km/s) r (gm/cc) Depth (km) Vp (km/s) Vs (km/s) r (gm/cc) Depth (km) Vp (km/s) Vs (km/s) r (gm/cc)
0 3.40 1.97 1.86 0 5.20 3.01 2.74 0 3.00 1.73 1.90
4 5.81 3.29 2.63 4 5.80 3.35 2.67 4 4.50 2.60 2.30
6 6.27 3.54 2.78 6 6.10 3.53 2.77 6 6.00 3.47 2.50
14 6.62 3.80 2.89 10 6.35 3.67 2.77 10 5.50 3.18 2.70
24 7.15 4.10 3.06 16 6.70 3.87 2.85 16 6.60 3.82 2.85
34 7.75 4.51 3.25 24 7.10 4.10 3.00 24 7.30 4.22 3.10
42 8.20 4.74 3.39 42 8.90 4.80 3.30 42 8.00 4.62 3.30

Please cite this article in press as: Aggarwal, S.K., et al., Moment tensors, state of stress and their relation to faulting processes in Gujarat,
western India, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2016.01.004
4 S.K. Aggarwal et al. / Physics and Chemistry of the Earth xxx (2016) 1e17

Table 3
Computed source parameters of 145 earthquake, Variance reduction (VR%), percentage of CLVD, Number of stations used in the Moment Tensor inversion and quality of the MT
solution. Cat.: Catalog; St.: Strike.

Sl. No. Date Lat. ( N) Long. ( E) MO (dyne-cm) MW Depth Plane 1 Plane 2 VR (%) CLVD (%) No. of station Quality
(km)

Cat. MT St. Dip Rake St. Dip Rake

1 20060930 22.31 70.21 8.70eþ21 4.0 5.0 3 60 61 134 304 51 38 75 3 3 A

2 20070301 23.52 70.34 2.00eþ21 3.5 28.3 10 38 79 134 139 45 16 65 39 4 B
3 20070306 23.52 70.34 2.80eþ21 3.6 28.3 12 182 89 178 273 88 1 60 23 2 C
4 20070308 24.48 70.23 6.00eþ20 3.2 13 14 308 53 131 72 53 49 62 29 3 C
5 20070329 21.51 74.57 6.60eþ20 3.2 16.5 15 293 65 148 38 61 29 66 0 2 B
6 20070408 23.43 70.38 6.80eþ20 3.2 28.1 14 80 74 162 344 72 17 65 4 3 B
7 20070408 23.38 70.39 4.10eþ21 3.7 25.1 24 272 61 55 148 44 136 77 12 3 A
8 20070513 23.43 70.42 1.00eþ23 4.7 19.7 16 65 88 9 335 81 178 76 2 3 A
9 20070524 23.31 70.03 4.10eþ22 4.0 25.7 30 216 46 91 38 44 89 67 5 3 B
10 20070713 23.75 70.66 5.50eþ21 3.8 17.6 2 280 51 94 93 40 85 76 4 3 A
11 20070828 23.51 70.11 4.10eþ21 3.7 13.5 32 201 75 16 295 75 164 60 3 2 C
12 20070902 22.24 70.17 2.60eþ21 3.6 5 6 257 65 83 61 27 105 69 2 3 B
13 20070908 22.31 70.27 3.90eþ21 3.4 2.6 1 41 90 93 133 3 2 60 16 2 C
14 20070912 22.24 70.16 3.20eþ21 3.8 5.2 7 283 47 113 136 47 67 58 1 3 C
15 20071008 23.30 70.11 1.70eþ22 4.3 19.4 16 245 73 154 147 65 18 88 5 4 A
16 20071106 21.12 70.51 3.00eþ23 4.8 8.5 6 321 89 4 231 86 179 85 6 4 A
17 20071106 21.17 70.52 9.20eþ20 3.3 9 10 333 54 126 203 49 51 66 3 2 B
18 20071106 21.13 70.53 1.40eþ21 3.4 6.5 4 234 49 106 78 43 72 66 27 3 B
19 20071106 21.16 70.53 4.30eþ23 5.0 4.5 5 232 82 17 324 73 172 84 9 4 A
20 20071106 21.23 70.50 1.90eþ21 3.5 3.7 3 56 85 20 148 70 174 60 20 2 C
21 20071106 21.16 70.56 9.70eþ20 3.3 12.6 7 116 55 100 313 36 76 61 6 3 C
22 20071106 21.13 70.53 4.00eþ21 3.8 9.8 7 45 89 175 135 85 1 65 3 4 B
23 20071115 23.40 70.37 1.60eþ23 4.8 13.5 38 201 63 59 328 40 135 65 7 5 B
24 20071202 21.12 70.60 5.70eþ20 3.2 5 3 318 78 138 217 49 17 62 16 2 C
25 20071204 23.67 70.02 8.50eþ20 3.2 7.5 4 340 50 83 171 41 98 60 1 3 C
26 20071215 24.39 71.93 4.40eþ22 4.4 3.1 1 44 86 94 178 5 44 60 25 2 C
27 20071215 23.99 69.96 8.30eþ21 3.9 12 40 151 84 139 55 49 8 65 7 2 B
28 20080101 21.14 70.47 3.20eþ21 3.9 6.2 3 317 76 160 222 71 14 85 4 3 A
29 20080113 22.16 71.30 8.80eþ20 3.3 6.1 11 261 63 40 12 55 147 58 2 3 C
30 20081106 22.73 70.88 8.70eþ20 3.3 6.1 10 38 84 166 306 76 6 66 6 3 B
31 20080121 23.50 70.04 2.00eþ21 3.7 15.1 6 309 50 88 132 40 92 75 6 3 A
32 20080121 23.67 70.44 1.20eþ21 3.4 11.7 6 16 49 81 183 42 100 58 3 2 C
33 20080124 21.18 70.46 2.90eþ21 3.6 6.2 7 333 89 150 242 60 1 75 30 3 A
34 20080201 23.76 69.40 1.50eþ21 3.5 10.4 6 257 47 91 75 43 89 61 0 2 C
35 20080301 23.46 70.29 1.00eþ22 4.0 22.7 10 311 60 78 109 32 109 59 2 3 C
36 20080303 23.39 70.40 1.00eþ21 3.3 12.8 5 170 77 16 264 74 166 58 1 2 C
37 20080309 23.39 70.34 6.30eþ22 4.5 30.6 24 305 86 170 215 80 4 76 21 4 A
38 20080310 23.56 70.02 3.40eþ21 3.6 19.2 7 108 50 86 282 40 95 65 7 2 B
39 20080315 23.57 70.03 2.70eþ21 4.0 13.2 7 59 52 58 284 48 124 58 35 2 C
40 20080331 21.14 70.60 2.90eþ21 3.6 9.2 8 220 87 12 129 78 178 75 17 3 A
41 20080407 23.60 70.30 1.19eþ21 3.5 11.8 12 325 76 104 100 20 47 58 22 3 C
42 20080408 23.42 70.36 5.90eþ21 3.8 27.8 40 139 88 3 49 87 178 67 17 3 B
43 20080415 23.79 70.73 2.30eþ21 3.5 9.4 14 241 86 7 332 83 176 58 20 2 C
44 20080502 21.11 72.49 1.60eþ21 3.4 25.1 6 134 66 30 237 63 153 60 3 3 C
45 20080502 21.12 72.46 8.60eþ20 3.3 13.8 14 338 68 155 78 66 24 60 7 2 C
46 20080520 21.17 73.04 6.90eþ21 3.8 6.1 4 194 47 96 5 43 84 64 16 2 C
47 20080525 23.27 70.17 6.60eþ21 3.8 13.3 9 267 73 154 6 65 19 58 5 2 C
48 20080607 23.39 70.37 3.90eþ21 3.7 25 9 298 55 86 112 35 95 60 12 2 C
49 20080620 23.37 70.36 4.20eþ21 3.7 23.6 18 272 73 129 162 42 26 62 9 3 C
50 20080704 23.12 73.84 3.20eþ21 3.6 9.2 9 262 90 172 352 82 0 60 30 2 C
51 20080710 23.47 70.29 4.20eþ21 3.7 23.3 6 46 55 78 205 37 106 64 2 2 C
52 20080719 23.49 70.26 2.50eþ21 3.6 13.3 12 115 54 100 278 37 77 58 8 2 C
53 20080730 23.38 70.38 3.10eþ21 3.6 30.4 6 14 52 88 190 38 93 68 22 3 B
54 20080819 23.38 70.12 9.90eþ21 4.0 20.1 9 70 52 76 272 40 107 59 2 2 C
55 20081003 23.34 70.35 1.50eþ21 3.4 11.7 24 57 88 166 148 76 2 65 11 2 B
56 20081003 23.24 70.23 2.90eþ22 4.3 25.7 5 146 58 78 304 34 109 59 11 2 C
57 20081003 21.90 69.97 4.00eþ21 3.7 2.6 6 303 48 89 121 42 92 59 19 2 C
58 20081005 21.17 70.54 5.40eþ22 4.4 12 6 176 76 19 81 72 165 75 3 3 A
59 20081011 23.45 70.38 1.40eþ21 3.4 28.3 9 39 68 116 167 33 43 58 2 2 C
60 20081014 21.20 70.66 1.40eþ21 3.4 3.1 3 304 82 72 192 19 157 66 10 3 B
61 20081015 21.22 70.70 4.50eþ21 3.7 8 8 181 84 25 88 65 174 61 6 3 C
62 20081015 21.12 70.55 2.80eþ21 3.6 15 15 112 87 168 203 78 3 66 0 3 B
63 20081106 22.73 70.88 8.70eþ20 3.3 6.1 10 38 84 166 306 76 6 58 6 3 C
64 20081227 23.83 70.79 1.50eþ21 3.4 7.2 8 276 65 28 19 65 152 67 1 3 B
65 20090226 23.55 70.35 5.00eþ21 3.8 31.1 10 107 49 63 325 48 118 65 8 3 B
66 20090310 23.42 70.42 1.60eþ21 3.4 20.1 6 311 49 84 141 41 97 65 30 3 B
67 20090331 23.46 70.40 1.10eþ21 3.3 23.7 18 95 73 141 198 53 22 65 8 3 B
68 20090412 23.42 70.14 1.10eþ21 3.3 18.7 14 315 88 6 45 84 178 61 9 3 C
69 20090518 23.36 70.22 1.30eþ21 3.4 23.4 7 150 87 29 242 61 176 58 9 2 C
70 20090526 23.36 70.04 2.10eþ21 3.5 17.0 8 145 83 155 239 66 8 65 8 3 B
71 20090628 23.38 70.35 6.50eþ21 3.8 25 32 101 85 172 10 82 5 58 30 2 C

Please cite this article in press as: Aggarwal, S.K., et al., Moment tensors, state of stress and their relation to faulting processes in Gujarat,
western India, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2016.01.004
 S.K. Aggarwal et al. / Physics and Chemistry of the Earth xxx (2016) 1e17 5

Table 3 (continued )

Sl. No. Date Lat. ( N) Long. ( E) MO (dyne-cm) MW Depth Plane 1 Plane 2 VR (%) CLVD (%) No. of station Quality
(km)

Cat. MT St. Dip Rake St. Dip Rake

72 20090701 23.45 70.13 4.80eþ21 3.7 6.1 8 246 59 57 118 44 132 66 12 3 B

73 20090803 24.30 69.86 6.00eþ21 3.8 10.7 6 324 46 93 148 44 87 69 10 2 B
74 20090903 23.50 70.41 6.00eþ21 3.8 23.9 10 295 76 17 200 73 165 58 11 2 C
75 20090905 23.41 70.23 1.00eþ22 4.0 26.4 32 113 79 122 220 34 20 75 22 3 A
76 20091007 23.41 70.23 5.40eþ21 3.5 15 5 2 86 9 272 81 176 58 9 2 C
77 20091009 24.55 69.42 5.40eþ21 3.8 9.7 6 323 60 87 137 30 95 60 1 3 C
78 20091028 23.71 69.91 1.10eþ23 4.7 11.4 42 300 88 5 30 85 178 75 13 4 A
79 20091229 23.35 70.13 3.50eþ21 3.6 29.4 40 160 77 37 260 54 164 65 5 2 B
80 20100205 23.52 70.24 9.60eþ20 3.3 14.7 10 169 81 143 73 53 11 65 12 3 B
81 20100207 23.50 70.48 1.10eþ21 3.4 21.8 7 310 69 108 87 28 51 62 31 2 C
82 20100330 23.66 72.58 6.10eþ20 3.2 10.4 10 11 87 125 277 35 5 58 4 2 C
83 20100401 23.82 69.95 5.10eþ21 3.8 6.4 5 93 59 125 327 45 46 75 14 3 A
84 20100406 23.38 70.35 1.70eþ21 3.5 26.5 12 16 80 50 274 41 164 65 28 2 B
85 20100417 23.55 70.36 1.80eþ21 3.5 14.5 5 306 52 107 152 41 70 65 20 3 B
86 20100618 23.60 70.42 3.10eþ21 3.6 20.8 24 183 72 159 279 70 19 58 20 2 C
87 20100811 23.55 70.43 1.10eþ22 4.0 11.2 24 26 83 170 117 80 7 86 28 3 A
88 20100823 23.34 70.49 9.10eþ21 3.9 9.7 8 195 86 151 287 61 5 75 29 3 A
89 20100902 23.84 71.87 9.50eþ21 4.0 6.1 13 156 47 99 323 44 81 66 3 3 B
90 20101021 23.70 70.57 1.50eþ21 3.4 3.1 8 30 65 53 271 44 143 60 21 4 C
91 20101024 24.82 71.98 1.20eþ21 3.5 6.1 12 15 81 170 284 80 9 65 17 3 B
92 20101128 22.28 70.25 1.80eþ21 3.4 6.1 8 201 49 85 14 41 95 60 0 3 C
93 20101206 22.35 74.03 1.30eþ21 3.4 12.8 13 194 89 4 284 86 179 61 26 2 C
94 20101225 23.33 70.32 1.50eþ21 3.4 31.6 32 287 83 150 193 61 8 58 20 3 C
95 20110108 23.36 70.40 1.40eþ21 3.4 23.3 34 275 59 121 46 43 49 65 4 2 B
96 20110113 22.28 70.23 1.00eþ21 3.3 3.6 7 323 60 104 116 33 67 65 25 2 B
97 20110206 23.48 70.40 5.50eþ21 3.8 19.4 8 29 49 85 201 41 96 65 29 2 B
98 20110319 23.50 70.55 3.40eþ21 3.6 19.4 12 22 88 9 292 81 178 65 1 2 B
99 20110326 23.38 70.31 6.30eþ20 3.2 32.7 20 59 57 119 284 43 54 65 4 3 B
100 20110517 23.55 70.57 1.10eþ22 4.1 18.2 32 355 89 7 265 83 179 58 19 2 C
101 20110523 21.10 70.53 2.70eþ21 3.5 3.9 10 308 79 15 41 76 168 66 8 2 B
102 20110715 23.52 70.29 1.30eþ21 3.4 11.9 8 140 78 22 45 69 167 58 10 2 C
103 20110730 23.44 70.39 8.30eþ20 3.3 26.4 20 352 88 155 261 65 2 65 20 2 B
104 20110813 23.46 70.39 1.10eþ22 4.1 22.2 8 128 81 121 23 32 17 84 0 3 A
105 20110911 23.26 70.15 1.70eþ21 3.4 13.6 40 214 85 175 305 85 5 58 2 2 C
106 20110915 23.46 70.27 5.70eþ21 3.6 10.8 6 166 65 87 338 25 97 58 3 2 C
107 20110925 23.11 70.33 7.40eþ21 3.9 33.8 42 283 73 29 22 63 161 65 17 2 B
108 20111005 23.60 70.34 1.60eþ21 3.4 11.7 12 138 67 74 354 28 124 65 6 2 B
109 20111017 23.74 70.61 3.40eþ21 3.6 9.9 10 136 82 172 227 82 8 65 16 3 B
110 20111020 21.09 70.45 2.70eþ21 4.9 5.8 15 122 86 5 32 85 176 76 19 4 A
111 20111107 24.33 72.66 9.50eþ20 3.3 7.4 7 16 90 148 286 58 0 60 13 3 C
112 20111211 21.14 70.57 1.20eþ22 4.0 6.4 9 143 86 160 235 70 4 90 5 3 A
113 20111130 24.78 72.87 1.90eþ22 4.1 6.1 3 26 69 120 264 36 38 63 11 3 C
114 20120125 23.51 70.48 1.50eþ21 3.4 17.5 5 153 49 79 348 42 102 75 23 3 A
115 20120126 21.11 70.52 1.90eþ21 3.5 8 9 177 83 22 270 68 173 65 1 3 B
116 20120219 21.12 72.29 2.20eþ21 3.5 22.1 13 287 83 19 19 72 172 60 2 3 C
117 20120326 23.45 70.39 2.10eþ21 3.5 18.4 7 47 63 149 301 62 30 75 3 3 A
118 20120414 23.39 70.54 9.50eþ21 4.0 18.9 7 219 75 26 122 65 163 83 16 5 A
119 20120507 23.41 70.35 2.40eþ21 3.5 31.4 24 255 73 159 351 70 18 58 28 2 C
120 20120523 23.56 70.41 5.90eþ22 4.5 20.8 34 142 76 87 311 14 101 65 24 3 B
121 20120608 22.26 69.93 2.40eþ21 3.6 10.4 6 304 79 41 44 50 165 65 11 2 B
122 20120619 23.64 70.28 3.20eþ23 5.0 11.1 8 103 84 149 10 79 17 71 28 5 B
123 20121006 23.48 70.21 1.40eþ21 3.4 12.4 8 327 56 112 111 39 61 65 6 3 B
124 20121102 23.32 70.36 1.80eþ21 3.4 7.6 6 24 66 43 135 51 148 65 1 3 B
125 20121208 23.13 70.42 1.00eþ22 4.0 21 10 284 66 37 31 57 151 66 11 3 B
126 20121223 23.77 70.66 7.30eþ20 3.2 8.5 9 37 46 97 208 44 83 65 12 2 B
127 20130120 23.51 70.41 5.90eþ21 3.8 13.4 10 62 53 56 290 49 127 65 5 2 B
128 20130208 23.49 70.45 3.50eþ21 3.6 4.2 9 124 64 54 246 43 140 65 3 3 B
129 20130317 23.50 70.45 8.70eþ20 3.3 25 14 294 82 169 25 79 8 58 20 2 C
130 20130330 23.57 70.41 1.10eþ22 4.0 22 12 96 49 98 264 42 81 79 26 3 A
131 20130413 23.56 70.30 5.60eþ21 3.8 15 12 300 86 73 42 17 167 60 3 2 C
132 20130425 23.50 70.47 5.00eþ21 3.8 9.7 9 164 78 161 70 72 13 76 1 3 A
133 20130523 23.71 70.61 2.50eþ21 3.5 4.0 5 43 58 106 194 36 66 66 27 2 B
134 20130609 23.60 70.25 1.90eþ21 3.5 8.2 18 73 84 20 165 70 174 64 3 2 C
135 20130719 23.54 70.71 1.70eþ21 3.5 21.4 20 333 72 42 79 51 156 67 0 3 B
136 20130729 23.44 70.50 1.30eþ22 4.2 18.8 20 216 85 166 125 76 6 60 29 3 C
137 20130805 24.65 70.35 5.70eþ21 3.8 8.6 40 36 58 59 265 43 130 66 8 3 B
138 20130821 23.38 70.40 5.60eþ21 3.8 23.7 12 311 80 155 46 66 11 59 2 2 C
139 20130902 24.27 69.80 6.40eþ21 3.8 6.2 8 341 81 169 249 79 9 85 27 3 A
140 20130902 24.27 69.77 2.70eþ21 3.6 6.1 12 160 84 159 160 69 7 60 1 2 C
141 20130903 23.45 70.10 6.40eþ21 3.8 32 6 52 46 88 235 44 92 66 24 3 B
142 20130925 23.38 70.40 1.00eþ22 4.0 25.7 26 198 85 170 289 80 5 65 29 3 B
143 20131117 23.61 70.47 2.60eþ21 3.6 25.1 20 122 85 25 30 65 175 65 0 2 B
(continued on next page)

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6 S.K. Aggarwal et al. / Physics and Chemistry of the Earth xxx (2016) 1e17

Table 3 (continued )

Sl. No. Date Lat. ( N) Long. ( E) MO (dyne-cm) MW Depth Plane 1 Plane 2 VR (%) CLVD (%) No. of station Quality
(km)

Cat. MT St. Dip Rake St. Dip Rake

144 20140308 23.36 70.30 8.40eþ21 4.0 36.5 40 75 49 65 290 47 116 78 5 5 A

145 20140407 23.10 69.70 8.10eþ20 3.2 14.7 12 303 65 83 109 45 156 81 19 4 A

and are valid for well-constrained crustal structure. Several models,
proposed for North Cambay and Sanchor Basins (Kaila et al., 1990),
Saurashtra area (Rao and Tewari, 2005), South Cambay Basin (Dixit
et al., 2010) and the Kachchh area (Mandal, 2006; Sarkar et al.,
2013), have been tested in the present study for events. Finally,
the velocity models of Kaila et al. (1990), Rao and Tewari, 2005 and
Mandal (2006), suited for the Mainland Gujarat, Saurashtra and
Kachchh areas (Table 2), were used in the present MT analysis. MT
solutions of 145 events (Table 3) were first time computed using
TDMT inversion technique (Dreger, 2003). This technique was
widely exploited for earthquakes occurring in Italy (Scoganmiglio
et al., 2009), Utah (Whidden and Kristine, 2012), California Hector
mine (Dreger and Kaverina, 2000), Greece (Roumelioti et al., 2004,
2008), Aegean Sea between mainland of Greece and Turkey
(Roumelioti et al., 2011). The results of earlier MT solutions (Table 4)
are also compared with the analyzed solutions in this study. The MT
analysis and subsequent stress inversion allowed us to identify the
areas of similar or dissimilar stress conditions.
2. Tectonic settings
Gujarat region comprises of four major tectonic regions, such as
the Kachchh, Cambay, Narmada, and Saurashtra (Fig. 1). The
Kachchh is a former rift-basin, started evolving ~135 Ma back
during the breaking of the Gondwanaland. Normal faulting within
this extensional regime produced a number of prominent horst and
grabens (Biswas, 2005; Sarkar et al., 2013). A change from rift-
related extension to NeS compression and associated nontectonic
movements along various faults occurred ~55 Ma before and
continued during the collision of Indian plate with the Eurasian
plate (Biswas, 2005). The major faults in the Kachchh region have
EeW trend (e.g. Allah Bund Fault, Island Belt Fault, Kachchh
Mainland Fault and Katrol Hill Fault), and divide the region into five
physiographic units viz. Great Rann of Kachchh, Little Rann of
Kachchh, Banni Plain, Hilly regions and Coastal Plain (Fig. 1). The
2001 Kachchh earthquake was reported to be associated with the
hidden North Wagad Fault ~25 km away from Kachchh Mainland
Fault (Mandal et al., 2004).
The Narmada rift in the southeast was initially subjected to
extension, but got transformed into zone of NeS compression
giving rise to strike-slip and thrust tectonics in the later period. The
Cambay basin is bound by relatively less active N to NNW trending
marginal faults (Talwani and Gangopadhyay, 2001; Biswas, 2005).
The Saurashtra region forms a horst bounded by the Cambay and

Table 4
Moment tensor solutions computed by Harvard CMT Group, Mandal et al. (2009) and Rao et al. (2013) for events occurred in Gujarat region.

Sl. No. Date yymmdd Lat. ( N) Long. ( E) MO (dyne-cm) MW Depth (km) Plane 1 Plane 2 Region Ref.

Strike Dip Rake Strike Dip Rake

1 20010126 70.24 23.63 3.43eþ27 7.7 19.8 298 39 136 66 64 60 KMF C

2 20010128 70.61 23.61 5.22eþ24 5.7 15.0 286 43 111 79 51 72 Wagad C
3 20010128 70.48 23.74 1.28eþ24 5.3 15.0 281 24 158 32 81 67 NWF C
4 20010219 70.07 23.72 1.45eþ24 5.4 15.0 254 42 78 90 49 101 NWF C
5 20030805 70.43 23.69 3.41eþ23 5.0 15.0 221 24 68 65 68 100 GF C
6 20050810 70.69 23.35 1.90eþ21 4.5 24 241 59 110 24 35 58 SWF M
7 20051112 70.29 23.42 8.60eþ20 4.5 28 170 73 36 68 55 159 NWF M
8 20060302 70.44 23.92 2.60eþ22 5.0 29 307 32 159 200 79 58 IBF M
9a 20060307 70.77 23.72 1.88eþ24 5.4 12.0 224 76 0 134 90 166 GF C
9b 20060307 70.73 23.79 1.10eþ23 5.6 3 43 40 21 296 76 128 GF M
10a 20060406 70.64 23.68 3.52eþ23 5.0 12.0 245 31 48 111 67 112 GF C
10b 20060406 70.74 23.78 9.90eþ22 4.8 3 262 32 62 114 61 106 GF M
11a 20060406 70.35 23.25 3.52eþ24 5.5 30.2 238 67 8 145 83 157 KMF C
11b 20060406 70.39 23.34 3.90eþ23 5.6 29 309 75 62 65 30 150 NWF M
12 20060623 70.26 23.36 1.90eþ23 4.8 20.8 288 35 118 75 60 72 KMF C
13 20070408 70.38 23.37 1.92eþ22 4.2 19 101 35 96 274 56 86 KMF R
14a 20070513 70.44 23.43 1.50eþ23 4.6 22 121 32 89 302 57 90 NWF M
14b 20070513 70.42 23.43 4.75eþ22 4.4 12.8 320 72 175 52 85 18 SWF R
15 20070524 70.05 23.34 5.50eþ21 4.4 25 292 42 20 37 76 131 NWF M
16 20070713 70.67 23.79 2.70eþ22 4.2 3.0 146 74 124 258 37 27 GF R
17 20070805 70.72 23.79 1.73eþ22 4.1 3.0 141 62 133 257 50 38 GF R
18 20071106 70.49 21.04 5.54eþ23 5.1 12.0 324 65 172 58 83 25 Talala C
19a 20071008 70.09 23.37 3.70eþ21 4.6 19 280 50 97 87 39 80 NWF M
19b 20071008 70.09 23.30 5.26eþ22 4.5 11.4 130 74 134 236 46 23 KMF R
20 20080309 70.33 23.40 1.13eþ23 4.5 18.0 316 73 157 53 68 18 KMF R
21 20080407 70.33 23.56 1.06eþ22 4.0 10.6 115 35 65 325 58 107 SWF R
22 20090310 70.42 23.43 3.00eþ21 3.6 15.0 66 47 59 287 51 119 SWF R
23 20090412 70.14 23.41 1.07eþ23 4.1 15.5 42 49 33 289 66 134 KMF R
24 20090905 70.25 23.42 6.36eþ22 4.5 35.0 314 67 169 49 80 23 KMF R
25 20091028 69.92 23.72 1.02eþ23 4.6 8.5 153 65 180 63 90 25 GDF R
26 20111020 70.44 20.98 5.66eþ23 5.1 12.0 330 62 172 236 83 29 Talala C
27 20120619 70.24 23.52 6.28eþ23 5.1 14.8 103 64 179 13 89 26 BF C

C: Harvard CMT Solution, M: Mandal et al. (2009), R: Rao et al. (2013).

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 S.K. Aggarwal et al. / Physics and Chemistry of the Earth xxx (2016) 1e17 7

Fig. 3. Time domain moment tensor solutions for (a) A-type (sl. no. 118, Table 3) of an earthquake with magnitude 4 .0 occurred in the Kachchh region, (b) B-type (sl. no. 89, Table 3)
of an earthquake with magnitude 4 .0 occurred in the Central Cambay region, and (c) C-type (sl. no. 21, Table 3) of an earthquake with magnitude 3.2 occurred in Talala (Saurashtra
area).

Kutch rift in the east and north. This block was evolved during main
tectonic episode in the Late Cretaceous (Biswas, 1987). The region is
also located about 500 km away from the India-Arabia-Eurasia
triple junction, and being subjected to high regional stress (Gupta
et al., 2001), possibly representing a diffused plate-boundary
zone (Li et al., 2002; Stein et al., 2002). The huge sediment load
in the Indus Delta is thought to be an additional source of stress on
the Indian plate, particularly, on the Gujarat region (Seeber et al.,
2001).
3. Analysis of data and time domain moment tensor
inversion
We have considered mostly the real time broadband data to
achieve the complete reliable information of stations, sensors and
digitizers. ISR was monitoring earthquakes occurring in Gujarat
region, through both online mode with sensors and digitizers of
Guralp make and offline mode sensors of Guralp, and digitizers of
Reftek make. The TDMT code needs seismic analysis code (SAC)
formatted data. The SEISAN formatted waveform data were con-
verted to SAC format, and further corrected for instrument
response using band-pass 4-pole Butterworth filter with lower and
higher ends of 0.02 Hz and 0.05 Hz for earthquakes with Mw > 5.0,
and of 0.05 and 0.08 Hz for Mw < 5.0. The velocity models for the
Kachchh, Saurashtra and Mainland Gujarat (Kaila et al., 1990;
Mandal, 2006; Rao and Tewari, 2005) are used to obtain robust
catalog of Green's functions for generating synthetic displacement
seismograms using a frequencyewave number integration method.
The FKRPROG software involving reflection matrix-method code
(Saikia, 1994; Randall et al., 1995) was used to compute the syn-
thetic seismograms for individual MT elements. We assume a point
source for the investigating events for linearization in the time
domain to carry out least square inversion. We have used a time
window of 60e160 s for inversion (cf. Fig. 3aec), although for some
events the time window varies from 40 to 180 s depending on the
magnitude of the event or signal/noise ratio. The quality of the
solution is determined through the variation of Variance Reduction
(VR) with depth as explained in Fig. 4. The process for computing
the MT solutions are illustrated in Fig. 3aec.
The general representation of the seismic point source, both in
space and time, for TDMT inversion (Dreger and Helmberger, 1993;
Pasyanos et al., 1996; Dreger, 2002, 2003) is as follows:
Un ðx; tÞ ¼ Mij Gni;j ðx; z; tÞ (1)
where, Un is the nth component of displacement, Gni, j is the nth
component of Green's function for specific force-couple orienta-
tions, x corresponds to the source-station distance, z is the source

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8 S.K. Aggarwal et al. / Physics and Chemistry of the Earth xxx (2016) 1e17

Fig. 3. (continued).

depth, and Mij is the scalar seismic moment tensor. When we as-
sume the moment tensor to be purely deviatoric (i.e. vertical and
radial component tends to zero), the inversion problem is repre-
sented by the matrix notation (Eqn. (1)). The equation is solved for
Mi, j using linear least square method for a given source depth. The
tensor Mi,j is further decomposed (Jost and Herrmann, 1989) into
scalar seismic moment (Mo), percentage of double couple (Pdc)
moment tensor and percentage of compensated linear vector
dipole (CLVD), and the isotropic percentage is constrained to zero in
this application. The Pdc is further represented in terms of strikes,
rakes, and dips of the nodal planes (Fig. 3aec). The optimum source
depth is found iteratively for which both the VR (Eqn. (2), Fig. 4) and
percentage of double couple are maximized. The inversion of TDMT
is based on the assumptions that (1) event location is well repre-
sented by high frequency hypocentral location; (2) low frequency
centroid location is not determined; (3) source time history is
synchronous for all of the MT elements, and approximated by a
delta function. These assumptions are reasonable since the earth-
quakes analyzed are of magnitude 3.2 to 5.3, and recorded at dis-
tances 30e300 km in long period range 10e20s with precise
accuracy.
8 Z 9 29 solutions (20%) are of ‘A’ type (maroon color beach ball, Fig. 5),
>
> ðd  sÞ2 dt >
> 56 solutions (~39%) are ‘B’ type (red color beach ball, Fig. 5), and 60
< =
VR ¼ 1:0  Z  100
>
> >
: d2 dt > ;
synthetic waveform. A quality factor is assigned to each moment
tensor solution based on the VR percentage and number of stations
data inverted (Table 3).
 ‘A’ the best solutions, when VR
75%, and at least three stations
are used in the inversion (maroon color beach ball in Fig. 3a and
Table 3).
 ‘B’ when 75 > VR%
65%, and two or more stations contributed
in the inversion (red color beach ball in Fig. 3b and Table 3).
 ‘C’ when 65 > VR%
58%, and two or more stations contributed
in the inversion (black color beach ball in Fig. 3c and Table 3).
These quality factors are assigned empirically (Roumelioti et al.,
2011) based on variance reduction parameter and the number of
stations inverted, which reflect indirectly the relative stability of
the inverted results. We follow the procedure as describe in the
manual of code TDMT (Dreger, 2002) to classify the solutions. The
‘A’ quality solutions are stable even if the combination or coverage
in azimuth of inverted stations changes, while ‘B’ solutions suffer
small changes (10 in strike and 5 in dip) when the inverted
dataset is altered. The ‘C’ quality solutions usually show insignifi-
cant instability as they are based on sufficient quality data. Of these,
(2) solutions (~41%) are of C type (black color beach ball, Fig. 5). The
frequency of distribution of 145 solutions (Fig. 6) with respect to
magnitude and focal depth are shown in Fig. 7.

where, ʺdʺ (data) is the observed waveform and ʺsʺ (synthetic) is the

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 S.K. Aggarwal et al. / Physics and Chemistry of the Earth xxx (2016) 1e17 9

Fig. 3. (continued).

was done on stress and fault orientations (Vavrycuk, 2014). The

robustness and accuracy of the code were numerically tested for
various results by Vavrycuk (2014), and found comparable with
inversion method of Michael (1984, 1987). The inversion de-
termines the more accurate values of the three principal stresses s1
(maximum compressive stress), s2 (intermediate compressive
stress), and s3 (minimum compressive stress), and the shape ratio R
(Gephart and Forsyth, 1984):

Fig. 4. Variance reduction plot against source depth for A-, B- and C-type solutions
demonstrated in Fig. 3a, b, c. For each inversion the Green's function alignment
parameter has been optimized.
4. Stress inversion
The obtained TDMT solutions were used to calculate optimum
stress directions, and minimum four source parameters were
needed in this approach (cf. Michael, 1984). Iterative joint inversion
ðs1  s2 Þ
R¼ (3)
ðs1  s3 Þ
The principal stresses, s1, s2, and s3, which give relative mea-
sures of stress magnitudes, the shape ratio R, and providing shape
constraints of the stress ellipsoid, were used for evaluating the
susceptibility to failure of fault instability (F) for all the inverted
focal mechanisms. Iterative stress inversion considers fault insta-
bility constraint to stress inversion scheme by Michael's (1984)
method. Initially, the Michael's method is applied without
imposing any constraint and barely any knowledge of orientation of
the fault planes. The determined values of principal stress di-
rections and shape ratio were used for evaluating the instability of
nodal planes for all inverted focal mechanisms. Because of insta-
bility of the fault planes, the initially determined orientations of
fault planes in first iteration are used in the subsequent iterations
until the stress converges to the optimum values. The inversion
scheme tried to minimize the difference between the slip direction
computed from stress tensor and the observed slip on each plane of
the focal mechanism (Vavrycuk, 2014). In addition, the iterative
method is capable of recognizing the faults in the focal mechanisms

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10 S.K. Aggarwal et al. / Physics and Chemistry of the Earth xxx (2016) 1e17

Fig. 5. Distributions of 145 focal mechanism solutions (A-type: maroon color, B-type: red color, C-type: black color) computed using TDMT inversion. The size of each beach ball is
related with its computed magnitude Mw. The details of the moment tensor solutions are given in Table 3. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the
reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Fig. 6. Map shows the distributions of 145 focal mechanisms as per Zoback (1992) classification (strike-slip: maroon color, thrust: black color, normal: red color, unknown: blue
color). The 14 MT solutions computed under the present study are distinguished by earlier studies (green color beach ball). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure
legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

and of estimating the overall friction on the faults. Although the highest overall instability of faults for the data inverted (Vavrycuk,
friction on the faults normally ranges between 0.2 and 0.8, its value 2014). We finally analyzed the stress pattern based on 145 focal
is not known for a fault plane. Numerical tests revealed that the mechanism solutions from different parts of Gujarat.
inversion is insensitive to friction, however, a mean value of friction
(i.e. 0.6) is sufficient for inversion (Ganas et al., 2014; Vavrycuk,
5. Results
2014). We, instead, had run the inversion for several values of
friction (0.4e1.0) and selected the value, which produced the
The TDMT and P/T axis stress inversions allow us to determine

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 S.K. Aggarwal et al. / Physics and Chemistry of the Earth xxx (2016) 1e17 11

Fig. 7. Histogram plots illustrating the frequency of analyzed events with respect to computed magnitude Mw (a) and focal depth (b).

Fig. 8. Map illustrating the distributions of 91 focal mechanisms in four zones (a: Zone 1, b: Zone 2, c: Zone 3, d: Zone 4). The size of each beach ball is related with its computed
magnitude Mw. The details of the moment tensor solutions of these events are given in Table 3.

the state of operative stresses on major and related conjugate faults.
But, the visual inspection of MT plot and an initial stress inversion
analysis show that all the focal mechanisms cannot be explained by
a uniform stress field for the entire Gujarat region. The stress field is
found laterally heterogeneous (Mandal, 2006), and thereby, the
region has been divided into Kachchh, Jamnagar and Talala (Sau-
rashtra) and Mainland for further analysis.
5.1. Kachchh
A wide variety of focal mechanism solutions from the Kachchh
region apparently account for two distinct tectonic domains: one
for ancient rifting and another for recent inverted compressional
regime (Biswas, 1987). The 104 MT solutions from this area are
predominantly distributed over active faults such as KMF, NWF,
SWF, GF, BF, IBF, other several transverse faults (Maurya et al., 2003)
near the rupture zones of 1819 and 2001 earthquakes and reac-
tivated marginal faults like KHF and NPF (Figs. 1 and 6). These 104

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western India, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2016.01.004
12 S.K. Aggarwal et al. / Physics and Chemistry of the Earth xxx (2016) 1e17

Please cite this article in press as: Aggarwal, S.K., et al., Moment tensors, state of stress and their relation to faulting processes in Gujarat,
western India, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2016.01.004
 S.K. Aggarwal et al. / Physics and Chemistry of the Earth xxx (2016) 1e17
solutions are distinguished into different types based on the
beacheball classification of Zoback (1992): 27 are dominated by
pure thrust faulting (black color beach ball), 19 have pure normal
faulting (red color beach ball), 3 show normal faulting with small
strike-slip component (red color beach ball), 52 marked by strike-
slip faulting (maroon color beach ball), and 3 have unknown
category (blue color beach ball) (Fig. 6). It is thus noted that the
central seismic zone near the epicenter of 2001 Kachchh earth-
quake, extended between KMF and Wagad, is predominantly
affected by shear dominated processes accompanied by some
thrust and normal motions on EeW trending KMF. Little motions
are also noted on NWeSE trending Manfra-Kharoi Fault (MKF) and
NEeSW trending Bhachau Fault (BcF) (Fig. 1). This typical envi-
ronment corresponds to the overstep zone between two wrench
faults KMF (trans-compressional) and Wagad (trans-tensional)
(Biswas, 2005; Rajendran et al., 2008). A secondary rupture along
the extension of the source zone of 2001 Kachchh earthquake is
also identified along NWeSE trending MKF (sl. no. 23, Table 3).
Seven small magnitude events, dominated by normal faulting, were
identified between KMF and Wagad, and apparently compatible
with the observation of Bhatt et al. (2009). In order to identify the
predominant operative stress fields, we divide the Kachchh area
into four major tectonic zones: Zones 1e4 (Fig. 8aed). The NPF, ABF,
IBF and GF are located in Zone 1 (Fig. 8a). Zone 2 (Fig. 8b) covers the
area of eastern Banni plain up to the Wagad uplift. Zone 3 (Fig. 8c) is
located towards east of the epicenter of 2001 mainshock (i.e.
Wagad region) and Zone 4 (Fig. 8d) comprises of the region be-
tween KMF and KHF. Focal mechanism solutions of 7 events,
located outside the concerned region, are not considered for stress
inversion. Of the 104 solutions for the Kachchh region, solutions of
7 events are located outside the 4 Zones, and 6 events located in
different zones, increasing the degree of scattering/uncertainties.
Hence, the 13 solutions are excluded from stress inversion, and a
total of 91 solutions are used for stress inversion (Fig. 9).
The stress tensor inversion was applied to 14 MT solutions in
Zone 1. Analysis shows that the predominant direction of
maximum compressive stress (s1) is almost NeS (Table 5, Fig. 9a)
with a plunge of 3 . While the direction of minimum compressive
stress (s3) is orientated almost along WNW-ESE with sub-vertical
plunge (~49 ) and the intermediate compressive stress (s2) is ori-
ented sub-vertical along EeW direction. The optimum overall
friction and maximum stress ratio (R) are estimated to be 0.40 and
0.75 (Fig. 9b), respectively. Fig. 9c illustrates that the set of focal
mechanisms were projected into both half planes of the Mohr's
circle diagram to satisfy the failure criterion. The derived strike, dip
and rake of the fault plane 55 , 53 , and 35 , respectively (Table 5)
indicate that nearly EeW oriented faults are acted upon by
compression from NeS direction. The stress inversion of 27 MT
solutions for Zone 2 show that s1 has a predominant ~ NeS di-
rection plunging horizontally, while s3 is almost vertical, and s2
oriented horizontally along EeW direction (Fig. 9a). The optimum
overall friction and maximum stress ratio (R) are estimated to be
0.60 and 0.25 (Fig. 9b), respectively. The derived strike, dip and rake
of the fault plane are 97, 46 , and 71 (Table 5). These results
indicate that the zone 2 is under trans-compression. Analysis in
Zone 3 for 33 MT solutions shows that the s1 is more or less along
ENE-WSW plunging sub-horizontally. While s2 is sub-vertical
trending almost along WNW-ESE direction and s3 is oriented
almost horizontally along NeS (Fig. 9a). This zone is under strike-
Fig. 9. Plots illustrating results of iterative stress inversion for four different zones, A- and B-type solutions, and solutions derived by Harvard CMT Group, Mandal (2009) and Rao
et al. (2013) for the Kachchh region. (a) The regime of principal stresses s1, s2 and s3 are shown by red, green and blue solid circles, (b) histogram plot of distributions of N with
respect to shape ratio R, and (c) Mohr's circle diagram with positions of faults instability (blue plus signs). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the
reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
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western India, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2016.01.004
13
slip compression. The optimum overall friction and maximum
stress ratio (R) are estimated to be 1.0 and 0.84 (Fig. 9b), respec-
tively. The derived strike, dip and rake of the fault plane are 108 ,
88 and 54 (Table 5). The analysis of 17 MT solutions in Zone 4
shows that s1 is almost horizontal acting along NWeSE direction,
whereas s3 is oriented horizontally almost along NEeSW direction
and s2 oriented almost vertically along NeS direction (Fig. 9a). The
optimum overall friction and maximum stress ratio (R) are esti-
mated to be 1.0 and 0.73 (Fig. 9b), respectively. The derived strike,
dip and rake of the fault plane are 151, 86 , and 12 (Table 5). Thus,
the Zones 3 and 4 are under trans-tension from NeS to NEeSW
directions.
We also have computed the stress tensor inverted solutions
from 59 A- and B-type focal mechanism solutions and discarding C-
type as worst class solutions, to understand the predominant stress
field operative in the Kachchh area. Analysis of such 59 MT solu-
tions indicates that the s1 is acting almost horizontally along SSW-
NNE direction, whereas s3 is oriented sub-vertically almost along
NWeSE direction and s2 oriented almost horizontally along EeW
direction (Fig. 9a). The optimum overall friction and maximum
stress ratio (R) are estimated to be 0.95 and 0.70 (Fig. 9b), respec-
tively. The derived strike, dip and rake of the fault plane are 72 ,
38 , and 51 (Table 5).
The MT solutions of 2001 Kachchh mainshock and its subse-
quent moderate magnitude 27 shocks were computed by CMT
Harvard USGS Group, Mandal et al. (2009), Rao et al. (2013). The
derived 32 MT solutions for these 27 events are explained in
Table 4. Of the 32 MT solutions, 5 are common, 2 for Talala (Sau-
rashtra area), and 25 for the Kachchh area. We, thus, carried out
stress inversion of the 25 solutions of the Kachchh area to find the
state of operative stress fields (s1, s2 and s3), friction and stress
ratio (R) (Fig. 9aec) (Table 5). The analysis shows that the s1 is
acting horizontally along ~ NeS direction. While the s3 is pre-
dominantly vertical, the intermediate compressive stress (s2) is
acting horizontally along ~ EeW (Fig. 9a). The optimum overall
friction and maximum stress ratio (R) are estimated to be 0.5 and
0.8 (Fig. 9b). Fig. 9c illustrates that the set of focal mechanisms
projected into lower half plane of the Mohr's circle diagram satisfy
the failure criterion. The derived strike, dip and rake of the fault
plane are 69 , 37, and 67, respectively (Table 5), which indicate
that the EeW oriented faults are experiencing compression from
NeS direction, and compatible with that of Zone 1.
5.2. Jamnagar
Chopra et al. (2008) reported intense swarm activity with
magnitude (Mw) range of 2.0e4.0 from Jamnagar (Saurashtra area)
(Fig. 2). The seismicity increases during monsoon time in the area
around Kalavad, and Khankotda. The MT solutions of 8 events
(Table 3, sl. nos. 1, 12e14, 57, 92, 96, 121) were computed for this
area, and classified as 5 normal faulting, 2 normal faulting with
small strike-slip component and 1 of unknown category (cf. Zoback,
1992). The stress tensor inversion of MT's (Fig. 10) illustrates that
the s1 is predominantly vertical, whereas s3 oriented horizontally
along NNW-SSE direction. It further shows that the s2 is oriented
horizontally along ~ EeW. The optimum overall friction and
maximum stress ratio (R) are estimated to be 0.5 and 0.6 and
apparently indicating a radial extensional stress regime. The
derived strike, dip and rake of the fault plane are 256 , 73 ,
14 S.K. Aggarwal et al. / Physics and Chemistry of the Earth xxx (2016) 1e17

Table 5
Results of stress inversion and principal focal mechanisms for different zones and areas computed from 130 MT solutions.

Seismic region nT s1 (Az/Pl) ( ) Mean Error ( ) s2 (Az/Pl) ( ) Mean Error ( ) s3 (Az/Pl) ( ) Mean Error ( ) R F Fault plane Tensor type

Strike Dip ( ) Rake

( ) ( )

Jamnagar 7 152/74 8.1 257/4 8.7 348/15 6.5 0.66 0.50 256 73 94 Strike-slip Extension
Talala 19 9/83 6.6 161/1 8.0 81/7 4.2 0.65 0.65 91 69 89 Strike-slip Extension
Mainland 13 258/2 8.1 348/20 24.0 162/70 23 0.88 0.95 204 32 130 Radial Compression
Zone 1 14 187/3 5.2 95/41 14.8 280/49 14.3 0.75 0.40 55 53 35 Radial Compression
Kachchh
Zone 2 27 173/12 18.0 82/9 17.8 315/76 4.7 0.25 0.60 97 46 71 Strike-slip
Kachchh Compression
Zone 3 33 75/50 7.0 287/36 13.2 185/16 12.3 0.84 1.00 108 88 54 Strike-slip Extension
Kachchh
Zone 4 17 307/9 8.5 171/77 9.9 39/9 4.4 0.73 1.00 151 86 12 Strike-slip Extension
Kachchh
AþB 59 198/7 11.9 105/23 11.6 304/66 8.8 0.70 0.95 72 38 51 Radial Compression
CþMþR 25 177/3 3.2 87/13 10.0 280/76 10.4 0.77 0.50 69 37 67 Radial Compression

nT: number of events consider for inversion, s1, s2 and s3: principle stress axes, Az (in deg.): azimuth; Pl (in deg.): plunge, R: shape ratio, Error: Estimated during stress
computation, A þ B: results of stress inversion of A and B type solutions (Table 3) for Kachchh region, C þ M þ R: results of stress inversion of previously estimated moment
tensors (Table 4) by Harvard CMT Group þ Mandal et al. (2009) þ Rao et al. (2013) for Kachchh region.

Fig. 10. Plots illustrating results of iterative stress inversion for events occurring in Jamnagar (Saurashtra area), Talala (Saurashtra area), and Mainland Gujarat. (a) The regime of
principal stresses s1, s2 and s3 are shown by red, green and blue solid circles, (b) histogram plot of distributions of N with respect to shape ratio R, and (c) Mohr's circle diagram
with positions of faults instability (blue plus signs). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

and 94 (Table 5), respectively. soon after the monsoon, which lasted for 2e3 months in the years
2001, 2004, 2007 and 2011 (Hainzl et al., 2015) (Fig. 2). Rastogi et al.
(2012b) reported several thousand shocks from this area with
5.3. Talala magnitude ranges of 2.0e5.1. The shocks were of shallow origin,
occurred within 10 km depth, and clustered around the villages of
Talala (Saurashtra area) was also associated with swarm activity

Please cite this article in press as: Aggarwal, S.K., et al., Moment tensors, state of stress and their relation to faulting processes in Gujarat,
western India, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2016.01.004
 S.K. Aggarwal et al. / Physics and Chemistry of the Earth xxx (2016) 1e17 15

Hirenvel, Haripur and Ankolwadi. The MT solutions of 19 events

(M3.2 to 5.1) (Table 3, sl. nos. 16e22, 24, 28, 33, 40, 58, 60e62, 101,
110, 112, 115) were computed and classified as 4 events dominated
by purely normal faulting processes, 15 with strike-slip faulting and
1 with unknown category (cf. Zoback, 1992). The stress tensor
inversion has been applied to 19 MT solutions to estimate the
principal stress axes orientations, and found the s1 as almost ver-
tical (Fig. 10), whereas the s3 is oriented horizontally along ENE-
WSW direction. The direction of s2 is predominantly along NNW-
SSE, and plunging horizontally. The optimum overall friction and
maximum stress ratio (R) are estimated to be 0.6 and 0.3, and
apparently indicating a trans-tensional stress regime. The derived
strike, dip and rake of the fault plane are 91, 69 , and 89
(Table 5), respectively.

5.4. Mainland

Mainland Gujarat is comparatively less active, and comprises of

two major rifts, Cambay and Narmada (Fig. 2). The region has
experienced 13 earthquake events since 2006, and these were
distributed sporadically in the region. The MT solutions of 13 events
with magnitude 3.3 to 5.1 (Table 3, sl. nos. 5, 26, 44e46, 50, 82, 89,
91, 93, 111, 113, 116) were determined and classified as 1 dominated
by purely normal faulting, 10 with strike-slip and 2 with pure thrust
Fig. 11. Distributions of stress directions in Gujarat region obtained from the results of
iterative stress inversion of moment tensor solutions. Z1, Z2, Z3 and Z4 indicate the
four Zones 1, 2, 3 and 4 of Kachchh area. Solid red star represents the epicenter of 2001
Mw 7.7 Bhuj earthquake. The stress fields are shown following Fig. 3 of Delvaux et al.
(1995). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is
referred to the web version of this article.)

faulting (cf. Zoback, 1992). The stress tensor inversion has been
performed over 13 solutions, and found the s1 oriented horizon-
in the zone are possibly giving rise to inversion tectonics with
tally along ~ EeW direction. The s3 is more or less vertical, whereas
considerable sinistral strike-slip motion. The Zone 2 covers the
s2 is oriented sub-horizontally along almost NeS direction (Fig. 10). eastern Banni plain (north of KMF) and terminates against the
The optimum overall friction and maximum stress ratio (R) are
western margin of the Wagad uplift. This zone has strike-slip
estimated to be 0.90 and 0.65. The derived strike, dip and rake of
compressive stress regime, which results from the adjoining
the fault plane are 204 , 32 , and 130 and stress parameters
Zones 1 (in north), 3 (in east) and 4 (in south) (Fig. 11). The Zone 3
apparently indicating a purely strike-slip stress regime in this area.
covers the Wagad uplift and has distinct character from rest of the
The fault plane solutions of 1970 Mw 5.4 Broach earthquake
Kachchh region, marked by dominantly strike-slip extension
(Acharya et al., 1998; Chandra, 1977; Gupta et al., 1972, 1997; Rao
(Fig. 11). The Zone 4 covers the segment between the KMF and KHF,
et al., 1991) also support our observation. It is obvious that the
and has stress regime near similar to that of Zones 3, with principal
zone has combined stress, which complies with the presence of
fault plane orientation along NNE-SSW direction (Fig. 11). The
conjugate rifts near Cambay and Narmada.
principal maximum and minimum stress directions are oriented
along ~ ESE-WNW and ~NNE-SSW, respectively. This resultant
6. Discussion and conclusions
movement is interpreted to be strike-slip on the fault plane striking
along ~ NNE-SSW direction. These results support the model pro-
TDMT solutions of 145 earthquakes (Fig. 6, Table 3) have been
posed by Sinha and Mohanty (2012), who indicated the western
obtained for the Gujarat region. In addition, stress inversion of the
margin of the Wagad uplift to be a major strike-slip fault with
MT solutions of 130 events including the MT solutions of 25 events
critical stress levels for generating the 2001 main seismic event.
of earlier studies were carried out to understand the state of the
This fault though is not exposed on the surface, and possibly blind
predominant stresses operative in this area. The stress fields are
fault along the margin of the block.
interpreted following the Fig. 3 of Delvaux et al. (1995). This study
Mandal (2008) carried out stress inversion of P- and T-axes of
provides a detailed picture of fault behavior and associated active
490 earthquakes for five rectangular zones across the Kachchh rift,
stresses along seven different zones in Gujarat region. Spatial dis-
and found both clockwise and anticlockwise rotation of s1 between
tributions of P- and T-axes show a significant variation, apparently
7 and 32 in the rupture zone. The present stress inversion results
indicating heterogeneities in the stress distributions on numerous
for Zones 1 and 2 in the Kachchh rift (Fig. 11, Table 5) are in good
faults in the Kachchh aftershock zone. Mandal and Horton (2007)
agreement with the waveform inversion result of Antolik and
also identified the varied nature and orientations of fractures and
Dreger (2003). It may be proposed that the Kachchh area has
faults based on distributions of P-axes derived from focal mecha-
experienced episodic unidirectional tectonic upheavals all
nisms of 444 aftershock events occurring in the Kachchh area. The
throughout the Cenozoic. Subsequently, numerous obliquely cut-
faults located in northern and southern Kachchh are still domi-
ting faults along NeS, NNE-SSW, ENE-WSW and WNW-ESE di-
nated by both compression and extension/rifting affected by
rections (Biswas, 1987) were developed during various tectonic
continuous convergence of the Indian plate against the Eurasian
events. The studies of Mandal (2008) and Mandal and Horton
plate (Gowd et al., 1992). Isolated nature of faulting processes
(2007) indicate heterogeneities in the faulting processes, which
identified in four distinct zones (i.e. Zones 1e4, Fig. 6) corroborates
clearly accounts for predominant NeS orientation of P-axes in the
the views of Biswas and Deshpande (1970) and Kayal and
aftershock zone of the 2001 Kachchh mainshock.
Mukhopadhyay (2006).
The MT solutions of earthquakes in Talala and Jamnagar (Sau-
The MT and stress inversion suggest that the Zone 1 (between
rashtra area) indicate dominantly strike-slip extensional motions
NPF and GF) has radial compressive stress regime associated with
and normal faulting processes (Fig. 11). Chopra et al. (2008) and
strike-slip motion (Fig. 11). The NNE-SSW directed regional com-
Srivastava and Rao (1997) reported similar tectonics for the
pressions on nearly east-west striking faults (IBF and GF) prevailing

Please cite this article in press as: Aggarwal, S.K., et al., Moment tensors, state of stress and their relation to faulting processes in Gujarat,
western India, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2016.01.004
16 S.K. Aggarwal et al. / Physics and Chemistry of the Earth xxx (2016) 1e17
Jamnagar area. Overall strike-slip and few normal type of faulting
processes in the Girnar Mountain are interpreted to be associated
with movements along ENE-WSW and NNW-SSE orthogonal di-
rections. Rao and Tewari (2005), Singh et al. (2012), Heinz et al.
(2014) also inferred the presence of such faults near the Girnar
Mountain.
The Mainland Gujarat, comprising Cambay and Narmada con-
jugate rifts, has dominantly radial compression (Fig. 11). This region
is located on the northern end of the Gulf of Cambay, and appar-
ently marks the tri-junction formed at the time of breaking of India-
Madagascar-Africa blocks. The Narmada graben and associated
faults were interpreted to be the site of resurgent tectonics trig-
gering seismicity in this area (Biswas, 1987). Historical and instru-
mental records indicate that the faults near Narmada are still
accumulating compressive stresses due to continued northward
convergence of the Indian plate (Acharya et al., 1998; Chandra,
1977; Gupta et al., 1972, 1997), and corroborate the present obser-
vation. The Cambay fault has also produced a number of moderate
size earthquakes in the eastern boundary of Saurashtra, and the
largest being the magnitude 6.0 Bhavnagar event of 1919.
Acknowledgments
The first author is thankful to the Secretary of the Department of
Science and Technology, and Director General, ISR Gujarat for
providing all necessary support. He is also grateful to his all col-
leagues who helped him directly or indirectly to finish this work.
The GMT tool of Wessel and Smith (1998) was used for plotting MT
solutions. Authors are thankful to both the anonymous reviewers
for their critical comments and suggestions, which has greatly
improved the manuscript.
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