Dr. Carlos S. Lanting College: Lensing Through Federalism in The Eyes of Local Politicians in Barangay Talipapa

DR. CARLOS S.
LANTING COLLEGE
Lensing through federalism in the Eyes of Local Politicians

in Barangay Talipapa
LENSING THROUGH FEDERALISM IN THE EYES OF LOCAL

POLITICIANS IN BARANGAY TALIPAPA
A Research Title
Presented to the Faculty of the
Basic Education Department / Senior High School
DR. CARLOS S. LANTING COLLEGE
Quezon City
By:
Balneg, Kimberly T.
Galgana, Crystal
Reyes, Cherry Mae D.
Sabangan, Claire T.
12-HUMSS C
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Program of
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
i

ADVISER’S RECOMMENDATION SHEET
The Research Project Entitled:

POLITICIANS IN BARANGAY TALIPAPA
Submitted by:
Balneg, Kimberly T.
Reyes, Cherry Mae D.
Galgana, Crystal
Sabangan, Claire T.
and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
has been examined and is recommended for approval and acceptance
ii

PANEL’S APPROVAL SHEET
This Research Project Entitled

POLITICIANS
Balneg, Kimberly T.
Reyes, Cherry D.
Galgana, Crystal
Sabangan, Claire T.
after having been presented is hereby approved

by the following members of the panel
with a grade of ______
______________________ ______________________
Panel Member Panel Member
______________________
Chairperson
iii

DEPARTMENT ACCEPTANCE SHEET
This Research Project Entitled
LENSING THROUH FEDERALISM IN THE EYES OF LOCAL POLITICINS

IN BARANGAY TALIPAPA
Submitted by:
Balneg, Kimberly T.
Reyes, Cherry D.
Galgana, Crystal
Sabangan, Claire T.
After having been recommended and approved is hereby accepted by

BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
____________________________
Erwin L. Purcia, DALL
Principal
iv

Acknowledgement
First of all, we would like to thank our Almighty God for guiding and
protecting us and giving us enough knowledge in creating this Study. And to
our parents and friends who supports us while doing this Research.
We would also like to acknowledge our teacher in Research subject Sir

Ardrian Malangen for teaching and helping us to do this research especially in
guiding us what are the right thing to do with our research and also, we would
like to thank our technical adviser in this Research Mrs. Janina J. Salubo for
checking our Research.
In addition, we are also grateful to our respondents who willingly answered

our surveys and interview questions. And last, we also like to acknowledge
the admin in the library who allowed us get the information that is related to
our research
v

Dedication
This study is sincerely dedicated to our parents, who have been there in the
start in supporting us in making this research, for serving us our inspiration
when we are about to give up, and for continually providing their moral,
spiritual, emotional and financial support to us. They are one of the main
reasons why we pursue this research.
We also dedicate this work to our teacher in this subject Sir Ardrian
Malangen who encouraged us to finish this work and who willingly taught us
the right things in order for us to produce a proper output.
To our friends who have been their understanding and helping us despite
of their busy schedule. Thank you and God bless you.
And lastly, we are dedicating this research to Almighty God, thank you for
your guidance, protection, power of mind and for giving us a healthy life. All
these, we offer to you. Thank you.
vi

Abstract
In this study “Lensing through Federalism in the Eyes of Local

Politicians”, the researchers were able to determine the knowledge of Local
Politicians in Barangay Talipapa about the proposed federal system of the
Government in the Philippines, and the researchers concluded that most of
the Local Politicians has a little knowledge about Federalism and not in favor
of switching to a Federal type of Government, through the data’s that gathered
in the used of survey questionnaires. The researchers used survey
questionnaires to formulate the answers to the main problem of this study. It
is interpreted by the use of descriptive method and Likert type scale.
Percentage and weighted mean are used to treat the data’s that gathered.
After summarizing and interpreting the data’s the conclusions and
recommendation were formulated as the result of the study.
vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRELIMINARIES Page
Title Page i
Adviser’s Recommendation Sheet ii
Panel’s Approval Sheet iii
Department Acceptance and Approval Sheet iv
Acknowledgement v
Dedication vi
Abstract vii
Table of Contents viii
List of Tables x
Chapter 1 – INTRODUCTION 1
Background of the study 1

Statement of the Problem 2
Objectives of the Study 3
Significance of the Study 3
Scope and Delimitation 4
Chapter 2 – REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
and CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 5
Review of Related Literature 5

Conceptual Framework 12
Definition of Terms 13
Chapter 3 – Methodology 15
viii

Research Design 15
Respondents of the Study 15
Methods and Sampling 16
Data Gathering Instrument 16
Data Gathering Procedure 17
Statistical Treatment of Data 17
Chapter 4 – Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data 31
Chapter 5 – Summary of Findings, Conclusions and

Recommendation 31
Summary of Findings 31
Conclusions 35
Recommendation 37
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
RESEARCHER’S PROFILE 38
ix

LIST OF TABLES
Figure Title Page
1 Frequency and Percentage of Demographic Profile 19
in terms of Gender of the Respondents
in terms of Age group of the Respondents
in terms of Civil Status of the Respondents
4 List of Respondent’s Position in Barangay Talipapa 21
and their year/s of service
5 Frequency and Percentage of Demographic profile 22
in terms of Income Group of the Respondents
6 Frequency and Percentage of Local Politicians in 23
terms of their Knowledge regarding to the
proposed federal system of Government
7 Frequency and Percentage of Local Politicians and 24
their Decisions in terms of changing the present
unitary system into federal system
8 Weighted Mean and its Interpretation of Local 25
Politician’s Insight if a federal type of
Government will be implemented in the Philippines
x

Chapter I:
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
In the article II section 1 of the 1987 constitution of the Republic of the

Philippines, said that the Philippines is a democratic and republican state. As
a democratic state, all powers come from the people who are living in that
specific country. Out of practicability, necessity, beneficiality, efficiency and
effectiveness, the sovereign people may decide to delegate the powers to a
group of people who may exercise them according to certain terms and
conditions. (Maynigo, Benjamin 2012)
In 2016, President Rodrigo Duterte was being elected as the 16th

presidents of the Philippines, according to Erin Cook who wrote the article
“Federalism debate heats up in the Philippines” Federalism was a major plank
of Duterte’s 2016 election campaign, where he often repeated his belief that
devolving power is the best way to achieve lasting peace in Mindanao, a region
wracked by decades of civil war and a new rising trend of Islamic extremism.
However, majority of the Filipinos does not have enough knowledge about the
federal system that is being proposed by the administration.
According to Pulse Asia survey a majority, 69%, said they know little or
nothing about the proposed federal system of government. This figure is
virtually unchanged since March when 71% of Filipinos said they had little or
no knowledge. And the majorities of Filipinos (62%) are not in favor of
changing the system of government in the country to a federal one, with 34%
opposing it now and in the future and 28% being against it now but may be
open to it in the future.
1

Statement of the Problem
This research aims to study the prospect of local politicians in Barangay

Talipapa about the proposed federal system of government in the Philippines.
Specifically, it answers the following question:
1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of
1.1 gender
1.2 age
1.3 civil status
1.4 position in the Barangay
1.5 years of service
1.6 socio-economic status
2. To determine if the respondents have knowledge about the proposed

federal constitution of the Philippines by using interview questionnaire.
3. The research study aims to know if the respondents are in favor of

switching to a federal type of government by using survey questionnaire.
4. To determine the respondent’s insight if a federal type of government will

be implemented in our country.
5. Single out the possible advantage and disadvantage of federalism in the

Philippines from the respondent’s answer.
2

Objectives of the Study
The main purpose of this study is to determine the knowledge of local

politicians of Barangay Talipapa about the proposed federal constitution of the
Philippines, the respondent’s perception if they are in favor of switching to a
federal type of government and the prospect of the respondents if federalism
will be implemented.
Significance of the Study
This study will be helpful in providing new knowledge regarding to

Federalism through the eyes of local politicians in Barangay Talipapa.
Local Politicians - This study will help us further in our understanding

of our government, recognizing the role of our local politicians as they give
their perspective and stand point about federalism and how it may affect our
country.
Filipino Citizen - This study will help us understand further as to why

President Rodrigo Duterte pushes for a federal form of government
Future Researchers - This study will give information to support their

future research regarding with this topic
3

Scope and Delimitation
This study focused on Lensing through Federalism in the eyes of local

politicians in Barangay Talipapa. The respondents are composed of selected
Local Politicians in Barangay Talipapa. The researcher used survey
questionnaires to determine if the respondent is in favor or not in favor in
federal type of government and the researcher will also use interview
questions to discuss the respondent’s knowledge about federalism and their
prospect about switching to a federal type of government.
4

Chapter 2:
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE and CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Foreign Studies
Federalism is a proposed type of government wherein sovereignty is

constitutionally divided between the national government and sub divisional
governments (such as states or provinces). Federalism divides the country into
several autonomous states with a national government. The autonomous
states are even further divided into local government units. They will have the
main responsibility over developing their local industries, public health and
safety, education, transportation, and culture. These states have more power
over their finances, policies, development plans, and laws.
The United States, Switzerland, Germany and Australia, Canada, India,

Malaysia and Brazil are examples of countries with a federalist form of
government. Federalism is a system of government where the political territory
is divided up into
units endowed with their own governments, and these territories, or states, are
unified under a common government. Political scientists more formally define
the complex intergovernmental relationship of federalism in one of two ways.
One emphasizes the distribution of authority between two levels of
government, and the other emphasizes the relationship between the
governments and the public.
Relying on this definition, scholars write of more centralized or peripheralized

federations, putting federations in a continuum of systems that embraces trade
and defense alliances on the one end and on the other, in a practical sense,
administrative decentralization, where lower levels make decisions about the
implementation of national policy (Elazar 1994, Watts 1999a). Under this
5

definition, federations may be legally symmetric or asymmetric (Elazar 1987,

Watts 1998, 1999b, Agranoff 1999). In the symmetric federation, each sub
state has the same relationship with the federal government and is endowed
with the same authorities. The United States is a canonical example of a
symmetric federation. In an asymmetric federation, some 4 sub states, but not
all, enjoy enhanced self-rule (Zuber 2011).
In Europe, "Federalist" is sometimes used to describe those who favor a

common federal government, with distributed power at regional, national and
supranational levels. Most European federalists want this development to
continue within the European Union. European federalism originated in post-
war Europe; one of the more important initiatives was Winston Churchill's
speech in Zürich in 1946.
In the United States, federalism originally referred to belief in a stronger central

government. When the U.S. Constitution was being drafted, the Federalist
Party supported a stronger central government, while "Anti-Federalists"
wanted a weaker central government. This is very different from the modern
usage of "federalism" in Europe and the United States. The distinction stems
from the fact that "federalism" is situated in the middle of the political spectrum
between a confederacy and a unitary state. The U.S. Constitution was written
as a reaction to the Articles of Confederation, under which the United States
was a loose confederation with a weak central government.
In contrast, Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North America,
thus European "federalism" argues for a weaker central government, relative
to a unitary state. The modern American usage of the word is much closer to
the European sense. As the power of the Federal government has increased,
some people have perceived a much more unitary state than they believe the
6

Founding Fathers intended. Most people politically advocating "federalism" in

the United States argue in favor of limiting the powers of the federal
government, especially the judiciary.
In Canada, federalism typically implies opposition to sovereigntist movements

(most commonly Quebec separatism).
The governments of Argentina, Australia, Brazil, India, and Mexico, among

others, are also organized along federalist principles.
Federalism may encompass as few as two or three internal divisions, as is the

case in Belgium or Bosnia and Herzegovina. In general, two extremes of
federalism can be distinguished: at one extreme, the strong federal state is
almost completely unitary, with few powers reserved for local governments;
while at the other extreme, the national government may be a federal state in
name only, being a confederation in actuality.
In 1999, the Government of Canada established the Forum of Federations as

an international network for exchange of best practices among federal and
federalizing countries. Headquartered in Ottawa, the Forum of Federations
partner governments include Australia, Brazil, Canada, Ethiopia, Germany,
India, Mexico, Nigeria, and Switzerland.
Federalism, and all it stands for, underpins politics in America. Federalism in

America gives the executive its power but it also gives states a great deal of
power as has been clarified in Dillon’s Law. On many occasions, the Supreme
Court has been called on to adjudicate what federalism means (usually in favor
of the executive rather than states) but the Constitution put a great deal of faith
in federalism when the Founding Fathers first constructed it.
7

Federalism is a system of government in which a written constitution divides

power between a central government and regional or sub-divisional
governments. Both types of government act directly upon the people through
their officials and laws.
Both types of government are supreme within their proper sphere of authority.
Both have to consent (agree) to any changes to the constitution.
In America the term “federal government” is usually understood to refer

exclusively to the national government based in Washington. This, however,
is not an accurate interpretation of the term as it excludes the role played by
other aspects of government concerned with the federalist structure.
Federalism can be seen a compromise between the extreme concentration of

power and a loose confederation of independent states for governing a variety
of people usually in a large expanse of territory. Federalism has the virtue of
retaining local pride, traditions and power, while allowing a central government
that can handle common problems.
Local Studies
The concept of a federal government for the Philippines was first

suggested by Jose Rizal, the Philippines' national hero. He outlined his vision
of federalist governance on his essay "Las Filipinas Dentro de Cien Anos" (The
Philippines a Century Hence) that was published by the Barcelona-based
propaganda paper La Solidaridad in 1889.
In 1899, Filipino revolutionaries Emilio Aguinaldo and Apolinario Mabini also

suggested dividing the islands into three federal states.
8

One of the first proponents of federalism in the Philippines in the 21st century
is professor Jose Abueva from the University of the Philippines who argued
that a federal form of government is necessary to more efficiently cater to the
needs of the country despite its diversity. The primary goals of a constitutional
amendment are to increase decentralization, greater local power and access
to resources most especially among regions outside Metro Manila which has
long been dubbed as rather imperial.
Aside from Abueva, senator Aquilino Pimentel, Jr. is a prominent supporter of

federalism who, since 2001, has advocated for federalism. He sees the
proposed system as a key component in alleviating the Mindanao crisis and
appeasing Moro insurgents. According to Pimentel, even though federalism
was never intended to appease any followers of any specific ideology of
religion, it will also hasten economic development, since resource and financial
mobilization is upon each state's or province's discretion without significant
constraint from the central government.
However, in 2009, after Senate and House resolutions supporting charter

change were released, an estimated 13,000 to 15,000 people gathered in
Makati to protest against these executive department-deriving proposals for
constitutional reform. This was due to speculations that Philippine president
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo would use such amendments to extend her hold in
office. In addition, Pulse Asia published in the same year their survey regarding
public support for the proposed charter change; the survey reported that four
out of ten Filipino adults, or 42% of all respondents, opposed the amendment,
with 25% still undecided and 33% in favor. Pulse Asia furthered that from 2006
to 2009 there was no significant change of sentiment against the charter
change proposal, although indecision increased by 6%.
9

In late 2014, then-Davao City mayor Rodrigo Duterte launched a nationwide

campaign calling for a charter change for federalism. During his visit to Cebu
City in October of the same year, Duterte stated that federalism will facilitate
better delivery of services to the people. He also saw the current system as
"antiquated" where distribution of public funds is disproportionately biased
towards Manila. Aside from the economic aspect, federalism is also seen as
the best means to address problems in Mindanao which suffers the most from
ethno-religious conflicts. Duterte added that the current unitary form of
government has not worked well given the ethnic diversity in the country. In
spite of initially rejecting several calls for his candidacy for the 2016
presidential elections, he cited his organizational reforms if he were to become
president. Parallel to his campaign for federalism, Duterte planned to privatize
tax collection and abolish the Congress to make way for a unicameral
legislature, contrary to the originally proposed Joint Resolution No. 10.
Movements for federalism further intensified from when the draft of the
Bangsamoro Basic Law was submitted by Philippine president Benigno
Aquino III to the 16th Congress on September 10, 2014. From approval, this
law establishes the Bangsamoro as an autonomous region with its own
parliamentary government and police force. Approval of the Bangsamoro
structure would provide federalism proponents and supporters added
confidence to clamor for the national government to enact reforms towards a
more decentralized system for the rest of the country.
In May 2016, President-elect Rodrigo Duterte stated that a plebiscite on the

proposed replacement of the unitary state with a federal one will be held in two
years. On December 7, 2016, Duterte signed Executive Order No. 10 creating
a consultative committee to review the 1987 Constitution.
10

Generally, Filipinos' stance on a shift to federalism is mixed. These are

reflected by nationwide opinion polls conducted by Pulse Asia and Social
Weather Stations (SWS). By the end of March 2018, 37% of Filipinos agree,
while 29% disagree, when asked if they are in favor of a federal system of
government, based on a survey of 1,200 adults aged 18 and above by SWS.
Opposition to Charter change (cha-cha) went up from 44 percent in July 2016
to 64 percent in March 2018, and the opposition to federalism went the same
way, except by a larger margin—from 33 percent to 66 percent.
Meanwhile, in June 2018, a Pulse Asia poll answered by 1,800 respondents

showed 67% being against charter change at the present moment. However,
of those who opposed Charter change, 30 percent said the Constitution should
not be amended now, but could be changed sometime in the future, while 37
percent said it should not be changed “now or any other time.” Support and
awareness for federalism is strongest in Mindanao and within the Filipino
Muslim community.
The Philippine government cites lack of information as the reason for low
public support. Presidential Spokesperson Harry Roque stated that, “For this
reason, we cannot expect our people to support an initiative, which they know
only little about. There is clearly much work to be done in terms of spreading
awareness and knowledge on the aforementioned issue. The Philippine
government has repeatedly presented its intention to drive up its effort to
educate Filipinos about federalism.
11

Conceptual Framework
This study aims to determine the knowledge of local politicians in

Barangay Talipapa about federalism. Figure below shows the paradigm of the
study. Column 1 pertains to the input which is the demographic profile of the
respondents. Column 2 refers to the process that the researchers will do to
attain their objectives. And column 3 shows the output of the study.
Input Process Output
Demographic The researchers Determine the

profile of the will give prospect of local
respondents: interview politicians in
questionnaire to Barangay
1.1 gender determine the Talipapa in
1.2 age respondent’s switching to a
1.3 civil status demographic federal type of
1.4 position in profile and government.
the Barangay knowledge and
1.5 years of insight about
service federalism, and
1.6 socio- also the
economic status researchers will
give a survey
questionnaire to
find out if they
are in favor of
switching to a
federal type of
government
Conceptual Paradigm
12

Definition of Terms
Administrative Decentralization: It is a transfer of responsibility for

planning, financing and management of certain public functions from
central government and its agencies or commissions to field units of
government agencies, or semi-autonomous government.
Amendment- the process of altering or amending a law or document

(such as a constitution) by parliamentary or constitutional.
Complex- a whole made up of complicated or interrelated parts.
Constitutional- relating to, inherent in, or affecting the constitution of

body or mind.
Diversity-the condition of having or being composed of differing

elements: variety;
Decentralization- the dispersion or distribution of functions and

powers. Disproportion-lack of proportion, symmetry, or proper
relation: disparity.
Federalism- the distribution of power in an organization (such as a

government) between a central authority and the constituent units.
Hasten-to move or act quickly.
Insurgent- a person who revolts against civil authority or an established

government; especially.
Peripheralized- relating to, involving, or forming a periphery or surface

part.
13

Prospect- the possibility or likelihood of some future event occurring, a

mental picture of a future or anticipated event.
Unified- brought together as one.
Unicameral- having or consisting of a single legislative chamber.
14

CHAPTER 3:
METHODOLOGY
This chapter aims to give the readers a background on the participants

that will help the researchers analyze federalism through the eyes of local
politicians of Barangay Talipapa. In this chapter, the researchers make sure
that the data gathered is accurate and the purpose of this study is to give
information to the readers and future researchers in the prospect of the local
politicians in Barangay Talipapa about the proposed federal system in the
government of the Philippines.
Research Design
The study used descriptive method to assess the knowledge and

perception of the respondents in switching to a federal type of government
using interview questionnaire and a survey questionnaire in order to
determine the insight and demographic profile of the subjects.
Respondents of the Study
The subjects of the study are the local politicians of Barangay

Talipapa. The respondents were chosen by purposive random sampling
technique.
15

Methods and Sampling
The method used in this research is purposive random sampling in

which the researchers select respondents based on the characteristics of a
population and the objective of the study. The data gathered were properly
tallied, interpreted and analyzed using descriptive method.
Data Gathering Instrument
The instrument used in collecting data were Interview and Survey

questionnaire. Interview questionnaire was conducted by the researcher to
assess the demographic profile of the subjects and to determine the prospect
and insight of the respondents in federalism. Survey questionnaire was use to
examine if the respondents has knowledge regarding to the proposed federal
system of government and to determine if the respondents are in favor in
switching to a federal type of government. Interview and Survey questionnaire
was distributed in the local politicians of Barangay Talipapa. The questionnaire
was validated by our technical adviser to ensure the capability in collecting
data.
The research study used the Likert Scale and Frequency questions. The Likert
Scale is a point scale that allows the individual respondents on how much they
agree or disagree in the particular statements or questions and Frequency
questions require the respondent to choose among a set of alternatives.
16

Data Gathering Procedure
1. Permission to start this study was first sought to the Grade 12

Humanities and Social Science technical adviser before any of this
research project was started
2. The researchers used validated questionnaires, validated

grammarian and statisticians to be distributed to the respondents
3. The researchers personally distributed the questionnaire to

randomly selected local politicians of Barangay Talipapa
4. The researchers personally retrieved the given questionnaires to

check the answers accuracy and consistency
5. All the questionnaires were retrieved from the same day it was
distributed to the respondents.
Statistical Treatment of Data
Data will be collected and converted to percentage and will be present in a

graphical form for simple interpretation.
1. Formula for the percentage will be used in the first part of the survey
Formula P=(f/n)100
Where P=percentage
f=frequency
n=no. of respondents
17

100= is the multiplier used to change the relative frequency

percentage
2. Weighted mean
The data gathered from the second part of the survey questionnaire which
pertains to the factors that influence the decision of respondents in choosing
a program were categorized into five, namely strongly agree, agree, neutral,
disagree and strongly disagree. In order to get the overall average of the
responses of the respondents in each category, weighted mean was used in
the study, given the formula:
N
________________ x 100
Where: Wm=
ƩWf
Wm = weighted mean
ƩWf = summation of weighted frequencies
N = Total number of respondents
18

Chapter IV:
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter is connected with the presentation, analysis and

interpretation of facts that emanated from the data gathered through the major
variables presented in the locally constructed instrument and questionnaire
through descriptive survey. The data obtained from twenty (20) respondents
are presented, analyzed and interpreted in this chapter using the data that was
presented in tabular form.
Table 1: Frequency and Percentage of Demographic profile in terms of

Gender of the Respondents
The table below is the tabulated data of gender preference of local politicians
of Barangay Talipapa
Gender Frequency Percentage Rank

Male 11 55% 1
Female 9 45% 2
TOTAL: 20 100%
In table 1, the researchers used the frequency and percentage method and
formula in order to identify and obtain the number of male and female local
politician’s respondent of Barangay Talipapa.
Wherein the researchers identified that there are 11 male respondents with a
percentage of 55% and a number of 9 female respondents with a percentage
of 45% that participated and was chosen purposively that concludes a 100%
of 20 respondents.
19

The number of genders between male and female respondents of local

politicians in Barangay Talipapa is summed up and was ranked into two. This
shows that the male respondents are much bigger than the female wherein
there are 11 male respondents with a percentage of 55% and was placed as
rank 1 and female that got 9 respondents with a percentage of 45% and was
placed in rank 2.

Age group of the respondents
Age Group Frequency Percentage Rank

Below 21 years 6 30% 2.5
21 years – 30 years 8 40% 1
31 years – 40 years 6 30% 2.5
41 years – 50 years 0 0
Above 50 years 0 0
TOTAL: 20 100%
Table 2 list down the Age group of the local politicians from Below 21 years
old to Above 50 years old. In order to accumulate the information in
percentage, the researchers used the formula P=f/N x 100 and acquire the
equivalent percentage of the number of respondent’s age.
The following ages are ranked based on the highest and lowest percentage of
the respondents’ ages 21 year – 30 years has the highest number of 8
respondents with a 45% percent which is ranked at no.1 place and Below 21
years and 31 years to 40 years got the same respondents of 6 with a
percentage of 30% percent and ranked as number 2 and the remaining age
group of 41 years – 50 years and Above 50 years got no respondents.
20


Civil Status of the respondents
Civil Status Frequency Percentage Rank

Single 15 75% 1
Married 5 25% 2
Widowed 0 0%
Separated 0 0%
TOTAL: 20 100%
Table 3 list down the Civil status of local politicians, where in the Single local
politicians got 15 respondents with a percentage of 75% percent and ranked
as 1st place, Married local politicians has 5 respondents with a percentage of
25% and ranked as the 2nd place while Widowed and Separated civil status
got no respondents.
Table 4: List of Respondent’s Position in Barangay Talipapa

and their year/s of service
Respondents Position in Barangay Months/Years

of Service
#1 Kagawad 3 years
#2 Kagawad 3 years
#3 Kagawad 2 years
#4 Kagawad 2 years
#5 Kagawad 2 years
#6 Kagawad 1 year
#7 Barangay Treasurer 4 years
#8 SK Chairperson 2 years
#9 SK Secretary 2 years
#10 SK Treasurer 3 years
#11 SK Member 10 months
21


#18 Barangay Staff 3 years
#19 Barangay Staff 1 year
#20 Barangay Staff 1 year
Table 4 list down the respondent’s Position in Barangay and their years or
months of service, all of the SK member are new while the other local
politicians are also working in their Barangay before and some of them are
not consistent in their position from where they started. The researchers
conducted a (6) six Kagawads with a 1 – 3 years of service, (7) SK Members
with 10 months of service, (3) three Barangay Staff with a 1 – 3 years of
service and we also have Barangay Treasurer, SK Chairperson, SK
Secretary and SK Treasurer respondents with a 2 – 4 years of service in
Barangay Talipapa.
Income group of the respondents
Income group (per month) Frequency Percentage Rank

Below 10,000 0 0%
10,001 – 25,000 17 85% 1
25,001 – 50,000 3 15% 2
More than 50,000 0 0%
TOTAL: 20 100%
Table 5 list down the Income group per month of the local politicians in
Barangay Talipapa. The following income group are ranked based on the
highest and lowest percentage of the respondents. The income group of
10,001 – 25,000 has 17 respondents with a percentage of 85% and ranked
22

1st and the income group of 25,001 – 50,000 got 3 respondents with a
percentage of 15% and ranked as 2nd, the remaining income group of Below
10,000 and More than 50,000 got no respondents. This shows that the
income group of 10,001 – 25,000 are much bigger than the income group of
25,001 – 50,000 and the remaining Below 10,000 and Above 50,000.
Table 6: Frequency and Percentage of Local Politicians in terms of their

knowledge regarding to the proposed federal system of Government
HOW WOULD YOU DESCRIBE THE AMOUNT OF KNOWLEDGE YOU HAVE

REGARDING THE PROPOSED FEDERAL SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT?
Paano niyo isasalarawan ang inyong kaalaman tungkol sa ipinapanukalang federal na sistema ng
pamahalaan?
Rank Percentage Frequency

2 30% 6 A great knowledge
2 30% 6 Not a great deal but a sufficient amount of
knowledge
1 40% 8 A little knowledge
0% 0 Almost none or no knowledge at all
The table below is the tabulated data of Local Politicians response on the
amount of knowledge they have regarding to the proposed federal system of
Government. To understand more of the respondent’s response regarding to
this question, the researcher’s created a questionnaire with appropriate
choices that will describe on their knowledge about the proposed federal
system of government. The question is answered by 20 respondents and the
researchers identified that there are 6 respondents who answered “A great
knowledge” and “Not a great deal but a sufficient knowledge” and these two
choices got the same frequency of 6 with a percentage of 30% percent and
23

both got the 2nd rank. “A little knowledge” has 8 frequency with a percentage
of 40% and placed as rank 1st while the remaining choice which “Almost
none or no knowledge at all” got no response.
Table 7: Frequency and Percentage of Local Politicians and their

Decision in terms of Changing the Present Unitary System into Federal
System
ARE YOU IN FAVOR OR NOT IN FAVOR OF CHANGING THE PRESENT UNITARY

SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT AND HAVING A FEDERAL SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT
FOR THE COUNTRY?
Ikaw ba ay pabor o hindi pabor na palitan ang kasalukuyang sistemang unitaryo ng pamahalaan at
magkaroon ng isang sistemang federal ang bansa?
Rank Percentage Frequency

2 20% 4 In favor, the system of government should be
changed to federalism now
1 40% 8 Not in favor, the system of government should not
be changed now, but it may be changed
sometime in the future
1 40% 8 Not in favor, the system of government should not
be changed now nor any other time
0% 0 Don’t know/ can’t say
In table 7, the researchers still used the frequency and percentage method
and formula in order to identify the obtain number of the Local Politicians
decision in terms of Changing the Present Unitary System into Federal
System. To understand more of the respondent’s response regarding to this
question, the researcher’s created a questionnaire with appropriate choices
that will answer if they are in favor or not in changing the present unitary
system of government and having a federal system of government for the
country. The question is answered by 20 respondents and the researchers
identified that there are 8 respondents who answered “Not in favor, the
24

system of government should not be changed now, but it may be changed

sometime in the future” and “Not in favor, the system of government should
not be changed now nor any other time” and these two choices got the same
frequency of 8 with a percentage of 40% percent and both got the 1st rank.
“In favor, the system of government should be changed to federalism now”
has 4 frequency with a percentage of 20% and placed as rank 2nd while the
remaining choice which is “Don’t know/ can’t say” got no response.
Table 8: Weighted Mean and its Interpretation of Local Politician’s

insight if a federal type of government will be implemented in the
Philippines
WEIGHTED INTERPRE-
MEAN TATION
1. Federal Government is suitable to the conditions of the 3.25 HIGH

Philippines
Ang pederal na pamahalaan ay maaari o angkop na sa kondisyon ng
Pilipinas
2. Federal form of government is adaptable in the Philippines 3.15 HIGH
Ang pederal na anyo ng pamahalaan ay madaling ibagay o iangkop sa
Pilipinas
3. Political culture of the Filipinos is suitable for a federal 3.05 HIGH
system of government
Ang politikal na kultura ng mga pilipino ay maaari ng iangkop para sa
isang pederal na sistema ng pamahalaan
4. Philippine national security will be enhanced if 3.75 VERY
federalization is adopted HIGH
Ang pambansang seguridad ng Pilipinas ay mapapahusay kung ang
Pederalisasyon ay pinagtibay
5. Federalization scheme creates greater autonomy to other 3.95 VERY
local units of government HIGH
Ang pamamaraan ng Pederalisasyon ay lumilikha ng mas malawak na
awtonomiya sa ibang mga lokal na yunit ng pamahalaan
25

6. Federalization scheme is reflective of the desires and 2.9 FAIR

aspirations of the Filipino people
Ang pamamaraan ng Pederalisasyon ay mapanimdim sa mga hangarin at
aspirasyon ng sambayanang Pilipino
7. As to substance, a federal form of government creates 3.25 HIGH
political unity
Sa pagbubuod, ang pederal na anyo ng pamahalaan ang lumilikha ng
pagkakaisang pampulitika
8. There is a need for an amendment to our Constitution 3.3 HIGH
changing the unitary to a federal form
May pangangailangan para sa pagpapabuti/ pagpapatibay sa ating
Konstitusyon na binabago ang unitary sa isang pederal na anyo
9. Federalization will create disintegration of the whole 3 HIGH
Republic
Ang Pederalisasyon ay lilikha ng disintegrasyon (pagtibag/ paghiwalay) ng
buong Republika
10. The unitary system of government has failed to implement 3.15 HIGH
greater decentralization and autonomy
Ang unitary system ng pamahalaan ay nabigo upang maipatupad ang
mas malawak na desentralisasyon at awtonomiya
SCALE INTERPRETATION
1 - 1.80 Strongly - Disagree POOR
1.81 - 2.60 Disagree FAIR
2.61 - 3.40 Neutral HIGH
3.41 - 4.20 Agree VERY HIGH
4.21 - 5.00 Strongly - Agree EXCELLENT
The researchers used the method of weighted mean with a formula of

Wx=fx/N x 100. In order to determine the Insight of the Local Politicians if a
federal type of Government will be implemented in the Philippines. The
questionnaire was applied on a rating scale which is Likert scale to obtain the
mean that shows if the Local Politicians have Positive or Negative insight if a
federal type of Government will be implemented in the Philippines.
26

Qualitative Part of the Study:
Presented below are the general answer of the respondents in the

given Interview questionnaire of the researchers.
1. In your own knowledge, what do you know about federalism?
A new system of government proposed in our country that will change

the unitary system into federalism. A type of administration where each state
has its own rule or control of their constituent, each proposed state has its
own power to create new laws for their constituent and the power is divided
between the national government units.
It is also a type of Government that is the same as America that can

change our present constitution because the country will be divided into
states that will result into Government integration and it has division of
powers in each state from the government that can lead to the development
of our Government to make a progress in our country but it is also a form of
government that the Philippines Isn’t ready for as of today
27

2. In your own insight what could be the possible outcome if a federal

type of government will be implemented in our country.
Advantage
• It will meet the needs of the region or state because they are the focus
of their administration and will have more guidance by their political
leaders.
• Political leader’s Authority in each state will be more extensive
• Security of the country will be enhanced
• Independency of federal states to manage and govern its people more
efficiently from the central government
• Possible Solution to the Mindanao conflict
• Each state can develop their own economic and political potentials
• A more disciplined citizen or residents of each region
• A greater change in the Philippines that might lead into progress and
development of our country
• It will stop the unfair distribution of the funds in each state
• Brings government closer to the people
• The rich Federal countries help new Federal Countries in training and
cost to succeed.
• The power of government will become stronger
28

Disadvantage
• Sometimes, there might be a confusion as to who is responsible for

some case or situation
• It might result higher chance of corruption in each autonomy
• There are many laws that needs to be implemented
• A more loose handle of power of the central government on their federal
states
• A permanent disintegration of Bangsamoro in our country
• Political dynasty will increase in our country
• It is possible to have a conflict between states in issues wherein every
leader has its own disagreement.
• There will be some region that will find it difficult to develop their state
and will be left behind
• The federal government is very expensive as more people are needed
in each state to work under the government
• There may be an elected person who is not worthy of the position
• Lack of experience, it might not take full of responsibility for a long time
• A more responsibility of the politicians in the local government unit
• If there are many violators of the law and many are imprisoned, there
will be lack of jail for the inmates.
29

3. Why do you think federalism is suitable/ not suitable for the

Philippines?
NOT SUITABLE SUITABLE

Many Filipinos are unfamiliar or unaware It will lead to a greater change of our
about the proposed federal system of the country so we can develop and
government, the Philippine government or improve our livelihood and it can
culture is in no shape to take on more make the states more independent to
liberated form of government like develop their own progress.
federalism. Filipinos as of today are still
stuck on their ways, there are some area
that are lack of experience, man power,
natural resources and they might left
behind, in our present government system,
there are some people who will run for the
election and will have the position that
they are not worthy for and as of today,
many political leaders are already corrupt
and cannot be trusted. There will be many
changes that our country is not yet ready
because it is expensive and some of the
respondents are already satisfied with the
present unitary system
30

CHAPTER V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter present the synthesis of the findings presented in the

foregoing chapter, the conclusion drawn from the findings, and the
recommendations offered to answered in questions stated at the statements
of the problem of the chapter 1.
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
Based from the gathered data, the researcher came up with the
following findings.
Frequency and Percentage of Demographic Profile in terms of

Gender of the Respondents
With the demographic profile in terms of gender male and female that
was ranked, there are 11 males that has greater percentage that was ranked
as number 1 having 55% percent while female has 9 respondents having
45% percent as ranked 2

Age Range of the Respondents
The given age that the finding shows is the ranking of the age group of
most and least respondents that are chosen to participate in the survey.
Wherein 21 years – 30 years that was placed in rank 1 with a frequency of 8
responses having 40% are the most local politician’s age are in this group.
31

While Below 21 years and 31 years – 40 years are place in rank 2.5 having
the same 6 responses in the given survey and it was 30% percent of the
number in 20 respondents. While the remaining age group which is 41 years
– 50 years and Above 50 years got no response.

Civil Status of the Respondents
With the demographic profile in terms of civil status that was ranked
there are Single respondents that has greater percentage of 75% percent
and was ranked as number 1 having 15 response while Married respondents
has 5 response having 25% percent as ranked 2. While the remaining civil
status which is widowed and separated got no response.
List of Respondent’s Position in Barangay Talipapa and their

years/ months of service
With the demographic profile in terms of respondent’s position in

Barangay Talipapa and their years/ months of service, we conducted a
survey in 7 SK Members, 6 Kagawads, 3 Barangay Staffs and Barangay
Treasurer, SK Chairperson, SK Secretary and SK Treasurer with a range of
10 months – 4 years of service in Barangay Talipapa.

Income group of the Respondents
The given Income group that the finding shows is the ranking of the
Income group of most and least respondents that are chosen to participate in
the survey. Wherein 10,001 – 25,000 was placed in rank 1 with a frequency
of 17 responses having 85% percent are the most local politician’s Income
are in this group. While 25,001 – 50,000 are place in rank 2 having 3
32

responses in the given survey having 15% percent of the number in 20

respondents. While the remaining age group which is Below 10,000 and
more than 50,000 got no response.
Frequency and Percentage of Local Politicians in terms of their

knowledge regarding to the proposed federal system of Government
Using the formula of percentage, the researcher’s identified that there are 8
respondents who has a “A little knowledge” about the proposed federal
system of government with a 40% percent out of 20 respondents and 6
respondents who answered that they have “A great knowledge” and “not a
great deal but a sufficient amount of knowledge” regarding to the proposed
federal system of government with the same percentage of 30% percent with
a total of 100% percent.
Frequency and Percentage of Local Politicians and their Decision in

terms of Changing the Present Unitary System into Federal System
Using the formula of percentage, the researchers identified that there

are 8 respondents with a percentage of 40% percent who answered that they
are Not in favor, the system of government should not be changed now, but it
may be changed sometime in the future and also 8 respondents with a
percentage of 40% percent who answered Not in favor, the system should
not be changed now nor any other time while there are 4 respondents with a
percentage of 20% percent who responded that they are in favor, the system
should be changed to federalism now.
33

Weighted Mean and its Interpretation of Local Politician’s insight

if a federal type of government will be implemented in the Philippines
Using the formula of weighted mean and to identify the interpretation

of the guideline using Likert scale, the researchers found out that most of the
respondents are agreeing that Federal government and Political culture of
the Filipinos is suitable in the condition of the country and also adaptable in
the Philippines as it identified in the Likert scale as High. Respondents are
strongly agreed that National security will be enhanced and federalization
creates greater autonomy to the local unit of governments as it identified in
the liker scale as very high.
Respondents are disagreeing that federalization is reflective of the desires

and aspirations of the Filipino as it identifies as Fair in Likert scale, while the
remaining statements that federal form of government creates political unity
and there is a need for an amendment to our constitution identified as high in
Likert scale. And federalization create disintegration of the whole republican
and the unitary system of government has failed to implement create
decentralization and autonomy are identified also as high in Likert scale.
34

Conclusion
The Researchers conclude that:
• Most of the Local Politicians in Barangay Talipapa has a little

knowledge about the proposed Federal type of Government but most
of them identified what federalism is all about by validating their
answer from our interview question number 1
• Most of them are not in favor in changing the Government into a
Federal type of government, in the reason that the Philippines is lack
of experience in it and it will cause a lot of changes which is expensive
• However, there are respondents who are not in favor of changing the
unitary system into federal system now but it may be changed in the
future wherein Filipinos have enough knowledge and awareness
about Federalism and also if Filipinos and our Political culture are
ready to have this Federal Government.
• From the answer of the Respondents in terms of determining their
insight if a federal type of government will be implemented in the
Philippines, most of the respondent’s insight are Philippine national
security will be enhanced if federalization is adopted and
Federalization scheme creates greater autonomy to other local units
of government, also Respondents do not think that Federalization
scheme is reflective of the desires and aspirations of the Filipino
people with the reason of many Filipinos are unaware and unfamiliar
about federalization.
• Respondents identified a lot of disadvantage in terms of possible
outcomes if a federal type of government will be implemented in our
country, and most of them responded that Federal system of
35

government is not suitable in our country base on their answer in the

given interview questionnaire, question number 3.
36

Recommendation
In the light of the findings and conclusions, the following recommendation are
drawn:
This study is recommended to the Local Politicians, as the result of this study
most of the Local Politicians has a little knowledge about the Federal
Government, through this study the said Local Politicians can have the
information about the Federal Government.
This study is also recommended to the Filipino Citizen in order for them to
determine what are the advantages and disadvantages of Federal
Government base on the result of this study and also for them to get
information about Federalism.
And lastly, we recommend this study to the future researcher, who will
make a study that is related to our study. The result of this study can serve as
one of their sources in making their study. And also, we recommend to the
Future Researcher that they can still study further about this study for them to
conclude for more result.
37

Name: Kimberly Tolledo Balneg
Address: 221 Road 1 Bagong Pag-Asa Quezon City
Email Address: kimberlybalneg07@gmail.com
Cellphone #: 0946-446-3265
Personal Information
Citizenship: Filipino
Birthday: April 7, 2001
Birthplace: Marikina City
Age: 17
Religion: Roman Catholic
Educational Background
Elementary School: Santo Cristo Elementary School
Junior High School: Ernesto Rondon High School
Senior High School: Dr. Carlos S. Lanting College
38

Name: Crystal Henessy Galgana
Address: California Village Sta. Maria Street, San Bartolome Novaliches
Q.C
Email Address: Crystalgalgana@gmail.com
Cellphone #: 09451546158
Birthday: November. 3, 1999
Birthplace: Quezon City
Age: 19
Religion: Catholic
Elementary School: Resurrection Catholic School
Junior High School: Dr. Carlos S. Lanting College
39

Name: Cherry Mae D. Reyes
Address: #11A road 3 GSIS Hills Subd. Talipapa Caloocan City
Email Address: reyescherrymae27@gmail.com
Cellphone #: 09350090155
Birthday: February 27, 2001
Birthplace: Palmera, Bulacan
Age: 18
Religion: Christian, Baptist
Elementary School: Talipapa Elementary School
Junior High School: Talipapa High School
40

Name: Ysabelle Mary Claire T. Sabangan
Address: 42 Batis St., Sitio Maligaya, Proj. 8, Quezon City
Email Address: claraaasab@gmail.com

Cellphone #: 09177496701
Birthday: November 27, 2001
Birthplace: Quezon City
Age: 17
Religion: Roman Catholic
Elementary School: GSIS VILLAGE ELEMENTARY
SCHOOL PLACIDO DELMUNDO ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
Junior High School: ISMAEL MATHAY SR HIGHSCHOOL
ST FAUSTINA SCHOOL OF QUEZON CITY
Dr. Carlos S. Lanting College
41

Dr. Carlos S. Lanting College: Lensing Through Federalism in The Eyes of Local Politicians in Barangay Talipapa

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Dr. Carlos S. Lanting College: Lensing Through Federalism in The Eyes of Local Politicians in Barangay Talipapa

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DR. CARLOS S.

Lensing through federalism in the Eyes of Local Politicians

LENSING THROUGH FEDERALISM IN THE EYES OF LOCAL

Reyes, Cherry Mae D.

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Program of

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Lensing through federalism in the Eyes of Local Politicians

ADVISER’S RECOMMENDATION SHEET

The Research Project Entitled:

LENSING THROUGH FEDERALISM IN THE EYES OF LOCAL

Reyes, Cherry Mae D.

and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

has been examined and is recommended for approval and acceptance

Lensing through federalism in the Eyes of Local Politicians

PANEL’S APPROVAL SHEET

This Research Project Entitled

LENSING THROUGH FEDERALISM IN THE EYES OF LOCAL

after having been presented is hereby approved

Lensing through federalism in the Eyes of Local Politicians

DEPARTMENT ACCEPTANCE SHEET

This Research Project Entitled

LENSING THROUH FEDERALISM IN THE EYES OF LOCAL POLITICINS

After having been recommended and approved is hereby accepted by

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Lensing through federalism in the Eyes of Local Politicians

We would also like to acknowledge our teacher in Research subject Sir

In addition, we are also grateful to our respondents who willingly answered

Lensing through federalism in the Eyes of Local Politicians

Lensing through federalism in the Eyes of Local Politicians

In this study “Lensing through Federalism in the Eyes of Local

Lensing through federalism in the Eyes of Local Politicians

Background of the study 1

Chapter 2 – REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

and CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 5

Review of Related Literature 5

Lensing through federalism in the Eyes of Local Politicians

Chapter 4 – Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data 31

Chapter 5 – Summary of Findings, Conclusions and

Lensing through federalism in the Eyes of Local Politicians

Figure Title Page

1 Frequency and Percentage of Demographic Profile 19

in terms of Gender of the Respondents

2 Frequency and Percentage of Demographic Profile 20

in terms of Age group of the Respondents

3 Frequency and Percentage of Demographic Profile 21

in terms of Civil Status of the Respondents

4 List of Respondent’s Position in Barangay Talipapa 21

and their year/s of service

5 Frequency and Percentage of Demographic profile 22

in terms of Income Group of the Respondents

6 Frequency and Percentage of Local Politicians in 23

terms of their Knowledge regarding to the

proposed federal system of Government

7 Frequency and Percentage of Local Politicians and 24

their Decisions in terms of changing the present

unitary system into federal system

8 Weighted Mean and its Interpretation of Local 25

Politician’s Insight if a federal type of

Government will be implemented in the Philippines

Lensing through federalism in the Eyes of Local Politicians

Background of the Study

In the article II section 1 of the 1987 constitution of the Republic of the