01 Astm d256 PDF

´1
Designation: D256 − 10
Standard Test Methods for

Determining the Izod Pendulum Impact Resistance of
Plastics 1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D256; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original
original adoption or, in the case of revis
revision,
ion, the year of last revision.
revision. A number in paren
parenthese
thesess indicates the year of last reappr
reapproval.
oval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
ε1 NOTE—
NOTE—Edito
Editorially
rially corrected Figure 2 in Octobe
Octoberr 2015.
1. Sco
Scope*
pe* of a plastic’s “notch sensitivity” may be obtained with Test Method D by
comparing the energies to break specimens having different radii at the
1.1 Th
1.1 Thes
esee tes
testt me
meth
thod
odss co
cove
verr th
thee de
deter
termin
minati
ation
on of th thee base of the notch.
resistance of plastics to “standardized” (see Note
(see Note 1)
1) pendulum- NOTE 4—Caution must be exercised in interpreting the results of these
type hammers, mounted in “stand“standardized
ardized”” machin
machines,
es, in break- standard test methods. The following testing parameters may affect test
ing standard specimens with one pendulum swing (see Note 2). 2). results significantly:
The standard tests for these test methods require specimens Method of fabrication, including but not limited to processing
technology, molding conditions, mold design, and thermal
made with a milled notch (see Note 3). 3). In Test Methods A, C, treatments;
and D, the notch produces a stress concentration that increases Method of notchi
notching;
ng;
the probability of a brittle, rather than a ductile, fracture. In Speed of notching tool;
Design of notching apparatus;
Test Method E, the impact resistance is obtained by reversing Quality of the notch;
the notched specimen 180° in the clampi
clampingng vise. The result
resultss of Time between notching and test;
all test methods are reported in terms of energy absorbed per Test specimen thickness,
Test specimen width under notch, and
unit of specimen width or per unit of cross-sectional area under Environmental conditioning.
the notch. (See Note 4.4.)
1.2
1.2 Th
Thee va
valu
lues
es st
state
ated
d in SI un
units
its are to be rerega
gard
rded
ed as
NOTE 1—The machines with their pendulum-type hammers have been standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
“stand
“standard
ardize
ized”
d” in thathatt the
theyy mus
mustt com
comply
ply wit
with
h cer
certain
tain req
requir
uireme
ements
nts,, only.
including a fixed height of hammer fall that results in a substantially fixed
velocity of the hammer at the moment of impact. However, hammers of 1.3 This standar
standardd doe
doess not purport
purport to add
addre
ress
ss all of the
different initial energies (produced by varying their effective weights) are safetyy co
safet conc
ncern
erns,
s, if an
anyy, as
asso
socia
ciated
ted wi
with
th its us
use.
e. It is th
thee
recommende
recom mended d for use with specimens of dif different
ferent impact resis
resistance.
tance. responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Moreover, manufacturers of the equipment are permitted to use different priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
length
len gthss and conconstr
struct
uction
ionss of pen
pendul
dulums
ums wit
with
h pos
possib
sible
le dif
differ
ferenc
enceses in
pendulum
pendul um rigidi
rigidities
ties resul
resulting.
ting. (See Sectio
Section
n 5.) Be aw awar
aree th
that
at ot
othe
herr
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
differences in machine design may exist. The specimens are “standard- NOTE 5—These test methods resemble ISO 180:1993 in regard to title
ized” in that they are required to have one fixed length, one fixed depth, only. The contents are significantly different.
and one particular design of milled notch. The width of the specimens is
permitted to vary between limits. 2. Referenc
Referenced
ed Documents
NOTE 2—Results generated using pendulums that utilize a load cell to
record the impact force and thus impact energy, may not be equivalent to 2.1 ASTM Standards: 2
resultss that are gener
result generated
ated using manually or digita
digitally
lly encoded testers that D618 Practice
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
measure the energy remaining in the pendulum after impact. D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D883
NOTE 3—Th
3—Thee notnotch
ch in the Izo
Izod
d spe
specim
cimen
en ser
serves
ves to con
concen
centra
trate
te the
D3641 Pra Practic
cticee for Inj
Injecti
ection
on Mol
Moldin
dingg Test Spe
Specim
cimens
ens of
stress,, minim
stress minimize
ize plastic deformation,
deformation, and direct the fractu
fracture
re to the part of
the specimen behind the notch. Scatter in energy-to-break is thus reduced. Thermoplastic
Thermo plastic Molding and Extru
Extrusion
sion Materia
Materials
ls
However, because of differences in the elastic and viscoelastic properties D4066 Classification
D4066 Classification System for Nylon Injection and Extru-
of plastics, response
response to a given notch varies among materials. A measure measure sion Materials (PA)
D5947 Tes estt Me
Meththod
odss fo
forr Ph
Phys
ysica
icall Di
Dime
mens
nsio
ions
ns of So
Solid
lid
Plastics Specim
Specimens
ens
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on
Plastics and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.10
Subcommittee D20.10 on Mechanical
2
Properties. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Curren
Cur rentt edi
editio
tion
n app
approv
roved
ed May 1, 201 2010.
0. Pub
Publis
lished
hed Jun
Junee 201
2010.
0. Ori
Origin
ginall
ally
y contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1926. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D256 - 06a 1. DOI:ε
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D0256-10. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

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´1
D256 − 10
D6110 Test Met Method

hod for Det
Determ
ermini
ining
ng the Cha
Charpy
rpy Imp
Impact
act
Resistance of Notched Specimens of Plastics
E691 Practic
Practicee for Conducting an Interl
Interlaborat
aboratory
ory Study to
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
2.2 ISO Standard:
ISO 180 180:19
:199393 Pla
Plastic
stics—D
s—Deter
etermina
mination
tion of Izo
Izodd Imp
Impact
act
3
Strength of Rigid Materials
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions— For
For definitions related to plastics see Ter-
minology D883..
minology D883
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 cantilever— a pro
project
jecting
ing beam cla
clampe
mpedd at onl
only
y one
end.
3.2.2 notch sensitivity— a measure of the variation of impact
energy as a function of notch radius.
4. Types of Tests
Tests
4.1 Four similar
similar methods are presented
presented in these test meth-
ods. (Se
ods. (Seee Note
Note 6.) All te
test
st me
meth
thod
odss us
usee th
thee sa
same
me tes
testi
ting
ng FIG. 1 Relationshi
Relationship
p of Vise, Specimen, and Striking Edge
Edge to
machine and specimen dimensions. There is no known means Each Other for Izod Test Methods A and C
for correlating the results from the different test methods.
NOTE 6—Previous versions of this test method contained Test Method
B for Charpy. It has been removed from this test method and has been in.) is used, unless tests with the 1.0-mm radius give “non-
published as D6110
as D6110.. break”
break” res
result
ults.
s. In tha
thatt case
case,, 0.2
0.25
5 and 0.50-mm
0.50-mm (0. (0.010
010 and
4.1.1
4.1 .1 In Test
Test Method
Method A, the specimen
specimen is hel held
d as a ververtica
ticall 0.020-in.) radii may be used. The effect of notch radius on the
cantil
cant ilev
everer bebeam
am anandd is brbrok
oken
en by a si sing
ngle
le sw
swin
ingg of th thee impact energy
energy to break a specimen under the condiconditions
tions of this
pendulum.
pendu lum. The line of initial contact is at a fixed distan distancece from test is measur
measureded by the value b . Materials with low values of b b ,
the specimen clamp and from the centerline of the notch and on whether high or low energy-to-break with the standard notch,
the same face as the notch. are relatively insensitive to differences in notch radius; while
4.1.2 Test Method C is similar to Test Test Method A, A, except for the energy-to-break materials with high values of b is highly
the add
additio
itionn of a pro
proced
cedure
ure for determini
determining ng the ene
energrgy y ex- dependent
depen dent on notch radius. The parame ter b cannot be used in
parameter
pended in tossing a portion of the specimen. The value reported design calculations but may serve as a guide to the designer
is ca
calle
lledd ththee “e
“esti
stima
mated
ted nenett Iz
Izod
od imp
impact
act re resi
sista
stanc
nce.e.”” Tesestt and in selection of materials.
Method C is preferred over Test Method A for materials that 4.2 Test Method E is similar to Test
Test Method A, except that
have
ha ve an Iz Izod
od im
impa
pact
ct re
resi
sista
stanc
ncee of les
lesss th
than
an 27 J/ J/mm (0(0.5.5 the specimen is reversed in the vise of the machine 180° to the
ft·lbf/in.) under notch. (See Appendix X4 for optional units.) usual striking position, such that the striker of the apparatus
Thee di
Th difffe
fere
renc
nces
es be
betw
tween
een Tes estt Me
Meth
thod
odss A an and
d C be becocome
me impacts the specimen on the face opposite the notch. (See Fig.
(See Fig.
unimportant for materials that have an Izod impact resistance 1, Fig. 2.
2.) Test Method E is used to give an indication of the
higher than this value. unnotched impact resistance of plastics; however, results ob-
4.1.
4.1.33 Test
Test MeMeththod
od D pr prov
ovid
ides
es a memeasasur
uree of ththee nonotch
tch tained by the reversed notch method may not always agree with
sensitivity of a material. The stress-concentration at the notch those
tho se obt
obtain
ained
ed on a com
comple
pletely
tely unn
unnotch
otched
ed spe
specime
cimen.
n. (Se
(Seee
increases with decreasing notch radius. 28.1 .)4,5
28.1.)
4.1.3.
4.1 .3.11 For a giv given
en sys
system,
tem, gre
greate
aterr str
stress
ess con
concen
centra
tration
tion
results in higher localized rates-of-strain. Since the effect of 5. Signi
Significanc
ficancee and Use
strain-rate on energy-to-break varies among materials, a mea- 5.1 Bef
Before
ore pro
proceed
ceeding
ing with the
these
se tes
testt meth
methods
ods,, ref
refere
erence
nce
sure of this effect may be obtained by testing specimens with should be made to the specification of the material being tested.
different notch radii. In the Izod-type test it has been demon- Any test specim
specimen
en prepar
preparation,
ation, conditioning,
conditioning, dimens
dimensions,
ions, and
strated that the function, energy-to-break versus notch radius, testing parameters covered in the materials specification shall
is reasonably linear from a radius of 0.03 to 2.5 mm (0.001 to take precedence
precedence over those mentioned
mentioned in these test methods. If
0.100 in.), provided that all specimens have the same type of there is no material specification, then the default conditions
break. (See 5.8 and and 22.1
22.1.)
.) apply.
4.1.3.2
4.1.3 purpose of this test, the slope, b (see
.2 For the purpose (see 22.1
22.1), ),
of the line between radii of 0.25 and 1.0 mm (0.010 and 0.040
4
Supporting data giving results of the interlaboratory tests are available from
ASTM Headquarters. Request RR:D20-1021.
3 5
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., Supporting data giving results of the interlaboratory tests are available from
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. ASTM Headquarters. Request RR:D20-1026.
2
´1
D256 − 10
toss, and because stored stresses in the specimen may have

been released as kinetic energy during the specimen fracture.
5.5 ForFor tou
tough
gh,, du
ducti
ctile,
le, fib
fiberer fill
filled,
ed, or clo cloth-
th-lam
laminainated
ted
materials, the fracture propagation energy (see 5.3.2 5.3.2)) may be
large
large com
comparpared
ed to the fra
fractur
cturee ini
initiat
tiation
ion ene
energrgy
y (se
(seee 5.3.1).
5.3.1).
When
Whe n testesting
ting the
these
se mat
materia
erials,
ls, fac
factor
torss (se
(seee 5.3.2,
5.3.2, 5.3.5,
5.3.5, and
5.3.9)) can become quite significant, even when the specimen is
5.3.9
accurately machined and positioned and the machine is in good
condition with adequate capacity. (See Note 7. 7.) Bending (see
5.3.4)) and indentation losses (see 5.3.8)
5.3.4 5.3.8) may be appreciable
when testing soft materials.
NOTE 7—Alth
7—Althoug
ough h the fra
frame
me and base of the mac machin
hinee sho
should
uld be
sufficiently rigid and massive to handle the energies of tough specimens
without motion or excessive vibration, the design must ensure that the
center
center of per
percus
cussio
sion
n be at the center of strstrike.
ike. Locating
Locating the str strike
ikerr
precisely at the center of percussion reduces vibration of the pendulum
arm when useusedd wit
with
h bri
brittle
ttle specimens
specimens.. How
Howeve
ever,
r, some los
losses
ses due to
pendul
pen dulum
um arm vibratio
vibration,
n, the amo
amount
unt varying
varying witwith
h the des
design
ign of the
pendul
pen dulum,
um, will occ
occur
ur wit
withh tou
tough
gh spe
specim
cimens
ens,, eve
evenn whe
when
n the str
strike
ikerr is
properly positioned.
FIG. 2 Relati
Relationship
onship of Vise, Specimen,
Specimen, and Striking Edge to 5.6 In a well
well-de
-desig
signed
ned mac
machin
hinee of suf
suffficie
icient
nt rig
rigidit
idity
y and
Each Other for Test Method E mass, the losses due to factors 5.3.6
factors 5.3.6 and
and 5.3.7
5.3.7 should
should be very
small. Vibrational losses (see 5.3.6
5.3.6)) can be quite large when
wide specimens of tough materials are tested in machines of
5.2 The pendulum
pendulum impact test indicates the energy to break insufficient mass, not securely fastened to a heavy base.
standard
standard test spe
specime
cimens
ns of spe
specifi
cified
ed siz
sizee und
under
er stip
stipula
ulated
ted 5.7 With somesome materials, a critical width of specimen specimen may
parameters
parame ters of specim
specimen
en moun
mounting,
ting, notching, and pendu
pendulum
lum be fofoun
undd be
belo
loww whwhich
ich spspec
ecime
imensns wi
willll ap
appepear
ar du
ducti
ctile,
le, as
velocity-at-impact. eviden
evi denced
ced by conconsid
sidera
erable
ble dra
drawin
wing g or nec
neckin
kingg dow
down n in the
5.3 The energy
energy lost by the pendulum during
during the breakage
breakage of regi
region
on be behi
hind
nd ththee no
notc
tch
h anandd by a re relat
lativ
ively
ely hihigh
gh-e-ene
nerg
rgy
y
the specimen is the sum of the following: abso
ab sorp
rptio
tion,
n, an
andd ab
abov
ovee whwhich
ich th they
ey wiwill
ll ap
appe
pear
ar brbritt
ittle
le as
5.3.1 Energ
Energy y to initiate fracture
fracture of the specimen; evidenced by little or no drawing down or necking and by a
5.3.2 Energ
Energy y to prop
propagate
agate the fracture across the specimen; relatively low-energy absorption. Since these methods permit a
5.3.3 Energ
Energy y to throw the free end (or ends) of the broken variation in the width of the specimens, and since the width
specimen (“toss correction”); dictate
dic tates,
s, for man
many y mate
materiarials,
ls, whe
whethetherr a bri
brittle
ttle,, low
low-en
-energ
ergyy
5.3.4 Energ
Energy y to bend the specimen;
specimen; break or a ductile, high energy break will occur, it is necessary
5.3.5 Energ
Energy y to prod
produce
uce vibration in the pend
pendulum
ulum arm; that
that ththee wi
widt
dthh be sta
state
tedd in th thee sp
spec
ecific
ificati
ation
on cocove
veri
ring
ng ththat
at
5.3.6 Energ
Energy y to prod
produce
uce vibration or horizontal movement
movement material and that the width be reported along with the impact
of the machine frame or base; resista
res istance
nce.. In view of the preceding
preceding,, one shouldshould not make
5.3.7 Energ
Energy y to overco
overcomeme friction in the pendu
pendulum
lum bearing comparisons between data from specimens having widths that
and in the indicating mechanism, and to overcome windage differ by more than a few mils.
(pendulum air drag); 5.8 The type of failure for each specimen
specimen shall be recorded
recorded
5.3.8 Energ
Energy y to inden
indentt or defor
deform
m plastically the specimen at as one of the four categories listed as follows:
the line of impact; and
C= Complete Break —A—A break where the specimen
5.3.9 Energy to overcome
overcome the friction caused byby the rubbing separates into two or more pieces.
of the striker (or other part of the pendulum) over the face of H= Hinge Break —An
—An incomplete break, such that one
the bent specimen. part of the specimen cannot support itself above
the horizontal when the other part is held vertically
5.4 For relatively
relatively brittle materials,
materials, for which fracture propa-propa- (less than 90° included angle).
P= Partial Break —An
—An incomplete break that does not
gation energy is small in comparison with the fracture initiation meet the definition for a hinge break but has
ener
energy
gy,, th
thee in
indi
dica
cated
ted impimpact
act en
ener
ergygy ab abso
sorb
rbed
ed is, fo forr all fractured at least 90 % of the distance between
practical
practic al purp
purposes,
oses, the sum of factor
factorss 5.3.1
5.3.1 and
and 5.3.3
5.3.3.. The toss the vertex of the notch and the opposite side.
NB = Non-Break —An
—An incomplete break where the
correction (see 5.3.3
(see 5.3.3)) may represent a very large fraction of the fracture extends less than 90 % of the distance
total energy absorbed when testing relatively dense and brittle between the vertex of the notch and the opposite
materials. Test Method C shall be used for materials that have side.
an Izod impact resistance of less than 27 J/m (0.5 ft·lbf/in.). For tough materials, the pendulum may not have the energy
(See Appendix
Appendix X4 for opt option
ional
al uni
units.)
ts.) The tos
tosss cor
correc
rection
tion necessary to complete the breaking of the extreme fibers and
obtained in Test Method C is only an approximation of the toss toss the broken piece or pieces. Results obtained from “non-
error, since the rotational and rectilinear velocities may not be break” specimens shall be considered a departure from stan-
the same during the re-toss of the specimen as for the original dard
dard and shall not be rep
report
orted
ed as a sta
standa
ndard
rd result.
result. Imp
Impact
act
3
´1
D256 − 10
resistance cannot be directly compared for any two materials

that experience different types of failure as defined in the test
method
meth od by thi thiss cod
code.e. Aver
verage
agess rep
report
orted
ed mus
mustt lik
likewis
ewisee be
derive
derived d fro
from
m spe
specime
cimensns con
contain
tained
ed wit
within
hin a sinsingle
gle fai
failur
luree
categor
category y. Thi
Thiss lett
letter
er cod
codee sha
shall
ll suf
sufffix the rep
report
orted
ed imp
impact
act
identify
iden tifying
ing the typ typeses of fai
failur
luree asso
associat
ciated
ed wit
withh the rep
report
orted
ed
value. If more than one type of failure is obser observed
ved for a sample
mater
mat erial
ial,, th
then
en th thee re
repo
port
rt wil
willl in
indi
dicat
catee th
thee av
aver
erag
agee im
impa
pact
ct
resistance for each type of failure, followed by the percent of
the specimens failing in that manner and suffixed by the letter
code.
5.9 The value of the impact methods
methods lies mainly in the areas
of quality control and materials specification. If two groups of
specimens
specime ns of supposedly
supposedly the same materia
materiall show significantly
significantly
different energy absorptions, types of breaks, critical widths, or
critical temperatures, it may be assumed that they were made
of different materials or were exposed to different processing or
condit
con dition
ioning
ing env
enviro
ironme
nments
nts.. The fac
factt tha
thatt a mate
materia
riall sho
shows
ws
twice the energy absorption of another under these conditions
of test does not indicate that this same relationship will exist
under another set of test conditions. The order of toughness
may even be reversed under different testing conditions.
NOTE 8—A documented discrepancy exists between manual and digital
impact testers, primarily with therm
thermoset
oset materials, including phenolics, FIG. 3 Canti
Cantilever
lever Beam (Izod-Type)
(Izod-Type) Impact Machine
having an impact value of less than 54 J/m (1 ft-lb/in.). Comparing data
on the same material, tested on both manual and digital impact testers,
may show the data from the digital tester to be significantly lower than
dataa fro
dat from
m a man
manual
ual tester
tester. In suc
such
h cas
cases
es a cor
correl
relati
ation
on stu
study
dy may be
necessary to properly define the true relationship between the instruments.
TEST METHOD A—CANTILEVER BEAM TEST
6. Appar
Apparatus
atus
6.1 The machine
machine shall consist of a massive basebase on which is
mounted
moun ted a vi
vise
se fo
forr ho
hold
ldining
g th
thee sp
spec
ecim
imen
en an
and
d to wh
which
ich is
connected, through a rigid frame and bearings, a pendulum-
typee ham
typ hammer
mer.. (Se
(Seee 6.2
6.2..) Th
Thee mamach
chin
inee mu
must
st al
also
so ha
have
ve a
pendulum
pendu lum holding and releasi
releasingng mechanism and a mechan
mechanism
ism
for indicating the breaking energy of the specimen.
6.2 A jig for positionin
positioningg the specimen
specimen in the vise and graphs
graphs
or tables to aid in the calculation of the correction for friction
and windage also should be included. One type of machine is
shown in Fig. 3.3. One desdesign
ign of spe
specime
cimen-p
n-posi
ositio
tionin
ning
g jig is
illustr
illu strated
ated in Fig.
Fig. 4. Detaile
Detailed
d re
requ
quir
ireme
ement
ntss ar
aree gi
give
ven
n in
subsequent paragraphs. General test methods for checking and
calibrating the machine are given in Appendix
in Appendix X2.
X2 . Additional
instru
ins tructio
ctions
ns for adj
adjust
usting
ing a par
particu
ticular
lar mach
machine
ine sho
should
uld be
supplied by the manufacturer. FIG. 4 Jig for Positioning
Positioning Specimen
Specimen for Clamping
6.3
6.3 The pepend
ndul
ulum
um sh shal
alll co
cons
nsis
istt of a sising
ngle
le or mu
mult
lti-
i-
member
memb ered
ed ar
arm
m wiwith
th a bebeararin
ing
g on on onee en
endd an
andd a he
head
ad,, and perpendicular to the plane of swing of the pendulum. The
contain
con taining
ing the stri
striker
ker,, on the oth
other
er.. The arm mus
mustt be suf
sufffi- line of contact of the striker shall be located at the center of
ciently rigid to maintain the proper clearances and geometric percussion of the pendulum within 62.54 mm (60.100 in.)
relationships between the machine parts and the specimen and (See Note
(See Note 9.9.) Those portions of the pendulum adjacent to the
to minimize vibrational energy losses that are always included cylind
cylindric
rical
al str
striki
iking
ng edg
edgee sha
shall
ll be rec
recess
essed
ed or inc
inclin
lined
ed at a
in the measur
measured
ed impact resista
resistance.
nce. Both simple and compound suitable
suitable angle so that there will be no chance for other than this
pendulum designs may comply with this test method. cylindrical surface coming in contact with the specimen during
6.4 The striker of the pendulum
pendulum shall be hardened
hardened steel and the break.
shall be a cylindrical surface having a radius of curvature of NOTE 9—The
9—The di
dist
stan
ance
ce fr
from
om th
thee ax
axis
is of su
supp
ppor
ortt to th
thee ce
cent
nter
er of
0.80 6 0.20 mm (0.031 6 0.008 in.) with its axis horizontal percussion may be determined experimentally from the period of small
4
´1
D256 − 10
amplitude
amplitude osc
oscilla
illatio
tions
ns of the pen
pendul
dulum
um by mea
means
ns of the fol
follow
lowing
ing value of 3.0
value 3.000 mm (0.
(0.11
1188 in.
in.),
), mea
means
ns sha
shall
ll be pro
provid
vided
ed to
equation: prevent the lower half of the specimen from moving during the
L 5 ~ g /4 π 2 ! p 2 clamping or testing operations (see Fig. 4 and
and Note
Note 11.
11.)
where: NOTE 11—Some plastics are sensitive to clamping pressure; therefore,
L = distance
distance from
from the axis
axis of suppor
supportt to the center
center of
of percussion
percussion,, m or cooperating laboratories should agree upon some means of standardizing
(ft), the clamping force. One method is using a torqu
torquee wrench on the screw of
g = local gravita
gravitational
tional acceler
acceleration
ation (know
(knownn to an accurac
accuracyy of one
one part the specimen vise. If the faces of the vise or specimen are not flat and
2
in one thousand), m/s or (ft/s ), 2 parallel, a greater sensitivity to clamping pressure may be evident. See the
π = 3. 3.14
141616 (4π2 = 39.48), and
(4π calibration
calibration proced
procedure
ure in Appendix
Appendix X2 for adjustment
adjustment and correc
correction
tion
p = period
period,, s, of a single
single complete
complete swing
swing (to and
and fro) determin
determined
ed by instructions for faulty instruments.
averaging at least 20 consecutive and uninterrupted swings. The 6.9 When the pendulum
pendulum is free hanging,
hanging, the striking surface
surface
angle of swing shall be less than 5° each side of center.
shall come within 0.2 % of scale of touching the front face of
6.5 The pos
positio
ition
n of the pen
pendul
dulum
um hol
holdin
ding
g and rel
releasi
easing
ng a standard specimen. During an actual swing this element shall
mechanism shall be such that the vertical height of fall of the make initial contact with the specimen on a line 22.00 6 0.05
striker shall be 610 6 2 mm (24.0 6 0.1 in.). This will produce mm (0.87 6 0.002 in.) above the top surface of the vise.
a velocity of the striker at the moment of impact of approxi-
6.10
6.10 Mea
Meansns sha
shall
ll be pro
provid
vided
ed for determinin
determining g the ene
energ rgy
y
mately 3.5 m (11.4 ft)/s. (See Note 10.
10.) The mechanism shall
expended by the pendulum in breaking the specimen. This is
be so constructed and operated that it will release the pendulum
accomplished using either a pointer and dial mechanism or an
without imparting acceleration or vibration to it.
electronic system consisting of a digital indicator and sensor
NOTE 10— (typically an encoder or resolver). In either case, the indicated
breaking energy is determined by detecting the height of rise of
V 5 ~ 2 gh! 0.5
the pendulum beyond the point of impact in terms of energy
where: remove
rem oved
d fro
fromm tha
thatt spe
specific
cific penpendul
dulum.
um. Sin
Since
ce the ind
indicat
icated
ed
V = veloci
velocity
ty of the striker
striker at
at the moment
moment of impact
impact (m/s),
(m/s), energy
ener gy mus
mustt be corrcorrecte
ectedd for pen
pendul
dulum-
um-bear
bearing
ing fric
friction
tion,,
g = local gravi
gravitationa
tationall acceleration (m/s2), and
acceleration pointer
point er frictio
friction,
n, pointer inertia, and pendulum windage,windage, in-
h = vertic
vertical
al height
height of
of fall of the strike
strikerr (m).
(m).
structions for making these corrections are included in 10.3in 10.3 and
and
This assumes no windage or friction.
Annex A1 and Annex A2. A2 . If the electronic display does not
6.6 The effective
effective length
length of the pendulum
pendulum shall be between automa
aut omatica
tically
lly cor
correc
rectt for win
windag
dagee and fri
frictio
ction,
n, it sha
shall
ll be
0.33
0.33 an
andd 0.
0.40
40 m (1(12.2.8
8 an
and
d 16
16.0
.0 in
in.)
.) so th
that
at th
thee re
requ
quir
ired
ed incu
incumb
mben
entt fo
forr th
thee op
oper
erato
atorr to de
deter
termi
mine
ne th
thee en
ener
ergy
gy lo loss
ss
elev
elevat
atio
ion
n of th
thee st
stri
rike
kerr ma
mayy be obobta
tain
ined
ed by ra
rais
isin
ing
g th
thee manually. (See Note
(See Note 12.
12.)
pendulum to an angle between 60 and 30° above the horizontal.
NOTE 12—Many
12—Many digita
digitall indica
indicating
ting syste
systems
ms autom
automatical
atically
ly correc
correctt for
6.7 The machine shall be provided
provided with a basic pendulum
pendulum windage and friction. The equipm
windage equipment
ent manufacturer
manufacturer may be consulted for
capable of delivering an energy of 2.7 6 0.14 J (2.00 6 0.10 details concerning how this is performed, or if it is necessary to determine
ft·lbf). This pendulum shall be used with all specimens that the means for manually calculating the energy loss due to windage and
friction.
extract less than 85 % of this energy. Heavier pendulums shall
be provided for specimens that require more energy to break. 6.11 The vis
6.11 vise,
e, pen
pendul
dulum,
um, and fra
frameme sha
shall
ll be suf
suffficie
icientl
ntly
y
These may be separate interchangeable pendulums or one basic rigi
rigid
d to ma maininta
tain
in cocorr
rrec
ectt al
alig
ignm
nmen
entt of th thee ha
hamm
mmer er anand
d
pendulum to which extra pairs of equal calibrated weights may speci
sp ecimen
men,, bo
both
th at ththee mo
momementnt of imimpapact
ct anand
d du
duri
ringng th
thee
be rigidly attached to opposite sides of the pendulum. It is propagation
prop agation of the fractu
fracture,
re, and to minimize enerenergy
gy losses due
imperative
imperat ive that the extra weigh
weights ts shall not significantly change
change to vib
vibrat
ration
ion.. The bas
basee sha
shall
ll be suf
suffficie
icientl
ntly
y mass
massive
ive that the
the position of the center of percussion or the free-hanging rest impact will not cause it to move. The machine shall be so
poin
po intt of th
thee pe
pend
ndul
ulum
um (t
(tha
hatt wo
woululd
d co
cons
nseq
eque
uent
ntly
ly tak
takee th
thee designed, constructed, and maintained that energy losses due to
machine
mach ine out
outsid
sidee of the allo
allowab
wable le cali
calibra
bratio
tionn tol
toleran
erances)
ces).. A pendul
pen dulum
um air dradragg (wi
(windndage
age),
), fr
frict
iction
ion in the pen pendudulum
lum
range of pendulums having energies from 2.7 to 21.7 J (2 to 16 bearings, and friction and inertia in the indicating mechanism
ft·lbf) has been found to be sufficient for use with most plastic are held to a minimum.
specimens and may be used with most machines. A series of 6.12 A check of the calibrati
6.12 calibration
on of an impact machine
machine is
pendulums such that each has twice the energy of the next will difficult to make under dynamic conditions. The basic param-
be fou
foundnd con
conven
venien
ient.
t. Each pendulum
pendulum sha shall
ll hav
havee an ene
energ
rgy
y
eterss are nor
eter normall
mallyy che
checke
ckedd und
underer stat
static
ic con
condit
dition
ions;
s; if the
within 60.5 % of its nominal capacity. mach
ma chin
inee pa
pass
sses
es th
thee sta
static
tic te
tests
sts,, th
then
en it is asassu
sumed
med to be
6.8 A vis
visee sha
shall
ll be pro
provid
vided
ed for clamping
clamping the spespecim
cimenen accurate. The calibration procedure in Appendix
in Appendix X2 should be
rigidl
rigidly
y in pos
positio
ition
n so that the long axis of the specimen
specimen is used to establish the accuracy of the equipment. However, for
vertical and at right angles to the top plane of the vise. (See Fig.
(See Fig. somee mach
som machine
ine designs
designs it mig
might
ht be necnecess
essary
ary to cha
change
nge the
1.) This top plane shall bisect the angle of the notch with a recomm
recommend ended
ed meth
methodod of obt
obtain
aining
ing the reqrequir
uired
ed cali
calibra
bratio
tion
n
tolerance of 0.12 mm (0.005 in.). Correct positioning of the measur
mea sureme
ements
nts.. Oth
Other
er meth
methods
ods of perperfor
formin
mingg the req
requir
uired
ed
spec
sp ecime
imenn is ge
genenera
rally
lly do
done
ne wi
with
th a jig fu
furn
rnis
ishe
hedd wi
with
th th
thee checks may be substituted, provided that they can be shown to
machine. The top edges of the fixed and moveable jaws shall result in an equivalent accuracy. Appendix
accuracy. Appendix X1 also
X1 also describes a
have a radius of 0.25 6 0.12 mm (0.010 6 0.005 in.). For dynamic test for checking certain features of the machine and
specime
spe cimens
ns who
whosese thi
thickn
ckness
ess app
approa
roache
chess the low
lower
er limi
limiting
ting specimen.
5
´1
D256 − 10
NOTE 1—These views not to scale.

NOTE 2—Microm
2—Micrometer
eter to be satin-
satin-chrom
chromee finish
finished
ed with friction thimble.
NOTE 3—Special anvil for micrometer caliper 0 to 25.4 mm range (50.8 mm frame) (0 to 1 in. range (2-in. frame)).
NOTE 4—Anvil to be oriented with respect to frame as shown.
NOTE 5—Anvil and spindle to have hardened surfaces.
NOTE 6—Range: 0 to 25.4 mm (0 to 1 in. in thousandths of an inch).
NOTE 7—Adjustment must be at zero when spindle and anvil are in contact.
FIG. 5 Early (ca. 1970) Version of a Notch-Depth Micrometer
6.13 Micrometers— Apparatus
Apparatus for measurement of the width 7. Test Specimens
of the specimen shall comply with the requirements of Test 7.1 The test specimens shall conform conform to the dimensions and
Methods D5947
Methods D5947.. Apparatus for the measurement of the depth geometry of Fig. Fig. 6,
6, except as modified in accordance with 7.2
with 7.2,,
of plastic material remaining in the specimen under the notch 7.3,, 7.4
7.3 7.4,, and 7.5
7.5.. To ensure the correct contour and conditions
shall
sha ll com
comply
ply wit
withh req
requir
uiremen
ementsts of Test Met
Method
hodss D5947,
D5947, of ththee spspec
ecifi
ified
ed no notch
tch,, al
alll sp
spec
ecime
imensns sh
shall
all be no
notc
tche
hed
d as
provided however that the one anvil or presser foot shall be a directed in Section 8.
tapered blade conforming to the dimensions given in Fig. 5. 5. 7.1.
7. 1.1
1 St Stud
udies
ies hahaveve sh
show
own n th
that
at,, fo
forr so
some
me mamater
teria
ials,
ls, th
thee
The opposing anvil or presser foot shall be flat and conforming location of the notch on the specimen and the length of the
to Test Methods D5947
Methods D5947.. impacted end may have a slight effect on the measured impact
6
´1
D256 − 10
mm i n.
A 1 0 . 1 6 ± 0 .0 5 0 . 4 0 0 ± 0 .0 0 2
B 3 1. 8 ± 1. 0 1 .2 5 ± 0 . 0 4
C 6 3. 5 ± 2. 0 2 .5 0 ± 0 . 0 8
D 0 . 2 5 R ± 0 .0 5 0. 01 0 R ± 0. 00 2
E 1 2 . 7 0 ± 0 .2 0 0 . 5 0 0 ± 0 .0 0 8
FIG. 6 Dimen
Dimensions
sions of Izod-Type
Izod-Type Test Specimen
Specimen
resistance. Therefore,
resistance. Therefore, unless otherwise
otherwise specifi
specified,
ed, care must be 7.2.2 A cri
7.2.2 critica
ticall inv
investi
estigat
gation
ion of the mech
mechanic
anicss of imp
impact
act
taken to ensure that the specimen conforms to the dimensions testing has shown that tests made upon specimens under 6.35
shown in Fig.
in Fig. 6 and
6 and that it is positioned as shown in Fig. 1 or
1 or mm (0.(0.250
250 in.) widwidee abs
absorb
orb more ene energ
rgyy due to crucrushi
shing,
ng,
Fig. 2.
2. bendin
ben ding,
g, and twis
twistin
ting
g tha
than n do wid
widerer spe
specime
cimens.
ns. The
Theref
refore
ore,,
7.2 Molde
Molded d specimens shall
shall have a width between
between 3.0 and specimens 6.35 mm (0.250 in.) or over in width are recom-
12.7 mm (0.118 and 0.500 in.). Use the specimen width as mended
men ded.. The res respon
ponsib
sibilit
ility
y for dete
determi
rminin
ningg the min
minimu
imum m
spec
specifie
ified
d in ththee ma
mater
terial
ial sp
spec
ecific
ificati
ation
on or as agagre
reed
ed up
upon
on specimen width shall be the investigator’s, with due reference
between the supplier and the customer. All specimens having to the specification for that material.
one dimension less than 12.7 mm (0.500 in.) shall have the 7.2.3
7.2.3 Mat
Materi
erial
al spe
specifi
cificati
cation
on sho
should
uld be con
consul
sulted
ted for pre
pre--
notch
not ch cut on the sho
shorter
rter side. Oth
Otherw
erwise,
ise, all com
compre
pressio
ssion-
n- ferred
ferred mol
moldin
dingg con
condit
dition
ions.s. The typ
typee of mol
moldd and molmoldin
dingg
molded specimens shall be notched on the side parallel to the machine used and the flow behavior in the mold cavity will
direction of application of molding pressure. (See Fig. 6.
6.) influen
infl uence
ce the impimpact
act res
resista
istance
nce obt
obtain
ained.
ed. A spe
specime
cimenn tak
taken
en
from one end of a molded plaque may give different results
NOTE 13—While subsection 7.5 7.5 requires
requires perpendicular pairs of plane than
than a sp speci
ecime
men n tak
taken
en fr from
om ththee ot
othe
herr en
end.
d. Co
Coopoper
erat
atin
ingg
parallel surfaces, the common practice has been to accept the non-parallel
drafted surfaces formed when directly injection molding specimens for
labora
lab orator
tories
ies sho
should
uld the
theref
refore
ore agr
agree
ee on sta
standa
ndard
rd mol
molds
ds con
con--
Izod testing. Users must be aware that employing a trapezoidal section forming to the material specification. Practice D3641 can be
rather
rather than a rec
rectan
tangul
gular
ar sec
section
tion may lea
leadd to dat
dataa shi
shifts
fts and sca
scatter
tter.. used as a guide for general molding tolerances, but refer to the
Unequal stress, created by clamping in the fracture region and dynamic material specification for specific molding conditions.
twisting, caused by uneven striking of the specimen are prone to occur
when the faces of the specimen are not parallel. Interlaboratory compari-
7.2.4
7.2.4 The impact
impact resresista
istance
nce of a plas
plastic
tic material
material may be
sons must clearly spell out the specimen preparation conditions. different if the notch is perpendicular to, rather than parallel to,
the direction of molding. The same is true for specimens cut
7.2.1 Extrem
Extremee care must be used in handling specimens
specimens less
with or across the grain of an anisotropic sheet or plate.
than
than 6.
6.35
35 mm (0 (0.2
.250
50 in
in.)
.) wid
wide.
e. Su
Such
ch sp
spec
ecime
imens
ns mu
must
st be
accurately positioned and supported to prevent twist or lateral 7.3 For sheet materials,
materials, the specimens
specimens shall be cut from the
buckling during the test. Some materials, furthermore, are very sheet in both the lengthwise and crosswise directions unless
sensitive to clamping pressure (see Note 11).
11). otherwise specified. The width of the specimen shall be the
7
´1
D256 − 10
thickness of the sheet if the sheet thickness is between 3.0 and the ease of grinding the cutter to the specimen contour and
12.7 mm (0.118 and 0.500 in.). Sheet material thicker than 12.7 becausee of the smoother cut on the specimen. The cutting edge
becaus
mm shall be machined down to 12.7 mm. Specimens with a shall be carefully ground and honed to ensure sharpness and
12.7-mm square cross section may be tested either edgewise or freedom from nicks and burrs. Tools with no rake and a work
flatwise
flatw ise as cut from the sheet. When specimen
specimenss are tested relief angle of 15 to 20° have been found satisfactory.
flatwise, the notch shall be made on the machined surface if the
NOTE 15—For
15—For somsomee the
thermo
rmoplas
plastics
tics,, cut
cutter
ter spe
speeds
eds fro
from
m 53 to 150
specimen is machined on one face only. When the specimen is m/min (175 to 490 ft/min) at a feed speed of 89 to 160 mm/min (3.5 to 6.3
cut from a thick sheet, notation shall be made of the portion of in./min)
in./m in) without a water coolant
coolant or the same cutter speeds at a feed speed
the thickness of the sheet from which the specimen was cut, for of fr
from
om 36 to 161600 mm
mm/m /min
in (1
(1.4
.4 to 6.6.3
3 in
in./
./mi
min)
n) wi
with
th wa
water
ter co
cool
olan
antt
example, center, top, or bottom surface. produced suitable notches.
8.2 Spe
Specim
cimens
ens may be not
notche
ched
d sep
separa
arately
tely or in a grogroup.
up.
7.4 The practice of cementing,
cementing, bolting, clamping,
clamping, or other-
However, in either case an unnotched backup or “dummy bar”
wise combining
combining spespecime
cimens
ns of sub
substan
standar
dard
d wid
widthth to for
form
m a
shall be placed behind the last specimen in the sample holder
composite test specimen is not recommended and should be
to prevent distortion and chipping by the cutter as it exits from
avoided since test results may be seriously affected by interface
the last test specimen.
effects or effects of solvents and cements on energy absorption
of composite test specimens, or both. However, if Izod test data 8.3 The profile
profile of the cutting tooth or teeth shall
shall be such as
on such thin materials are required when no other means of to pr
prod
oduc
ucee a no
notc
tch
h of ththee co
cont
ntou
ourr an
and
d de
dept
pth
h in th
thee te
test
st
preparing specimens are available, and if possible sources of specimen as specified in Fig. 6 (see Note 16)
16). The included
error are recognized and acceptable, the following technique of angle of the notch shall be 45 6 1° with a radius of curvature
preparing composites may be utilized. at the apex of 0.25 6 0.05 mm (0.010 6 0.002 in.). The plane
7.4.1 The test specimen shall be a compo
composite
site of individual
individual bisecting the notch angle shall be perpendicular to the face of
thin specimens
specimens totaling 6.35 to 12.7 mm (0.250 to 0.500 in.) in the test specimen within 2°.
width. Individual members of the composite shall be accurately NOTE 16—There is evidence that notches in materials of widely varying
aligned
aligned wit
withh each other and clamclamped
ped,, bol
bolted
ted,, or cem
cemente
entedd physical dimensions
physical dimensions may dif
differ
fer in contou
contourr even when using the same
together. The composite shall be machined to proper dimen- cutter.
sions and then notched. In all such cases the use of composite 8.4 The de
8.4 dept
pth
h of th thee pl
plas
astic
tic ma
mater
terial
ial re
rema
main
inin
ing
g in th
thee
specimens shall be noted in the report of test results. specimen under the notch shall be 10.16 6 0.05 mm (0.400 6
7.4.2 Care must be taken to select a solvent
solvent or adhesive
adhesive that 0.002 in.). This dimension shall be measured with apparatus in
will not affect the impact resistance of the material under test. accordance with 6.13
6.13.. The tapered blade will be fitted to the
If solven
solvents
ts or solve
solvent-con
nt-containing
taining adhesives
adhesives are employ
employed,
ed, a notch. The specimen will be approximately vertical between
conditioning procedure shall be established to ensure complete the anvils. For specimens with a draft angle, position edge of
removal of the solvent prior to test. the non-cavity (wider edge) surface centered on the microm-
7.5 Each specimen
specimen shall be free of twist
twist (see Note
(see Note 14)
14) and eter’s flat circular anvil.
shall
sha ll hav
havee mut
mutual
ually
ly per
perpen
pendic
dicula
ularr pai
pairs
rs of plan
planee par
paralle
allell 8.5 Cutter speed and feed speed should be chosen appropri-
appropri-
surfaces and free from scratches, pits, and sink marks. The ate for the material being tested since the quality of the notch
specimens
specime ns shall be checked for compli
compliance
ance with these require- may
ma y be adadve
vers
rsely
ely af affe
fecte
cted
d by the
therm
rmalal de
defo
form
rmati
ation
onss an
andd
ments by visual observation against straightedges, squares, and stresses induced during the cutting operation if proper condi-
flat plates, and by measuring with micrometer calipers. Any tions are not selected.6 The notching parameters
parameters used shall not
specimen showing observable or measurable departure from alter the physical state of the material such as by raising the
onee or mo
on morere of th
thes
esee re
requ
quir
irem
emen
ents
ts sh
shal
alll be re
reje
ject
cted
ed or tempe
tem pera
ratu
ture
re of a th ther
ermo
mopl
plas
astic
tic ab
abov
ovee its gl
glas
asss tr
tran
ansi
sitio
tion
n
machined to the proper size and shape before testing. temperature. In general, high cutter speeds, slow feed rates, and
lack of coolant induce more thermal damage than a slow cutter
NOTE 14—A specimen that has a slight twist to its notched face of 0.05
mm (0.002 in.) at the point of contact with the pendulum striking edge will speed, fast feed speed, and the use of a coolant. Too high a feed
be likely to have a characteristic fracture surface with considerable greater speed/cutter speed ratio, however, may cause impacting and
fracture area than for a normal break. In this case the energy to break and cracking of the specimen. The range of cutter speed/feed ratios
toss the broken section may be considerably larger (20 to 30 %) than for possible to produce acceptable notches can be extended by the
a normal break. A tapered specimen may require more energy to bend it
use of a suitable coolant. (See Note 17.)
17.) In the case of new
in the vise before fracture.
types of plastics, it is necessary to study the effect of variations
8. Notching Test
Test Specimens in the notching conditions. (See Note 18. 18.)
NOTE 17—Water
17—Water or com
compre
presse
ssed
d gas is a sui
suitabl
tablee coo
coolan
lantt for many
8.1 Not
Notchi
ching
ng sha
shall
ll be don
donee on a mil
milling
ling machine,
machine, engine
engine
plastics.
lathe, or other suitable machine tool. Both the feed speed and NOTE 18—Embedded thermocouples, or another temperature measur-
the cut
cutter
ter spe
speed
ed sha
shall
ll be con
constan
stantt thr
throug
oughou
houtt the not
notchi
ching
ng ing device, can be used to determine the temperature rise in the material
operation (see Note 15)
15). Provision for cooling the specimen near the apex of the notch during machining. Thermal stresses induced
with either a liquid or gas coolant is recommended. A single- during the notching operation can be observed in transparent materials by
tooth cutter shall be used for notching the specimen, unless
notc
no tche
hess of an eqequi
uiva
valelent
nt qu
qual
ality
ity ca
can
n be prprod
oduc
uced
ed wi
with
th a 6
Supporting
Supporting data are availa
available
ble from ASTM Headq
Headquarter
uarters.
s. Reque
Request
st RR:D2
RR:D20-
0-
multi-tooth cutter. Single-tooth cutters are preferred because of 1066.
8
´1
D256 − 10
viewing the specimen at low magnification
viewing magnification between crossed polars in NOTE 20—Ideally, an impact test would be conducted at a constant test
monochromatic light. velocity. In a pendulum-type test, the velocity decreases as the fracture
progresses. For specimens that have an impact energy approaching the
8.6 A notching
notching ope
operati
ration
on not
notche
chess one or mor
moree spe
specime
cimens
ns capacity of the pendulum there is insufficient energy to complete the break
plus the “dummy bar” at a single pass through the notcher. The and toss. By avoiding the higher 15 % scale energy readings, the velocity
specimen notch produced by each cutter will be examined after of the pendulum will not be reduced below 1.3 m/s (4.4 ft/s). On the other
every 500 notching operations or less frequently if experience hand, the use of too heavy a pendulum would reduce the sensitivity of the
shows this to be acceptable. The notch in the specimen, made reading.
of the material to be tested, shall be inspected and verified. One 10.3 If the machine is equipped with a mechan mechanical ical pointer
procedure for the inspection and verification of the notch is and dial, perform the following operations before testing the
presen
pre sented
ted in Append
Appendixix X1X1.. Each
Each tytype
pe of ma
mater
teria
iall be
bein
ing
g specimens.
specim ens. If the machine is equipp
equippeded with a digita
digitall indicat
indicating
ing
notched must be inspected and verified at that time. If the angle system, follow the manufacturer’s instructions to correct for
or radius does not fall within the specified limits for materials windag
win dagee and fri frictio
ction.
n. If exc
excess
essive
ive fri
frictio
ctionn is ind
indicat
icated,
ed, the
of satisfactory machining characteristics, then the cutter shall machine shall be adjusted before starting a test.
be replaced with a newly sharpened and honed one. (See Note 10.3.1
10. 3.1 With the ind indicat
icating
ing poi
pointer
nter in its nornormal
mal stastartin
rting
g
19.)
19 .) posi
po sitio
tion
n bu
butt wi
withthou
outt a sp
speci
ecime
men n in th thee vi
vise
se,, rerelea
lease
se th
thee
pend
pe ndul
ulum
um fr from
om its no norm
rmal
al sta
start
rtin
ingg po
posi
sitio
tion
n anandd no note
te th
thee
NOTE 19—A carbide-tipped
carbide-tipped or indus
industrial
trial diamo
diamond-tip
nd-tipped
ped notchi
notching
ng
cutter is recommended for longer service life. position the pointer attains after the swing as one reading of
Factor A.
9. Condi
Conditioni
tioning
ng 10.3.2 Without resetting the pointer,
pointer, raise the pendulum and
relea
release
se ag
agai
ain.
n. ThThee po
poin
inter
ter shshou
ouldld mo
moveve up th thee scscale
ale an
9.1 Conditioning— Condit
Condition
ion the test specimens
specimens at 23 6
additional
additio nal amount. Repeat (10.3.2(10.3.2)) until a swing causes no
2°C (73 6 3.6°F) and 50 6 10 % relativ
relativee humidity for not less
additional movement of the pointer and note the final reading
than 40 h after notching
notching and prior to testing in accordance
accordance with
as one reading of Factor B (see (see Note
Note 21).
21).
Procedure A of Practice D618,
D618, unless it can be documented
10.3.3
10. 3.3 Repe
Repeat at the pre
preced
ceding
ing two opeoperat
ration
ionss sev
severa
erall time
timess
(between
(betwe en suppl
supplier
ier and customer) that a shorte
shorterr condit
conditioning
ioning
and calculate and record the average A and B readings.
time is sufficient for a given material to reach equilibrium of
impact resista
resistance.
nce. NOTE 21—Factor B is an indication of the energy lost by the pendulum
9.1.1
9.1 .1 Not
Notee that for som
somee hyg
hygros
roscop
copic
ic mat
materi
erials,
als, suc
suchh as to friction in the pendulum bearings and to windage. The difference A – B
is an indication of the energy lost to friction and inertia in the indicating
nylons, the material specifications (for example, Specification mechanism. However, the actual corrections will be smaller than these
D4066)) call for tes
D4066 testing
ting “dr
“dry
y as-
as-mol
molded
ded spe
specime
cimens.
ns.”” Suc
Such
h factor
fac tors,
s, sin
since
ce in an actu
actual
al tes
testt the ene
energ
rgy
y abs
absorb
orbed
ed by the specimen
specimen
requirements take precedence over the above routine precon- prevents the pendulum from making a full swing. Therefore, the indicated
ditioni
ditioning
ng to 50 % relrelativ
ativee hum
humidi
idity
ty and req
requir
uiree seal
sealing
ing the breaking energy of the specimen must be included in the calculation of the
specimens in water vapor-impermeable containers as soon as machine correction before determining the breaking energy of the speci-
10.8). The A and B values also provide an indication of the
men (see 10.8).
molded and not removing them until ready for testing. condition of the machine.
9.2 Test Conditions— Conduct
Conduct tests in the standard labora- 10.3.4 If excessive friction is indicated, the machine shall be
tory atmosphere of 23 6 2°C (73 6 3.6°F) and 50 6 10 % adjusted before starting a test.
relativee humid
relativ humidity
ity,, unles
unlesss otherw
otherwise
ise specified in the material
speci
specifica
ficatio
tion
n or by cu custo
stomer
mer re
requ
quire
ireme
ments
nts.. In cas
cases
es of 10.4 Check the specimens
specimens for conformity with the require-
disagreement, the tolerances shall be 61°C (61.8°F) and 6 ments of Sections 7, 8, and
and 10.1
10.1..
5 % relative humidity. 10.5 Measu
Measurere and record the width of each specim
specimen
en after
notchin
notchingg to the nearest
nearest 0.0
0.025
25 mm (0.
(0.001
001 in.). Measure
Measure the
10. Procedur
Proceduree width in one location adjacent to the notch centered about the
anticipated
anticipated fractu
fracture
re plane.
10.1 At leas
10.1 leastt five and preprefer
ferabl
ablyy ten or mormoree ind
individ
ividual
ual
determi
dete rminat
nation
ionss of imp
impact
act res
resist
istanc
ancee mus
mustt be mad
madee on each 10.6 Measu
Measurere and record the depth of material
material remaining in
sample to be tested under the conditions prescribed in Section the specimen under the notch of each specimen to the nearest
9. Eac
Eachh gr
grou
oup p sh
shal
alll co
cons
nsist
ist of spspeci
ecime
mens
ns wiwith
th ththee sa
same
me 0.025 mm (0.001 in.). The tapered blade will be fitted to the
nomi
no mina
nall wi
widt
dth
h (60.1 .133 mm (60. 0.00
0055 in
in.)
.)).
). In th
thee ca
case
se of notch. The specimen will be approximately vertical between
spec
specim
imen
enss cu
cutt fr
from
om sh shee
eets
ts ththat
at araree su
susp
spec
ecte
ted
d of be bein
ing
g the anvils. For specimens with a draft angle, position edge of
anisotropic,
anisotr opic, prepare and test specimens from each principal the non-cavity (wider edge) surface centered on the microm-
direction (lengthwise and crosswise to the direction of anisot- eter’s flat circular anvil.
ropy). 10.7 Positi
Position
on the specimen precisely (see 6.7 6.7)) so that it is
10.2
10. 2 Esti
Estimate
mate the bre
breaki
aking
ng ene
energ
rgy
y for the spe
specime
cimen n and rigidly, but not too tightly (see Note 11),
11), clamped in the vise.
select a pendulum of suitable energy. Use the lightest standard Pay special attention to ensure that the “impacted end” of the
pendulum
pendu lum that is expec
expected
ted to break each specimen in the group specim
spe cimen
en as sho
shown
wn and dim dimens
ension
ioned
ed in Fig.
Fig. 6 is th
thee en
end
d
with a loss of not more than 85 % of its energy (see Note 20).
20). projecting above the vise. Release the pendulum and record the
Check
Chec k the machine
machine with the proproper
per pendulum
pendulum in pla
place
ce for indicat
ind icated
ed bre
breaki
aking
ng ene
energ
rgyy of the spe
specim
cimenen tog
togethe
etherr with a
conformity with the requirements of Section 6 before starting descri
des cripti
ption
on of the app
appear
earanc
ancee of the bro
broken
ken spe
specime
cimen n (se
(seee
the tests. (See Appendix
(See Appendix X1.)
X1 .) failure categories in 5.8
5.8).
).
9
´1
D256 − 10
10.8 Subtr
Subtract
act the windag
windagee and frictio
friction
n correction from the category,, except non-break
category non-break as prese
presented
nted in
in 5.8
5.8.. Optional units
2 2
indicated breaking energy of the specimen, unless determined (kJ/m (ft·lbf/in. )) may also need to be reported (see Appendix
automatically by the indicating system (that is, digital display X4),
X4 ), and
or computer). If a mechanical dial and pointer is employed, use 11.1.1
11 .1.11
1 The percent of specime
specimens
ns failing in each category
the A and B factors and the appropriate tables or the graph suffixed by the corresponding letter code from 5.8 5.8..
describ
des cribed
ed in Annex
Annex A1 and AnnexAnnex A2 to de dete
term
rmin
inee th
thee
correction. For those digital systems that do not automatically TEST METHOD C—CANTILEVER BEAM TEST FOR
compensate for windage and friction, follow the manufactur- MATERIALS OF LESS THAN 27 J/m (0.5 ft·lbf/in.)
er’s procedure for performing this correction.
10.8.1
10.8.1 In other words, either manually or automatically
automatically,, the 12. Appar
Apparatus
atus
windage and friction correction value is subtracted from the 12.1 The apparatus
apparatus shall be the same as specified
specified in Section
uncorr
unc orrecte
ected,
d, ind
indicat
icated
ed bre
breaki
aking
ng ene
energ
rgy
y to obt
obtain
ain the new 6.
breaki
bre aking
ng ene
energrgyy. Com
Compar paree the net val
value
ue so fou
found
nd with the
energ
ene rgy
y req
requir
uireme
ementnt of the ham hammer
mer spe
specifi
cified
ed in 10.2.
10.2. I f a 13. Test Specimens
hammer of improper energy was used, discard the result and
13.1
13.1 The test specimen
specimenss sha
shall
ll be the same as spe
specifi
cified
ed in
makee ad
mak addi
diti
tion
onal
al tetests
sts on ne new
w sp
spec
ecime
imens
ns wi
with
th th
thee pr
prop
oper
er
Section 7.
hammer. (See Annex
(See Annex A1 and and Annex
Annex A2.
A2.)
10.9 Div
10.9 Divide
ide the net value found
found in 10.8 by the measured 14. Notching Test
Test Specimens
width of the particular specimen to obtain the impact resistance
14.1 Notch
Notching
ing test specimens
specimens shall be the same as specified
(ft·lbf/in.). If the optional units of kJ/m2
under the notch in J/m (ft·lbf/in.).
in Section 8.
(ft·lbf/in.2) are used, divide the net value found in 10.8
10.8 by
by the
measured width and depth under the notch of the particular
15. Condi
Conditioni
tioning
ng
specimen to obtain the impact strength. The term, “depth under
the notch,” is graphically represented by Dimension A in Fig. 15.1 Specim
Specimen
en conditioning
conditioning and test environment
environment shall be
6. Consequently, the cross-sectional area (width times depth in accordance with Section 9.
under the notch) will need to be reported. (See Appendix X4. X4.)
16. Procedur
Proceduree
10.10 Calc
10.10 Calcula
ulate
te the ave
averag
ragee Izo
Izod
d imp
impact
act res
resista
istance
nce of the
group
group of spe
specime
cimens.
ns. How
Howeveeverr, onl
onlyy val
values
ues of spe
specime
cimens
ns 16.1 The procedure
procedure shall
shall be the same as in Section 10
Section 10 with
havi
having
ng th
thee sa
same
me nonomi
minanall wi
widt
dthh an
andd ty
type
pe of br
break
eak may be the addition of a procedure for estimating the energy to toss the
averaged. Values obtained from specimens that did not break in broken
brok en specim
specimen
en part.
the manner specified in 5.8
in 5.8 shall
shall not be included in the average. 16.1.1
16.1.1 Make an estimate of the magnitude
magnitude of the energy to
Also calculate the standard deviation of the group of values. toss each different type of material and each different specimen
size (width). This is done by repositioning the free end of the
11.. Repo
11 Report
rt broken
bro ken specimen
specimen on the clamped
clamped por portio
tion
n and striking
striking it a
11.1 Report the following information:
11.1 information: second time with the pendulum released in such a way as to
11.1.1
11 .1.1 The test method used (Test (Test Method A, A, C, D, or E), impart to the specimen approximately the same velocity it had
11.1.2 Complete identification of the material tested, includ- attained during the test. This is done by releasing the pendulum
ing type source, manufacturer’s
manufacturer’s code numbe number,r, and previ
previous
ous from a height corresponding to that to which it rose following
history, the breakage of the test specimen. The energy to toss is then
11.1.3
11 .1.3 A statemen
statementt of how the specimens
specimens were prepared,
prepared, the considered to be the difference between the reading previously
testing
test ing con
condit
dition
ionss use
used,d, the num
numberber of hou
hours
rs the spe specime
cimensns described and the free swing reading obtained from this height.
were conditioned after notching, and for sheet materials, the A rep
reprod
roduci
ucible
ble meth
method
od of stastartin
rting
g the pen
pendul
dulum
um fro
from
m the
direction of testing with respect to anisotropy, if any, proper height must be devised.
11.
1.1.
1.44 Th
Thee cap
capaci
acity
ty of th thee pe
pend
ndul
ulum
um in jojoulules
es,, or fo
foot
ot
pound-force, or inch pound-force, 17. Repo
Report
rt
11.1.5
11 .1.5 The width and depth under the notch of each speci- 17.1 Repor
Reportt the follow
followinging information:
information:
men tested, 17.1.1
17. 1.1 Same as 11.1.1
as 11.1.1,,
11.1.6
11 .1.6 The total number of specimens specimens tested per sample of 17.1.2
17. 1.2 Same as 11.1.2
as 11.1.2,,
material, 17.1.3
17. 1.3 Same as 11.1.3
as 11.1.3,,
11.1.7
11 .1.7 The type of failure (see 5.8 5.8)), 17.1.4
17. 1.4 Same as 11.1.4
as 11.1.4,,
11.
1.1.
1.88 The im impa
pact
ct reresi
sist
stan
ance
ce mumust st be re
repo
portrted
ed in J/ J/m
m 17.1.5
17. 1.5 Same as 11.1.5
as 11.1.5,,
2 2
(ft·lbf/in.); the optional units of kJ/m (ft·lbf/in. ) may also be 17.1.6
17. 1.6 Same as 11.1.6
as 11.1.6,,
required (see 10.9
10.9)), 17.1.7
17. 1.7 The ave
averag
ragee rev
revers
ersed
ed not
notch
ch imp
impact
act res
resista
istance
nce,, J/m
11.
1.1.
1.99 Th
Thee nu numb
mberer of th thos
osee sp
spec
ecime
imens
ns th
that
at reresu
sulte
lted
d in (ft·lbf/in.) (see 5.8
(see 5.8 for failure categories),
failures which conforms to each of the requirement categories 17.1.8
17. 1.8 Same as 11.1.8
as 11.1.8,,
in 5.8
5.8,, 17.1.9
17. 1.9 Same as 11.1.9
as 11.1.9,,
11.1.10
11 .1.10 The average impact resistance and standard devia- 17.1.10
17.1. 10 Same as as 11.1.10,
11.1.10, and
tion (in J/m (ft (ft·lb
·lbf/in
f/in.))
.)) for tho
thosese spe
specim
cimens
ens in each failure
failure 17.1.11
17.1. 11 Same as 11.1.11
as 11.1.11..
10
´1
D256 − 10
17.1.12 The estimated toss correction,

17.1.12 correction, expressed
expressed in terms of R2 = rad
radius
ius o
off the llar
arger
ger notc
notch,
h, mm,
mm, and
joule (J) or foot pound-force (ft·lbf). R 1 = rad
radius
ius of
of the smalle
smallerr notch,
notch, mm.
mm.
17.1.13
17.1. 13 The difference
difference between
between the Izod impact energy and Example:
the toss correction energy is the net Izod energy. This value is
divided by the specimen width (at the base of notch) to obtain E 1.0 5 330 .95 J/m ; E 0.25 5 138
330.95 138.78
.78 J/ m
b 5 ~ 330.95 2 138.78 J/m ! / ~ 1.00 2 0.25 mm!
the net Izod impact resistance for the report.
b 5 192192.17
.17 J/ m 0.75 mm 5 256.23 J/m
TEST METHOD D—NOTCH RADIUS SENSITIVITY of notch per mm of radius
TEST
24. Repo
Report
rt
18. Appar
Apparatus
atus 24.1 Repor
Reportt the follow
followinging information:
information:
18.1 The apparatus
specified in Section 24.1.1
24. 1.1 Same as 11.1.1
as 11.1.1,,
6. 24.1.2
24. 1.2 Same as 11.1.2
as 11.1.2,,
24.1.3
24. 1.3 Same as 11.1.3
as 11.1.3,,
19. Test Specimens 24.1.4
24. 1.4 Same as 11.1.4
as 11.1.4,,
19.1 The test specimens
19.1 specimens shall be the same as spe
specifie
cified
d in 24.1.5
24. 1.5 Same as 11.1.5
as 11.1.5,,
Section 7. All specimens must be of the same nominal width, 24.1.6
24. 1.6 Same as 11.1.6
as 11.1.6,,
preferably 6.35-mm (0.25-in.). 24.1.7
24.1. 7 The average reversed
reversed notch impact
impact resistance, in J/m
(ft·lbf/in.) (see 5.8
(see 5.8 for failure categories),
20. Notching Test
Test Specimens 24.1.8
24. 1.8 Same as 11.1.8
as 11.1.8,,
24.1.9
24. 1.9 Same as 11.1.9
as 11.1.9,,
20.1 Not
20.1 Notchi
ching
ng shall be don
donee as spe
specifi
cified
ed in Sec
Section
tion 8 and
24.1.10
24.1. 10 Same as as 11.1.10,
11.1.10, and
Fig. 6,
6, except
except tho
those
se ten specimens
specimens shall be not
notche
chedd with a
24.1.11
24.1. 11 Same as 11.1.11
as 11.1.11..
radius of 0.25 mm (0.010 in.) and ten specimens with a radius
24.1.12
24.1. Reportt the average value of b
12 Repor b with its units, and the
of 1.0 mm (0.040 in.).
averag
ave ragee Izo
Izod
d imp
impact
act res
resista
istance
nce for a 0.2
0.25-m
5-mm m (0.
(0.010
010-in
-in.)
.)
21. Condi
Condition
tioning
ing notch.
21.1 Specim
Specimen
en conditioning
environment shall be TEST METHOD E—CANTILEVER BEAM REVERSED
in accordance with Section 9. NOTCH TEST
22. Procedur
Proceduree 25. Appar
Apparatus
atus
22.1 Pro
22.1 Proceed
ceed in acco
accorda
rdance
nce wit
with
h Sect
Section
ion 10
10,, te
testi
sting
ng ten 25.1 The apparatus
specified in Section
specimens of each notch radius. 6.
22.2 The average impact
impact resistance of each group shall be
26. Test Specimens
calculated, except that within each group the type of break
must be homogeneously C, H, C and H, or P. 26.1
26.1 The test specimen
specimen shall
shall be the same as spe
specifie
cified
d in
Section 7.
22.3 If the specim
specimens
ens with the 0.25-
0.25-mm
mm (0.010-in.)
(0.010-in.) radius
notch do not break, the test is not applicable. 27. Notching Test
Test Specimens
22.4
22.4 If an
anyy of te
ten
n sp
spec
ecim
imen
enss te
test
sted
ed wiwith
th th
thee 1.
1.0-
0-mm
mm 27.1 Notch the test specimens
specimens in accordance
accordance with Section 8
Section 8..
(0.040-in.) radius notch fail as in category NB, non-break, the
notch sensitivity procedure cannot be used without obtaining 28. Condi
Conditioni
tioning
ng
additional data. A new set of specimens should be prepared
28.1 Specim
Specimen
en conditioning
environment shall be
from
from the same sample,
sample, usi
using
ng a 0.50.50-m
0-mmm (0.(0.020
020-in
-in.)
.) not
notch
ch
in accordance with Section 9.
radius and the procedure of 22.1
of 22.1 and
and 22.2
22.2 repeated.
repeated.
29. Procedur
Proceduree
23. Calc
Calculati
ulation
on
29.1 Proce
Proceed
ed in accordance with Section 10 10,, except clamp
23.1 Calculat
Calculatee the slope of the line connecting
connecting the values for
the specimen so that the striker impacts it on the face opposite
impact resistance for 0.25 and 1.0-mm notch radii or (0.010
the not
notch,
ch, hen
hence
ce sub
subject
jecting
ing the not
notch
ch to com
compre
pressi
ssive
ve rat
rather
her
and 0.040-in. notch radii) by the equation presented as follows.
than tensile stresses during impact (see Fig. 2 and Note 22,
22,
(If a 0.500-mm (0.020-in.) notch radius is substituted, adjust Note 23,
23, and Note
and Note 24)
24).
the calculation accordingly.)
NOTE 22—The
22—The rev revers
ersed
ed not
notch
ch tes
testt emp
employ
loyss a sta
standa
ndard
rd 0.2
0.25-m
5-mm m
b 5 ~ E 2 2 E 1 ! / ~ R 2 2 R 1 !
(0.010-in.)) notch specimen
(0.010-in. specimen to provi
provide
de an indica
indication
tion of unnotc
unnotched
hed impact
resistance. Use of the reversed notch test obviates the need for machining
where:
unnotched specimens to the required 10.2 6 0.05-mm (0.400 6 0.002-in.)
E 2 = average
average impact resistan
resistance
ce for the
the larger
larger notch,
notch, J/m of depth before testing and provid
provides
es the same convenience
convenience of specim
specimen en
notch, mounting as the standard notch tests (Test Methods A and C).
E 1 = averag
averagee impact
impact resistance
resistance for
for the smaller notch
notch,, J/m of
of NOTE 23—Results obtained by the reversed notch test may not always
agree with those obtained on unnotched bars that have been machined to
notch,
the 10.
10.2-m
2-mm m (0.
(0.400
400-in
-in.)
.) dep
depth
th req
requir
uireme
ement.
nt. For som
somee mat
materi
erials
als,, the
11
´1
D256 − 10
TABLE 1 Precision Data, Test Method A—Notched Izod
NOTE 1—Values in ft·lbf/in. of width (J/m of width).

NOTE 2—See Footnote 10.
Number of
Material Average S r A S R B I r C I R D
Laboratories
P h e no l i c 0.57 (30.4) 0. 02 4 (1.3) 0.076 (4.1) 0.06 (3.2) 0 .2 1 (11.2) 19
A c etal 1.45 (77.4) 0. 07 5 (4.0) 0.604 (32.3) 0.21 (11.2) 1 .7 0 (90.8) 9
Reinforced nylon 1.98 (105.7) 0. 08 3 (4.4) 0.245 (13.1) 0.23 (12.3) 0 .6 9 (36.8) 15
Polypropylene 2.66 (142.0) 0 .1 5 4 (8.2) 0.573 (30.6) 0.43 (23.0) 1 .6 2 (86.5) 24
ABS 10.80 (576.7) 0 .1 3 6 (7.3) 0.585 (31.2) 0.38 (20.3) 1 .6 5 (88.1) 25
Polycarbonate 16.40 (875.8) 0 .2 9 5 (15.8) 1.056 (56.4) 0.83 (44.3) 2 .9 8 (159.1) 25
A
S r = within-laboratory standard deviation of the average.
B
S R = between-laboratories standard deviation of the average.
C
I r = 2.83 S
2.83 S r .
D
I R = 2.83 S
2.83 S R .
effects
effects ari
arisin
sing
g fro
from
m the dif
differ
ferenc
encee in the clam
clamped
ped masses
masses of the two 31.3 Concept of I r and I R — If If S
S r and S R have been calculated
specimen types during test, and those attributable to a possible difference from a large enough body of data, and for test results that were
in toss energies ascribed to the broken ends of the respective specimens,
may contribute significantly to a disparity in test results.
averages from testing five specimens. (Warning— (Warning—The The follow-
NOTE 24—Where materials are suspected of anisotropy, due to molding ing expexplan
lanatio ns of I r and I R (see 31.3
ations 31.3 – 31. 31.3.3
3.3)) ar
aree on
only
ly
or other fabricating influences, notch reversed notch specimens on the face inten
in tende
dedd to pr prese
esent
nt a me mean
anin
ingfgful
ul waway y of co cons
nsid
ider
erin
ing
g ththee
opposite to that used for the standard Izod test; that is, present the same precision
precis ion of this test method. The data in Tables in Tables 1-3 should
1-3 should not
face to the impact blow.
be rigorously applied to acceptance or rejection of material, as
30. Repor
Reportt thos
th osee da
data
ta ar
aree sp
spec
ecifi
ificc to ththee rorounundd rorobi
binn an
andd ma
may y no
nott be
representative of other lots, conditions, materials, or laborato-
30.1 Report the following information:
information:
ries.
rie s. Use
Users rs of this test meth method
od sho should
uld apply the pri princi
nciple
pless
30.1.1
30. 1.1 Sam
Samee as 11.1.1
11.1.1,,
outlined
outlin ed in Practi
Practicece E691 to gen
genera erate
te datdataa spe
specifi
cificc to thei
theirr
30.1.2
30. 1.2 Sam
Samee as 11.1.2
11.1.2,,
laboratory
labor atory and materia
materials,ls, or betwee
between n specifi
specificc labora
laboratories
tories.. The
30.1.3
30. 1.3 Sam
Samee as 11.1.3
11.1.3,,
30.1.4
30. 1.4 Sam
Samee as 11.1.4
11.1.4,, principles of 31.3
31.3 – 31.3.3 would
31.3.3 would then be valid for such data.)
30.1.5
30. 1.5 Sam
Samee as 11.1.5
11.1.5,, 31.3.1 Repeatability, I r (Comparing Two Test Results for the
30.1.6
30. 1.6 Sam
Samee as 11.1.6
11.1.6,, Samee Mat
Sam Materi
erial,
al, Obt
Obtain
aineded by the Sam Samee Ope Operat
rator
or Usi
Using
ng the
30.1.7
30.1. 7 The average reversed notch impact resistance,
resistance, J/m Same
Sa me EqEquiuipm
pmen entt on th thee Sa
Same
me Da Day) — The
y)— T he twtwoo tes
testt re
resu
sults
lts
(ft·lbf/in.) (see 5.8
5.8 for
for failure categories), should
shoul d be judged not equivalent
equivalent if they dif differ
fer by more than the
30.1.8
30. 1.8 Sam
Samee as 11.1.8
11.1.8,, I r value for that material.
30.1.9
30. 1.9 Sam
Samee as 11.1.9
11.1.9,, 31.3.2 Reproducibility, I R (Comparing Two Test Results for
30.1.1
30. 1.10
0 Same as 11.1.10
as 11.1.10,, and the Same Material, Obtained by Dif Differe
ferent
nt Opera
Operators
tors Using
30.1.11
30.1. 11 Same as 11.1.11
as 11.1.11.. Different
Differ ent Equipment on Differ
Differentent Days)— The
The two test results
should
shoul d be judged not equivalent
equivalent if they dif differ
fer by more than the
31. Pre
Precisi
cision
on and Bias I R value for that material.
31.1 Table
Table 1 and Table 2 are based on a round robin in 31.3.3
31.3. 3 Any judgment
judgment in accord
accordance
ance with 31.3.1
with 31.3.1 and
and 31.3.2
31.3.2
accordance with Practic
accordance Practicee E691
E691.. For each material, all the test would have an approximate 95 % (0.95) probability of being
bars were prepared at one source, except for notching. Each correct.
participating laboratory notched the bars that they tested. Table
tested. Table
1 and
and Table
Table 2 are
2 are presented on the basis of a test result being 31.4 Bias— There
There is no recognized standards by which to
thee av
th aver
eragagee fo
forr fiv
fivee sp
speci
ecime
mens
ns.. In th
thee ro
roun
und
d ro
robi
bin
n eaeach
ch estimate bias of these test methods.
laboratory tested, on average, nine specimens of each material.
NOTE 25—Numerous changes have occurred since the collection of the
5
31.2 Tabl
Tablee 3 is ba
base
sed
d on a ro
roun
undd ro
robi
bin
n involv
involving
ing five original round-robin data in 1973. Consequently, a new task group has
materials tested by seven laboratories. For each material, all the been
been for
formed
med to eva
evalua
luate
te a pre
precis
cision
ion and bia
biass sta
statem
tement
ent for the latest
revision of these test methods.
sampl
sam ples
es we
werere pr
prepepar
ared
ed at on
onee so
sour
urce
ce,, an
andd th
thee in
indi
divi
vidu
dual
al
specimens were all notched at the same laboratory. Table 3 is
presented on the basis of a test result being the average for five 32. Keyw
Keywords
ords
specime
specimens.
ns. In the rouround
nd rob
robin,
in, each laborato
laboratory
ry test
tested
ed ten 32.1 impact
32.1 impact re
resis
sistan
tance;
ce; Izo
Izod
d imp
impact
act;; no
notch
tch sen
sensit
sitivi
ivity;
ty;
specimens of each material. notched specimen; reverse notch impact
12
´1
D256 − 10
TABLE 2 Precision Data, Test Method C—Notched Izod

Number of
Laboratories
P h e no l i c 0.45 (24.0) 0.038 (2.0) 0.129 (6.9) 0.10 (5.3) 0.36 (19.2) 15
A
B
C
I r = 2.83 S
2.83 S r .
D
I R = 2.83 S
2.83 S R .
TABLE 3 Precision Data, Test Method E—Reversed Notch Izod

Acrylic sheet, unmodified 3. 02 (161.3) 0 .2 4 3 (13.0) 0. 52 5 (28.0) 0.68 (36.3) 0.71 (37.9)
Premix molding compounds laminate 6.11 (326.3) 0 .7 6 7 (41.0) 0 .7 8 6 (42.0) 2.17 (115.9) 2.22 (118.5)
acrylic, injection molded 1 0 .3 3 (551.6) 0. 87 8 (46.9) 1 .2 7 6 (68.1) 2.49 (133.0) 3.61 (192.8)
compound (SMC) laminate 11.00 (587.4) 0. 71 9 (38.4) 0. 78 5 (41.9) 2.03 (108.4) 2.22 (118.5)
Preformed mat laminate 1 9. 43 (1037.6) 0 .9 6 0 (51.3) 1. 61 8 (86.4) 2.72 (145.2) 4.58 (244.6)
A
B
C
I r = 2.83 S
2.83 S r .
D
I R = 2.83 S
2.83 S R .
ANNEXES
(Mandatory Information)
A1. INSTRUCT
INSTRUCTIONS
IONS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF A WINDAGE AND
AND FRICTION CORRECTION CHART
FIG. A1.1 Metho

Method
d of Construction
Construction of a Winda
Windage
ge and Friction Cor-
rection Chart
A1.1 The construction

construction and use of the chart herein described
is bas
based
ed upo
uponn the assumption
assumption that the fri frictio
ction
n and windage
windage
losses are proportional to the angle through which these loss
torque
torquess are appapplied
lied to the penpendul
dulum.
um. Fig. A1.A1.11 shows
shows the
assumed energy loss versus the angle of the pendulum position FIG. A1.2 Sample Windage
Windage and Fricti
Friction
on Correction
Correction Chart
during
dur ing the pen
pendul
dulumum swi
swing.
ng. The cor
correc
rection
tion chart to be de-
scribed is principally the left half of Fig.
of Fig. A1.1.
A1.1. The windage
and friction correction charts should be available from com- A1.2 Start the construction
construction of the correction
correction chart (see Fig.
(see Fig.
mercial
mer cial test
testing
ing mach
machine
ine man
manufa
ufactur
cturers
ers.. The eneenergrgy
y los
losses
ses A1.2)) by laying off to some convenient linear scale on the
A1.2
designated
design ated as A a
and
nd B are described in 10.3
10.3.. abscis
abscissa
sa of a gra
graph
ph the ang
angle
le of pendulum
pendulum position
position for the
13
´1
D256 − 10
portion of the swi

portion swingng bey
beyond
ond the fre
freee han
hangin
gingg pos
positio
ition.
n. For A1.6 Instructions for Using Chart:
conven
con venien
ience,
ce, pla
place
ce the fre
freee han
hangin
gingg ref
refere
erence
nce poi
point
nt on the
A1.6.1 Locate and mark on Scale A the reading
reading A obtained
obtained
right
right en
endd of ththee ab
absci
sciss
ssaa wi
with
th th
thee an
angu
gular
lar di
disp
splac
lacem
emen
entt
from the free swing of the pendulum with the pointer prepo-
increasing linearly to the left. The abscissa is referred to as
Scale C. Although angular displacement is the quantity to be sitione
sitioned
d in the fre
freee han
hangin
ging
g or max
maximu
imum
m ind
indicat
icated
ed ene
energ
rgy
y
represented linearly on the abscissa, this displacement is more position on the dial.
conveniently
conven iently expressed
expressed in terms of indicated energy read from A1.6.2 Locate and mark on Scale B the reading B obtained
obtained
the machine dial. This yields a nonlinear Scale C with indicated after several free swings with the pointer pushed up close to the
pendulum energy increasing to the right. zero indicated energy position of the dial by the pendulum in
A1.3 On the rig
A1.3 right-
ht-han
hand
d ord
ordina
inate
te lay off
off a line
linear
ar Scale B accordance with instructions in 10.3
10.3..
starting with zero at the bottom and stopping at the maximum A1.6.3 Conne
A1.6.3 Connect
ct the two points thus obtained
obtained by a straig
straight
ht
expected pendulum friction and windage value at the top. line.
A1.4 On the left ordinate
ordinate construct
construct a linear Scale D ranging
ranging A1.6.4 From the indicated
A1.6.4 indicated impact energy
energy on Scale C project
from zero at the bottom to 1.2 times the maximum ordinate up to the constructed line and across to the left to obtain the
value appearing on Scale B, but make the scale twice the scale correction for windage and friction from Scale D.
used in the construction of Scale B.
A1.6.5 Subtr
A1.6.5 Subtract
act this corre
correction
ction from the indicat
indicated
ed impact
A1.5 Adjoin
Adjoining
ing Scale D draw a curve OA that is the focus reading to obtain the energy delivered to the specimen.
of po
poin
ints
ts wh
whososee co
coor
ordi
dina
nates
tes ha
have
ve eq
equa
uall va
valu
lues
es of en
ener
ergy
gy
correction on Scale D and indicated energy on Scale C. This
curve is referred to as Scale A and utilizes the same divisions
and numbering system as the adjoining Scale D.
A2. PROCEDUR
PROCEDURE
E FOR THE CALCUL
CALCULA
ATION OF WINDAGE AND FRICTION CORRECTION
A2.1 The procedure

procedure for the calculation of the windage and β max 5 cos2 1 $ 1 2 @ ~ h M / L !~ 1 2 E A / E M ! # %
frictio
friction
n cor
correc
rection
tion in thi
thiss ann
annex
ex is bas
based
ed on the equ
equatio
ations
ns
where:
developed by derivation in Appendix X3.
X3. This procedure can
E A = ener
energy
gy cocorr
rrec
ectio
tion
n foforr wi
wind
ndag
agee of pepend
ndul
ulum
um plplus
us
be used as a substi
substitute
tute for the graph
graphical
ical procedure
procedure described in
friction in dial, J (ft·lbf),
Annex A1 and is applicable to small electronic calculator and
E M = full-s
full-scale
cale reading
reading for pendulu
pendulumm used,
used, J (ft·lbf
(ft·lbf),
),
computer analysis. L = dista
distanc
ncee fr
from
om fufulc
lcru
rum m to cecent
nter
er of gravi
gravityty of
pendulum, m (ft),
A2.2 Calculat
Calculatee L, the distance from the axis of support to
h M = maximu
maximum m height
height of
of center
center of
of gravity
gravity of pendul
pendulumum at
the center of percu
percussion
ssion as indicated in 6.3
in 6.3.. (It is assumed here
start of test, m (ft), and
that the center of percussion is approximately the same as the βmax = maximu
maximum m angle
angle pendulum
pendulum willwill travel
travel with one swing
swing
center of gravity.) of the pendulum.
A2.3 Mea
A2.3 Measur
suree the max
maximu
imum m height,, h M , of the center of
height A2.7 Measu
Measure
re specim
specimen
en break
breaking
ing energy,
energy, E s, J (ft·lbf).
percussion (center of gravity) of the pendulum at the start of
the test as indicated in X2.16
in X2.16.. A2.8 Calculate β for specimen measurement E s as:
Calculate
A2.4 Mea
A2.4 Measur
suree and recrecord
ord the ene
energ
rgy
y cor
correct ion,, E A, for
rection β 5 cos2 1 $ 1 2 @ ~ h M / L ! ~ 1 2 E s / E M ! # %
windage of the pendulum plus friction in the dial, as deter- where:
mined with the first swing of the pendulum with no specimen
β = angle pendu
pendulum
lum travels
travels for
for a given
given specimen,
specimen, and
in th
thee tes
testin
ting
g dedevi
vice.
ce. This co
corr
rrect
ectio
ion
n mu
must
st be reread
ad on th thee E s = dial reading
reading breaking
breaking energy
energy for a specimen,
specimen, J (ft·lbf).
(ft·lbf).
energy
energ y scale, E M , appropriate for the pendulum used.
A2.9 Calcula
Calculate
te total correction
correction ener
energy
gy,, E TC , as:
A2.5 Without resetting the position of the indicator obtained
in A2.4,
A2.4, measure
measure the ener
energy
gy correction, E B, for pen
correction, pendul
dulum
um E TC 5 ~ E A 2 ~ E B /2 !! ~ β / β max ! 1 ~ E B / 2 !
windage after two additional releases of the pendulum with no where:

specimen in the testing device. E TC = total correctio
correction
n energy
energy for the breaking
breaking energy, E s, of
energy
a specimen, J (ft·lbf), and
Calculatee βmax as follows:
A2.6 Calculat
14
´1
D256 − 10
E B = energ
energy y correctio
correction
n for windag
windagee of the pendulum
pendulum,, J where:
(ft·lbf). I s = impact resistance
resistance of
of specimen,
specimen, J/m (ft·lbf/in.)
(ft·lbf/in.) of width,
width,
and
A2.10 Calcula
Calculate
te the impact resistance
resistance using the follo
following
wing t = wid
width
th of specim
specimen
en or width
width of notc
notch,
h, m (in.).
(in.).
formula:
I s 5 ~ E s 2 E TC ! / t
t
APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. PROCEDUR
PROCEDURE
E FOR THE INSPECTION AND
AND VERIFICATION
VERIFICATION OF NOTCH
X1.1
X1 .1 The pupurp
rpos
osee of th
this
is pr
proc
oced
edur
uree is to de
desc
scri
ribe
be th
thee
microscopic method to be used for determining the radius and
angle of the notch. These measurements could also be made
using a comparator if available.
NOTE X1.1—The notch shall have a radius of 0.25 6 0.05 mm (0.010
6 0.002 in.) and an angle of 45 6 1°.
X1.2 Apparatus:
X1.2.1 Optical Device with minimum magnification of 60×,
Filar glass scale and camera attachment.
X1.2.2 Transparent
Transparent Template, (will
(will be dev
develo
eloped
ped in thi
thiss
procedure).
X1.2.3 Ruler.
X1.2.4 Compass.
X1.2.5 Plas
Plastic
tic 45°
45°–45
–45°–9
°–90°
0° Dra
Draftin
fting
g Set Squ
Squar
ares
es (T
(Tri-
ri-
angles).
X1.3 A tran
X1.3 transpa
sparen
rentt temp
template
late mus
mustt be dev
develo
eloped
ped for each
magnification and for each microscope used. It is preferable
that each laboratory standardize on one microscope and one
magnification
magnifi cation.. It is not necessary
necessary for each laboratory
laboratory to use the
same mag
magnifi
nificati
cation
on bec
becaus
ausee each micmicros
roscop
copee and cam
camera
era
combination
combin ation has somew
somewhathat dif
differen
ferentt blowu
blowupp ratios.
X1.3
X1 .3.1
.1 Set th
thee ma
magn
gnific
ificati
ation
on of th
thee op
optic
tical
al de
devi
vice
ce at a
suitable magnification with a minimum magnification of 60×.
X1.3.2
X1. 3.2 Plac
Placee the Filar glass slide on the microsco
microscope
pe plat-
form. Focus the microscope so the most distinct image of the NOTE 1—100× reference.
Filar scale is visible. NOTE 2—0.1 mm major scale; 0.01 mm minor scale.
FIG. X1.1 Filar Scale
X1.3.3
X1.3.3 Take a photograph
photograph of the Filar scale (see Fig.
(see Fig. X1.1).
X1.1).
X1.3.4 Create a template
X1.3.4 template similar to that shown
shown in Fig.
in Fig. X1.2.
X1.2.
X1.3.4.1
X1.3. 4.1 Find the approximate
approximate center of the piece of paper
paper..
X1.3.4.2
X1.3. 4.2 Draw a set of perpe
perpendicul
ndicular
ar coord
coordinates
inates through X1.3.5 Photo
Photocopy
copy the paper with the concen
concentric
tric circles to
the center point. make a transparent template of the concentric circles.
X1.3.4.3
X1.3. 4.3 Draw a family of concentric
concentric circles that are spaced X1.3.6 Constr
Construct
uct Fig. X1.
X1.3
3 by ta
taki
king
ng a se
seco
cond
nd pi
piece
ece of
according to the dimensions of the Filar scale. paper and find it’s approximate center and mark this point.
X1.3.4.4
X1.3. 4.4 This is accomplished
accomplished by first setting a mechanical Draw one line through this center point. Label this line zero
compass at a distance of 0.1 mm (0.004 in.) as referenced by degree (0°). Draw a second line perpendicular to the first line
the magnifi
magnified ed photo
photograph
graph of the Filar eyepiece. Subsequent
Subsequent through this center point. Label this line “90°.” From the center
circles shall be spaced 0.02 mm apart (0.001 in.), as rings with draw a line that is 44 degrees relative to the “0°.” Label the line
the outer ring being 0.4 mm (0.016 in.) from the center. “44°.” Draw another line at 46°. Label the line “46°.”
15
´1
D256 − 10
NOTE 1—Magnification = 100×.

FIG. X1.2 Example of Transparent Template for Determining Ra-
dius of Notch
FIG. X1.4 Determ

Determinatio
ination
n of Notching Radius
Radius
downwards and is about 64 mm (2.5 in.) from the bottom of the

paper. Tape the picture down to the paper.
X1.4
X1 .4.1
.1.2
.2 Draw
Draw tw twoo lin
lines
es alo
along
ng ththee si
side
dess of ththee no
notc
tch
h
projecting down to a point where they intersect below Notch
Point I (see Fig.
(see Fig. X1.4).
X1.4).
X1.4.1.3
X1.4.1 .3 Open the compass to about 51 mm (2 in.). Using
Point I as a reference, draw two arcs intersecting both sides of
the notch (see Fig.
(see Fig. X1.4).
X1.4). These intersections
intersections are called 1a and
1b.
X1.4.1.4
X1.4.1 .4 Close the compass
compass to about 38 mm (1.5 in.). Using Using
Point 1a as the reference point draw an arc (2a) above the
notch, draw a second arc (2b) that intersects with arc 2a at
Poin
Po intt J. Dr
Draw
aw a lin
linee be
betw een I and J . Thi
tween Thiss esta
establis
blishes
hes the
centerline of the notch (see Fig. X1.4).X1.4).
X1.4.1.5
X1.4.1 .5 Place the transparent
transparent template on top of the picture
FIG. X1.3 Exampl
Example
e of Transparent
Transparent Template
Template for Determining
Determining
Angle of Notch
and align the center of the concentric circles with the drawn
centerline of the notch (see Fig. X1.4).X1.4).
X1.4.1.6
X1.4.1 .6 Slide the template down the centerline
centerline of the notch
until
unt il one concentri
concentricc cir
circle
cle tou
touche
chess bot
both h sid
sides
es of the notnotch.
ch.
X1.4
X1. 4 Plac
Placee a micr
microsc
oscope
ope gla
glass
ss slid
slidee on the micr
microsc
oscope
ope Recor
Rec ordd th
thee ra
radi
dius
us of ththee no
notc
tch
h an
and
d co
compmpararee it ag
again
ainst
st th
thee
platform. Place the notched specimen on top of the slide. Focus ASTM limits of 0.2 to 0.3 mm (0.008 to 0.012 in.).
the microscope. Move the specimen around using the platform X1.4.1.7
X1.4.1 .7 Examin
Examinee the notch to ensure that there are no flat
adjusting knobs until the specimen’s notch is centered and near spots along the measured radius.
the bottom of the viewing area. Take a picture of the notch. X1.4.2 Determination of Notch Angle:
X1.4.1 Determination of Notching Radius (see
(see Fig.
Fig. X1.4)
X1.4): X1.4.2.1
X1.4.2 .1 Place transparent
transparent templat
templatee for determining
determining notch
X1.4.1.1
X1.4. 1.1 Place the picture on a sheet of paper
paper.. Position the angle (see Fig.
(see Fig. X1.3)
X1.3) on top of the photograph attached to the
pict
pictur
uree so th
that
at bo
bott
ttom
om of th
thee no
notc
tch
h in th
thee pi
pict
ctur
uree fa
face
cess sheet of paper. Rotate the picture so that the notch tip is pointed
16
´1
D256 − 10
towards you. Position the center point of the template on top of and analyzed
analyzed by the same pro proced
cedure
ure used for the spe
specime
cimen
n
Point I established in 0° axis of the template with the right side notch.. If the notching blade does not meet ASTM requirements
notch requirements
strai
straigh
ghtt po
port
rtio
ion
n of th
thee no
notc
tch.
h. Ch
Check
eck th
thee lef
leftt si
side
de str
straig
aight
ht or shows damage, it should be replaced with a new blade which
portion of the notch to ensure that this portion falls between the has been checked for proper dimensions.
44 and 46° degree lines. If not, replace the blade.
X1.7 It is pos
X1.7 possib
sible
le tha
thatt the notching
notching cutter
cutter may have the
X1.5 A picture
picture of a notch shall
shall be taken at least every 500
correct dimensions but does not cut the correct notch in the
notc
no tche
hess or if a cocont
ntro
roll sa
samp
mple
le gi
give
vess a va
valu
luee ou
outs
tsid
idee it
itss
specimen. If that occurs it will be necessary to evaluate other
three-sigma limits for that test.
conditions (cutter and feed speeds) to obtain the correct notch
X1.6 If the notch in the control specimen
specimen is not within the dimension for that material.
requirements, a picture of the notching blade should be taken
X2. CALIBRA
CALIBRATION
TION OF PENDULUM-TYPE HAMMER IMPACT
IMPACT MACHINES FOR USE WITH PLASTIC
SPECIMENS
X2.1 This calibration

calibration procedure
procedure applies specifically to the with a small machinist’s level. Shim up the vise, if necessary,
Izod impact machine. However, much of this procedure can be to correct for errors in the plane of pendulum swing, using care
applied to the Charpy impact machine as well. to preserve solid support for the vise. For errors in the plane
perpendicular to the plane of pendulum swing, machine the
X2.2 Loc
X2.2 Locate
ate the imp
impact
act machine
machine on a stu
sturdy
rdy base.
base. It shall inside face of the clamp-type
clamp-type locating jig for correct alignment
alignment
not “walk” on the base and the base shall not vibrate appre- if this type of jig is used. If a blade-type jig is used, use shims
ciably. Loss of energy from vibrations will give high readings. or grind the base of the vise to bring the top surface level.
It is recommended that the impact tester be bolted to a base
having a mass of at least 23 kg if it is used at capacities higher X2.9 Inser
Insertt and clamp the bar described
described in X2.8
in X2.8 in
in a vertical
than 2.7 J (2 ft·lbf). position in the center of the vise so that the notch in the bar is
slightly below the top edge of the vise. Place a thin film of oil
X2.3 Che
X2.3 Checkck the lev
level
el of the machine
machine in bot
bothh dir
directi
ections
ons in on the striking edge of the pendulum with an oiled tissue and
the plane of the base with spirit levels mounted in the base, by let the striking edge rest gently against the bar. The striking
a mac
machihini
nist
st’s
’s le
leve
vell if a sasatis
tisfa
facto
ctory
ry re
refe
fere
renc
ncee su
surf
rfac
acee is edge should make contact across the entire width of the bar. If
available, or with a plumb bob. The machine should be made only partial contact is made, examine the vise and pendulum
level to within tan−1 0.001 in the plane of swing and to within for the cause. If the cause is apparent, make the appropriate
tan−1 0.002 in the plane perpendicular to the swing. correction. If no cause is apparent, remove the striker and shim
up or grind its back face to realign the striking edge with the
X2.4 With a st
X2.4 stra
raig
ight
hted
edge
ge an
and
d a fe
feele
elerr ga
gaug
ugee or a de
dept
pth
h
surface of the bar.
gauge, check the height of the movable vise jaw relative to the
fixed vise jaw. It must match the height of the fixed vise jaw X2.10 Check the oil line on the face of the bar for horizontal
horizontal
within 0.08 mm (0.003 in.). −1
setting of striking edge within tan 0.002 with a machinist’s
square.
X2.5 Contact the machine manufactur
manufacturer
er for a proce
procedure
dure to
ensure the striker radius is in tolerance (0.80 6 0.20 mm) (see X2.11
X2.1 1 With
Without
out taking the bar of X2.8
of X2.8 from
from the vise of the
6.3).
6.3 ). machine, scratch a thin line at the top edge of the vise on the
face opposite the striking face of the bar. Remove the bar from
X2.6 Ch
X2.6 Check
eck th
thee tr
tran
ansv
sver
erse
se lo
loca
catio
tion
n of th
thee cen
center
ter of th
thee thee vi
th vise
se an
andd tr
tran
ansf
sfer
er th
this
is lin
linee to th
thee st
strik
rikin
ing
g fa
face
ce,, us
usin
ing
g a
pendulum striking edge that shall be within 0.40 mm (0.016 machinist’s square. The distance from the striking oil line to
in.) of the center of the vise. Readjust the shaft bearings or the top edge of the vise should be 22 6 0.05 mm (0.87 6 0.002
relocatee the vise, or straighten the pendulum shaft as necess
relocat necessary
ary in.). Correct with shims or grinding, as necessary, at the bottom
to attain the proper relationship between the two centers. of the vise.
X2.7 Check the pendulum
pendulum arm for straightness
straightness within 1.2 X2.12 Whe
X2.12 Whenn the pendulu
pendulum
m is han
hangin
ging
g free in its lowest
lowest
mm (0.
(0.05
05 in.
in.)) with a str straig
aighted
htedge
ge or by sighting
sighting down the position,
position, the energy reading must be within 0.2 % of full scale.
shaf
shaft.
t. Al
Allo
lowi
wingng ththee pepend
ndul
ulum
um to sla
slamm agagain
ainst
st th
thee ca
catch
tch
someti
som etimes
mes be
bendndss ththee arm esp especi
eciall
ally
y whwhenen hi
high
gh-ca
-capac
pacity
ity X2.13
X2.1 3 In
Inse
sert
rt th
thee ba
barr of
of X2.8 into
into th
thee vi
vise
se an
and
d cla
clamp
mp it
weights are on the pendulum. tightly in a vertical position. When the striking edge is held in
contact with the bar, the energy reading must be within 0.2 %
X2.8 Ins
X2.8 Insert
ert vertically
vertically and cen
center
ter with a loc
locatin
ating
g jig and of full scale.
clamp
clam p in the vise a not notche
ched
d mach
machined
ined metal bar 12. 12.7-m
7-mmm
(0.500-in.
(0.500-in.)) squar
square,
e, havin
having
g oppo
opposite
site sides paralle
parallell within 0.025 X2.14 Swi
X2.14 Swing
ng the pen
pendul
dulum
um to a horhorizo
izonta
ntall pos
positio
ition
n and
mm (0.001 in.) and a length of 60 mm (2.4 in.). Check the bar support it by the striking edge in this position with a vertical
for ver
vertica
ticall alig
alignme
nmentnt within tan−1 0.0
within 0.005
05 in bot
bothh dir
directi
ections
ons bar.. Allow the other
bar other end of this bar to rest at the center of a load
17
´1
D256 − 10
pan on a balanced scale. Subtract the weight of the bar from the pendulum capacity on the first swing. If the reading is higher
total weight to find the effective weight of the pendulum. The than
than thi
this,
s, the
then
n the fri
frictio
ction
n in the indicating
indicating mechanis
mechanism m is
effec
effective
tive pen
pendul
dulum
um wei
weight
ght sho
should
uld be with
within
in 0.4 % of the excessive or the bearings are dirty. To clean the bearings, dip
required weight for that pendulum capacity. If weight must be them in grease solvent and spin-dry in an air jet. Clean the
added or removed, take care to balance the added or removed bearings until they spin freely, or replace them. Oil very lightly
weight without affecting the center of percussion relative to the with instrument oil before replacing. A reproducible method of
striking edge. It is not advisable to add weight to the opposite starting the pendulum from the proper height must be devised.
side of the bearing axis from the striking edge to decrease the
effective weight of the pendulum since the distributed mass can X2.21 The sha
X2.21 shaft
ft abo
about
ut whi
which
ch the pen
pendul
dulum
um rot
rotate
atess sha
shall
ll
lead to large energy losses from vibration of the pendulum. have no detectable radial play (less than 0.05 mm (0.002 in.)).
An endplay of 0.25 mm (0.010 in.) is permissible when a 9.8-N
X2.15 Calcula
Calculate
te the ef
effectiv
fectivee length of the pendulum
pendulum arm, (2.2-lbf) axial force is applied in alternate directions.
or the distance to the center of percussion from the axis of
rotation,
rotation, by the procedure
procedure in
in Note
Note 9.9. The effective length must X2.22 The clamping
clamping faces of the vise should be parallel in
be within the tolerance stated in 6.6
6.6.. the horizontal and vertical directions within 0.025 mm (0.001
in.). Inserting the machined square metal bar of X2.7 into
X2.7 into the
X2.16 Measu
Measure
re the vertical distance of fall of the pendulum vise in a vertical position and clamping until the jaws begin to
striking edge from its latched height to its lowest point. This bind may check parallelism. Any freedom between the metal
distanc
distancee sho
should
uld be 610 6 2.02.0 mm (2 (244 6 0.1 inin.)
.).. Th
This
is bar and the clamping surfaces of the jaws of the vise must not
measurement may be made by blocking up a level on the top exceed the specified tolerance.
of the vise and measuring the vertical distance from the striking
edge to the bottom of the level (top of vise) and subtracting X2.23 The top edges of the fixed and moveable
moveable jaws of the
22.0 mm (0.9 in.). The vertical falling distance may be adjusted vise shall have a radius of 0.25 6 0.12 mm (0.010 6 0.005 in.).
by varying the position of the pendulum latch. Depending upon whether Test Method A, C, D, or E is used, a
stress concentration may be produced as the specimen breaks.
X2.17
X2. 17 Not
Notch
ch a stan
standar
dard
d spe
specime
cimenn on one sid
side,
e, par
paralle
allell to Conseq
Con sequen
uently
tly,, the top edge of the fixe
fixed
d and moveable
moveable jaw
the molding pressure, at 32 mm (1.25 in.) from one end. The needs to be carefully examined.
depth of the plastic material remaining in the specimen under
the notch shall be 10.16 6 0.05 mm (0.400 6 0.002 in.). Use X2.24 If a brittl
brittlee unfilled or granular-filled
granular-filled plastic
plastic bar such
a jig to position the specimen correctly in the vise. When the as a gen
genera
eral-p
l-purp
urpose
ose woo
wood-fl
d-flour
our-fil
-filled
led phe
phenol
nolic
ic mat
materia
eriall is
specimen
specime n is clampe
clampedd in place, the center of the notch should be available, notch and break a set of bars in accordance with
within 0.12 mm (0.005 in.) of being in line with the top of the these test methods. Examine the surface of the break of each
fixed surface of the vise and the specimen should be centered bar in the vise. If the break is flat and smooth across the top
midway within 0.40 mm (0.016 in.) between the sides of the surface of the vise, the condition of the machine is excellent.
clamping faces. The notched face should be the striking face of Considerable information regarding the condition of an impact
the specimen for the Izod test. Under no circumstances during machine can be obtained by examining the broken sections of
the breaking of the specimen should the top of the specimen specimens. No weights should be added to the pendulum for
touch the pendulum except at the striking edge. the preceding tests.
X2.18 If a clamping-type
clamping-type locating jig is used, examine the X2.25
X2. 25 The machine
machine sho
should
uld not be use
usedd to ind
indicat
icatee mor
moree
clamping screw in the locating jig. If the thread has a loose fit than 85 % of th
than thee en
ener
ergy
gy cap
capaci
acity
ty of th
thee pe
pend
ndululum
um.. Ex
Extra
tra
the specimen may not be correctly positioned and may tend to weight added to the pendulum will increase available energy of
creep as the screw is tightened. A burred or bent point on the the machine. This weight must be added so as to maintain the
screw may also have the same effect. center of percussion within the tolerance stated in 6.4
in 6.4.. Correct
X2.19 If a poi
X2.19 pointe
nterr and dial mechanis
mechanismm is use
usedd to indicate
indicate effective weight for any range can be calculated as follows:
the energy, the pointer friction should be adjusted so that the W 5 E p / h
pointer will just maintain its position anywhere on the scale.
The striking pin of the pointer should be securely fastened to where:
the pointer. Friction washers with glazed surfaces should be W = effectiv
effectivee pendulum
pendulum weight,
weight, N (lbf)
(lbf) (see X2.14
(see X2.14),
),
replace
rep laced
d with new was washer
hers.
s. Fri
Frictio
ction
n was
washer
herss sho
should
uld be on E p = poten
potential
tial or available
available energy
energy of the machine,
machine, J (ft·lbf),
(ft·lbf),
either side of the pointer collar. A heavy metal washer should and
back the last friction washer installed. Pressure on this metal h = vertica
verticall distance
distance of fall
fall of the
the pendulum
pendulum striking
striking edge,
washer is produced by a thin-bent, spring washer and locknuts. m (ft) (see X2.16
X2.16).
).
If the spring washer is placed next to the fiber friction washer Each 4.5 N (1 lbf) of added effective weight increases the
the pointer will tend to vibrate during impact. capacity of the machine by 2.7 J (2 ft·lbf).
X2.20 The fre
X2.20 free-s
e-swin
wing
g rea
readin
ding
g of the pen
pendul
dulum
um (wi
(witho
thout
ut NOTE X2.1—If the pendulum is designed for use with add-on weight, it
specimen)
specimen) from the latched height
height should be less than 2.5 % of is recommended that it be obtained through the equipment manufacturer.
18
´1
D256 − 10
X3. DERIVATION OF PENDULUM IMP

IMPACT
ACT CORRECTION EQUA
EQUATIONS
TIONS
FIG. X3.2 To
Total
tal Energy Correction
Correction for Pendulum Windage
Windage and
Dial Friction as a Function of Pendulum Position
FIG. X3.1 Swing of Pendulum

Pendulum from Its Rest Position
Position b 5 E B /2 (X 3. 10 )
X3.1 From right triangle

triangle distances in Fig.
in Fig. X3.1:
X3.1: X3.10 The energy correction,
correction, E A, on the first swing of the
pendulum
pendul um occ
occurs
urs at the max
maximu
imum m pen
pendul
dulum
um ang le, βmax.
angle,
L 2 h 5 L cosβ
cosβ (X3.1) Substituting
Substituting in
in Eq
Eq X3.8 gives
X3.8 gives the following:
energy gain of pendulum E p is:
X3.2 But the potential energy E A 5 m β max 1 ~ E B /2 ! (X3.11)
E p 5 hW p g (X3.2) X3.11

X3.11 Combin
Combining
ing Eq
Eq X3.8 and Eq X3.11 gives
X3.11 gives the follow-
ing:
X3.3 Combin
Combining
ing Eq
Eq X3.1 and
X3.1 and Eq
Eq X3.2 gives
X3.2 gives the following:
E TC 5 ~ E A 2 ~ E B /2 !! ~ β / β max! 1 ~ E B /2 ! (X3.12)
L 2 E p / W
W p g 5 L cosβ
cosβ (X3.3)
X3.12 Nomenclature:
X3.4 The maximum energyenergy of the pendulum is the potential
energy at the start of the test, E M , or
E M 5 h M W p g (X3.4)
b = intercept
intercept of total corre
correction
ction energ
energy y straigh
straightt line,
line,
E A = ener
energygy cocorrectio
rrection,
n, includin
including g both
both pendulum
pendulum winda
windage ge
X3.5 The potential
potential energ
energy
y gained
gained by the
the pendulum
pendulum,, E p, is plus dial friction, J,
related to the absorption of energy of a specimen, E s, by the E B = ener
energygy correction
correction for pendulu
pendulum m windage
windage onlyonly,, J,
following equation: E M = ma
maxiximu
mum m en
ener
ergy
gy of the pe pend
ndul ulum
um (at the start
start of
test), J,
E M 2 E s 5 E p (X3.5) E p = poten
potential
tial energy
energy gain of pendu
pendulum
lum from the pendu
pendulum lum
rest position, J,
X3.6
X3.6 Combin
Combining
ing Eq
Eq X3.3-X3.5 gives the following:
E s = uncor
uncorrected
rected break
breaking
ing ener
energygy ofof specimen,
specimen, J,
~ E M 2 E s ! / E M 5 L/ h ~ 1 2 cos
M
β !
cos β (X3.6) E TC = total energy
energy correction
correction for a given breaking
breaking energy
energy,,
E s, J,
X3.7 Solvin
Solving
g Eq X3.6 for
for β
β gives the following: g = acceler
acceleration
ation of gravi ty,, m/s2,
gravity
β 5 cos 21
$ 1 2 @ ~ h M / L !~ 1 2 E s / E M ! # % (X3.7) h = distan
distance ce center of gravi
gravityty of pendu
pendulumlum rises vertic
vertically
ally
from the rest position of the pendulum, m,
X3.8 From Fig. X3.
X3.2
2, the tota
totall ene
energ
rgy
y cor
correc
rection E TC is
tion h M = ma
maxiximu
mum m he
heig
ight
ht of ththee ce
cent
nterer of grgrav
avit
ity
y of th thee
given as: pendulum, m,
m = slope of total corre
correction
ction energ
energy y straigh
straightt line,
line,
E TC 5 m β 1 b (X3.8) = dista
distancncee frfrom
om fu fulc
lcru
rum m to ce cent
nter
er of gravi
gravity ty of
L
X3.9 But at the zero point of the pendulum potential
potential energy:
energy: pendulum, m,
W p = weigh
weightt of of pendul
pendulum,
um, as determ
determined
ined in
in X2.14
X2.14,, kg, and
E B /2 5 m~0!1b (X3.9) β = ang
anglele of pendu
pendulum
lum posi
positio
tion
n from
from the pendu
pendulumlum restrest
position.
or:
19
´1
D256 − 10
X4. UNIT CONVERSIONS

CONVERSIONS
X4.1 Jou
X4.1 Joules
les per met
metre
re (J/
(J/m)
m) can
cannot
not be con
conver
verted
ted dir
directl
ectly
y X4.2.2 Example 2:
2 2 2
into kJ/m . Note that the optional units of kJ/m (ft·lbf/in. ) 1 ft·lbf/1550 in.2 = 1.356 J/m2
may also be required; therefore,
therefore, the cross-sectional
cross-sectional area under 1 ft·lbf/in.2 = (1550)(1.356) J/m2
1 ft·lbf/in.2 = 2101 J/m2
the notch must be reported.
1 ft·lbf/in.2 = 2.1 kJ/m2
X4.2 The following examples

examples are appro
approximatio
ximations:
ns:
X4.2.1 Example 1:
1 ft·lbf
ft·l bf/3
/39. 9.37
37 in
in.. = 1.
1.35
356 6 J/
J/m
m
1 ft· l b f/ i n . = (39.37)(1.356) J/m
1 ft· l b f/ i n . = 5 3 .4 J / m
1 ft· l b f/ i n . = 0 .0 5 3 4 k J /m
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Committ
Comm ittee
ee D20
D20 ha
hass id
iden
entifi
tified
ed th
thee lo
locat
catio
ion
n of sel
select
ected
ed ch
chan
ange
gess to th
this
is st
stan
anda
dard
rd si
sinc
ncee th
thee las
lastt iss
issue
ue,,
1 ε
D256 - 06a , that may impact the use of this standard. (May 1, 2010)
(1) Revised
Revised Note
Note 6 a
and
nd Note
Note 16.
16. (2) Revised Section 9.
ASTM International
International takes no positi
position
on respecting the validi
validity
ty of any patent rights assert
asserted
ed in connec
connection
tion with any item mentio
mentioned
ned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.
This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
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respon sible technical
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´1

Designation: D256 − 10

Standard Test Methods for

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

D6110 Test Met Method

toss, and because stored stresses in the specimen may have

resistance cannot be directly compared for any two materials

TEST METHOD A—CANTILEVER BEAM TEST

NOTE 1—These views not to scale.

17.1.12 The estimated toss correction,

NOTE 1—Values in ft·lbf/in. of width (J/m of width).

NOTE 1—Values in ft·lbf/in. of width (J/m of width).

TABLE 3 Precision Data, Test Method E—Reversed Notch Izod

NOTE 1—Values in ft·lbf/in. of width (J/m of width).

FIG. A1.1 Metho

A1.1 The construction

portion of the swi

A2.1 The procedure

windage after two additional releases of the pendulum with no where:

NOTE 1—Magniﬁcation = 100×.

FIG. X1.4 Determ

downwards and is about 64 mm (2.5 in.) from the bottom of the

X2.1 This calibration

X3. DERIVATION OF PENDULUM IMP

FIG. X3.1 Swing of Pendulum

X3.1 From right triangle

E p 5 hW p g (X3.2) X3.11

X4. UNIT CONVERSIONS

X4.2 The following examples

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