Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
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Combining
protection and
measurement in
LV
Low voltage
expert guides n° 10
YFJYVIIVGIT
6FKQHLGHU(OHFWULF )55(9$
Summary
Energy efficiency
2.1 Main solutions destined to achieve energy efficiency 7
2.1.1. Power measurement 7
2.1.2. HVAC control 8
2.1.3. Lighting control 8
2.1.4. Power factor correction 8
2.1.5. Building automation 8
2.1.6. Energy management systems 9
2.1.6.1. Alarming and event logging 9
2.1.6.2. Asset management optimization 9
2.1.6.3. Energy tariff optimization 10
2.1.6.4. Energy usage analysis 10
Energy quality
3.1. Different types of disturbances 11
3.1.1. Voltage disturbances 11
3.1.1.1. Voltage dips and short interruptions 11
3.1.1.2. Overvoltages 13
3.1.2. Specific disturbances of multi-phase systems 15
3.1.3. Electromagnetic disturbances: emissions, radiation, electrostatic
discharge 16
3.1.4. Frequency disturbances 16
3.1.5. Harmonic disturbances 16
Protection and measurement
1.1. Protection
Many different phenomena can disturb network operation during the life cycle
Protection of an electrical installation of an electrical installation and some of these phenomena require the use of special
protection measures.
is required by current standards.
Protection against electrical shocks
Measurement of network characteristics This protection involves people coming into contact with live energized parts of the
allows us to: installation. In this case we talk about protection against direct contact or protection
b find out the quality of the supplied against indirect contact:
b direct contact refers to a person who comes into contact with live, normally
energy energized parts of a piece of equipment or an electrical device. Various installation
b have an energy-efficient installation. standards (national, as in the case of NF C15-100 in France or international ones
such as IEC 60364 standard) require special measures to be taken to protect against
Combining both of these functions direct contacts (guards, insulating conductive parts, the use of very low voltage,
the use of 30 mA residual current devices, etc.).
in the same device:
b reduces installation costs
DB124986
DB124987
b ensures that it works correctly,
by matching the measurement sensors
to the protection device.
b indirect contact refers to a person coming into contact with a part that is not
normally live, but that has accidentally become live following an insulation fault.
Installation standards require special protection rules relative to indirect contact:
v automatic disconnection of the voltage source via protection switchgear
(e.g. circuit breakers)
v the use of class ll insulation materials
v electrical separation by the use of isolating transformers, etc.
Protection and measurement
1.2. Measurement
Energy costs are a very major item of expenditure.
There are many parameters to be taken into account to control an installation’s
costs: current, voltage, power, load curves, tripping analysis, etc.
These parameters are essential in order to understand electrical phenomena
in an installation. The number of parameters to be considered depends on
the site activity, the installation activity, performance levels, required precision, etc.
It is therefore important to correctly target requirements before any approach
DB124988
Protection and measurement
Energy efficiency
Energy efficiency involves: Energy efficiency involves providing a given level of performance, cost, quality,
availability, and comfort at a minimal level of energy usage throughout the lifecycle
b reducing energy consumption
of a given asset or process.
b optimizing energy costs
b improving installation reliability. In order to achieve a comprehensive energy management, three goals have
to be pursued:
b reduction of energy consumption: all energy types in all aspects of an operation
should be reduced
b optimization of energy cost: reduction of the acquisition cost of energy utilized
by an operation
b improved reliability & availability: reliable and efficient equipment operation
sustain gains, while outage risk is minimized through design and strategy.
DB124991
At the same time, three main methods are used in order to effectively put into action
the efficient use of energy:
b monitoring and analyzing, improve awareness of energy consumption and
usage:
v identify benchmarks and opportunities for savings
v facilitate validation and sustained energy management
v use measurement, monitoring and management software and services.
Energy efficiency
HVAC
DB125053
control
Lighting
control
Power factor
correction
Building
automation
Energy
management
systems
Automation
solutions Power
metering
Energy efficiency
high-quality, three-phase, power measurement device that presents data in real time
to the field operator. The basic measurements provided include:
b current,
b voltage,
b energy,
b power,
b frequency,
b power factor.
FDM121 unit display. The simplest form of this solution is a power measurement device on its own that
the end user reads or observes when he walks by. At the higher end of this
application is a system that includes several power measurement devices
(some times linked together with a gateway) and a very simple software package.
Energy efficiency
Benefits
b HVAC can represent up to 70 % of energy consumption depending on building types
b different methods can be combined to save energy costs for HVAC in a range
of 15 % to 30 %:
v program temperature set point according to occupancy
v adapt heating or cooling production power according to real building needs
v raise temperature to comfort level when occupant presence is detected
v adapt ventilation flow according to occupancy or internal air pollution level
v recover heating or cooling energy from extracted air.
The power factor (PF) is the ratio of the active power to the apparent power
absorbed by the installation.
PF = kW / kVA
Power factor correction consists in optimizing the power factor, i.e. setting its value
close to 1 (0.92 to 0.95 being a reasonable value). A lower value means that reactive
energy must be supplied by the utility network, with consecutive increase of the line
demand current.
Power factor correction is generally managed by implementation of capacitor banks.
A power factor correction bank installed close to the load is intended to optimize the
power factor at the considered network point, and the flow of reactive power.
Benefits
b reduces the apparent load on the installation
b reduces the invoice for electrical energy
Capacitor bank for power factor correction.
b allows the optimization of the customer electrical installation, the utility network
and the power generator.
Benefits
b In buildings, about 80 % of energy consumption is in HVAC and lighting
b BACS contribute to energy savings as they can control all building services
(HVAC, lighting, blinds & shutters, power, security) and enable their crossed
optimization: savings range from 15 % to 30 % of energy costs
b Operational services enable customers to get the best energy performance from
BACS throughout their entire life cycle. This drives customers to get the best
possible energy ratings for their buildings.
Energy efficiency
This information helps the electrical engineering staff to quickly identify and fix
problem areas, to analyze and troubleshoot outages and equipment malfunctions,
and to take steps to avoid future occurrences.
Benefits
This application allows customers to react more quickly and efficiently if a critical
event occurs on the installation, which can reduce the impact that the event has on
the installation. Furthermore, the fault auditing and system analysis tools can help
prevent similar events from happening again.
Benefits
Electrical asset optimization lets the user avoid costly power breakdowns
and ensures he receives the required level of power quality:
b perform the proper maintenance at the optimal time on the correct equipment
to ensure performance during the equipment’s life span
b ensure a permanent follow-up process for equipment and decide among
maintenance, refurbishment, retrofit or replacement
b adjust network architecture to meet the process/activity requirements.
Energy efficiency
Benefits
b Through the analysis of electrical rate structures, the collection of electrical
consumption data, and what-if analysis energy managers can make a significant
impact on the overall financial contract with utility suppliers. Knowledge of how
a facility’s electrical energy is consumed, used and purchased, provides a huge
advantage for the purchaser in contract negotiations. Energy managers leverage
this energy procurement analysis and consolidate multiple facilities to reduce
the financial impact that electrical energy has across the entire enterprise.
b Depending on the tariffs offered by the suppliers and the loads under the control
of the customer, users can reduce energy costs in a variety of ways.
b Customers may also be able to take advantage of tariffs offered by utilities which
suffer from a lack of capacity or high marginal cost of production, for example during
the hot summer months. A demand curtailment agreement allows the customer to
benefit from an attractive energy rate. In exchange, when a utility requests it, the
users will reduce their load temporarily.
b Time-of-use rates are another incentive for those customers who can distribute
loads to lower-cost times of day and thereby reduce their energy bill.
b Avoiding reactive power charges is another way to optimize cost. Inductive loads
such as transformers and motors use not only real power, but also reactive power. These
types of loads absorb energy during part of the AC cycle, stored in the device’s magnetic
or electric field. The energy is then returned to the source during the other part of the
cycle. Utilities have to provide capacity to support this reactive power, and increasingly
reactive power charges are applied on energy bills. If your tariff includes reactive power
charges, power factor correction is a way to erase this charge from the energy bill.
Benefits
Strategies and actions for energy usage analysis run from the simplest to the most
sophisticated:
b basic energy measurement for all relevant utilities (water, air, gas, electricity,
steam, emissions) will allow the user to identify the most relevant areas
for improving energy usage and verify the effective impact of energy measures
b use of analytical software to perform comparative calculations and show trends
further enhances the user’s ability to identify savings areas and assess results
of actions
b cost allocation report allows the user to verify utility billing accuracy and drive
accountability in every level of his organization. By providing ownership of electricity
costs to the appropriate level in an organization, it incites energy users to wise
management, which results in lower overall energy costs
b sub-billing allows the owner of a building or facility to charge or invoice each internal
user for their effective electricity consumption, thus giving them ownership
of their electricity costs and motivation to use energy wisely. Owners can also maximize
the value of electrical and related assets used to supply tenants and ensure the cost of
providing those services is returned. An owner can reduce the overall energy usage for a
building by 8 to 10 %, by holding each tenant accountable for their energy costs.
10
Energy quality
The quality of the supplied energy The increasing use of electronic equipment and loads with complex impedances as
well as constructive imperfections inherent in the electrical network, have led to an
has a direct impact on:
increase in electrical network disturbances.
b installation operating costs Measuring the quality of energy involves measuring disturbances in order to reduce
b installation reliability and availability. or even eliminate them. Optimizing installation operation, maintenance and
determining its electrical reliability cannot be considered unless we know the scale of
Knowing energy quality is therefore of these disturbances.
prime importance.
This chapter deals with the main electrical disturbances and describes their causes
as well as their effects and their importance.
Interrupt
European standard EN 50160 requires that 95 % of the rms voltage value, calculated
over 10 minutes under normal operating conditions, for each period in the week,
must be in a range of ±10 % of the rated voltage.
Voltage dips can have detrimental effects on the whole installation with a high
requirement for continuity of service, such as continuous production lines in
factories, hospitals, IT centers, banks, etc.
11
Energy quality
Among the most sensitive equipment to brown-outs and breaks we can mention:
b IT equipment (computers which do not have a back-up supply may reboot)
b lighting devices, typically discharge lamps (leading to lighting turning off and
turning back on at a later point after the time required for cooling, for those that
cannot be turned back on when hot)
b motors. In the case of asynchronous motors, with the torque being proportional
to the square of voltage, the voltage dip effect is amplified. If the torque drops below
the load torque, the motor stops. Quick restarting may absorb high peak values
of current, reaching up to 1.5 the start up current. These voltage dips and over-
currents can age the motor quicker but can also have detrimental consequences on
motor protection switchgear (typically contactors may be damaged or even welded).
Another risk that can affect motors is the tripping of motor protection devices should
the current come back on with the phases in opposition. A very severe transient state
is applied to a motor when reenergized after a short cut or a voltage dip. Indeed,
during the break the motor speed drops according to the load torque applied by the
load. When reenergized, the remnant electromotive force in the machine may be
opposed with the phase of the network voltage which will lead
to a peak current circulating in this circuit which may be greater than the current
peak observed on restarting.
DB125055
Speed
Break
Return
of voltage
DB125056
Current
There are many origins of interruptions or voltage dips and they generally involve
operating conditions or on HV, MV or LV networks faults.
Disturbances due to HV and MV network operations
These disturbances can be caused for example by:
b changing the configuration of the HV/MV network by coupling or disconnecting
of networks between one and another
b the energizing of transformers due to making currents which can last for several
hundreds of milliseconds. For example, a MV/LV transformer with an apparent rated
power S = 1000 kVA during making on the MV side will generate a peak current
value that may be 10 times greater than the rated current with a time constant
of up to 350 ms
b the energizing of different loads, e.g. motors (either on startup when the current
can reach eight times the rated current for several tens of seconds) or MV
capacitors.
12
Energy quality
With a TN earthing system, we accept that impedances upstream of the faulty feeder
can cause a voltage dip of 20 % during a distinct insulation fault (contact resistance
between the faulty conductor and earth then being virtually zero).
In the case of a two phase short circuit on a feeder, a voltage dip is seen in the
neighboring feeder. This voltage dip is perceptible on the three complex voltages
due to the circulating of the short circuit current through line impedances on the short
circuited phases.
DB124997
∆U
In the same way, when switching a normal circuit to a backup circuit via a source
changeover switch, a voltage dip may appear during the switchover phase itself.
This time is equal to the sum of startup durations of the active genset (which may
reach several seconds) and the interruption duration ( u 50 ms according to standard
IEC 60947-6-1).
3.1.1.2. Overvoltages
An overvoltage is the name given to any voltage applied to equipment outside
of the tolerances permitted by the standard.
Ways in which overvoltages may appear can be divided into two categories:
b differential mode overvoltages, appearing between live conductors (including
the neutral
b common mode overvoltages, which appear between live and earthing conductors
(PE or PEN in a TNC earthing system).
There are many consequences of overvoltages depending above all on the nature
of the overvoltage: their steep front, duration, repeatability, their mode - common
or differential… Electronic components are among the most sensitive to
overvoltages, above all causing dielectric strikeover. At the same time, if these
appear repeatedly, even for short durations, they can cause accelerated aging
of equipment and may lead to its destruction or to a fire in the installation.
13
Energy quality
DB125057
Lightning
overvoltage
Distance from
the lighting stroke
For a lightning stroke of 20 kA, and a ground resistivity of 1000 Ohm x m, the potential of the
earth can reach 40 kV.
Current wave:
DB125000
8 / 20 µs
DB125002
14
Energy quality
DB125003
On opening of K, voltages VAN and VBN evolve in opposition, which leads to extinguish
and re-arcing the arc, until the energy lost by the arc and the increasing distance between
contacts interrupt the phenomenon.
Phase unbalances
This type of unbalance is above all seen in thyristor type arrangements: indeed,
on one hand phase-controlled thyristor operation is disturbed by voltage unbalances,
and on the other hand, voltage harmonics, when passing through zero can “mislead”
the synchronizing and starting of thyristors.
DB125005
DB125007
DB125006
15
Energy quality
DB125009
b for voltages greater than their rated voltage, transformers can absorb currents full
of harmonics. In this case, saturation due to the hysteresis effect is responsible.
DB125010
B I
le
t
Ue
U
16
Energy quality
DB125058
DB125012
Generator of Capacitor Linear
harmonics banks load
This gives
neglecting R
17
Energy quality
DB125014
Current and voltage waves distorted by a phase controlled rectifier.
DB125015
DB125016
Alternating current upstream of a Graetz rectifier bridge followed by a capacitor.
DB125017
At each strikeover of thyristors in a heating controller, a voltage dip appears followed by a voltage
drop due to inductance components and the internal power supply resistance.
v arcing furnaces, due to the asymmetrical and unstable nature of the arc, generate
harmonics over the whole range. Whether alternating or direct current, their range
is very variable according to the model and cannot be determined without using
accurate measurement.
DB116885
18
Energy quality
One of the most tricky effects of harmonics, notably of those of rank 3 and multiples
of 3, is their cumulation in the neutral conductor. Indeed, the fundamental
components of currents in the three phases mutually cancel each other out
and therefore do not appear in the neutral conductor.
However, rank 3 harmonics (and multiples of 3) combine. We can therefore have
a current in the neutral conductor with an installation that has balanced loads.
DB125018
3x
In addition, the neutral current can exceed the value of current in the phases
for installations absorbing strong rank 3 and multiple of 3 harmonic components.
We can prove that the maximum current value in the neutral can reach up to 3*Iph
with Iph = current in the phases. Particular attention must be given to protecting the
neutral cable, this cable being likely to recover these harmonic currents.
Several situations may occur:
b either the rank 3 harmonic current in the live conductors is low, in which case
the neutral can be designed and protected like other live conductors
b or the rank 3 harmonic current in the live conductors is high, in which case
the current flowing through the neutral conductor may be higher than the currents
in the other cables. The sizing of cables is therefore determined according to the
current likely to flow in the neutral conductor. However, using special switchgear
(e.g. the OSN trip unit in Schneider Electric Compact NSX circuit breakers), we can
design neutral and phase conductors differently, which allows considerable
economic gains to be made.
19
Energy quality
fundamental component
with
h rank harmonic components of the current
h=2
fundamental component
with
h rank harmonic components of the current
These two values show the importance of the part of the signal carried by
the harmonics relative to the fundamental. For example, here are a few usual THD
values for some current consumers:
DB125023
44 %
Rectifier
DB125020
DB125024
28 %
IT load
DB125021
DB125025
115 %
Fluorescent lamp
DB125022
DB125026
53 %
We consider that the effect of voltage and current harmonics depends on the
following thresholds:
The impact of the THD value on the safety of equipment has led the installation
standards to impose thresholds in determining their capability to be detrimental.
20
Energy quality
For example, let us consider the case of a three-phase installation with a neutral,
supplying an IT circuit and absorbing a rated current of 150 A. If the installation was
not polluted, a protection switchgear with a rated current = 160 A would be sufficient
as well as cables with a cross section of 95 mm². Since the installation is strongly
polluted (rank 3 harmonic levels > 33 %) it is the neutral conductor that determines
the cross section of the cables. In this case, considering that the current can be
greater than 150 A rated current (may reach up to 210 A for a THDiH3 of 40 %)
a 185 mm² cross section for the 4 live conductors proves necessary as well as
protection switchgear with a rated current of 250 A. However it is also possible
to only choose cross sections of 95 mm² for phase conductors and 185 mm²
for the neutral conductor, but then the protection switchgear release must take
account of this specific feature. This choice naturally gives considerable benefits
due to the lower cross section of the phase conductors.
Therefore, taking the example used above for an installation with a THDiH3
of between 15 % and 33 % and a rated current of 150 A, a correction factor of 0.86
is applied; the new current is therefore 175 A which determines the cross section
of all the conductors. If the THDiH3 is situated between 33 % and 45 % (e.g. 40 %)
it is the neutral that determines the cross section of conductors: the current that must
be taken account of is then 150 x 0.4 (40 %) x 3 (since harmonic 3 in the phase
conductors are combined) = 180 A to which we apply a reduction factor 0.86.
The current will then be 180/0.86 = 210 A.
The table below summarizes the main harmonic effects on equipment in an electrical
installation:
Equipment Effects
Power Capacitors Temperature rise, premature aging (strikeover), resonance
Motors Additional losses and temperature rises
Reduction of possibilities of using at full load
Pulsating torque (vibrations, mechanical fatigue), sound
nuisance
Transformers Losses (Ohmic-iron) and additional temperature rises
Mechanical vibrations
Sound nuisance
Circuit breakers Nuisance tripping (greater current for the same active power, etc.)
Cables Additional dielectric and ohmic losses (particularly in the
neutral in the case of the presence of rank 3 harmonics)
Computers Functional disorders
Power electronics Disorders related to the wave form (switching, synchronization)
21
IEC 61557-12 standard
Standard IEC 61557-12 gives us: It is increasingly necessary to measure the different electrical parameters in order to
check the required performance levels in electrical distribution systems and take
b a common benchmark
account of:
b an assessment of performances b changes in installation standards, e.g. measuring current in the neutral conductor
b a common specification and description in presence of harmonics
b technological changes (electrical loads, different measurement methods, etc.)
for devices intended to measure b increasing needs of customers in terms of reducing installation costs
the various electrical parameters. b dependability and continuity of service
b sustainable development in which measurement is considered as a key element
in managing energy.
IEC 61557-12 standard offers a basis on which this devices can be specified
and described and on which their performance can be assessed. It specifies
requirements for performances measuring and monitoring devices (PMD)
in electrical distribution systems.
4.1. Scope
IEC 61557-12 standard is applicable:
b to alternating or direct networks with service voltages up to 1000 V AC or
1500 V DC.
b in fixed or portable installations, indoor or outdoor usage
b generally, but not exclusively, in industrial and/or commercial installations
for the following requirements:
v energy management inside the installation
v monitoring and/or measurement of electrical parameters
v monitoring and/or measurement of power quality.
protocol
Measurement
sensors (see note) Acquisition unit Processing unit Evaluation unit Display unit
Digital I/O
management
22
IEC 61557-12 standard
IEC 61557-12 standard defines the general structure of a PMD. The electrical signal to
be measured can be acquired either directly or via measurement sensors.
This is then processed and assessed and the output is displayed (via a display unit) or
communicated using a communication protocol (e.g. such as Modbus) or even sent to
a digital I/O unit. This last option is above all used in the machine and PLC universes.
DB125061
Voltage Voltage
sensor sensor
23
IEC 61557-12 standard
The standard defines an equation to calculate this precision according to the intrinsic
precision:
b the total device precision, taking account, in addition, of all the factors influencing
the total measurement uncertainty (uncertainty and variations in precision of external
sensors, variation of cable impedances which link device sensors, etc.).
The equation for this total precision calculation is different according to the type
of PMD:
v for a PMD DD, the total precision = operating precision
v for a PMD SD, DS or SS
(PMD operating uncertainty)2
overall system uncertainty
(sensor + wirings uncertainty)2
with N =1 if there is only one single external sensor (current or voltage) therefore for a PMD SD
or a PMD DS and N = 2 if two sensors are present (current and voltage), therefore for a PMD DD.
DB125062
Operating uncertainty
acc. to IEC 61557-1
Variations due to
influence quantities Measurement uncertainty
acc. to IEC 61000-4-30
Uncertainty under
reference conditions
Intrinsic uncertainty
Therefore the choice of external sensors (if they exist) must be made carefully
in order to achieve a certain total system performance class.
24
IEC 61557-12 standard
Particular care must be given to measuring the power and energy due to the error in
the sensor phase: for example an error of 30’ of a degree on the phase causes an
error of more than 1.5 % on the active phase measurement for a power factor = 0.5.
For these reasons, the standard recommends the use of good quality sensors (class
0.2 S or 0.5 S) in order to carry out acceptable measure of power and energy.
All intermediary performance values must be declared as the closest higher value.
Therefore for example a PMD with a total performance of 0.03 will have a
performance class, according to IEC 61557-12 standard, of 0.05.
25
IEC 61557-12 standard
4.6. The basic current, the rated current and the maximum current
All the measurements are carried out with reference to the current ranges in which
they apply. The two decisive values for this current range are:
b the reference current, which is defined differently according to the type of PMD:
v Ib, or basic current for Dx type PMDs (DS or DD)
v In, or rated current for Sx type PMDs (SD or SS)
b the maximum current, Imax, which defines the upper limit of the current for which
the measurement of the respective value is carried out.
For example measurement of the active power for an installation whose power factor
is equal to 1, for a performance class equal to 1, must be measured with:
b a precision of 1 % for a current varying by 10 % of Ib up to Imax for a PMD Dx
b a precision of 1 % for a current varying by 5 % of In up to Imax for a PMD Sx.
For deviations relative to these reference conditions, but still inside the rated ranges,
the standard allows extended precision ranges.
26
IEC 61557-12 standard
Phase current
Specified measuring range Intrinsic uncertainty Unit
Value of current for Value of current for limitsfor PMD of
Direct connected PMD Sensor operated PMD function performance
Dx Sx class C (1)(2)
20 % Ib y I y Imax 10 % In y I y Imax ±1.0 x C %
27
The Schneider Electric solution
DB125038
Masterpact range.
Micrologic Type
A E
Display of protection settings
Pick-ups (A) and delays All settings can be displayed b b
Measurements
Instantaneous rms measurements
Currents (A) Phases and neutral b b
Average of phases b b
Highest current of the 3 phases b b
and neutral
Ground fault (Micrologic 6) b b
Current unbalance between phases - b
Voltages (V) Phase-to-phase - b
Phase-to-neutral - b
Average of phase-to-phase voltages - b
Average of phase-to-neutral voltages - b
Ph-Ph and Ph-N voltage unbalance - b
Phase sequence - b
Frequency (Hz) Power system - b
Power Active (kW) - b
Reactive (kVAR) - b
Apparent (kVA) - b
Power factor and cos j (fundamental) - b
At the same time, Compact NSX provi des several operating assistance functions:
Personalized alarms with time stamping
The user can set up to 12 alarms, via communication with a PC.
They can be read remotely either on the FDM121 switchboard display,
or through the communication system.
28
The Schneider Electric solution
DB125036
Maintenance indicators
FDM121 unit display. Several indicators are available for maintenance reasons.
They are displayed on the FDM121 switchboard display.
29
The Schneider Electric solution
Compact NSX provides as well “on demand” measures. The demand of a value is
equal to the average of this value over a given period of time.
DB125040
It represents the average quantity used, in the past, of this value and may serve thus
to understand its possible future need, assuming the conditions of the past are
similar to those of the future (wherefrom the term “demand”).
The calculation of current and power “demand” allows the user to:
b eliminate or minimize penalties for exceeding contract values, e.g. by load
shedding/load restoring
b give trend plots which can be used to forecast current and power demand
b check the suitability of the subscribed power contract.
Furthermore, Compact NSX provides peak and minimum demand for each
instantaneous measurement. It can be reset by the trip unit unit keypad.
For any circuit breaker that wants to integrate measurement, two requirements must
be fulfilled simultaneously:
b having sufficient power to supply the trip unit for the protection function
b carrying out a precise measurement.
In order to comply with these two requirements, Compact NSX uses a new
generation current transformer. This is composed of:
b an air (Rogowski coil) current transformer, destined to measure, precisely
and on a large scale
b an iron current transformer, destined to supply power to the trip unit.
These new CT are available in every new Micrologic trip unit, thus ensuring
a consistent measurement technique among each other.
At the same time, one aspect has to be taken into account: the integrated
measurement must not compromise the reliability of the protection or vice-versa.
Several aspects have to be analyzed here, in order to ensure that the two functions
are well separated:
b EMC aspects: the electromagnetic influence of one transformer does not have to
interfere with the other
b Software aspects: the tripping unit has to clearly distinguish the protection
and the measurement functions inside the electronic device.
In the Micrologic trip unit, these considerations are taken into account, as the
measurement treatment unit is done by the built-in microprocessor, which is clearly
separated from the protection treatment unit, done by a specialized integrated circuit
(ASIC).
DB125063
Measurement
Microprocessor Communication
module
Advanced
Basic protection functions
protection (metering, analyses...)
Air
Current-
Iron dependent Power supply
power
30
The Schneider Electric solution
Rogowski coil
Rogowski defined the principle of this sensor in 1912. It contains no ferromagnetic
materials, thus ensuring a perfect linearity in a wide current range, a linearity
unaffected by the various frequencies present in the networks where it is used.
Non-ferromagnetic support
DB125064
Support radius
Secondary winding
(fine wiring)
The output signal of a Rogowski coil is proportional to the derivate of the current.
Thus, electronically, an integrator system is installed downstream of the sensor,
in order to treat further the image of the current to be measured.
5.2. Consistency
The measuring devices integrated in the tripping units of the Schneider-Electric LV
power circuit breakers show a clear consistency in functionalities, communication
and precision.
From the functionality point of view, the new Micrologic range provides measurement
functions for MCCBs, that formerly were existing only for ACBs. Thus, it is now
possible to have the same measurement technique from 100 A up to 6300 A.
DB125033
DB125043
OK OK
Mode
Mode
EGX100.
DB125042
31
The Schneider Electric solution
According to the standard, the three important defining criteria for measurement are
as follows in the case of the Compact NSX circuit breaker:
b the basic current Ib is equal to the circuit breaker rating:
v for a Compact NSX160 with a 40 A rating, Ib = 40 A
v for a Compact NSX630 with a 630 A rating, Ib = 630 A
b the maximum current Imax, for which measurements are guaranteed with the
given precision, is equal to 1.2xIb:
v for a Compact NSX160 with a 40 A rating, Imax = 48 A
v for a Compact NSX630 with a 630 A rating, Imax = 750 A
32
The Schneider Electric solution
Compact
DB125065
Compact Compact
NSX100 NSX400
Micrologic 6.2 E Micrologic 6.3 E-M
Multi 9
C60 Contactor
LC1-F265
An incoming feeder is supplying several loads under the operational voltage of 380 V
phase to phase. A 160 kW motor is protected by the circuit breaker.
Compact NSX400, in coordination of type 2 according to IEC 60947-1 with
a LC1-F265 contactor. The circuit breaker is downstream of a main incoming circuit
breaker Compact NS630b, placed in the beginning of the installation, with which it is
totally selective, according to IEC 60947-2 Annex A.
The main incoming circuit breaker is further placed upstream of another feeder,
protected by a Compact NSX100, with which it is totally selective. Further
downstream, this latter is totally selective with several miniature circuit breakers
C60, that are protecting different loads: socket plugs, computer circuits, and a small
office lighting circuit.
The Compact NSX100 circuit breaker is equipped with a Micrologic 6.2 E trip unit,
while the circuit breaker Compact NSX400 is equipped with a Micrologic 6.3 E-M trip
unit, perfectly protecting for electrical distribution and motor charges, respectively.
At the same time, besides protecting, the Micrologic trip units measure the most
important electric parameters through the circuit breakers and can both display
them locally, through the LCD, or remotely, through the FDM121 display unit.
33
The Schneider Electric solution
Further, these data can be communicated, through the Modbus protocol, by the
means of the Modbus Interface (IFM), connected to each Compact NSX circuit
breaker - and from there, through the EGX100 or MPS100 Gateway, to Ethernet.
The data can then be processed and analyzed by a SCADA system:
DB125066
FDM121
unit MPS100 Gateway
display
Measurement and protection are thus combined and processed inside one unique
device, the Compact NSX circuit breaker equipped with the Micrologic trip unit.
The absence of necessary wiring between devices performing the different functions
(protection and measurement) ensures thus that no connection errors are possible.
In addition, the current and voltage transformers are perfectly matched with the
tripping unit and with the circuit breaker, since they are integrated in the whole
device.
At the same time, less connectivity means less cost. The best solution is achieved
through a built-in device, one where no costly supplementary connection
is necessary.
34
Notes
35
Notes
36
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Schneider Electric Industries SAS As standards, specifications and designs change from time to time, please ask for confirmation
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COM-LVP11EN 06-2009