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Suhad AL-Hedny
Department of Environment, Faculty of Environmental Science,
Al-Qasim Green University, Babylon, Iraq
ABSTRACT
To prevent losing water resources and wetlands, and conserve existing wetlands
ecosystem for ecosystem and biodiversity services, good, wetlands habitats forstart
any sustainable development programs, it is necessary to detect, monitor and
inventory water resources and their surround uplands. Recently, AL-Razaza Lake
suffer from a critical situation because of the decreasing in the water level and
increase a salinity. We have propose a method to monitor and model the spatial and
multi-temporal changes of AL-Razaza Lake in the period 1992–2018. This study
includes pre-processing, processing and post-processing stages. In Addition, a
supervised classification was used to classify the satellite images. Validation result
reveals that the overall accuracies and kappa coefficients of the supervised
classifications were 88, 90.79, 95.94 and 87.67 respectively, and 82%, 86%, 93% and
79% respectively. The results showed that the percentage change was significant
during this period, such that the decreased surface area was from 1313.87 km2 in
1992 to 224.85 km2 in 2018.The noticeable results show the rapidly decreasing in the
Lake area by 82.8% with area about 1089.02 km2 over the last three decades. All the
dehydration extended area of the Lake was replaced by soil.
Keywords: Wetland Change Detection, Dehydration Extent, Multispectral Image
Classification, Landsat Satellite Images, and Supervised Classification.
Cite this Article: Hayder Dibs and Suhad AL-Hedny, Detection Wetland Dehydration
Extent with Multi-Temporal Remotely Sensed Data Using Remote Sensing Analysis
and GIS Techniques, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology
(IJCIET), 10 (1), 2018, pp. 143–154.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=1
1. INTRODUCTION
Study the water resources degradation and/ or dehydration extent play a big role to investigate
and analysis wetland global change to monitor and manage the water resources around the
world (Dibs, 2018). Non-organize the international water resources policies, Global warming,
Land use-Land cover (LU-LC), low education and human modifications paly a big role in
wetland changing and lead to loss the biodiversity, increase of environmental problems and
reveal of different types of natural disaster such as desertification, loss of natural resources,
wildlife habitats, biodiversity and water resources (Dwivedi et al., 2005; Abd and Husam,
2013). Al-Razaza Lake provides many services including control the flood water retention of
Euphrates river flood, maintenance of water quality, wildlife habitat, and control of soils
erosion, and it is also important for human beings for food crops, and balance of the
ecosystems (Atasoy et al., 2011; Sun et al., 2012). Its water level was started to decrease
from the 1980s and accelerated since 1990s due to many reasons as climate change, rising
atmospheric temperatures and continuing evaporation process during Iraq’s dry in hot
summers and decrease the water levels in the Euphrates River, which is the most important
main water sources of AL-Razaza lake, all these factors together led to a decrease in the water
elevation and the lake surface area, revealing and increasing soil salinity that become a real
disaster (Nawal et al., 2012and K.N.Kadhim, 2018). The lake water elevations have been
decreased to be only (5-10) m deep were reported by local reports (Atasoy et al., 2011). Both
remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS) are powerful tools to obtain
accurate and update to day information on the distribution of water resources degradation over
large areas (Brisco et al., 2013and K.N.Kadhim&Noor S.,2018). Remotely sensed imagery is
very important data resources to analysis and process through the GIS, It uses for conduct
object recognition (Hayder et al., 2014). Many studies studied and performed towards the
determination of the water surface area extraction, wetland change, water body detection,
degradation and mapping (Demir et al., 2013; Dibs et al., 2015; Dibs, 2016;Dibs et al., 2017;
Dibs et al., 2018a; Dibs et al., 2018b), disaster monitoring (Volpi et al., 2013; Brisco et al.,
2013), forest and vegetation change(Markogianni et al., 2013), urban sprawl (Raja et al.,
2013), and hydrology (Zhu et al., 2011).Remote sensing degradation algorithms based on
imagery differencing that including transformations like (1) principal component analysis, (2)
modeling of spectral mixture, (2) using different vegetation indices, and (3) change vector
analysis have accurate result for mapping earth’ surface changes (Dahl, 2006; Selçuk, 2008;
Lu et al., 2004; Hayder, 2018). Water resources detection is well represented (Abd et al.,
2011; Liya and Karsten, 2015). This study propose a technique for investigating the
spatiotemporal degradation changes and dehydration extent of Al-Razaza Lake for the period
time 1990 up to 2018 using digital image processing and GIS analysis on satellite imagery.
Recommendations are made in the context of the water surface extraction, monitor and
manage of water bodies, surface water dehydration extent, Wetland change, desertification,
natural resources loss, water resources loss, water quality maintenance, wildlife habitat, and
soil erosion control
Figure 1. Flowchart showing the overall methods adopted in the study area.
Figure 2 Location map of the study area in the western part of Iraq
2.4. Image Processing
For further satellite images processing and analysis stages, the following processing steps were
performed: (1) Layers stacking, and (2) Images resizing. Layer stacking was the next step of
processing stage, it is applied to all of the Landsat images using the Layer Stacking tool under
Envi v 5.0 software. After that, the satellite scenes were resized. The steps of images Layer
stacking and resizing were conducted in order to saving time when processing and analyzing
data and reduce the storage size (Abd, 2013; Dibs et al., 2015). Figure 3 (b) indicts the final time
series images of Landsat that ready to further analysis to identify the water dehydration extent of
Al- Razaza Lake after performed the layer stacking and resizing.
Where (X) is the input variable vector and (Mi) represent the class (i) mean vector for
over all pixels, (Vi) is the (variance/covariance) matrix for class (i), and (T) is the matrix
transpose. Ranging from (0 - 1), the MDC typicality identify the absolute strength of class
membership (San et al., 1997; Eastman et al., 2005).
Figure 3. (a) Landsat satellite images with all corrections, (b) Landsat satellite images after
performing layer stacking and resizing
time (over lost than three decades) as indicates in Table 4. The dehydration extent increase
dramatically and it has negative impact on the climate of surrounding area, rising atmospheric
temperature, and inadequate water contained the lake, biodiversity and the ecosystem.
Figure 4. Four classified thematic maps of Landsat satellite images of the study area: (a) The
classified image in 1992; (b) the classified image in 2001; (c) The classified image in 2010; (d) The
classified image in 2018.
Table 3. Statistical summary of Landsat classification area for 1992 and 2018
Year Lake surface area Lake surface area change Total change area in
(km2) (km2) (km2)
1992 1313.87
- 264.65
2001 1049.22
- 604.24 -1089.02
2010 0444.98
- 220.13
2018 0224.85
Table 5 Summary of Lands at classification accuracies for 1992, 2001, 2010, and 2018
1992 2001 2010 2018
Land cover class Producer’s User’s Producer’s User’s Producer’s User’s Producer’s User’s
Soil-1 85.30 75.72 85.69 81.93 96.30 95.55 90.40 83.23
Soil-2 80.87 89.26 80.50 86.60 94.55 98.16 87.34 91.74
Water bodies 99.77 99.10 99.98 99.88 100.00 99.99 80.43 100.00
Shallow water 79.99 81.10 92.59 76.49 99.97 79.66 76.96 76.68
Overall accuracy 88.00 90.79 95.94 87.67
Kappa coefficient 00.82 00.86 00.93 00.79
3. CONCLUSION
Mapping water resources changes at regional scales is very important for different of
applications including desertification, loss of natural resources, wildlife habitats, land
planning, and increase the global warming. Al-Razaza suffered from dehydration extent from
1980s till recent years due to decreasing surface water and international and national water
policies. This study aimed to model the spatial and temporal changes of surface water area of
AL-Razaza Lake for 1992, 2001, 2010 and 2018 by performing a time series of supervised
classification on Landsat satellite images. Validation of this study conducted by calculation
the accuracy assessment of each image classification. The statistical results of validation for
this method reveals that the overall accuracies and kappa coefficients of the supervised
classifications were 88, 90.79, 95.94 and 87.67 respectively, and 82%, 86%, 93% and 79%
respectively. The results demonstrated an intense decreasing and rapidly changing trend in the
lake surface area in the period 1992–2018, the Lake lost 82.8% of its total area 1089.02 km2
compare to Lake surface area in 1992. If such a trend in AL-Razaza Lake continues, it is very
likely the lake will lose its entire water in the near future.
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