Design of Prestressed Concrete Beams

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ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI-25

SYLLABUS COPY
REGULATION 2013
CE6702 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
(Civil engineering VII SEM)
LTPC3003
OBJECTIVES:
x To introduce the need for prestressing as well as the methods, types and
advantages of prestressing to the students. Students will be introduced to the
design of prestressed concrete structures subjected to flexure and shear.
UNIT I INTRODUCTION – THEORY AND BEHAVIOUR 9
Basic concepts – Advantages – Materials required – Systems and methods of
prestressing – Analysis of sections – Stress concept – Strength concept – Load
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balancing concept – Effect of loading on the tensile stresses in tendons – Effect of
tendon profile on deflections – Factors influencing deflections – Calculation of
deflections – Short term and long term deflections - Losses of prestress – Estimation
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of crack width.
UNIT II DESIGN FOR FLEXURE AND SHEAR 9
Basic assumptions for calculating flexural stresses – Permissible stresses in steel
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and concrete as per I.S.1343 Code – Design of sections of Type I and Type II post-
tensioned and pre-tensioned beams – Check for strength limit based on I.S. 1343
UNIT III
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Code – Layout of cables in post-tensioned beams – Location of wires in pre-
tensioned beams – Design for shear based on I.S. 1343 Code.
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DEFLECTION AND DESIGN OF ANCHORAGE ZONE
Factors influencing deflections – Short term deflections of uncracked members –
9
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Prediction of long term deflections due to creep and shrinkage – Check for
serviceability limit state of deflection. Determination of anchorage zone stresses in
post-tensioned beams by Magnel’s method, Guyon’s method and IS1343 code –
design of anchorage zone reinforcement – Check for transfer bond length in pre-
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tensioned beams.
UNIT IV COMPOSITE BEAMS AND CONTINUOUS BEAMS
Analysis and design of composite beams – Methods of achieving continuity in
continuous beams – Analysis for secondary moments – Concordant cable and linear
9
g g.n
transformation – Calculation of stresses – Principles of design.
UNIT V MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES
Design of tension and compression members – Tanks, pipes and poles – Partial
9 et
prestressing – Definition, methods of achieving partial prestressing, merits and
demerits of partial prestressing.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
OUTCOMES:
x Student shall have knowledge on methods of prestressing and able to design various prestressed
concrete structural elements.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Krishna Raju N., "Prestressed concrete", 5th Edition, Tata McGraw Hill Company, New Delhi, 2012
2. Pandit.G.S. and Gupta.S.P., "Prestressed Concrete", CBS Publishers and Distributers Pvt. Ltd, 2012.
REFERENCES:
1. Rajagopalan.N, "Prestressed Concrete", Narosa Publishing House, 2002.
2. Dayaratnam.P., "Prestressed Concrete Structures", Oxford and IBH, 2013
3. Lin T.Y. and Ned.H.Burns, "Design of prestressed Concrete Structures", Third Edition, Wiley India Pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi, 2013.
4. IS1343:1980, Code of Practice for Prestressed Concrete, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 2012

Table of contents
S.NO CONTENTS PAGE NO
A Aim and Objective of the subject iii
B Industrial Practical connectivity of the subject iii
C Detailed Lesson Plan iv
D UNIT I THEORY AND BEHAVIOUR -Part-A 1
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E Part-B 6
F w.E
UNIT II DESIGN FOR FLEXURE AND SHEAR -Part-A 42
G Part-B
asy 45
H
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UNIT III DEFLECTION AND DESIGN OF
ANCHORAGE ZONE -Part- A
ngi 67
I Part-B
nee 71
J UNIT IV COMPOSITE BEAMS AND CONTINUOUS

BEAMS - Part-A rin 89
K Part-B g 93
g.n
L
M
UNIT-V MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES Part-A
Part-B
120
125
et
N University Question Papers 147
ii


(Civil engineering VII SEM)
LTPC3003
Aim and Objective of the Subject
x To impart knowledge of need for prestressing as well as the methods,
types and advantages of prestressing.
x At the end of this course student attains adequate knowledge in introduced

to the design of prestressed concrete structures subjected to flexure and
shear.
Need and Importance for Study of the Subject
ww x Students have the ability to design of prestressed concrete structures

subjected to flexure and shear.
x w.E
They can also know to determine flexural strength of prestressed concrete
structures such beam, T beam, Circular water tank and pipes.
x asy
They can also know to determine flexural strength of prestressed concrete
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composite structures such beam, T beam.
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Industry Connectivity and Latest Developments
x nee
Design of sections of Type I and Type II post-tensioned and pre-tensioned
x
beams
Samples of foundation in multistory buildings rin
x Design of tension and compression members
g g.n
et
Industrial Visit (Planned if any)
iii

SCAD GROUP OF INSITITIONS

Department of Civil Engineering
Detailed Lesson Plan
Name of the Subject& Code CE6702 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
Name of the Faculty: R.Perumal AP/Civil, E.Rajkumar AP/Civil, S.Vivek AP/Civil,
K.Thangaselvi AP/Civil, X.Lordson AP/Civil, N.Archana AP/Civil
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Krishna Raju N., "Prestressed concrete", 5th Edition, Tata McGraw Hill Company,
New Delhi, 2012 (Copies Available in Library)
2. Pandit.G.S. and Gupta.S.P., "Prestressed Concrete", CBS Publishers and
Distributers Pvt. Ltd, 2012.
ww REFERENCES:
1. Rajagopalan.N, "Prestressed Concrete", Narosa Publishing House, 2002.
w.E
2. Dayaratnam.P., "Prestressed Concrete Structures", Oxford and IBH, 2013
(Copies Available in Library)
3. Lin T.Y. and Ned.H.Burns, "Design of prestressed Concrete Structures", Third
asy
Edition, W iley India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2013.
4. IS1343:1980, Code of Practice for Prestressed Concrete, Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi, 2012 (Copies Available in Library)
S l.
Unit
E ngi
Topic / Portions to be Covered
Hours
Required
Cumulativ
e Hrs
Books
Referre
No
1. 1 Basic concepts
nee 1
/
Planned
1
d
T1&R2
2.
3.
1
1
Advantages – Materials required
Systems and methods of prestressing
1
1 rin 2
3
T1&R2
T1&R2
4.
5.
1
1
Analysis of sections – Stress concept –
Strength concept
Load balancing concept
1
1
g 4
5 g.n T1&R2
T1&R2
6.
7.
1
1
Effect of loading on the tensile stresses
in tendons
Effect of tendon profile on deflections
1
1
6
7
et T1&R2
T1&R2
1 Factors influencing deflections – 1 8 T1&R2
8.
Calculation of deflections
1 Short term and long term deflections - 1 9 T1&R2
9. Losses of prestress – Estimation of
crack width.
2 Basic assumptions for calculating 1 10 T1&R2
10.
flexural stresses
2 Permissible stresses in steel and 1 11 T1&R2
11.
concrete as per I.S.1343 Code t
2 Design of sections of Type I and Type II 1 12 T1&R2
12.
post
13. 2 tensioned and pre-tensioned beams 1 13 T1&R2
14. 2 Check for strength limit based on I.S. 1 14 T1&R2
iv

1343 Code
2 Layout of cables in post-tensioned 1 15 T1&R2
15.
beams
2 Design for shear based on I.S. 1343 1 16 T1&R2
16.
Code.
17. 2 Flexural stresses on beam 1 17 T1&R2
18. 2 Flexural stresses on T beam 1 18 T1&R2
19. 3 Factor influencing deflections 1 19 T1&R2
20. 3 Short term deflections of uncracked 1 20 T1&R2
3 Prediction of long term deflections due 1 21 T1&R2
21.
to creep and shrinkage
3 Check for serviceability limit state of 1 22 T1&R2
22.
deflection.
3 Determination of anchorage zone 1 23 T1&R2
ww
23.
3
stresses in post tensioned beams by
Magnel’s method, Guyon’s method
Determination of anchorage zone 1 24 T1&R2
24.
3
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stresses in post tensioned beams
IS1343 code
Design of anchorage zone 1 25 T1&R2
25.
26. 3 asy
reinforcement
Check for transfer bond length in pre 1 26 T1&R2
27.
28.
3
4
Design of
E anchorage
reinforcement problems
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Analysis and design of composite
zone 1
1
27
28
T1&R2
T1&R2
29.
30.
4
4
Methods of achieving continuity in
continuous beams
Analysis for secondary moments
nee 1
1
29
30
T1&R2
T1&R2
31.
4 Concordant
transformation
cable and linear 1
rin 31 T1&R2
32.
33.
34.
4
4
4
Calculation of stresses
Composite beams– stress problem.
Concordant cable and linear
1
1
1
g 32
33
34g.n
T1&R2
T1&R2
T1&R2
35.
36.
4
4
transformation problem
Composite beams– deflection problem.
Composite beams– Design problem.
1
1
35
36
et T1&R2
T1&R2
37. 5 Design of tension members 1 37 T1&R2
38. 5 Design of compression members 1 38 T1&R2
39. 5 Design of Tanks 1 39 T1&R2
40. 5 Design of pipes 1 40 T1&R2
41. 5 Design of poles 1 41 T1&R2
42. 5 Partial prestressing – Definition 1 42 T1&R2
5 Methods of achieving partial 1 43 T1&R2
43.
prestressing
44. 5 Merits of partial prestressing 1 44 T1&R2
45. 5 Demerits of partial prestressing 1 45 T1&R2
Faculty In charge HOD/CIVIL


UNIT I INTRODUCTION – THEORY AND BEHAVIOUR
TWO MARKS QUESTION AND ANSWERS
1. List out the advantages of prestressed concrete. (AUC Nov/Dec 2011 & 2012)
x In case of fully prestressed member, which are free from tensile stresses
under working loads, the cross section is more efficiently utilized when
compared with a reinforced concrete section which is cracked under working
loads.
x The flexural member is stiffer under working loads than a reinforced concrete
member of the same length.
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2. What is meant by pretensioned and post tensioned concrete? (AUC Nov/Dec
2010 & 2011)
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Pre tensioning: A method of Pre stressing concrete in which the tendons are
tensioned before the concrete is placed. In this method, the prestress is imparted to
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concrete by bond between steel and concrete.
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Post tensioning: A method of pre stressing concrete by tensioning the
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tendons against hardened concrete. In this method, the prestress is imparted to
concrete by bearing.
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3. Why is high tensile steel needed for prestressed concrete construction?
(AUC Nov/Dec 2012)
x
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High strength concrete is necessary for prestress concrete as the material offers
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highly resistance in tension, shear bond and bearing. In the zone of anchorage
the bearing stresses being hired; high strength concrete is invariably preferred to
minimizing the cost. High strength concrete is less liable to shrinkage cracks and
has lighter modulus of elasticity and smaller ultimate creep strain resulting in a
smaller loss of prestress in steel. The use of high strength concrete results in a
reduction in a cross sectional dimensions of prestress concrete structural element
with a reduced dead weight of the material longer span become technically and
economically practicable.
x Tensile strength of high tensile steel is in the range of 1400 to 2000 N/mm2 and if
initially stress up to 1400 N/mm2 there will be still large stress in the high tensile

reinforcement after making deduction for loss of prestress. Therefore high tensile
steel is made for prestress concrete.
4. What are the various methods of prestressing? (AUC May/June 2013,

Apr/May 2010)
x Pre-tensioning
x Post-tensioning
5. What are the systems of prestressing? (AUC May/June 2013)

x Pre-tensioning system
ww x Post-tensioning system
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6. List the loss of prestress. (AUC Nov/Dec 2010 & 2013)
x
x asy
Nature of losses of prestress.
Loss due to elastic deformation of concrete.
x
x
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Loss due to shrinkage of concrete.
Loss due to creep of concrete. ngi
x
x
Loss due to relaxation of stress in steel.
Loss of stress due to friction.
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x Loss due to anchorage slip.
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7. What are the classifications of prestressed concrete structures? (AUC
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Nov/Dec 2013)
x
x
Externally or internally prestressed
Pretensioning and post tensioning
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x End-Anchored or Non-End Anchored Tendons
x Bonded or unbonded tendons
x Precast, cast-in-place, composite construction
8. Define load balancing concept. (AUC Apr/May 2011 & 2012)

It is possible to select cable profiles in a prestressed concrete member such
that the traverse component of the cable force balances the given type of external

loads. This can be readily illustrated by considering the free body of concrete with
the tendon replaced by forces acting on the concrete beam.
9. What are the sources of prestress force? (AUC Apr/May 2012)

x Mechanical
x Hydraulic
x Electrical
x Chemical
10. Define kern distance. (AUC Apr/May 2010)
ww Kern is the core area of the section in which if the load applied tension will not
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be induced in the section Kt = Zb / A, Kb = Zt / A, If the load applied at Kt
compressive stress will be the maximum at the top most fiber and zero stress will be
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at the bottom most fiber. If the load applied at Kb compressive stress will be the
maximum at the bottom most fiber and zero stress will be at the top most fiber.
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11. What is Relaxation of steel?
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When a high tensile steel wire is stretch and maintained at a constant strain the
initially force in the wire does not remain constant but decrease with time. The
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decrease of stress in steel at constant strain is termed relaxation of steel.
12. What is concordant prestressing? (AUC Nov/Dec 2011) g g.n

Pre stressing of members in which the cable follow a concordant profile. In
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case of statically indeterminate structures. It does not cause any changes in support
reaction.
13. Define bonded and non bonded prestressing concrete.

Bonded prestressing: Concrete in which prestress is imparted to concrete
through bond between the tendons and surrounding concrete. Pre tensioned
members belong to this group.
Non-bonded prestressing: A method of construction in which the tendons
are not bonded to the surrounding concrete. The tendons may be placed in ducts
formed in the concrete members or they may be placed outside the concrete section.

14. Define axial prestressing.

Members in which the entire cross-section of concrete has a uniform
compressive prestress. In this type of prestressing, the centroid, of the tendons
coincides with that of the concrete section.
15. Define prestressed concrete.

It is basically concrete in which internal stresses of a suitable magnitude and
distribution are introduced so that the stresses resulting from external loads (or)
counteracted to a desire degree in reinforced concrete member the prestress is
commonly introduced by tensioning the steel reinforcement.
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16. What are the main factors for concrete used in PSC?
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Ordinary Portland cement-based concrete is used but strength usually greater
than 50 N/mm2; A high early strength is required to enable quicker application of
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prestress; A larger elastic modulus is needed to reduce the shortening of the
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member; A mix that reduces creep of the concrete to minimize losses of prestress;
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17. What are the uses of prestressed concrete?
x Railway Sleepers; nee
x Communications poles;
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x
x
Pre-tensioned precast “hollow core” slabs;
span for car parks);

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Pre-tensioned Precast Double T units - for very long spans (e.g., 16 m
x
x
Pre-tensioned precast inverted T beam for short-span bridges;
Post-tensioned ribbed slab;
et
x This is “glued segmental” construction;
18. Define Magnel diagram.

A Magnel Diagram is a plot of the four lines associated with the limits on
stress. As can be seen, when these four equations are plotted, a feasible region is
found in which points of 1 P and e simultaneously satisfy all four equations. Any such
point then satisfies all four stress limits.

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UNIT II DESIGN FOR FLEXURE AND SHEAR
1. Define partial prestressing. (AUC May/June 2013, Nov/Dec 2011)

The degree of prestress applied to concrete in which tensile stresses to a
limited degree are permitted in concrete under working load. In this case, in addition
to tensioned steel, a considerable proportion of untensioned reinforcement is
generally used to limit the width of cracks developed under service load.
2. How can PSC beam be considered to carry its ow n w eight? (AUC Nov/Dec
2012)
ww By providing an external initial stress (the prestress) which compresses the

beam. Now they can only separate if the tensile stress induced by the self weight of
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the beam is greater than the compressive prestress introduced.
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3. Mention the advantages of partial prestressing. (AUC Nov/Dec 2012 & 2013)
x
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Limited tensile stresses are permitted in concrete under service loads with
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controls on the maximum width of cracks and depending upon the type of
x
prestressing and environmental condition.
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Untensioned reinforcement is required in the cross-section of a prestressed
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member for various reasons, such as to resist the differential shrinkage,
x
temperature effects and handling stresses.
g g.n
Hence this reinforcement can cater for the serviceability requirements, such
as control of cracking, and partially for the ultimate limit state of collapse
x Saving in the cost of overall structure.

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which can result in considerable reduction in the costlier high tensile steel.
4. Write any tw o assumptions on the compatibility of strains. (AUC Apr/May

2012)
x The stress distribution in the compression zone of concrete can be defined by
means of coefficients applied to the characteristic compressive strength and
the average compressive strength stress and the position of the centre of
compression can be assessed.
42

x The distribution of concrete strain is linear (plane sections normal to axis

remain plane after bending).
x The resistance of concrete in tension is neglected.
x The maximum compressive strain in concrete at failure reaches a particular
value.
5. What is effective reinforcement ratio? (AUC Apr/May 2012)

Ratio of effective area of reinforcement to the effective area of concrete at any
section of a structural member is known as effective reinforcement ratio.
ww
6. At initial stage what forces are considered in prestressed concrete design?
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(AUC Apr/May 2011)
Prestressing force is considered in prestressed concrete design at initial
stage.
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beam. (AUC Apr/May 2010)
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7. Explain conventional failure of an over reinforced prestressed concrete
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An Over reinforced members fail by the sudden crushing of concrete. The
failure being reinforced members fail by the sudden crushing of concrete. The failure
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being characterized by small deflections and narrow cracks, the area of steel being
not reach the tensile strength. g

comparatively large, the stresses developed in steel at failure of the member may
g.n
8. Define degree of prestressing. et
A measure of the magnitude of the prestressing force related to the resultant
stress occurring in the structural member at working load.
9. List any tw o applications of partial prestressing. (AUC Nov/Dec 2010)

x Used in large diameter concrete pipes
x Used in railway sleepers
x Water tanks
x Precast concrete piles to counter tensile stress during transport and erection.
x Used in bridges construction
43

10. Define Bursting tension.

The effect of transverse tensile stress is to develop a zone of bursting tension
in a direction perpendicular to the anchorage force resulting in horizontal cracking.
11. Define Proof stress.

The tensile stress in steel which produces a residual strain of 0.2 percent of
the original gauge length on unloading.
12. Define cracking load.
ww The load on the structural element corresponding to the first visible crack.
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13. Define Debonding.
Prevention of bond between the steel wire and the surrounding concrete.
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14. Write formula for Moment of resistance in BIS code.
Mu = Apb Aps (d - dn)
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15. What are the types of flexural failure? nee
x Fracture of steel in tension
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x
x
x
Failure of under-reinforced section
Failure of over-reinforced section
Other modes of failure.
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UNIT III DEFLECTION AND DESIGN OF ANCHORAGE ZONE
1. What are the factors influencing deflections? (AUC Apr/May 2011)

x Length of the deflection field
x Spacing between the deflection plate
x Difference of potential between the plates
x Accelerating voltage of the second anode.
2. Define anchorage.
ww A device generally used to enable the tendon to impart and maintain prestress
w.E
to the concrete is called anchorage. E.g. Fressinet, BBRV systems, etc.,
asy
3. What is meant by end block in a post tensioned member? (AUC Nov/Dec
2010)
E
The zone between the end of the beam and the section where only
ngi
longitudinal stress exists is generally referred to as the anchorage zone or end block.
nee
4. Draw a sketch showing the stress distribution in end block by double
anchor plate. (AUC Apr/May 2010)
rin
g g.n
et
5. Why anchorage zone has to be given special attention in design? (AUC

Apr/May 2011)
Because the main reinforcement in the anchorage zone should be designed
to withstand the bursting tension, which is determined by the traverse stress
67

distribution on the critical axis, usually coinciding with the line of action of the largest
individual force.
6. Mention any tw o functions of end blocks. (AUC May/June 2013, Nov/Dec

2013)
x Provide Lateral (horizontal) stability from wind and other horizontal (Racking)
loads.
x Provide additional vertical load capacity for the ends of the joists from point
loads above.
ww
7. Define anchorage zone. (AUC Nov/Dec 2011)
w.E
Prestressed concrete contains tendons which are typically stressed to about
1000 MPa. These tendons need to be anchored at their ends in order to transfer
asy
(compressive) force to the concrete. The zone of region is called Anchorage zone.
E
8. What are the factor affecting of deflections?
ngi
The deflections of prestressed concrete members are influenced by the following
salient factors:
1. Imposed load and self-weight. nee
2. Magnitude of the prestressing force.
rin
3. Cable profile.
4. Second moment of area of cross-section.
5. Modulus of elasticity of concrete.
g g.n
6. Shrinkage, creep and relaxation of steel stress.
7. Span of the member.
et
8. Fixity conditions.
9. Define Mohr's Theorems and write the applicable for Mohr's Theorems.
Short-term or instantaneous deflections of prestressed members are
governed by the bending moment distribution along the span and the flexural rigidity
of the members. Mohr’s moment area theorems are applicable for the estimation of
deflections due to the prestressing force, self-weight and imposed loads.
68

10. Sketch the Forces Acting on the End Block?
ww
w.E
11. Sketch the Arrangement of Reinforcement in End Blocks?
asy
E ngi
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rin
12. Define bond stress? g g.n
bond stress, stress in steel and concrete in the transmission zone. Maximum bond
stress is reached in the zone of transverse compression. W hen the bond stress is
et
Bond stresses are due to the friction and shearing resistance. Distribution of
zero, the stress in steel and concrete reach their maximum values, and uniform
stress distribution is prevalent from this section.
13. Define transmission length?

Length required at the ends of a pre-tensioned member for the build-up of
stress in concrete is of great importance in short pretensioned units.
69

14. What are the methods used for obtaining shear bond?
Several methods used for obtaining shear bond are as follows:
1. The surface of drawn round-wires is roughened by pickling to produce fine
irregularities which interlock with the concrete.
2. Twisting of round wires into strands.
3. Cold-rolling of elliptical or rhombic shallow indentations on the surface of wires.
4. Hot rolling of oblique transverse ribs on wires which are subsequently heat
treated.
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UNIT IV COMPOSITE BEAMS AND CONTINUOUS BEAMS
1. Define propped construction. (AUC May/June 2013, Nov/Dec 2013)

The dead load stress developed in the precast prestressed units can be
minimized by propping them while casting the concrete in situ. This method of
construction is termed as propped construction.
2. How to achieve compositeness betw een precast and cast in situ part and
show the sketches? (AUC May/June 2013, Nov/Dec 2013)
The composite action between the two components is achieved by
ww
roughening the surface of the prestressed unit on to which the concrete is cast in
situ, thus giving a better frictional resistance or by stirrups protruding from the
w.E
prestressed unit into the added concrete or by castellations on the surface of the
prestressed unit adjoining the concrete which is cast in situ.
asy
concrete? E
3. What is meant by composite construction of prestressed and in situ
ngi
(AUC Nov/Dec & Apr/May 2011)
nee
In a composite construction, precast prestressed members are used in
rin
conjunction with the concrete cast in situ, so that the members behave as monolithic
unit under service loads. The high strength prestressed units are used in the tension
g g.n
zone while the concrete, which is the cast in situ of relatively lower compressive
strength is used in the compression zone of the composite members.
4. How deflections in composite members are computed? (AUC Nov/Dec 2011)

et
In the case of composite members, deflections are computed by taking into
account the different stages of loading as well as the differences in the modulus of
elasticity of concrete in the precast prestressed unit and the in situ cast element.
5. What do you mean by unpropped construction? (AUC Nov/Dec 2012)

If the precast units are not propped while placing them in situ concrete,
stresses are developed in the unit due to the self weight of the member and the dead
weight of the in situ concrete. This method of construction is referred to as
unpropped construction.
89

6. What are the forces considered in the calculation of deflection of

prestressed concrete beams? (AUC Apr/May 2010)
x Prestressing force
x Self weight of the beam
x Dead load of the concrete
x Live load acting on the concrete
7. What are the roles played by shear connectors in composite construction?

(AUC Apr/May 2010)
It is generally assumed that the natural bond at the interface contributes a part
ww
of the required shear resistance depending upon the strength of the in situ cast
w.E
concrete and the roughness of the precast element. Any extra shear resistance over
and above this should be provided by shear connectors.
asy
8. What are the advantages in using precast prestressed units? (AUC Apr/May
2011, Nov/Dec 2010 & 2012)
x
E ngi
Saving in the cost of steel in a composite member compared with a reinforced or
x
prestressed concrete member.
nee
Sizes of precast prestressed units can be reduced due to the effect of composite
action.
rin
x
x g
Low ratio of size of the precast unit to that of the whole composite member.
g.n
Composite members are ideally suited for construction bridge decks without the
disruption of normal traffic.
9. Name the loadings to be considered for computing initial deflection. (AUC

et
Nov/Dec 2010)
x Prestress
x Weight of the in situ cast concrete
90

10. How do you compute the shrinkage and resultant stresses in composite
member? (AUC Nov/Dec 2012)
The magnitude of differential shrinkage is influenced by the composition of
concrete and the environmental conditions to which the composite member is
exposed. In the absence of exact data, a general value of 100 micro strains is
provided for computing shrinkage stresses.
11. What are the assumptions made in stresses developed due to differential
shrinkage?
x The shrinkage is uniform over the in situ part of the section.
ww x Effect of creep and increase in modulus of elasticity with age and the
w.E
component of shrinkage, which is common to both the units are negligible.
asy
12. Distinguish betw een propped and unpropped construction methods. (AUC
Nov/Dec 2012)
E
Propped construction
The dead load stress developed in
the precast prestressed units can be ngi
Unpropped construction
IIf the precast units are not propped
while placing them in situ concrete,
minimized by propping them while
casting the concrete in situ. This
method of construction is termed as
nee
stresses are developed in the unit
due to the self weight of the
member and the dead weight of
propped construction.
rin
the in situ concrete. This weight
of the in situ concrete. This
unpropped construction.
g
If the pretensioned beam supports If the slab is externally supported
the weight of the slab while casting. while casting. g.n
13. Name the loadings to be considered for computing deflection if the beam is
propped section. (AUC Nov/Dec 2011)
et
x Prestress
x Dead weight of the in situ cast concrete
x Live load of the in situ cast concrete
14. Name the loadings to be considered for computing deflection if the beam is
unpropped section.
x Prestress
91


x Live load of the in situ cast concrete
15. Sketch the typical cross section of precast prestressed concrete beam.
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UNIT V MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES
1. What are the functions of w ater stopper (w ater bar) in water tank
construction? (AUC May/June 2013)
x The base slab is subdivided by joints which are sealed by water stops.
x The reinforcement in the slab should be well distributed to control the cracking
of the slab due to shrinkage and temperature.
2. Differentiate prestressed cylinder and non-cylinder pipe. (AUC May/June

2013)
ww
Prestressed cylinder pipe:
•
• w.E
It is developed by the Lock Joint Company.
A welded cylinder of 16 gauge steel is lined with concrete inside and steel pipe
• asy
wrapped with a highly stressed wire.
Tubular fasteners are used for the splices and for end fixing of the wire and pipe
•
E
is finished with a coating of rich mortar.
It is suitable up to 1.2 m diameter.
ngi
Prestressed non-cylinder pipe:
• It is developed by Lewiston Pipe Corporation. nee
•
rin
At first concrete is cast over a tensioned longitudinal reinforcement.
•
•
wire wound under tension and protected by a coat of mortar. g
A concrete pipes after curing are circumferentially stressed by means of a spiral
g.n
The main function of longitudinal prestress is to prevent cracking in concrete
et
during circumferential winding and cracking due to the bending stresses eveloped
during the handling and installation of pipes.
3. Define circular prestressing. (AUC Nov/Dec 2011, 2012, 2013, 2010)

When the prestressed members are curved in the direction of prestressing,
the prestressing is called circular prestressing.
For example, circumferential prestressing in pipes, tanks, silos, containment
structures and similar structures is a type of circular prestressing.
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4. What are the design criteria for prestressed concrete tanks? (AUC Nov/Dec
2011)
• It is to resist the hoop tension and moments developed are based on the
considerations of desirable load factors against cracking and collapse.
• It is desirable to have at least a minimum load factor of 1.2 against cracking and
2 against ultimate collapse as per IS code.
• It is desirable to have at least a minimum load factor of 1.25 against cracking and
2.5 against ultimate collapse as per BS code.
• The principal compressive stress in concrete should not exceed one-third of the
characteristic cube strength.
ww
• When the tank is full, there should be a residual compressive stress of at least
0.7 N/mm2.
• w.E
When the tank is empty, the allowable tensile stress at any point is limited to 1
N/mm2.
• asy
The maximum flexural stress in the tank walls should be assumed to be
E
numerically equal to 0.3 times the hoop compression.
ngi
5. What are the design criteria for prestressed concrete pipes? (AUC Nov/Dec
2012) nee
•
• rin
Circumferential prestressing, winding with or without longitudinal prestressing.
Handling stresses with or without longitudinal prestressing.
• g g.n
Condition in which a pipe is supported by saddles at extreme points with full
water load but zero hydrostatic pressure.
•
•
Full working pressure conforming to the limit state of serviceability.
The first crack stage corresponding to the limit state of local damage.
et
6. How are the tanks classified based on the joint? (AUC Nov/Dec 2013)
• Tank wall with fixed base.
• Tank wall with hinged base.
• Tank wall with sliding base.
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7. Define tw o stage constructions. (AUC Apr/May 2012)

In the first the concrete is cast over a tensioned longitudinal reinforcement. In
the second stage the concrete pipes after curing are circumferentially stressed by
means of a spiral wire wound under tension and protected by a coat of mortar.
8. Write any tw o general failures of prestressed concrete tanks. (AUC Apr/May

2012)
• Deformation of the pre-cast concrete units during construction.
• Manufacturing inaccuracies led to out of tolerance units being delivered to the
site under investigation.
ww
• It May have affected the ability to achieve a good seal.
w.E
9. What is the stress induced in concrete due to circular prestressing? (AUC
Apr/May 2010)
asy
The circumferential hoop compression stress is induced in concrete by
pressure. E
prestressing counterbalances the hoop tension developed due to the internal fluid
ngi
nee
10. Explain the effect of prestressing force in concrete poles. (AUC Apr/May
2010)
rin
It should be reduced in proportion to the cross section by the techniques of
g
debonding or dead ending or looping some of the tendons at mid height.
g.n
11. Write the various types of loadings that act on prestressed concrete poles.
(AUC Nov/Dec 2010)
et
• Bending due to wind load on the cable and on the exposed face.
• Combined bending and torsion due to eccentric snapping of wires.
• Maximum torsion due to skew snapping of wires.
• Bending due to failure of all the wires on one side of the pole.
• Handing and erection stresses.
12. What are the advantages of prestressing water tanks? (AUC Apr/May 2011)
• Water storage tanks of large capacity are invariably made of prestressed
concrete.
122

• Square tanks are used for storage in congested urban and industrial sites where
land space is a major constraint.
• This shape is considerable reduction in the thickness of concrete shell.
• The efficiency of the shell action of the concrete is combined with the
prestressing at the edges.
13. How are sleepers prestressed? (AUC Apr/May 2011)

• Two block sleepers
• Longitudinal sleepers
• Beam type single piece prestressed concrete sleepers.
ww
14. Mention the importance of shrinkage in composite construction?
w.E
The time dependent behaviour of composite prestressed concrete beams
depends upon the presence of differential shrinkage and creep of the concretes of
asy
web and deck, in addition to other parameters, such as relaxation of steel, presence
E
of untensioned steel, and compression steel etc.
ngi
15. What are the different types of joints used betw een the slabs of
prestressed concrete tanks? nee
•
•
Movement joint
Expansion joint rin
•
•
Construction Joint
Temporary Open Joints.
g g.n
16. What are the advantages of partially prestressed concrete poles? (AUC
et
Nov/Dec 2010)
• Resistance to corrosion in humid and temperature climate and to erosion in
desert areas.
• Easy handling due to less weight than other poles.
• Easily installed in drilled holes in ground with or without concrete fill.
• Lighter because of reduced cross section when compared with reinforced
concrete poles.
• Fire resisting, particularly grassing and pushing fire near ground line.
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17. What are the types of prestressed concrete pipes?

• Monolith construction
• Two stage construction
18. Distinguish betw een non-cylinder and cylinder pipes.

Non-cylinder pipes:
The design principles are used for determining the minimum thickness of
concrete required and the pitch of circumferential wire winding on the pipe.
Cylinder pipes:
The design principles of cylinder pipes are similar to those of the non-cylinder
ww
pipes except that the required thickness of concrete is computed by considering the
equivalent area of the light gauge steel pipe embedded in the concrete.
w.E
19. Define the losses of prestress.
asy
Due to elastic deformation of concrete during circumferential wire winding,
reinforcement ratio. E
there is a loss of prestress which depends upon the modular ratio and the
ngi
nee
20. What are the advantages of prestressed concrete piles?
•
•
High load and moment carrying capacity.
Standardization in design for mass production. rin
•
•
Excellent durability under adverse environmental conditions.
Crack free characteristics under handling and driving.
g g.n
•
•
Resistance to tensile loads due to uplift.
Combined load moment capacity.
et
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Design of Prestressed Concrete Beams

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Design of Prestressed Concrete Beams

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ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI-25

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S.NO CONTENTS PAGE NO

A Aim and Objective of the subject iii

B Industrial Practical connectivity of the subject iii

C Detailed Lesson Plan iv

D UNIT I THEORY AND BEHAVIOUR -Part-A 1

J UNIT IV COMPOSITE BEAMS AND CONTINUOUS

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CE6702 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

x At the end of this course student attains adequate knowledge in introduced

Need and Importance for Study of the Subject

ww x Students have the ability to design of prestressed concrete structures

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SCAD GROUP OF INSITITIONS

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Faculty In charge HOD/CIVIL

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CE6702 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

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4. What are the various methods of prestressing? (AUC May/June 2013,

5. What are the systems of prestressing? (AUC May/June 2013)

8. Define load balancing concept. (AUC Apr/May 2011 & 2012)

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9. What are the sources of prestress force? (AUC Apr/May 2012)

10. Define kern distance. (AUC Apr/May 2010)

12. What is concordant prestressing? (AUC Nov/Dec 2011) g g.n

13. Define bonded and non bonded prestressing concrete.

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14. Define axial prestressing.

15. Define prestressed concrete.

span for car parks);

18. Define Magnel diagram.

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