Chapter 1

PROJECT BACKGROUND AND IMTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Setting
The project the group will be presenting is about power amplifier. It is made to provide the user a
louder, smoother and better sound experience. In this kind of device you only need any kind of gadget that
is compatible to the audio jack to work. It could be cellphone, laptop, computer, etc. These devices can be
operated by applying a 12V by using a power supply or an adapter with output of 12V connected to an AC
supply. The volume is controlled by a potentiometer and also the gadget connected to it. The amplifier also
has two 8Ω 3W speaker connected on each end for better sound quality. For the casing, the group used
two paper cups and glue stick whiles a spray paint for color.
1.2 Statement of the Problem of the Project

1. Does the power amplifier amplify the voltage and sound output?
2. What happen after turning on the amplifier for 3 hours straight?
3. Does component affect the output of the amplifier?
4. After maxing the potentiometer, does it make the output sound broken?
1.3 The Objective(s) of the Project

 The project aims to design/create a power amplifier and to understand how it works.
1.4 The Scope and Delimitations
This project covers everything that needed sound enhancement and is compatible with the audio
jack installed in the power amplifier. It does not cover anything that is related to Bluetooth or usb although it
can be added in the future.
1.5 The Significance of the Project
As Electrical engineering students, one the significance in making these projects is teaching us on
understanding how amplifier works and made. It also taught the group about how different component
works in a circuit in order to produce a good output. Also these projects taught the group on how to
simulate and test possible errors in the circuit. The group also learned that a simple component can fix or
ruin the entire project.

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1.6 Definition of Terms
 Resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a
circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels,
to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission, among other uses. High-
power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat may be used as part of
motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed resistors have
resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable resistors
can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing
devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical activity. [ CITATION Wik \l 13321 ]
 Capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to temporarily store
electricalenergy in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but most contain
at least two electrical conductors (plates) separated by a dielectric (i.e. an insulator that can store
energy by becoming polarized). The conductors can be thin films, foils or sintered beads of metal
or conductive electrolyte, etc. The nonconducting dielectric acts to increase the capacitor's charge
capacity. Materials commonly used as dielectrics include glass, ceramic, plastic film, paper, mica,
and oxide layers. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common
electrical devices. Unlike a resistor, an ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy. Instead, a
capacitor stores energy in the form of an electrostatic field between its plates. [ CITATION Wik \l
13321 ]
 Integrating Circuit is a piece of specially prepared silicon (or another semiconductor) into which
an electronic circuit is etched using photographic techniques. [ CITATION Wik \l 13321 ]
 Speaker is use a thin flat diaphragm usually consisting of a plastic sheet coated with a conductive
material such as graphite sandwiched between two electrically conductive grids, with a small air
gap between the diaphragm and grids. In contrast, a modern electrodynamic cone loudspeaker is a
low impedance device, with higher current requirements. As a result, impedance matching is
necessary in order to use a normal amplifier. [ CITATION Wik \l 13321 ]
 Diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts current primarily in one direction
(asymmetric conductance); it has low (ideally zero) resistance in one direction, and high (ideally
infinite) resistance in the other. A semiconductor diode, the most common type today, is a
crystalline piece of semiconductor material with a p–n junction connected to two electrical
terminals. [ CITATION Wik \l 13321 ]
 Wire is a single, usually cylindrical, flexible strand or rod of metal. Wires are used to bear
mechanical loads or electricity and telecommunications. Wire is commonly formed by drawing the
metal through a hole in a die or draw plate. Wire gauges come in various standard sizes, as
expressed in terms of a gauge number. The term wire is also used more loosely to refer to a
bundle of such strands, as in "multistranded wire", which is more correctly termed a wire rope in
mechanics, or a cable in electricity.[ CITATION Wik \l 13321 ]
 Audio Male Jack is a common family of electrical connector typically used for analog signals,
primarily audio. [ CITATION Wik \l 13321 ]
 Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) is mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic
components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from copper
sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. Components – capacitors, resistors or active
devices – are generally soldered on the PCB. Advanced PCBs may contain components
embedded in the substrate. [ CITATION Wik \l 13321 ]

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 Chapter 2
DESIGN INPUTS, METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURES
2.1 Design Inputs
According to Li Kwok Chuen [1], in his work which aims to design and develop vacuum tube single
ended audio power amplifier. The said amplifier is mainly for CD, VCD, and DVD players. In this study, the
whole single ended audio power amplifier is built by using vacuum tubes. Vacuum tube amplifier was a very
large demanded consumer electronic market. The tube can make the amplifier have richer even order
harmonic. If the prototype finished have some different test and measurement to define the performance of
the amplifier. The important thing was use the amplifier to listen music and feels the different of the
transistor.
According to Bob Cordell [2], Audio power amplifier design is both an art and a science, in more
than ways that one. There are thousands of variations on amplifier architects out there, and it would be
impossible to study all of them. For that reason, there is a strong focus on deeply understanding the more
popular architectures in a way that conveys enough understanding. The power amplifier in an audio system
converts the line-level signal to a large signal that can drive the loudspeaker. The line-level signal is
typically on the order of 1V to 3V RMS at maximum power and is not expected to supply much current to
the power amplifier. A typical power amplifier will have an input impedance of greater than 10 kilo ohms. A
100-W power amplifier driving 8 ohms will need to produce about 28V RMS at about 3.5A RMS at full
power with a sine wave. Thus, it is the job of the power amplifier to produce both relatively high voltage and
high current. A very common range of power amplifier voltage gains is on the order of 20 to 30. One volt
RMS into a power amplifier with a gain of 20 will produce 50W into an 8 ohms load. Ideally, the power
amplifier has very low output impedance so that it essentially acts like a voltage source driving the load.
According to Mark Spatz [3], A simple op-amp circuit accepts 6 line level inputs, applies volume
control to each stereo pair, sums the signals together, then amplifies the signals before feeding them into
the main amplifier. The differential amplifier, implemented with a long tailed pair, subtracts an attenuated
version of the output from the input signal and amplifies the difference. The high gain is a Tran’s
conductance amplifier that converts the output voltage from the differential amplifier to a current which
drives the output stage. Most of the loop gain is concentrated in this stage. The amplifier compensated in
this stage.

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2.2 Project Development Procedure
The project development coordinates the project actions and delivery plans in line with project
objectives.

Process Outcomes
1. Researching about Power Amplifier
Step 1: Research
information

Step 2: Planning 2. Project Planning and distribution of task

3. Identification of components
Step 3: Project Initiation

4. Testing in Multi Meter, and multisim software

Step 4: Programming

Step 5: Procurement 5. Buying of components

6. Testing in breadboard and PCB

Step 6: Construction

Step 7: Project Assessment

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 Figure 1 - Schematic Diagram

For 8 watt power amplifier the group provide all the components the group need to use like resistor,
capacitor, diode, integrated circuit, male jack, etc. The group observed the given schematic diagram for
how to easily build the project and to prove that is working.
The group start to test the given schematic diagram first in Ni Multisim to make sure that the
diagram is working. After testing on Ni Multisim, the group also test in breadboard before we transfer to
PCB because sometimes there will be some error happen on testing in multisim but if it tests on
breadboard with the same circuit diagram it is working. To avoid errors, use two methods above to make
sure that the circuit is working.
After connecting all the components in prototyping breadboard, the group will test using speaker
to prove that is working. And start to create an 8 watt power amplifier.

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 Chapter 3
TESTING, PRESENTATION, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

3.1 Purpose of the Test

All project the group need to test to make sure that is working and to check the all components is in
used. Testing is may help us to determine whether the project outcome will be good.
To avoid some errors and to not easily to troubleshoot the group may use some testing before we
start the project. Because if the group not to test the group have a lot of problems that the group encounter.
3.2 Procedures to Follow in Conducting Test

 The group prepares all components needed the resistor, capacitor, speaker, 12V power supply,
and audio male jack etc.
 After preparing the components, the group will start to connect the components in breadboard
according to its designating pins given in schematic diagram.
 After connecting the components the group will start to test using speaker to prove that is
working.
 Connect the amplifier to adapter connected to AC source.
 Connect any electronic device (cell phone, laptop, etc.) that is compatible to the jack.
 Play music and turn the volume to the maximum.
 Measure the output sound per distance from the speaker using SLM (sound level meter).
 Gather data and put in table.
 Next, find its output voltage in left and right speaker with conditions in low, mid and max using
multitester. Measure the input voltage and current and the output voltage and current to solve
for its input and output power.
 Tabulate results in Table.
 Next, solve for its input and output power.
Given : RL = 8 Ω ; Vout(Max) = 4.21 V
Solution :
Vcc2 4.21 V 2
Po= = =2.22W
RL 8Ω
Given : Vin = 12 V ; IcQ = 1.5 A
Solution :
Pi=Vcc ( IcQ )= (12 V ) ( 1.5 A )=18 W

 After finding the input and output power, solve for its efficiency.
Given : Po = 2.22 W ; Pi = 18 W
Solution :
Po 2.22 W
%n= x 100 = x 100 =12.33
Pi 18 W

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  Put the data in Table below

3.3 Tabular Presentation of Gathered Data

Table 1 - Measurement Using Sound Level Meter

Trials Sound Level (dB) Distance (cm)

1 126 0
2 107 15
3 101 30
4 100 45
5 100 60
6 97 75
7 96 90

Table 2 - Voltage Output of the Speaker

CONDITION VOLTAGE RIGHT (V) VOLTAGE LEFT (V)

LOW 0.04 0.07
MID 3.69 3.51
MAX 4.21 4.37

Table 3 - Solving the Efficiency

INPUT POWER OUTPUT POWER EFFICIENCY (%)

18W 2.22W 12.33%

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3.4 Analysis and Discussion of Gathered Data

Interpretation in table 1 : the data gathered in the table shows the sound level of the amplifier in
every increase of distance. This means that in every change of distance there is also a change
in its sound level. And by looking at the data gathered, you can clearly see that the more
distance away from the amplifier the lesser the sound you hear.

Interpretation in table 2 : the data gathered in the table shows the output voltage in left and right
speaker with the conditions in low, mid and max. This means that in every change in volume
there is a change in voltage. The impedance change in the circuit changes the output voltage of
the amplifier. Also it is shown that there are two ouput voltages in the left and right speaker that
are almost equal with each other. This is because of the fact that the two speakers are
connected in one circuit therefore sharing same outputs.

Interpretation in table 3 : the data gathered in the table shows the input and output power of the
power amplifier together with its solved efficiency. The input and output power are measured in
the power amplifier's circuit. By knowing the input and ouput power, the group solved the power
amplifier's efficiency. Efficiency is very important because it will help you to know the
capabilities and type of power amplifier.

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 Chapter 4
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
4.1 Conclusion
A power amplifier is an amplifier designed primarily to increase the power available to a load. In
practice, amplifier power gain depends on the source and load impedances, as well as the inherent voltage
and current gain. This type of power amplifier is used for amplifying the sounds of gadget connected to it.
In the first question, “Does the power amplifier amplify the voltage and sound output?” the answer
is yes. After observing the outputs, the group are sudden amplification. First in the voltage, the group
measure the output voltage after adjusting the potentiometer which results to output higher than the input
voltage. And in the sounds, the group have observed the sound to be powering up after turning
potentiometer to maximum.
In the second question, “What happen after turning on the amplifier for 3 hours straight?". The
group observed that there are no changes in its output sound and voltage. The sound stay smooth and loud
while the components are didn't heat up. The heat sink is doing its job on protecting the IC on overheating.
In the third question, “Does component affect the output of the amplifier?". Well in our testing and
observation, each component is important and should be the right value. For almost a week of testing for
the problem in the circuit, the group has noticed that a single resistor is the one that is making the problem.
Due to this type of problem our circuit always stayed shorted until the group changed its value. Therefore
knowing each component and how it work is a key on having a good project outcome.
And for the last question, “After maxing the potentiometer, does it make the output sound broken?”
this question might be yes or no. why? Well because of different factors. First will be the sound itself.
Maybe the sound is from the phone is broken. Next will be the component failing, although all components
have been always tested. Next factor will be the speaker. "Are all the speaker new?", "Does it really sound
broken?" or "Is it compatible to the circuit?” all of it may be the factor. But after observing the amplifier itself,
the speaker’s reliability is the problem due to the fact that it is already old.
4.2 Recommendation
This project, power amplifier, is only available for devices compatible with the audio jack and will
only work with those kinds of devices. What the group recommend for these projects is adding other type of
connection so that other devices can connect. It can be upgraded by adding Bluetooth antennas or USB
ports.
4.3 References
[1] Li Kwok Chuen, “Single Ended Audio Power Amplifier Design”. Page 8-11, September 4,2006
[February 25,2018] .
[2] Bob Cordell, “Designing Audio Power Amplifier”. Page 3-7, March 1, 1996 [February 24, 2018].
[3] Mark Spatz, “Class G Audio Amplifier”. Page 4-6, April 3, 2014 [February 26, 2018].

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Alexander, Charles K. (2013). Fundamentals of Electric Circuits 5th Edition. New York: The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc.
Boylestad, Robert (1998). Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory 7 th Edition. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice
Hall
Floyd, Thomas L. (2005). Electronic Devices Conventional Current Version 7 th Edition. New Jersey:
Pearson Prentice Hall
Hartwig, William H. (2008). "Electrical energy measurement". AccessScience. McGraw-Hill Companies.
Retrieved 2011-10-17.
Leo Nedelsky (2008). “Conservation of energy”. AccessScience. McGraw-Hill Companies. Retrieved 2011-
08-26.

Morgan Jones Valve Amplifiers. United Kingdom: Newnes, Oxford, 3rd edition, 2003.

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 APPENDIX

A. Data sheets of the different components or materials the group used in the prototype development
of the project

Table 4 - Data Sheets

Ref. no. Item Description Typ. Unit

1 IC TDA 2030
2 CAPACITOR 0.0000022 Farad
3 CAPACITOR 0.000022 Farad
4 CAPACITOR 0.00022 Farad
5 CAPACITOR 0.0022 Farad
6 MYLAR CAPACITOR 0.000104 Farad
7 RESISTOR 4700 Ohms
8 RESISTOR 100000 Ohms
9 RESISTOR 300 Ohms
10 DIODE 1N4001
11 ADAPTOR 12 Volts
12 MALE JACK 3mm
13 POTENTIOMETER 50000 Ohms
14 STRANDED WIRE AWG #12
15 SOLDERING IRON 40 Watts
16 SOLDERING LEAD
17 DRILL 12 Volts
18 SPEAKER MONO 8&3 Ohms & Watts

B. Pictures (taken in different angles) of the actual or scaled model of the project prototype

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C. Manual of Operation of the Project

Steps Picture

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 1. Take out the amplifier and adapter out.

2. Plug the adapter to AC source.

3. Connect the adapter to the amplifier.

4. Plug in any electronic devices that are

compatible to the jack.

5. Play music and adjust the volume using

the volume control.

D. Bill of Materials

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 Table 5 - Amount of Each Material

Materials Value/Size/Rate Amount

Presensitized PCB 4 X 6 with Developer 110
Resistor 4.7 K Ω 0.50
Resistor 100 K Ω X4 2
Resistor 300 Ω 0.50
Potentiometer 50 K Ω 20
Capacitor 2.2 µF 25V X3 9
Capacitor 22 µF 25V 3
Capacitor 220 µF 25V 4
Capacitor 2200 µF 25V 8
Mylar 104 µF 50V X2 8
Diode 1N4001 X2 4
Speaker & Male Jack 3W 8Ω X2 RECYCLE
Integrated Circuit IC TDA 2030 35
Heat Sink 3mm 15
Ferric Chloride 200mL 24
Wire #22 X2 20
Lead 3 yards 20
Developer 20
Drill Bit 35
Charger 12V output RECYCLE
TOTAL 348.00 PESOS

E. Gantt Chart

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 Figure 2 - Gantt Chart

F. Progress Report

The final project, power amplifier, is capable of amplifying the sound and voltage of the inputs. The
amplifier is running at 12VDC voltage and capable of making sound by connecting audio jack to the
gadgets compatible on it. At this present, the power amplifier is already loud and smooth with and 8Ω 3W
speaker connected to it. It can play any type of sound from rock to jazz, heavy and RnB and many more.

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