Thesis Manuscript 11 PDF

ADAMSON UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering
Electronics Engineering Department
Title:
A PREDICTIVE MODEL FOR DETECTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF
DISEASE OF TOMATO PLANT THROUGH STEM AREA
Proponents:
BANTAYAN, ALERA CAY R.
ENCANTO, RHOMAR LORENZ S.
GONDA, TYRELL JERICHO V.
Thesis 2
ASEAN ENGR. EVELYN Q. RAGUINDIN, PECE

March 11, 2019
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 ............................................................................................................................. 5
1.1 Project Background................................................................................................ 5
1.2 Need Statement ..................................................................................................... 7
1.3 Conceptual Framework.......................................................................................... 7
1.4 Objective ...................................................................................................................... 8
1.4.1 General Objectives......................................................................................... 8
1.4.2 Specific Objectives ......................................................................................... 8
1.5 Contemporary Issue............................................................................................. 10
1.6 Potential Impact of Project on the Society .......................................................... 11
1.6.1 Global ........................................................................................................... 11
1.6.2 National........................................................................................................ 12
1.6.3 Local ............................................................................................................. 13
1.7 Market Potential .................................................................................................. 13
1.8 Project Constraints .............................................................................................. 13
1.8.1 Scope............................................................................................................ 14
1.8.2 Delimitation ................................................................................................. 14
CHAPTER II ........................................................................................................................... 15
2.1 Task Identification ............................................................................................... 15
2.2 Gantt Chart ................................................................................................................ 16
CHAPTER III .......................................................................................................................... 17
3.1 Theoretical Framework........................................................................................ 17
3.2 Related Studies .......................................................................................................... 22
3.3 Technical Surveys....................................................................................................... 24
CHAPTER IV .......................................................................................................................... 27
4.1 Concept Generation................................................................................................... 27
4.2 Design Constraints ............................................................................................... 28
4.2.1 Physical ................................................................................................................... 28
2 | A Predictive Model for Detection and Classification of Disease of Tomato Plant through Stem
Area
4.2.2 Technical ................................................................................................................. 28
4.3 System Design ...................................................................................................... 29
4.3.1.1 Functional Level ................................................................................................... 30
4.3.1.2 Component Level ................................................................................................. 31
4.3.2 Program Design....................................................................................................... 32
4.3.2.1 Algorithm ............................................................................................................. 32
4.3.3 Validation Criteria ................................................................................................... 34
4.3.4 Design Options ........................................................................................................ 34
4.3.5 Design Evaluation ................................................................................................... 41
......................................................................................................................................... 43
4.3.6 Final Design ...................................................................................................... 45
CHAPTER 5: PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION ............................................................................ 46
5.1 Detailed System Design ....................................................................................... 46
5.1.1 Hardware Implementation .............................................................................. 46
5.1.2 Layout and Detailed Drawings ......................................................................... 46
5.1.3 Application of Engineering Codes and Standard Design ................................. 46
5.2 Results and Discussion ......................................................................................... 46
5.3 Engineering Analysis and Simulation ................................................................... 46
5.4 Economic Analysis................................................................................................ 46
CHAPTER 6: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ................ 46
6.1 Summary of Findings ........................................................................................... 46
6.2 Conclusion............................................................................................................ 46
6.3 Recommendations ............................................................................................... 46
LIST OF REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 47
APPENDICES ......................................................................................................................... 54
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CHAPTER 1
PROJECT SCOPE
This chapter states the background, the need of the study and the impact of the
proposed to the society. It also includes the objectives, framework and constraints of
the study on how the prototype will implement the solution to the problem.
1.1 Project Background
Tomato (Lycopersicon Esculentum Miller) is one of the valuable and favored

crops where various products are processed from tomatoes such as ketchup,
purees, juices or ingredients for different dishes. Tomatoes are cultivated and
produced in different parts of the world including Asia. Philippines is one of the
countries in Asia that cultivates and produces tomato where majority of the
tomato fields or farms are concentrated in northern Luzon such as Ilocos Norte
and Ilocos Sur and in Mindanao such as Bukidnon and Misamis Oriental while
other farms are located in southern Luzon such as provinces under the
CALABARZON region, where tomato productions on the country are affected
by different factors.[1]–[4] An interview is conducted in Sanctuario Nature
Farms, province of Cavite, additional questions are added on the course of
interview for the purpose of clarifications and understanding.[Appendix A]
There are several factors affect tomato production in the country, according
to Philippine Statistics Authority in costs and returns of tomato production in the
country there are several factors affect the tomato production such as bad weather
or calamities, high cost of input, lack of capital, rough or poor road, inadequate
supply of water, poor soil condition and the leading problem related to
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production is pests and diseases. Several tomato diseases result in loss of
production that affect the agriculture sector which commonly these diseases are
managed and controlled using variety of procedures such as using fungicides,
rotating crops, removal of diseased parts, and securing of good air circulation
among plant beds and water drainage.[1]
Identification and classification (diagnosis) of diseases are important for

correct management and to avoid consequential problem and loss, it may also
affect human and livestock health that resulted to famine and environmental
damages. [5], [6] Identification and classification (diagnosis) of diseases are
important for correct management and to avoid consequential problem and loss,
it may also affect human and livestock health that resulted to famine and
environmental damages[7] Due to crop loss it is important to detect plant
diseases early but test are expensive and time consuming and a low cost quick
test that can be used on different sites is essential.[8]
Stem is an essential part of a tomato plant since stem is the lifeline of a plant
and stem plays a vital role for plant since stem is the part of a plant where
nutrients flows and storage for food materials of a plant.[9]
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1.2 Need Statement
According to news by Science daily, plant diseases lead to crop loss, where
testing for identification and classification are expensive and time-consuming
that case is fatal once the result are received, so there is a need for economical
and fast test that can be use on sites that can detect disease early on.
1.3 Conceptual Framework
Figure 1.1 Conceptual framework of “A Predictive Model for Classification of

Diseases for Health Diagnostics of Tomato Plant”
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Figure 1.1 shows the interrelated objective and fundamentals. The objectives,
identifying the goals and purposes is set where the divided into three parts first is
the input where the key specific needs are stated, as well as the process in making
the concept of the design and the last, is the output where the desired outcomes is
stated for the design.
1.4 Objective
1.4.1 General Objectives
The main objective of the design is to develop a system for predictive

modelling for identification certain type of disease/s based on the processed
image of the stem area of the tomato plant where non evident indicators can
be found for early diagnosis of health condition of the tomato plant.
1.4.2 Specific Objectives
1.4.2.1 Hardware
To design a device like a scanner which has a mounted camera that

can be able to capture image of the stem area of the plant in high definition,
where the scanner has a connections on a computer stationed nearby the site
or farms also at the same time can be controlled for less human intervention
during scanning and image capturing process where in the computer which
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the system runs processed the high definition images where the non-evident
indicators can be spotted on the course of processing the image which the
farmers can identified the health condition of their tomato plants in miniature
to extensive farms remotely.
1.4.2.2 Software
To develop a system which runs as a predictive modelling for the

identification of diseases of tomato plant based on spotted non evident
indicators found in the stem area of the plant, where when the system run it
can be able to processed the image through series of image processing
algorithms and for the output is the possible diseases and reasons based on
the indicators found.
1.4.2.3 Validation
1.4.2.3.1 Accuracy
Refers to the ability of the system to spot color difference and to classify
tomato diseases through color analysis of the stem region of tomato plant
where expected output is shown through processed image showing the
segmented (diseased area) and the classified disease.
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1.4.2.3.2 Reliability
Reliability refers to ability of the system to produce consistent

accurate disease classification based on 50 trials through image analysis
for reliable system on tomato or crop disease classification
1.4.2.3.3 Efficiency
Efficiency refers to the ability of the device to diagnose a disease per trial.
This will be validated by comparing the result of the device and the visual
checking of the agriculturist
1.5 Contemporary Issue
Major impact on food production and security
On-going problem, especially in the agriculture sector is the plant

diseases that affects production also the quality of the products in terms of
food, fiber, and other uses. Widely and greatly affected by this issue is the
low-income farmers. The focused on this research is to improve the food
security by reducing crop loss through early diseases detection. [10]
Human health and environmental condition
Plant disease can also affect the human health since food production
is limited due to diseases, people often used to substitute for replacement like
processed food that create further health problems. Plant diseases can be
devastating to the natural ecosystem. [10], [11]
10 | A Predictive Model for Detection and Classification of Disease of Tomato Plant through
Stem Area
Plant diseases may affect other variety of food production
Plant diseases may also affect the other food production, especially
livestock since most cattle and other domestic animals are fed through plants,
which can cause diseases among livestock resulted in death and decrease of
production and quality of product. [8][10]
Expensive and time-consuming test and examination for identification of

diseases.
Most vast farms hire experts such as agriculturists, plant pathologists,

or botanists that are expensive which result take time, but the problem is the
course of the disease that when a farmer or concerned person received the
result there are already damage on the plant that results to wasted crops that
affect production and quality. Most tests take two weeks or more that the
disease already spread out on the entire field.[8]
1.6 Potential Impact of Project on the Society
1.6.1 Global
Globally, this research may help different countries especially

countries that produces tomatoes to increase food production and decreased
the level of crops that are wasted due to environmental and human
mismanagement that leads to different types of diseases.
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In world rankings in terms of crop production, tomatoes are second
next to potatoes as to world prioritize crops all over. Major tomato producing
countries are located in Asia such as China, India, Turkey, and Iran, others
are located in North and South America such as United States of America
(U.S.A), Brazil and Mexico while others are located in Europe and Africa,
such as Italy and Egypt where major problem in crop production is
diseases.[12], [13]
Central and south America is number one in terms of tomato

consumption all over the world where in this area diseases are the major
problem that affect the production and quality. [14]
1.6.2 National
Different regions in the Philippine also produces tomatoes such as

Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur, Bukidnon and Misamis Oriental. Philippines is
an agricultural country that produces fruits, vegetables and other land is used
for cattle breeding and livestock. Tomatoes is one of the leading crops in
terms of production where the number one problem related to production is
pests and diseases. [1], [15]
Research can be useful for farms and plantation especially to those

farms that bring their product on local markets which increase the food
production and less wasted crops. It can be helpful for macro and micro
business that involve crop production particularly in tomatoes.
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1.6.3 Local
Tomatoes are widely affected especially during wet season where

accompanied by high humidity and low sunshine that affect the growth of
tomatoes and also high humidity leads to incidence of pests and diseases that
result to plant rotting and wasted crop. Ilocos region where plantation or
farms of tomato are concentrated on this region. This study will help local
farmers especially farmers that have tomato farms. [16]
1.7 Market Potential
The market potential will be people working in plantation and farms

of tomatoes and can be helpful for farmers and in larger scale, it can be helpful
for plantation that processed tomatoes to different products especially to those
that have its own farms. The following areas that can benefit this design in
the Philippines is to tomato farms located in the region of Ilocos where Ilocos
Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union and Pangasinan is located, another is the
CALABARZON region which is 2nd in terms of tomato production in the
country where different provinces are located such as Cavite, Batangas,
Laguna, Rizal, and Quezon Province.
1.8 Project Constraints
Defines the specific and definite contents of the design or the limitations.
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1.8.1 Scope
The design focuses on a system which serve as a predictive model for

the identification of some diseases that is particular in tomato plant, where
can be used for the health diagnostics of tomato plant.
1.8.2 Delimitation
The design is delimited in designing an instrument that can scan or

examine the whole field in one scan, but one plant at a time, but can be
navigated, controlled and monitored remotely through a situation that have
connected to the scanner that is positioned on the field
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CHAPTER II
PROJECT PLANNING AND TASK IDENTIFICATION
2.1 Task Identification
To be able to accomplish the paper works, division of tasks was made and
as displayed below
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2.2 Gantt Chart
A PREDICTIVE MODEL FOR EARLY DETECTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASE OF
TOMATO PLANT THROUGH STEM AREA
Stage Task Earliest Length Type Immediate
Start (weeks) Predecessor
Project Preparation
A Brainstorming Week 0 4 Sequential
B Prior art researches Week 1 5 Sequential A
C Evaluation of existing Week 9 3 Parallel A, B
design
D Parameter research Week 3 Parallel A, B
Proposal Design
E Project Scope Week 12 4 Sequential C, D
F Literature Review Parallel E
G Design Evaluation
H Preliminary Design Week 37 18 E, F, G
I Concluding design Week 45 H
Development
J Purchase of Week 46 1 Sequential I
component and
equipment
K Hardware Week 47 1 Sequential J
implementation
L Execute Plan Week 48 1 Sequential K
structure
Design
M Device functionality Week 49 2 Sequential L
N Device validation test Parallel M
O Calibration of device Parallel M
Evaluation
P Assessment of data Week 51 1 Sequential O
Post evaluation and recalibration
Q Re-evaluation of data Week 52 1 Sequential P
R Re-calibration of Parallel P
device
Final testing
S Final testing of Week 53 1 Sequential Q, R
recalibrated device
Manuscript
T Initial manuscript Week 54 1 Sequential S
Presentation
U Presentation of Week 55 1 Sequential T
Design data
Final Manuscript
V Final paper Week 57 2 Sequential U
documentation
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CHAPTER III
TECHNICAL SURVEY AND LITERATURE REVIEW
3.1 Theoretical Framework
This section introduces the laws, theories, and other related existing
studies that will be used to support the implementation of the design
Problems related in tomato farm production in Philippines
Figure 3.1 Percentage of Tomato Farmers Reporting Problems on Production,

Selected Provinces
Figure 3.1 shows that pests and diseases is the leading problem related to tomato
production in the Philippines second is bad weather or calamities where survey is
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done in the provinces of Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Iloilo, Cebu, Bukidnon and
Misamis Oriental, according to Philippine Statistics Authority. [1]
Different Diseases of Tomato Plant
There rare different kinds of diseases due to different causes like bacteria,
fungal, virus, damage from insecticides, insects, weather and nutritional disorder
where there are diseases that are not visible to naked eye of a person or observer.
There is canker, speck, spot, pith necrosis, rot and wilt where characteristic
symptoms are classified by brown to black to spots and sometimes yellow
discoloration of the stem, roots, leaves and fruit due to bacteria because of over
pruning since bacteria can enter any openings in a plant. Same with bacterial
diseases, there is also fungal diseases cause by overwatering combined with warm
weather which characteristics are similar like blight, damping-off, mold, powdery
mildew, where for blight there is dark brown discoloration on the stem while for
mold it can vary to light brown to gray spots that sometimes mold can be color white,
and for the viral diseases, the most common is the tobacco mosaic virus that is usually
cause by throwing a used cigarette in the field or using cigarette while cultivating the
plants characterize by black discoloration on stem and leaves.[17], [18]
` According to Bureau of Plant Industry under Department of Agriculture,

tomato plant already adapted in various types of climate and tomato stem must be
green, soft, brittle and hairy. There are different types of diseases cause by pest, virus,
bacteria or other physiological cause like sudden change in temperature and weather.
The diseases are wilt cause by bacteria or virus and it can identify by browning in the
stem and leaf region, while blight is cause by physiological factors and it can be
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identified by black or brown in the stem and root region, and there are white flies, a
pests that affect tomato plant health and it can by identify through stick, black mold
found on the stem and leaves. [19]
Based on the interview done on Sanctuario nature farms in Cavite there are
several diseases they encounter on there tomato crops. [Appendix B] where the
following are the common diseases can be found in the Philippines which is a tropical
country where only there are two season, wet season and dry season. First, common
disease can be found is the bacterium wilt, caused by sudden changes in temperature,
high pH level in the soil, high humidity which is common during the rainy season.
Mosaic Virus is a type of virus which is not curable, common cause is smoking while
in the farm or plantation or throwing cigarette butts in the farm. Damping off, and
leaf and stem spot is a disease due to fungi. There are several ways to correct the
these common diseases which is in column three of the table, for bacterial wilt,
damping off and stem spot, the following disease management can be done
intercropping, crop rotation, increase organic matter, raise the beds, secure running
water and drainage system, space plants enough to provide good air circulation, and
drench lactic acid bacteria serum and indigenous microorganism, and for the mosaic
virus, the following are the disease management or how to correct the diseases:
remove the plant, then burn or buried, no smoking inside the farm, and washed and
sterilized all tools and containers. The same time on the course of interview, the
interviewee gives a rationale of common cause of these diseases. [Appendix C]
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Importance of Tomato Diseases Identification and Classification and relation to
image processing
Plant diseases is the major problem in food production in terms of quality and
quantity where detection and classification of diseases are essential to address the
issue of food production that will help countries growth economically. Many
researches focus on the implication of image processing techniques to classify and
detect diseases.[20], [21] No method for disease diagnosis of a plant can be
considered as standardized, it always toward development where today there are
different existing methods that uses different ways to sense and detect diseases like
RGB, Multi and Hyperspectral, Thermal, Chlorophyll Fluorescence, and 3-D
imaging,[22] where diseases can only be classify once there are visual symptoms that
are sometimes cannot be seen using naked eye of a person.[23]
Image processing
The process of using the images using various computer algorithms, has been
employed in number of areas such as recognition, remote sensing, image sharpening,
color and many more applications. The analysis of images in order to improve the
quality of the image based on the type of its applications.[24] Image processing is
composed of different sections: pre-processing, image compression, edge detection,
segmentation etc. Image processing is a method where images undergo such
processes where to improve the image for pictorial image for human interpretation
and for use of machine.[25] Different image processing used different algorithm for
obtaining the selective and wanted image for different application. Image processing
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algorithm can be divided into different subclasses image restoration, image
segmentation and image enhancement. Image enhancement algorithm is purposely
enhancing the images for different myriad of application and purpose.[24][26]
Color or Spectrum Difference Analysis under image processing
Color attributes as one of the features that can be used for image analysis
since color is a powerful descriptor that facilitates the identification and extraction
of a region from a background. Through color analysis a variety of color shades can
be lower to represent an image to be able to quantize the image. A color histogram
is composed of the three primary colors such as red, green and blue. This color
histogram or color modelling can be used for myriad of application like food
processing and other biological discipline to quantize colors. Color analysis can be
done using pixels of an image where it can be group into the three primary
colors.[27]–[30]
Camera
The consideration of camera is one of the most important parts of this project.
Since one of the objectives is to characterize the stem of the tomato plant for health
analysis, which condition is small for naked eye. Where the camera is useful
capturing digital images on high quality that is useful for image processing part of
the design. In electronics, camera is an optical instrument for capturing images,
which can be stored locally or transmitted via internet etc. Digital camera can store
digital images that can be useful for different application. [31][32]
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Display Monitors or Screen Display
A hardware device that displays the signals of the computer, where the part
of the computer where used for monitoring since though display monitor, processed
and output can be observed. A device used to show the output that can be display
through series of picture, physically a monitor is composed of display device,
circuitry, casing and power supply.[33]
Single Board Computers
A single board computer (SBC) is a hardware device composed of

microprocessors, memories, input/output ports and other features of a practical
computer or an integration a standard computer. The purpose of a single board
computer is for system demonstration and development for different
applications.[34]
3.2 Related Studies
Tomato diseases classification using leaf area of the tomato plant where it visualized
the symptoms that used as database composed of thousand of tomato leaves are
infected and healthy used for recognition and classification.[35] Accurate detection
of tomato disease which focuses on one disease only which is the powdery mildew
using thermal imaging of tomato plant leaf.[36] Tomato plant disease classification
using image recognition where database is composed of infected and healthy
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leaves.[37] Real-time tomato plant diseases and pest detection using recognition.[38]
Early detection of plant disease of sugar-beet leaves where disease are identify
without visible symptoms on the naked eye using hyperspectral
reflectance.[39]Detection of leaf disease through image segmentation and soft
computing techniques[40] Detection and classification of disease through statistical
analysis where it used as a database for image recognition.[41] Comparison of image
processing technique applicable for different usage. [42] Plant disease detection
using visually pattern evaluation using MATLAB and LABVIEW software for
image recognition.[43]
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3.3 Technical Surveys
Table 3.3 shows existing technologies and innovations that are related or similar to
the proposed project that include patents and journals. [43]–[47]
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CHAPTER IV
PRELIMINARY DESIGN
4.1 Concept Generation

This section discusses the concept that was included in the desired project.
Figure 4.1 shows the thought process of the researcher on how the preliminary design
of the project will be executed
Figure 4.1 Concept Generation
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Figure 4.1 shows the concepts generated for the design that characterize the
health condition of the plant through diagnosing the common diseases found on a
plant that can be identified visually. The design focuses on the common diseases
found on a tomato plant that where these diseases can be identified visually found
on different parts of the plant.
4.2 Design Constraints

This section discusses the standards of the project in terms of physical,
technical, and ethical aspects. These are the common constraints for the
researchers to do the desired design.
4.2.1 Physical
1. The device is portable.[48]
2. The device is connected to a four wheel off-road RC car.[49]
3. The RC car is powered by a 2000mAh battery.[50]
4. A single-board computer with I/O ports for camera. [51]
4.2.2 Technical
1. The device will require camera for capturing image.
- A Camera with at least 0.3 Mega Pixel that can illustrate 640x480. A SNR
with a value of 32.04 dB is an excellent image quality. More light means
good signal to noise ratio since the project will conduct at daylight. [52],
[53]
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2. The device will require a touchscreen display for command and display of
output.
- The touchscreen displays with pressure sensitive screen. [54]
3. Wireless Fidelity IEEE protocol.

- 802.11ah wireless fidelity standard that uses lower consumption of energy
and it has a longer range of network than 2.4Ghz.[55] 2.4Ghz has been a
standard to radio-controlled car.[56]
4.2.3 Ethical
The plant that will be tested will not be harmed for the device will only
capture an image of the plant. Hence, it will not be affected when eaten by a
person. In this project the group will be assisted by a plant pathologist. Plant
pathologist are the one who study about plant diseases.[57]
4.3 System Design

This section will discuss the overall system design, the chosen criteria for the
validation and the final design as well as other applicable design alternatives and
together with their specifications.
4.3.1 Block Diagram
The figure 4.2 – 4.3 present the order of operation of the design on how it will
function, and the corresponding component needed for that function.
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4.3.1.1 Functional Level
This figure 4.2 shows the process flow of the system using the input-process-output
approach.
Figure 4.2 Functional Level
Figure 4.2 These are the main function of the system. Image acquisition is the
input as well as the input control. The input control gives the instruction to the system.
The color conversion from the input is a must for the image processing. The output
will display the plant’s status or disease. The output will also display the
recommendation to prevent plant disease occurrence.
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4.3.1.2 Component Level
The figure 4.3 shows the arrangement of components together with its function
Figure 4.3 Component Level
Figure 4.3 Presents the corresponding components to perform the functions in

the functional level. The device used for image acquisition is the camera because it
gathers image or photo. The device used for the input control is from the touch screen
interface. The device used in the color conversion and image processing is the single-
board computer. The single-board computer can embed different algorithm for
processing of an image. The component for displaying the plant health status and the
recommendation to prevent the disease is the display.
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4.3.2 Program Design
4.3.2.1 Algorithm
Figure 4.4 Flowchart of the Predictive model for Diagnosing the Plant health disease
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11. The acquisition of the image via camera where the acquired image will be shown
in a screen or monitor for the user reference, then the system will give the user an
option if the user wants to proceed on image processing, when the user selects
“yes” the system will proceed on image processing while if “no” the system will
automatically recapture another image. When,
22. The user select yes, system will proceed on image processing where the image
will undergo different image processing methods such as pre-image processing,
image filtering, image segmentation and feature extraction, then the processed
image will be display on the screen or monitor. (This is the part of the system
where the diseased area and the RGB histogram are identify and classified since
the parameter that the system will use is color analysis. Then,
3.
3 After the image processing methods will be the disease identification and
classification where detection and classification using done through the RGB
spectrum set after the calibration of the system
4.
4 Finally, the system will give the user an option for showing the result, when the
user selects “yes’ the system will display the captured image, the processed image
and the disease and the possible recommendation for corrective actions and if
“no” the system will give another option that if the user desired for image
recapturing, when the user selects “yes” the system will recapture again and if
“no” the system will proceed on re-process the image.
5.
5 As per the system shown the result the system will give the user another option if
the user desired to proceed on next test/trial, and when the user selects “yes” the
image will proceed on first step (image acquisition) and when “no” the system
will terminate or end the process.
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4.3.3 Validation Criteria
These are the following validations to know how accurate and effective the
design is. To validate the device, there are sets of trials. These are the criteria to
validate the device:
• Accuracy refers to the ability of the system to spot color difference and to
classify tomato diseases through color analysis of the stem region of
tomato plant where expected output is shown through processed image
showing the segmented (diseased area) and the classified disease.
• Reliability refers to ability of the system to produce consistent accurate
disease classification based on 50 trials through image analysis for reliable
system on tomato or crop disease classification.
• Efficiency refers to the ability of the device to diagnose a disease per trial.
This will be validated by comparing the result of the device and the visual
checking of the agriculturist.
4.3.4 Design Options

The table 4.1 – 4.3 presented the system’s hardware components and
specifications taken into consideration for the implementation of the algorithm
proposed. The components that have been evaluated by the proponents are the camera,
the single-board computer, and the touchscreen display. All those components are
evaluated with respect to the accuracy, reliability and efficiency.
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Evaluation for the Single-Board Computer (SBC)
A single-board computer is a device that is commonly used for embedded
application. It can be used for complex robotics systems and processor-intensive
applications.[58] The single-board computer will function as the main brain and
processor of our device. Based on number or result for single board computer there is
a total of 386 million result, adding Octa and Quad core results to 3.5 million search
result, adding 1.2 GHz to 2.4 GHz resulting to 44, 400 result, adding 1Gb to 2Gb ram,
resulting to 3240, adding another is it must be “available in Philippines” resulting to
3090 result, and last is “cheap” resulted to 1810 search results to evaluate and to filter
option based on the design requirements, There was multiple single-board computer
that were evaluated based on the I/O ports. These are the boards that were chosen by
the group such as, The DragonBoardTM 410c, ODroid XU4, and Raspberry Pi 3 B+
are the best three SBCs that were evaluated based on the project constraints.
Table 4.1 Comparison of Single-Board Computer
Table 4.1 presents the three main specification of three Single-Board

Computer or SBC. The CPU, no. of cores, core speed and RAM are the things to
consider when evaluating for SBC. Accuracy is corelated with the Computer
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Processing Unit or CPU. CPU is the brain of the whole system.[59] In this project,
CPU will be the one processing of the image. From the table 4.1 the DragonBoard
410c has a CPU of Snapdragon 410E,[60] ODroid XU4 has a Samsung Exynos
5422,[61] and Raspberry Pi 3 B+ has a Broadcom BCM2837B0.[62] The Odroid will
be grade by 5, Raspberry Pi 3 will have a grade of 4 and the DragonBoard will have a
grade of 3. The grades are based from the whole specifications.
Reliability is corelated with the Random-Access Memory or RAM. RAM

allows the computer to run and think programs simultaneously and bigger RAM
means more programs can run and thinking simultaneously.[59] In this project, the
RAM will allow the system to process image simultaneously. From the table 4.1, the
DragonBoard 410c has a RAM of 1Gb,[60] ODroid XU4 has a 2Gbs,[61] and
Raspberry Pi 3 B+ has a 1Gb.[62] The DragonBoard will have a grade of 4, ODroid
will have a grade of 5, and Raspberry Pi will have a grade of 3. The grades were based
from their given specification from the table 4.1.
Efficiency is correlated with the number of cores and the core speed. The
number of cores allows the computer to work on different tasks at the same time and
core speed is how fast can it run a program. Higher core speed and number of cores
means faster and more programs that can be run on.[59] In this project, these two will
make the processing of image faster. From the table 4.1, the DragonBoard 410c has a
speed of 1.2Ghz Quad-core,[60] ODroid has a speed of 2Ghz Octa-core[61], and
Raspberry Pi 3 B+ has a speed of 1.4Ghz Quad-core.[62] The DragonBoard will have
a grade of 3, ODroid will have a grade of 5 and Raspberry Pi 3 B+ will have a grade
of 4.
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Evaluation for the Camera
Camera functions as capturing or recording a scene or an object.[63] The
function of the camera on the device is to capture multiple shots of different tomatoes.
The number of search result for camera is 5, 650, 000 results, adding another
requirement is a dynamic range of 51db to 68dB the search result are 73, 400, adding
another requirement is resolution of up to 5MP and there are a total of five results.
There were multiple cameras that were evaluated based on 0.3MP resolution and
32.04dB SNR. The Spinel SC50MPA, Raspberry Pi V1, and uCAM-III cameras that
were chosen.
Table 4.2 Comparison of Camera
Table 4.2 presents the different comparison of the three cameras. The S/N
ratio, Dynamic Range, and Sensitivity are the things to look when evaluating a camera
for image processing. There are three cameras that were evaluated such as, Spinel
SC50MPA, Raspberry Pi V1 and, uCAM-III. Accuracy is correlated with the Signal-
to-Noise ratio or S/N ratio. S/N ratio gives definition to an image. Higher S/N ratio
means more definition in an image rather than having more noise.[64] In this project,
the S/N ratio will be the one who will give definition to the photo for better edge
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detection. From the table 4.2, Spinel SC50MPA has a S/N ratio of 36dB,[65]
Raspberry Pi V1 has an S/N ratio of 36dB,[66] and uCAM-III has a 44.2dB.[67] These
three will be graded based on their given ratio. The Spinel SC50MPA will have a
grade of 3, uCAM will have a grade of 5 and Raspberry will have a grade of 4.
Reliability can be correlated with Dynamic Range and Sensitivity (ISO).

Dynamic Range illustrates the darkest and lightest area scene in an image. Sensitivity
gives the right exposure of photo from light. [12], [16] Lower sensitivity means less
sensitive to light and higher sensitivity makes it more sensitive to light. In this project,
these two will cooperate to give a photo a good definition of light. From the table 4.2,
Spinel SC50MPA has a sensitivity of 600mV/(Lux.sec),[65] the Raspberry Pi V1 has
a 0.680mV/(Lux.sec) sensitivity,[14] and uCAM-III has a 2.93V/(Lux.sec).[15] Based
on the specification from table 4.2, Spinel SC50MPA will have a grade of 3, the
Raspberry has a grade of 4, and the uCAM will have a grade of 5.
Efficiency is correlated with Dynamic range. Dynamic Range illustrates the

darkest and lightest area scene in an image.[64] Higher dynamic range means better
performance at low light or day light. In this project, it will be used most likely in a
daylight situation. This will help put up much definition in daylight situation. From
the table 4.2, the Spinel SC50MPA has a dynamic range of 68dB, Raspberry Pi V1
camera has a 67dB, and the uCAM-III has a 51dB. Based on the given specification,
the Spinel SC50MPA will have a grade of 5, Raspberry Pi will have a grade of 4, and
the uCAM will have a grade of 3.
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Evaluation for the Touch Screen Display
Touchscreen display is a device that has a pressure-sensitive screen, that
allows the user to interact with the device by touching a photo or word.[68] The
function of the touchscreen display in our project is to interact with the device using
it and to display the output. There are a total of 689 million result for touch screen
display, adding another requirement is the screen resolution is 800x480 resulting to
1.9 million, adding seven inched screen size resulted to 840 thousand, then it must be
available in the Philippines resulting to 36,400. There was a list of touchscreen
interface and the group chose these three touchscreens interface based on the type of
pressure-sensitive screen. The three touchscreens are The Nextion Enhanced
NX8048K070, CM3-PANEL, and emVIEW-7 that were evaluated based on the
project constraints.
Table 4.3 Comparison of Touch Screen Display
Table 4.3 presents the comparison of three different touch screen display.
Nextion Enhanced NX8048K070, Raspberry Pi 3 XPT20146, and HDMI interface are
the components for touch screen display. The accuracy is correlated with the screen
resolution. Screen resolution shows more elements or definitions in the screen.[69] In
this project, the screen resolution will give the user a better view of an image. From
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the specification given in table 4.3, the Nextion Enhanced NX8048K070 has a screen
resolution of 800x480,[70] the CM3-PANEL has a screen resolution of 800x480,[71]
and the emVIEW-7 has a resolution of 800x480.[72] Those three will be graded based
on their given screen resolution. The Nextion Enhanced will have a grade of 4, the
emVIEW-7 will have a grade of 3, and CM3-PANEL will have a grade of 5.
Reliability is correlated with Touch Type. There are two types of touch type:
Capacitive and Resistive. Resistive touch is a pressured touch on a display to
command while capacitive uses sense of conductivity. Resistive touch is good in stylus
flexibility, higher sensor resolutions, detects fewer accidental touches, less expensive
but it does not have the multi-touch support. Capacitive touch has an incredible
durability, reliability, higher image quality, and future proof. It has limited touches
and glass is more prone to breaking. [22] In this project, the touch type will help the
user to command the touch screen interface. From the table 4.1, The The Nextion
Enhanced NX8048K070 has a touchscreen type of either resistive or capacitive,[18]
the CM3-PANEL has a resistive type,[71] and the emVIEW-7 has a resistive type.[72]
The three touchscreens will be graded based on their specification. The Nextion
Enhanced will have a score of 5, the emVIEW-7 will have a grade of 4, and the
emVIEW-7 will have a grade of 3.
Efficiency is correlated with screen size. Screen Size is the measurement of

the screen diagonally.[73] In this project, the bigger screen size will help the user to
use the touch pad easier. Based on the table 4.3, The Nextion Enhanced NX8048K070
is a 7-inch screen size display,[70] the CM3-PANEL has a 7-inch screen size
display,[71] and the emVIEW-7 has a 7-inch screen size display. [72] These three will
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be graded based on their specification. The Nextion Enhanced will have a grade of 5,
CM3-PANEL will have a grade of 4, and the emVIEW-7 will have a grade of 3.
4.3.5 Design Evaluation

This section compares different possible design combination for the project.
Every component in a design has its own weight and cell-index factor. Those are
decided by the proponents. Each design is composed of the three main components
such as the camera, single-board computer, and the touch screen display. The weight
of the criteria will matter on the design. Those criteria are accuracy, reliability and
efficiency.
Design Criteria
The following criteria with its following percentage.
• Accuracy – 40%
• Reliability – 40%
• Efficiency – 20%
The accuracy has a percentage of 40% because it is one of the two validations
needed in this project. Accurate processing and accurate output are one of the main
goals of the project. The reliability has a percentage of 40% because one of the main
goals of this project is it can be trusted by anyone specially the farmers. The efficiency
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has a percentage of 20% because the system must be productive because it will capture
a lot of tomatoes. It means more processing of images.
The three following tables are based on the three criteria with different design
trade-offs. Every table has three different designs combined with three different
components. Every component has its own weight and cell-index factor. The scores
are based on the product of the weight and the cell-index factor. The score function is
the product of the score and the weight of the given criteria. The proponents set the
SBC, the camera, and touchscreen display with a weight of 0.5, 0.25, and 0.25
respectively in terms of accuracy. In terms of reliability, the proponents set the SBC,
the camera, and the touchscreen display with a weight of 0.4, 0.4, and 0.2 respectively.
In terms of efficiency, the proponents set the SBC, the camera, and the touchscreen
display with a weight of 0.25, 0.5, and 0.25 respectively.
Table 4.4 Accuracy, Reliability and Efficiency based design trade-off
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Table 4.4 presents three different designs that were picked by the group with
combination of components based on the different criteria. In terms of accuracy,
Design P has a score of 1.8, next is the Design G with a score of 1.48, and the Design
T with the score of 1.26. Overall the Design P has the highest score.
In terms of reliability, Design G has a score of 1.84, next is the Design P with a
score of 1.6, and the Design T with a score of 1.52. Overall the Design G has the
highest score.
In Efficiency, Design T has the highest score of 0.9, next is the Design P with a
score of 0.7, and the Design G with a score 0.58. Overall the Design T is having the
highest score.
Level of Acceptance
LEVEL OF ACCEPTANCE
Accuracy Reliability Efficiency
0.7
0.58
0.9
1.6
1.84
1.52
1.8
1.48 1.26
DESIGN G DESIGN P DESIGN T

Figure 4.5 Level of Acceptance of Three different designs
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Figure 4.5 presents the three different designs. The purple color is the accuracy
that has a weight of 40%. The blue color is the reliability that has a weight of 40%.
The dark yellow color is the efficiency that has a weight of 20%. The Design P has
the highest graph among all the graphs. It has an overall score of 4.10. The next is the
Design G. It has an overall score of 3.90. The last of them all is the Design T. It has
an overall score of 3.68.
Design Trade-Off
The proponents chose design P for having the highest score of accuracy of 1.8.
This project will focus more on the accurate diagnosis of the tomato plant diseases.
The 0.32 difference score with the Design G is not that high but it may affect a serious
competition in terms of accuracy. The reliability and efficiency are the two trade-offs.
The design chosen by the proponents is the most applicable for the whole project. The
design P is composed of Raspberry Pi 3 B+ single-board computer, uCAM-III camera,
and CM3-PANEL touch screen panel.
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4.3.6 Final Design
Figure 4.6 Final Design for the project
Figure 4.6 presents the final design of the project. The SBC, camera and
touchscreen display were chosen based on the high number of accuracies. The chosen
camera for the project is the uCAM-III. This camera will take a series of photo of
tomato plants. The chosen touchscreen display for the project is the CM3-PANEL.
This touchscreen will be used for commanding the device and for displaying the vision
from the camera and the project output. The chosen Single-Board Computer for the
project is the Raspberry Pi 3 B+. The single-board computer will be the one to process
the multiple images taken from the camera and will be the brain of the whole device.
The project will have a power source of a 2000mAh battery.
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CHAPTER 5: PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
5.1 Detailed System Design
5.1.1 Hardware Implementation
5.1.2 Layout and Detailed Drawings
5.1.3 Application of Engineering Codes and Standard Design
5.2 Results and Discussion
5.3 Engineering Analysis and Simulation
5.4 Economic Analysis
CHAPTER 6: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATION
6.1 Summary of Findings
6.2 Conclusion
6.3 Recommendations
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A
1. What are the common diseases found in Tomato Plants? (number
of items below may be increase based on the statement given by the
interviewee)
a. Disease 1
b. Disease 2
2. What are the causes of these certain diseases? (number of items

below may be increase based on the statement given by the
interviewee)
a. Disease 1
Causes:
b. Disease 2
Causes
3. What are the physical of key factors indicate a certain disease
(Early Symptoms)? (number of items below may be increase based
on the statement given by the interviewee)
a. Disease 1
b. Disease 2
4. How to correct these diseases? (number of items below may be

increase based on the statement given by the interviewee)
a. Disease 1
Methods:
b. Disease 2
Methods:
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APPENDIX B
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APPENDIX C
Causes (Corrections) Possible Diseases
Over watering (Schedule watering) Wilting
Cankers
Damping off
Under watering (Water them Cankers with leaf Roll
frequently) Cankers and lesions
Stem and Leaf Spot
Over pruning (less pruning) Wilting
Poor drainage system (raise beds Wilting
and secure water flow all
throughout the farm)
Lack of air flow (raise beds and Powdery Mildew
secure spaces between plants) Stem and Leaf Spot
Over usage of herbicide/pesticide Wilting
(use organic matter aside from
chemical based products)
Under usage of herbicide/pesticide Powdery Mildew
Smoking in farm (removed all the Mosaic Virus
infected plants
High PH level Wilting
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ADAMSON UNIVERSITY

ASEAN ENGR. EVELYN Q. RAGUINDIN, PECE

1.1 Project Background

Tomato (Lycopersicon Esculentum Miller) is one of the valuable and favored

Identification and classification (diagnosis) of diseases are important for

1.3 Conceptual Framework

Figure 1.1 Conceptual framework of “A Predictive Model for Classification of

1.4.1 General Objectives

The main objective of the design is to develop a system for predictive

1.4.2 Specific Objectives

To design a device like a scanner which has a mounted camera that

To develop a system which runs as a predictive modelling for the

Reliability refers to ability of the system to produce consistent

1.5 Contemporary Issue

Major impact on food production and security

On-going problem, especially in the agriculture sector is the plant

Human health and environmental condition

Expensive and time-consuming test and examination for identification of

Most vast farms hire experts such as agriculturists, plant pathologists,

1.6 Potential Impact of Project on the Society

Globally, this research may help different countries especially

Central and south America is number one in terms of tomato

Different regions in the Philippine also produces tomatoes such as

Research can be useful for farms and plantation especially to those

Tomatoes are widely affected especially during wet season where

1.7 Market Potential

The market potential will be people working in plantation and farms

1.8 Project Constraints

The design focuses on a system which serve as a predictive model for

The design is delimited in designing an instrument that can scan or

2.1 Task Identification

3.1 Theoretical Framework

Problems related in tomato farm production in Philippines

Figure 3.1 Percentage of Tomato Farmers Reporting Problems on Production,

Different Diseases of Tomato Plant

` According to Bureau of Plant Industry under Department of Agriculture,

Color or Spectrum Difference Analysis under image processing

Single Board Computers

A single board computer (SBC) is a hardware device composed of

3.2 Related Studies

4.1 Concept Generation

Figure 4.1 Concept Generation

4.2 Design Constraints

3. Wireless Fidelity IEEE protocol.

4.3 System Design

4.3.1 Block Diagram

Figure 4.2 Functional Level

Figure 4.3 Component Level

Figure 4.3 Presents the corresponding components to perform the functions in

4.3.4 Design Options

Table 4.1 Comparison of Single-Board Computer

Table 4.1 presents the three main specification of three Single-Board

Reliability is corelated with the Random-Access Memory or RAM. RAM

Table 4.2 Comparison of Camera

Reliability can be correlated with Dynamic Range and Sensitivity (ISO).

Efficiency is correlated with Dynamic range. Dynamic Range illustrates the

Table 4.3 Comparison of Touch Screen Display

Efficiency is correlated with screen size. Screen Size is the measurement of

4.3.5 Design Evaluation

The following criteria with its following percentage.

Table 4.4 Accuracy, Reliability and Efficiency based design trade-off

DESIGN G DESIGN P DESIGN T

Figure 4.6 Final Design for the project

[13] “The Global tomato processing industry in 2016 : Production , consumption

[70] “Nextion Enhanced NX8048K070 is a 7" Resistive or Capacitive