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Alyssa Bradley

Profesor Hellmers

English 1201 Online

March 3 2019

Annotated Bibliography

“Can Seaweed Cut Methane Emissions on Dairy Farms?” UC Davis, 4 Jan. 2019,

www.ucdavis.edu/news/can-seaweed-cut-methane-emissions-dairy-farms/.

In the article titled “Can Seaweed Cut Methane Emissions on Dairy Farms?” written by

Diane Nelson, published on May 24, 2018 on the uc davis website, it is stated that seaweed helps

reduce methane emissions greatly in dairy cows. Ermias Kebreab, a professor in the Department

of Animal Science at UC Davis, Conducted a study testing seaweed efficacy with 12 Holstein

cows. As cows burp throughout the day, they release methane. When they digest food in their

rumen, the first out of their four stomachs, million of microbes help break down high fiber foods,

like grass. Adding just 2 percent of seaweed to the cows feed could decrease methane emissions

by up to 99 percent. There is still research that needs to be done to determine if this is a long

term solution.

The purpose of this article to inform others the efficacy of seaweed in dairy cattle feed.

The audience would most likely be dairy farmers who would like to reduce the methane released

by their cows. The article was written in 2018, so it may already be known if seawood is a long

term solution. The article was also published on a university’s website which makes it more

credible than if it were published on a different type of website. The author is an animal scientist

at UC Davis that was involved in the study. The information shared is directly from the study

that was conducted, so it is very reliable. I will use to information to answer the question of what
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can be done to reduce methane emissions in dairy cattle. In my paper I want to not only write

about the negative effects of cattle, bt how to solve this issue.

“Grazing Cattle and Climate Change.” Climate Nexus, 6 Oct. 2017,

climatenexus.org/climate-issues/food/grazing-cattle-climate-change/.

In the article titled “Grazing Cattle and Climate Change” published on October 6, 2017, It

discusses the benefits of grassfed cows. It is also written about how cows affect climate change

and how much they contribute to it. Re-entering manure into the soil can help to reduce methane

emissions. The article states than although feeding cows grass has many benefits, such as

healthier beef and reduced use of antibiotics, it is not enough to fix the climate change problem.

The purpose of this article is to inform people that just changed cows diets to grass would

not have a big enough effect on climate change. The audience would be dairy farmers because

the article could help them determine what they feed their cows. The website it was published on

is not the most reliable, but the sources cited seem to be very credible. I can use this article to

discuss if grass could be an alternative food for cattle and if it would help the environment.

Larson, Rebecca A, et al. Methane Emissions from Dairy Cattle: An Overview.

University Of Wisconsin System Board of Regents , 2016,

learningstore.uwex.edu/Assets/pdfs/A4131-01.pdf

In the article titled “Methane Emissions from Dairy Cattle: An Overview” written by

Rebecca Lawson, Horacio Aguirre-Villegas, and Matthew Ruark and published in 2016 on
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learningstore.uwex.edu, it compares the effects of methane and carbon dioxide on the

environment. It states while that methane remains in the environment for twelve years, which is

shorter than the lifetime of carbon dioxide, it is able to trap more radiation. It is also stated than

sixty-three percent of methane emitted into the atmosphere is from man-made sources, and

agriculture makes up forty-three percent of this. Most of the emissions are from the animals

belching or exhaling.

The purpose of this article is to inform people about how agriculture contributes to the

emission of methane into the atmosphere. The audience would most likely be dairy farmers who

are seeking to reduce methane emissions from their cattle. The article was written in 2016, which

is somewhat recent. New information could have been found, but the information presented in

the article is still relevant. The article was also published on the University of Wisconsin website,

which makes the information very reliable. The authors are also animal scientists at the

university, which means they were most likely involved in the studies that were conducted to

find the information in the article. I will use this article to write about how methane can affect the

environment and how exactly agriculture contributes to it.

Saha, K., Stewart, L., & Knight, C. H. (2010, June 01). Common Terms Used in Animal

Feeding and Nutrition. Retrieved from http://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.html?

number=B1453&title=What's the “Beef” with Methane Emission and Cattle Production?

In the article titled “What’s the “Beef” with Methane Emission and Cattle Production?”

written by Jacob R. Segers and Pam Knox and published on the University of Georgia website,

the authors write about what the greenhouse effect is and how it negatively affects the

environment. It is then states how agriculture, specifically livestock contributes to the

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greenhouse effect. It also states how livestocks diet can affect the methane the emmit.

The purpose of this article is to inform people about the greenhouse effect and how

livestock contributes to it. The audience would most likely be those who do not know about the

greenhouse effect who want to learn more. This article was published on a university's website

which makes it very credible. The author are also professors, which means it is more than likely

that the information in the article is correct. I will use this article to explain what methane and

other greenhouse gases do to the environment. I will also use it to explain how livestock

contributes to the greenhouse effect

Dean, Joshua. “Methane, Climate Change, and Our Uncertain Future.” Eos, 7 Sept. 2018,

eos.org/editors-vox/methane-climate-change-and-our-uncertain-future.

In the article titled “Methane, Climate Change, and Our Uncertain Future” written by

Joshua Dean and published on eos.org on September 7. 2018, the author writes about how rising

methane levels will negatively impact the environment. He writes about the sources of methane

and how methane levels have changed over time. It is mentioned that specifically cattle are main

contributors to methane. The author then writes about what ecosystems could be affected if

nothing is done.

The purpose of this article is to inform others of where methane comes from and what t

does to the environment The audience would most likely be those who are interested in learning

more about greenhouse gases, specifically methane. Joshua Dean is apart of the Department of

Earth Sciences, so he would have a lot of knowledge on this subject specifically. The website

also seems to be very credible and the sources are cited. The article was also written very
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recently, so the information is recent. I would use this information to explain what methane is,

where is comes, from, and how it affects the environment.

“The Greenhouse Effect.” The Greenhouse Effect | UCAR Center for Science Education,

scied.ucar.edu/longcontent/greenhouse-effect.

In the article titled “The Greenhouse Effect” published on scied.urcar.edu website, the

author writes about the importance of greenhouse gases, but how too much is detrimental to our

environment. It is stated that with without any greenhouse gases, the Earth's temperature would

be below freezing. As greenhouse gas levels increase, they warm our planet to much. It is stated

that within the next century, carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere will double. The article also

mentions that farm animals release methane as they digest food.

The purpose of this article is to inform others about what greenhouse do to the

environment. The audience would be everyday people so they can learn more about what exactly

greenhouse gases do. The article was published on the science for education website, which

means the information is very credible. I could use this information to explain how carbon

dioxide and methane have a negative impact on the environment. I could also se it to explain

how the Earth will continue to get warmer if nothing is done.

“Carbon Farming: Reducing Methane Emissions from Cattle Using Feed Additives.” Agriculture

and Food, www.agric.wa.gov.au/climate-change/carbon-farming-reducing-methane-

emissions-cattle-using-feed-additives.
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In the article titled “Carbon Farming: Reducing Methane Emissions from Cattle Using

Feed Additives” published on the Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development

on November 8, 2018, it discusses the amount of methane released by livestock, more

specifically Australia. It then explains how methane is produced by ruminants, such as goats,

cattle and buffalo. Then, it talks about certain additives that could be added to food to help

reduce methane emissions. It gives the benefits and the risks of using these additives.

The purpose of this article it to inform others about feed additives that could decrease the

amount of methane released by cows. The audience of this article would most likely be dairy

farmers who are interested in learning about wats feeds could be used for their cattle. The article

was published on a government website and was published recently, so the information is

credible and recent. I could use this information to explain how cows digest food and what could

be added to their food to decrease their methane emissions.