Introduction

2g scam, is one of the biggest scams in India the second was described as second biggest
instance of abuse of power by the Time magazine1, just next to the Watergate scandal. The 2g
spectrum allegedly caused a loss of 1,76,000 crores of loss to the exchequer as quoted by the
Comptroller and Auditor General of India. It happened during the regime of UPA 1 government
and came out during UPA 2 regime. Dr.Manmohan Singh was the prime minister during these
two governments.

2G is an abbreviation of Second Generation wireless telephone and spectrum refers to the range
of radio-waves that is present in the atmosphere. Since these radio are present all the time in the
atmosphere there is a need to monitor them by a supreme authority. Therefore to monitor them
the Government of India have divided spectrum into band. The telecom company that wishes to
render their services in such band has to acquire Unified Access Services (UAS) licenses through
the means of Auction. The validity of such licenses is of 20 years and after the expiry of such
license they have to again bid to renew them.

There has been a backlash against the government in regard to the scam and the whole issue was
one of the biggest blots on the past government.

While A.Raja, the primary accused in the case describes it as a hoax which involved some bigger
parties and claims that he is just a scapegoat, questions still continue to exist even today after the
special court acquitted all the accused in the 2G spectrum scam case.

The judgement was out almost after 7 years of filing of case and the accused being acquitted
didn’t go well with the educated middle class and there was backlash all over the country. People
involved in the further legal proceedings after the case was filed stirred the discussion on if any
bigger conspiracy still stands unfolded.

1
https://www.news18.com/news/immersive/2g-scam-explained.html , ‘2G scam Explained by SubhajtiSengupta
and SuhasMunshi
Journalists who wrote about any alleged discrepancies were immediately sent legal notices.
PrannoyGuhaThakurta, for writing an article in economic times2, was sent a legal notice by the
corporate cartel against which he wrote the article.

This scam also exposed the nexus between the political class and the business class and raised
the question of India getting victimized by the idea of crony capitalism.

The political party which was in government argues that the loss to the exchequer as Rs.0,and the
recent acquittal of all the accused gives strength to their claims. It can’t be said that their claims
are true because, the probability the court’s decision getting reversed by a higher court still
exists.

It is alleged that, then telecom minister favored some companies to get the spectrum by accepting
bribes and the whole process of allotment of spectrum was done in an unfair manner.

Brief History about A.Raja

A raja was born on May 10,1963 in a Dalit family at Perambalur. He was married to M.A.
Parameswari on 4 th February 1996. He did his schooling at Tiruchirappali which is 62.5 km
away from his home even though there is lack of transportation facilities. He obtained Bachelor
of Science degree from Government Arts College at Musiri. After completing his bachelor
degree in science he further studied law from Government Law College Madauri and also
pursued Masters in Law from same college at Trichy.

He made his mark as a Dalit block leader. Since he was the student leader of the
DravidarKazhagam.

He got a quick entry in their parent body DravidaMunnetraKazhagam(DMK). With his famous
election campaigns "Oru kilo arisiorurupa, oru hello 50 paisa" (One kg rice one
rupee, a hello on the phone 50 paisa) he won the LokSabhaelctions campaigns of 1996 and with
he represented the entire Tamil Nadu state.3

2
http://business.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/sep/16/slide-show-1-why-i-filed-a-pil-against-the-telecom-
minister.htm , Why I filed a PIL against the telecom minister by PranjoyGuhaThakurta.
He served as Minister of State for Rural Development from 1996 to 2000, Minister of State
Health and Family Welfare from 2000 to 2004 and Environmental and Forest Minister from
2004 to 2007. In 1996 he was elected to LokSabha for the first time from Perambalur and was
reelected in 1999 and 2004.

Accused

There were 17 people involved in this scam; the lists are as follows:

 Politicians: Andimuthu Raja, Kanimozhi

 Bureaucrats: SiddharthBehura, R.K. Chandolia
 Businessman: ShahidBalwa, Sanjay Chandra, AsifBalwa
 Others: GautamDoshi, Hari Nair, SrendraPipari,VinodGoenka, Rajiv Agarwal, Sharad
Kumar, AnshumanRuia, Ravi Ruia, VikasSaraf, KarimMorani.
Charges face by the accused

A.Raja:

Criminal breach of trust by a public servant (section 409), criminal conspiracy (Section 120-B),
cheating (Section 420), forgery for purpose of cheating (Section 468), using a forged document
as genuine (Section 471); booked under the Prevention of Corruption Act for criminal
misconduct and illegal gratification

M. K. Kanimozhi – DMK MP

Criminal conspiracy (Section 120-B) and booked under the Prevention of Corruption Act for
illegal gratification by a public servant.

SiddharthBherua

Criminal breach of trust by a public servant (Section 409), criminal conspiracy (Section 120-B),
cheating (Section 420) and using a forged document as genuine (Sections 471); booked under the
Prevention of Corruption Act for criminal misconduct.

RK Chandolia

Criminal conspiracy (Section 120 B), booked under the Prevention of Corruption Act for
criminal misconduct

Ravi Ruia, AnshumanRuia, VikasSaraf

Criminal conspiracy (Section 120 B) and cheating (Section 420)

Sanjay Chandra

Criminal conspiracy to cheat (Section 420 with 120-B)

GautamDoshi, Hari Nair, SurendraPipara

Criminal conspiracy to cheat (Section 420 with 120-B), abetment to crime (Section 109)

VinodGoenka, ShahidBalwa

Creating false documents during investigation for use during court proceedings (Section 193),
criminal conspiracy to cheat (Section 420 with 120B), booked under Prevention of Corruption
Act for abetment to illegal gratification

KarimaMorani, AsifBalwa, Rajiv Agarwal, Sharath Kumar

Creating false documents during investigation for use during court proceedings (Section 193),
booked under Prevention of Corruption Act for abetment to illegal gratification
Review of Literature

2g scam Unfolds by Andimuthu Raja

This book and unveils the side of A.Raja's argument to the people of India.
Though it uses much of its space to point the inefficiency of different government agencies, there
wasn't any illogical statements or arguments in the book which didn't stand. It gives an idea on
how the CAG and CBI mis-calculated, how the whooping amounts of loss was shown to the
people when there is none.
As the books goes on, it gives an idea about how the allocation of licenses was carried upon by
the ministry, and how was it just according to then Telecom minister.
Though it touches many untouched areas, it couldn't give a clear idea about went the date was
postponed and how could companies get immediate papers which usually takes 3 days.
Though they weren't in any legal proceedings, they should have been I. The book because, the
book could say what a judgement couldn't say.

Corporate Crimes & Financial Frauds: With Biggest Financial Frauds in the History of
India by Sumit Sharma
This book gives an account on how the world of corporate is altogether a different world and
how there is usually a nexus a between political and business class. It also describes the process
in which the financial frauds usually happen and their impact on the political, social and
economic situations of the country. It discusses the history and the instances of different
financial scams of the country.

The Telecom Revolution In India: Technology, Regulation, and Policy by Varadharajan

Sridhar
This book gives us the idea on how the development of telecom industry took place in India and
how the tariffs were reduced. It talks on how the privatisation and globalisation helped the
telecom sector boost its reach in the country. It also talks about how the telecom service became
one of the, most demanded services in INDIA and how the corporates were fighting for the
dominance over the telecom industry using different political influences.
The Prevention Act of Corruption Act
A thorough book containing point by point examination of the arrangements contained in the
Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988, with the assistance of case law exchange of the Supreme
Court and different High Courts.It additionally covers point by point discourse regarding the
matter of thePrevention of Corruption Act, 1947; Delhi Special Police Establishment Act, 1946;
Criminal Law Amendment Ordinance, 1944; Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1952; Anti-
Corruption Laws (Amendment) Act, 1964; Anti-Corruption Laws (Amendment) Act, 1967; J&K
Prevention of Corruption Act, 2006 (Smvt); Section 197 of CrPC (relating to Sanction for
Prosecution); CBI and its Powers of Investigation; Law relating to Accomplices; Specimens of
Pre-trap and Post-trap Panchnama/Memorandum; certain. State Laws identifying with
Corruption and Allied Matters;relevant Central Civil Services Rulesand other valuable material.

Cancellation of licenses in 2G scam case: Claim for indirect expropriation by

SanyaMalhotra

This article in NUJS law review talks about how the cancellation of licenses took place and how
the illegality of the allocation of licenses was explained by the Supreme Court. How the process
of allocation of licenses was arbitrary and how the companies lost the battle when their licenses
were cancelled
History and Law

After resignation of DayanidhiMaran, former telecommunications minister A.Raja(then MP from

DMK party), was appointed as telecom minister in the UPA 1 government. He followed his
predecessor’s steps, attracted foreign investments and claims that he had a dream of increasing
the number of mobile subscriptions in the country.

Mr. A.Raja took over the charge as telecom minister in May 2007 and in August the department
of telecom initiated the process of allocating spectrum to private entities.

In the process of allotting spectrum, government hardly expects any returns. It works for the
welfare of people. If the spectrum was auctioned, the telecom company which bought the
spectrum would increase the tariffs to get the money back. Keeping this in mind, then telecom
minister A.Raja announced that the spectrum will not be auctioned quoting the recommendations
of Telecom Regulatory Authority of India. [TRAI]

The department of telecom started the process of issuance of spectrum in August, 2007. A press
note was released by the ministry on September 25th that the deadline to apply for the spectrum
licenses would be October 1st, 2007. It received 575 applications from 46 firms by the end of
October 1st.4

On January 10th 2008, the telecom ministry decided to give the licenses on first come first serve
basis and pre-poned the cut-off the date from October 1st to September 25th and that too from
3:30 pm to 4:30 pm.

The firms allegedly benefitted from the above scenario were Swan telecom and Unitech ltd. It
was alleged that the spectrum was sold at 2001 prices which caused a huge loss. No prior
announcement was made in regard to the preponement of the cutoff date and also the time
provided to apply for the licenses also raised some questions. It is very hard for a company to get
clearances for the procurement of spectrum licenses and gather the money. Mr.A.Raja allegedly
favoured Swan telecom and communicated the cutoff date to them much earlier and rejected

4
http://www.livemint.com/Politics/lhr4Lk37t2WooRRijoitxN/2G-spectrum-scam-verdict-A-timeline-of-events.html,
2G Spectrum scam: A timeline of events by Priyanka Mittal and Aditi Singh
some companies such as Idea Cellular, a greater number of licenses quoting its proposed merger
though it no where mentioned in the rules.

It was alleged that A.Raja allegedly took bribes for doing some companies a favour in the
allotment process. There was an investment by the companies which got the licenses (SWAN
telecom) in Kalaingar TV, in which Kanimozhi has a major share. Kanimozhi is the daughter of
DMK’s supremoKarunanidhi. It was alleged that A.Raja was involved in Money laundering by
diverting this money as an investment in Kalaingar TV.

Swan telecom and Unitech sold their majority of their equity shares to foreign companies before
starting the services to a greater price than that of their cost price. This offloading of shares was
observed by some activists and journalists such as J.Gopalkrishnan, PrannoyGuhaJhakurta,
PrashantBhushann took a major part in exposing the scam.

These business transactions by SWAN telecom and Unitech were observed by an NGO called
TelecomWatchdog and Center for public interest litigation.

The NGO telecom watchdog, along with Centre for Public Interest Litigation and an independent
journalist PranjoyGuhaThakurta filed a PIL in Delhi high court and it got dismissed. And then
this group of petitioners again filed a special leave petition in the apex court and the court
responded by sending notices to department of telecom and other individuals who were allegedly
involved in this.

NEEERARADIA TAPES

NeeraRadia, a corporate lobbyist’s phone was tapped by the income tax department after taking
the permission from the home ministry for 300 days during 2008-2009 to get some information
about tax evasion, money laundering and restricted financial practices.

Those tapes gave information about how she used media to influence the government to appoint
A. Raja as a telecom minister. The tapes have shown how the political class does something in
favour of business class through different means and how the business class can influence
political class through whichever means possible.

These tapes revealed many prime personalities’ conversations with NeeraRadia in regard to the
appointment of A.Raja as the telecom minister. When the issue is seen through this tapes, it
appears that the scam, if happened is a pre planned and a well organized crime or fraud. It was
shown that people like MukeshAmbani, BurkhaDutt were in conversation with Neera. However
they refuted the news and said that these conversations were edited.5

5
http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ldquoNiira-Radia-invested-in-the-right-
peoplerdquo/article15607013.ece , NIraRadia invested in the right people by VInay Kumar
Legal Aspects 6

Criminal breach of trust by a Public servant

Section 409 Criminal breach of trust by public servant, or by banker, merchant or agent.

Whoever, being in any manner entrusted with property, or with any dominion over property in
his capacity of a public servant or in the way of his business as a banker, merchant, factor,
broker, attorney or agent, commits breach of trust in respect of that property, shall be punished
with [imprisonment for life], or with imprisonment of either description for a term which may
extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine.

Every other charge on A.Raja was based on the above charge and when the court dismissed
above charge, all the other charges have been diminished.

Section 468 in The Indian Penal Code

468. Forgery for purpose of cheating.—Whoever commits forgery, intending that the
1[document or electronic record forged] shall be used for the purpose of cheating, shall be
punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to seven
years, and shall also be liable to fine

Using a forged document as genuine (Sections 471)

Whoever fraudulently or dishonestly uses as genuine any *[document or electronic record] which
he knows or has reason to believe to be a forged **[document or electronic record], shall be
punished in the same manner as if he had forged such **[document or electronic record].

Section 120B in The Indian Penal Code: Criminal Conspiracy

1[120B. Punishment of criminal conspiracy.—

(1) Whoever is a party to a criminal conspiracy to commit an offence punishable with death,
2[imprisonment for life] or rigorous imprisonment for a term of two years or upwards, shall,
where no express provision is made in this Code for the punishment of such a conspiracy, be
punished in the same manner as if he had abetted such offence.

(2) Whoever is a party to a criminal conspiracy other than a criminal conspiracy to commit
an offence punishable as aforesaid shall be punished with imprisonment of either description
for a term not exceeding six months, or with fine or with both.

6
https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1569253/ ,Indian Penal Code, Indian Kanoon
Reports7

There was a severe backlash all over the country and several people were investigating incluingt
freelance journalists. There were three primary reports by three entities. CAG, CBI and a report
given by ED which reported an alleged money laundering.

CAG Report

 They state that A.Raja did not follow any instructions of any official authority such as
Prime Minister, Finance Minister and Law minister
 Spectrum being a National Asset should be auctioned as per the Government norms but
was not followed by A.Raja
 They were allocated to other companies at 2001 prices rather than 2008 prices.
 According to their report the actual loss that occurred to our country was of Rs. 1.76cr.
 The dates were arbitrarily extended by a week whereas the allocation was done to the
companies who registered themselves on 25th September between 3:30 to 4:30.
 There was no transparency in the entire process due to which scam took place.
 Swan Telecom and United wireless was given more importance during the entire
process.
 It is also said that the official mail Id of Swan telecom included that of Reliance ADA
Group which showed some kind of relation between them.

7
https://www.news18.com/news/india/2g-scam-how-cbi-reached-rs-30000-crore-loss-figure-not-rs-1-76-lakh

crore-like-cag-1610295.html2G Scam: How CBI Reached Rs 30,000 Crore Loss Figure, Not Rs 1.76 Lakh CroreLike

CAG byArunima
CBI Report

 CBI claims that A Raja prepared his own way of allocating licenses to the companies to
the Telecom Sectors by misleading the First Come First Basis policy.
 He did not follow the orders of Prime Minister as well as cabinet ministers and did
whatever he desired.
 He actually ran a parallel office whoever offered him bribe or appeasement.
 CBI also states that A.Raja received a grant or bribe of Rs 200cr due to favours shown by
him to Swan Company by allocating 13 licences.
 CBI has a prove that since Loop Telecom doesn’t have an authority to apply for UAS
licences they may have acquired Essar Group to acquire it
 As per CBI total loss that occurred to Nation is nearly around Rs 30,984cr

Enforcement Directorate

 ED found that P.Chidambaram had the leaked files of CBI which was presented to Supreme
Court before the trail
 They further said that the court basically failed to quote money laundering as a standalone
offense
 ED quotes that there was nearly around 200cr bribe paid by Swan Telecom to A.Raja or Kalingar
TV.
 ED have basically listed 10 individuals and 9 companies as accused under Prevention of Money
Laundering (PMLA)
Comparative Studies

 Watergate Scandal8

There were instances where power was bused to gain something or to win over, one such
instance was of Watergate Scandal of USA during Richard Nixon’s regime.

The scam was a clear example of abuse of power. The same happened with Richard Nixon in
Watergate scandal in USA. This is considered to be a blot on American democracy. It was
reported that, then president Nixon, using his power in office managed to collect voice
recordings from their offices.

He ordered out when 5 burglars got caught after they broke into the office of Democratic
National Convention to bug the office of its head. A number of $100 notes were found in serial
number and the investigation agency found a connection between these notes and the Committee
to Re-elect the President (CRP), Nixon's campaign committee.9

After a severe backlash, then president had to resign fearing an impeachment process in the
congress.

8
https://www.vox.com/2014/8/7/5970967/what-was-watergate-scandal-nixon, 9 question you were so
embarrassed to ask about Watergate Scandal by Dylan Mathews
9
https://www.vox.com/the-big-idea/2017/5/12/15630372/watergate-impeachment-conservative-public-opinion-
trump-history A forgotten lesson opf Watergate scandal”: conservatives may rally around Trump by Nicole
Hemmer
Similar Case

 Aircel Maxis Case

This case has its roots from the most famous case of India 2G spectrum. Aircel is owned by
C.Sivashakaran and Maxis is owned by Ananda Krishna. It is said by C.Shivashankaran that
Maxis acquired 74% stakes from the Aircel forcefully. CBI claims that Maxis received Rs 549
crore for favouringAircel in various deals that were ultimately owned by maxis and which
ultimately lead to the downfall of Maxis.10

The sum was professedly gotten by an organization possessed by DayanidhiMaran's sibling,

Kalanidhi Maran. KalanidhiMaran controls the Sun TV Network.

The assertions were as per the following: On June 1 2007, Enam Securities in a valuation pegged
the estimation of Sun TV between Rs 3,465.76 crore and Rs 4,039 crore. This is a gross over
valuation given Tata Sky's vale even in the wake of taking off DTH administrations was Rs 2500
crore.

Maran had cleared different arrangements and licenses for Maxis, and Maxis' sister organization
Astro put Rs 629 crore in Sun TV to purchase 20% of its stake. This puts the offer cost of Sun
TV at Rs 69.57 while Kalanidhi Maran purchased the staying 80% stake at Rs 10 for each offer.

The FIR additionally specified how DayanidhiMaran had advised Sivasankaran into pitching his
stake of Aircel to Maxis. Maran would neither offer range to Siva in spite of rehashed
applications, nor would he give him an arrangement to meet. Siva was "arm bent" into pitching
his stake to Maxis, and not long after Astro put the cash in Sun TV.

10
http://www.firstpost.com/india/aircel-maxis-case-sc-asks-if-invisible-hands-are-delaying-probe-directs-
completion-of-investigation-in-6-months-4386337.htmlAircel Maxis case: SC steps in.
  INX MEDIA CASE

This is a case of money laundering and gaining illegal gratification through influence. CBI filed
a first information report alleging that there were irregularities in regard to the clearance given
by FIPB to INX media. It alleged that, INX media requested foreign investment promotion board
to give a clearance to let the non-resident investors to invest in their entity. A request was also
made to the FIPB to allow investment above 26% equity of the company shares. However the
board only granted permission to the former request and the company was led by Indrani and
Peter Mukhearjee who is in jail now. After getting rejected, the directors went o karti
Chidambaram and allegedly as stated by the CBI filled his pockets with 10 lakhs and made him
use his influence to get the work done. The whole drama happened while his father was finance
minister in UPA1 government.

There were searches in Chidambaram’s houses and they refused all the allegations against them.
The Enforcement directorate filed a case on Karti Chidambaram and directors of INX media and
CBI filed a separate case against Karti Chidambaram.

CBI alleges that the INX media got 300 crore investment from the investors as opposed to the
permission they have got. Karti Chidambaram was arrested recently and he has been in the
custody of CBI. ED moved to the Supreme Court in regard to the alleged money laundering
despite the DELHI HC’s orders which states that Karti Chidambaram is immune to arrest.

Coalgate Scam

This case is again based on the inefficiency of service shown by the UPA government which
resulted into corruption and money laundering. The prima facia issue in this case is that India
gifted 206 coal mines for free to the government and private companies among which majority
of the coal blocks where given during 2004-2011 when PM Manmohan Singh happened to be the
Coal minister between 2006 till 2009. The loss estimated by the CAG amounted Rs 1.86lakh
crore. CAG came up to this calculation that rather than gifting them for free if there would have
been the process of competitive bidding the loss would have been far less than what it is now.
The government defends CAG argument by stating that the coal blocks where given for free to
increase the coal production of our country and Chidambaram further added that the companies
that were allocated free coal blocks haven’t started to mine yet due to which there has been
ZERO loss to the country.

CBI team has sentenced H.C.Gupta, K.S. Kropha and K.C.Samaria for 2 years of prison but
under Prevention of Corruption Act.

2G Spectrum Investigation, Ratio and Decidendi

A.Raja, prime accused in the case was charged with Criminal breach of trust by a public servant
(section 409), Criminal conspiracy (section 120-B), cheating (section 420), forgery for the
purpose of cheating (section 468), using a forged document as genuine (section 471), booked
under prevention of corruption act criminal misconduct and illegal gratification.

Though the Supreme Court declared the licenses as illegal and cancelled them, that didn’t
persuade the special court judge to come to a conclusion that there was a criminality involved in
this and those charges were valid to be brought against.

The Judgment of the special court in Delhi shocked the whole nation when it acquitted all the
accused in the landmark 2G spectrum scam case. The judge pronounced that the any CBI
couldn’t produce any evidence against the charges they brought against the accused.

In the instance of money laundering, the court said that the whole charge of laundering was
based on the charge of illegal gratification he did to the telecom companies and in return, Mr. A.
Raja received 200 crores as a bribe. When the court announced that there was criminality on part
of A.Raja, there can be no illegal money on the basis of that which nullifies the charge of money
laundering.
The judge described the charge sheet by the CBI as a well-choreographed document.
“It is also to be noted that there are many representations on record made by various
prominent public spirited persons before various Authorities relating to wrongdoing in the
instant case. However, none of them also volunteered to enter the witness box. What does
all this mean? Apparently this means that nobody had any good or firsthand material in
his possession. The fate of the case thus depended upon witnesses from DoT and from the
companies of the accused. The witnesses from DoT were either highly guarded, and if I
may say so hesitant, in their deposition, and also went against official record rendering
themselves unreliable.”11the judge said in his judgment. “I may also add that for the last
about seven years, on all working days, summer vacation included, I religiously sat in the
open Court from 10 am to 5 pm, awaiting for someone with some legally admissible
evidence in his possession, but all in vain. Not a single soul turned up. This indicates that
everybody was going by public perception created by rumor, gossip and speculation.
However, public perception has no place in judicial proceedings.”12he added.

He said that the prosecution started with great enthusiasm and ardour but as the case progressed,
it became highly cautious and guarded.

The judge’s statement “I may add that many facts recorded in the charge sheet are factually
incorrect, like Finance Secretary strongly recommending revision of entry fee, deletion of a
clause of draft LOI by Sh. A. Raja, Recommendations of TRAI for revision of entry fee etc.
The end result of the above discussion is that, I have absolutely no hesitation in holding that
the prosecution has miserably failed to prove any charge against any of the accused, made
in its well-choreographed charge sheet,”13 leaves us in pure dilemma and questions the
existence of the whole scam in history.

11
CBI vsA.Raja, 45(A), New Delhi
12
https://www.bloombergquint.com/law-and-policy/2017/12/21/well-choreographed-charge-sheet-among-other-
2g-trial-judge-observations-put-cbi-prosecution-and-bureaucracy-in-the-dock2G judge acquits the accused, Puts
Bureaucracy in the dock by MenakaDoshi
13
ibid
Conclusion

The scam was highlighted by media when CAG quotes that the loss to the exchequer is
1,76,000crores and people usually rake the maximum quoted price when talking about the scam.

Different entities of government had different opinions on the scam. If at all, there was a scam
happened and A.Raja made gains out of it, we need to see the future of this case and if there
wasn’t a scam ever, we should once again think about the crony capitalism which made it look
like the scam happened. The people involved I n the scam, the names in the charge sheet were of
the elite of the elite people and it is illogical to assume that they had no part in one if the biggest
scams that ever happened. The industry of telecom was an is a golden duck and there will always
be a war for the domination over the sector. It is the state’s responsibility to make the
competition monopolistic but not the market.

Stringent laws must be passed against any arbitrary procedure or any biased procedure in regard
to the corruption and misconduct.
Future Scope

CBI is awarded 60 days to complete the case or else the case would be dismissed and there will
be no appeals in High Court of Delhi. CBI said that the case there was a goof up between 2
departments (ie: CBI themselves and ED) which ultimately made their case weak and due to
which they lost their trail at special court in New Delhi. Since this loss has created doubts in the
mind of common people there is a need for the CBI to show their best at the HIGH COURT
proceedings. Since this judgment has opened doors for the foreign companies to sue the
government there is an urgent need for CBI to get back into the game. CBI nearly took 7 years
to get the evidences of the case but at the end they lost so there is a need to find new criminality
evidence to cut the ice at Delhi High Court. Since there was no evidence of appeasement during
the entire trail there is a need for CBI to find them as soon as possible.
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5PLtRjTvqn5DIYq04CO4zCG3LhoCnwIQAvD_BwE

 Corporate Crimes & Financial Frauds

Author: Dr. Sumit Sharma Published On: 2013
 2G Saga Unfolds
Author: Andimuthu Raja Published On: 2018
 The Telecom Revolution in India
Author: Varadharajan Sridhar Published on: 2011
 The Prevention Act of Corruption Act
Author: A.S. Ramachandra Rao Published on: 2016