Note: Where example files (e.g., file.ext, file1, file2), file extensions (.

ext), directories
(e.g., diry, diry1, diry2), commands (e.g., command), and drive letters (e.g., a:, b:, c:) are given, substitute the
name of your own file, directory, command, or drive letter. Since DOS is not case-sensitive, you can type these
commands in either upper- or lowercase.

help List commands (only in DOS versions 5 or later).

help command See help for the DOS command.

command /? List switches for the DOS command.

path=c:\windows ; c:\dos Specify in which directories DOS searches for commands or programs.

prompt $p$g Make the DOS prompt display the current directory.

dir List files in the current directory in one column.

dir /w List files in five columns.

dir /p List files one page at a time.

dir *.ext List all files with an .ext extension.

dir z???.ext List files with .ext extensions that have four letters and start with z (where z is
your choice).

dir file.ext /s Search for the file.ext in the current directory and all subdirectories under the
directory; most useful if the current directory is the root (i.e., C:\).

type file.ext View the contents of the text file file.ext.

edit file.ext Use the DOS editor to edit the file file.ext.

a: Change to the a: drive.

md c:\diry Make a new subdirectory named diry in the c:\ directory.

cd c:\diry Change to subdirectory diry.

rd c:\diry Remove the existing subdirectory named diry.

del file.ext Delete a file named file.ext.

ren file1 file2 Rename file file1 to file2.

copy file1 file2 Copy file file1 to file2.

verify on Turn on verification of copy commands.

verify off Turn off verification of copy commands.

xcopy diry1 diry2 /s Copy all files and subdirectories in directory diry1 to diry2.

xcopy diry1 diry2 /p Ask for confirmation of each file before copying it from diry1 to diry2.

diskcopy a: b: Duplicate a disk using two floppy drives.

diskcopy a: a: Duplicate a disk using the same floppy drive.

format a: Format a disk in drive a: .

format a: /s Format a bootable disk (include system files).

backup c:\diry\*.ext a: Back up all files with the extension .ext in c:\diry\ to drive a: .

backup c:\ a: /s Back up the entire c: drive to drive a:.

restore a:\ Restore backed-up files with the extension .ext in drive a: to the c:\diry\dire
c:\diry\*.ext

restore a: c:\ /s Restore backed-up files and subdirectories from drive a: to c:\.

ver Check the version of DOS.

time Check or correct the system time.

date Check or correct the system date.

cls Clear the screen.

scandisk Scan and check drive c: for errors. ScanDisk replaces chkdsk (see below) on D
and above (including Windows 95).

chkdsk Check disk and memory usage of the current disk.

chkdsk /f Fix errors reported by chkdsk.

chkdsk file.ext Check a particular file.

chkdsk a: Check a particular drive (in this case, a floppy in the a: drive).
mem Check memory usage.