D9564 PDF

A STUDY ON INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
(ICTS) IN AGRICULTURAL
EXTENSION SYSTEM IN ANDHRA
PRADESH
RAKSHA
M.SC. (Home Science Extension)
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
(HOME SCIENCE EXTENSION EDUCATION)
2014
A Study on Information and Communication
Technologies (ICTs) in Agricultural Extension
System in Andhra Pradesh
BY
RAKSHA
M.SC. (Home Science Extension)
THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE

ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
(HOME SCIENCE EXTENSION EDUCATION)
CHAIRPERSON: Dr. I.SREENIVASA RAO
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD - 500030
2014
DEDICATED
TO
MY
PARENTS
DECLARATION
I, Raksha, hereby declare that the thesis entitled “A Study on Information and
Communication Technologies (ICTs) in Agricultural Extension System in Andhra
Pradesh” submitted to the Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University for the degree
of Doctor of Philosophy in Home Science Extension is the result of original work
done by me. I also declare that no material contained in the thesis has been published
earlier in any manner.
(RAKSHA)
I.D. No. RAD/2008-05
Place: Hyderabad
Date: 25th July 2014
CERTIFICATE
Ms. Raksha has satisfactorily prosecuted the course of research and the thesis
entitled “A Study on Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in
Agricultural Extension System in Andhra Pradesh” submitted is the result of
original research work and is of sufficiently high standard to warrant its presentation to
the examination. I also certify that neither the thesis nor its part thereof has been
previously submitted by her for a degree of any University.
(Dr. I. SREENIVASA RAO)
Chairperson
Place: Hyderabad
Date: 25th July 2014

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the thesis entitled, ―A Study on Information and

Communication Technologies (ICTs) in Agricultural Extension System in Andhra
Pradesh‖ submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
‗DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HOME SCIENCE EXTENSION‘ of the Acharya N.
G. Ranga Agricultural University, Hyderabad, is a record of the bonafide original
research work carried out by Ms. Raksha under our guidance and supervision.
No part of the thesis has been submitted by the student for any other degree or
diploma. The published part and all assistance received during the course of the
investigations have been duly acknowledged by the author of the thesis.
(Dr. I. SREENIVASA RAO)

Chairperson of the Advisory Committee
Thesis approved by the Student Advisory Committee.

Chairperson (Dr. I. SREENIVASA RAO)
Professor & Head
Dept. of Agricultural Extension, College of
Agriculture, ANGRAU, Rajendranagar,
Hyderabad-500030
Co- (Dr. SHAIK N. MEERA)
Chairman Senior Scientist
Directorate of Rice Research, Rajendranagar,
Hyderabad-500030
Member (Dr. P. PUNNA RAO)
Professor
Admin Block, ANGRAU, Rajendranagar,
Hyderabad-500030
Member (Dr. K. MANORAMA)
Professor
Quality Control Laboratory, EEI,
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500030
Member (Mr. M. H. V. BHAVE)
Associate Professor & Head
Department of Statistics and Mathematics,
College of Agriculture, ANGRAU,
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500030
Date of Final Viva-Voice : 19th July 2014

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Writing of the acknowledgement, signals the completion of a milestone of my

academic journey. This could only be possible by the helping hands and minds of many
known and unknown people. It is true that every mission needs a spirit of dedication and
hard work. But more than anything else, it requires appropriate guidance to reach the
goal at right time.
I feel great pride and privilege in expressing my profound sense of
gratitude and infinite indebtness to my esteemed chairman and major advisor Dr. I.
Sreenivasa Rao, Professor & Head, Department of Agricultural Extension, College of
Agriculture, ANGRAU, Hyderabad, for his affectionate encouragement and constant
guidance throughout the course of study. I also feel highly obliged to his for his
intellectual inferences and immense interest during the research.
It gives me immense pleasure in recording my heartfelt gratitude to my
co-advisor Dr. Shaik N. Meera, Senior Scientist, Directorate of Rice Research,
Hyderabad, for his learned counsel, close supervision, sagacious and benevolent
guidance, keen interest, sympathetic understanding, creative ideas and constructive
criticism during the investigation and organization of the thesis without which it would
have remained a Chimera and providing me with innovative ideas throughout the
pursuit of the study. It was indeed an unforgettable experience of working under his
guidance. His cool and calm nature with helping attitude made my study interesting as
well as charming.
I also extremely bestow my deep and heartfelt sense of gratitude and obligation
to the worthy members of my advisory committee, Dr. P. Punna Rao, Professor, Admn.
Office, ANGRAU, Rajendranagar, Dr. (Mrs.) K. Manorama, Professor, Quality
Contarl Laboratory, Extension Education Institute, Hyderabad, Rajendranagar and Mr.
M.H.V. Bhave, Associate Professor & Head, Department of Statistics and
Mathematics, College of Agriculture Hyderabad, Rajendranagar for their guidance,
pain taking, constructive suggestions and timely assistance throughout the course of
present study.
I am also sincerely thankful to all other faculty members and non-teaching staff
of the Department of Agricultural Extension for providing facilities, timely help,
cooperation and guidance for carrying out this research and preparation of this
manuscript.
This is a great opportunity to recognize great people, who really deserve more
than a little acknowledgement and whose presence and wishes in my life makes it highly
meaningful. These are my sisters, Mrs. Ranjana, and Mrs. Shalini for showering on me
their affectionate blessings and love. I also owed my affectionate gratitude to my most
loving sister and jija ji, Mrs. Sadhana and Mr. Pankaj, who scarified their comforts for
my sake and kept me in the high spirits throughout the period of this study and
providing a pillar like strength in making this milestone possible today. Above all there
are my reverend parents, late R. D. Lakher and late O. P. Lakher, an abyss of
affection, an indefinite source of inspiration and whose everlasting blessing bring me up
to here and in turn encouraged my scholastic achievement and inculcated cognitive
sense. Their cherished memories gave me great strength and enthusiasm to complete
this pursuit of work. Thanks are also due to the lovely kids Anany, Shashwat, Vanshika
and Aishwarya.
I am also extremely thankful to and very debtful to my lovely senior B. Suneetha
with whom I spend cherished moments of my college life which is unforgettable. Senior
Research Fellowship Award for Postgraduate Studies in Home Science Extension
Education from ICAR is duly acknowledged.
I express my heartfelt thanks and gratitude to Mr. Vijay Kumar, JDA and Z.
Venkateshwarlu, DDA, Seeds, Dr. Balbir Shekhawat Manager, Nagarajuna
Fertilizers for their help in conducting sudy.
Above all, I bow my head before the Almighty, as the whole work is possible
because of an unknown face, which stood behind me as a strong pillar and provided me
great energy and enthusiasm for work and showering on me his kindness and giving me
knowledge, wisdom and strength to sail through the life.
Last but not the least, I record my sincere thanks to all who helped me out
directly or indirectly during my course of study.
(RAKSHA)
LIST OF CONTENTS
Chapter No. Title Page No.
I INTRODUCTION
II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
III MATERIAL AND METHODS
IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
LITERATURE CITED
APPENDICES
LIST OF TABLES
Page
S. No. Title
No.
3.1. Variables selected for study and their empirical measurement
4.1 Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs)

Initiatives in Indian Agricultural Extension System
4.2 Personal profile of the respondents working in R&D, SDA and
Private sector
4.3 Distribution of respondents according to possession of Smart
Gadgets (ICTs)
4.4 Categorization of respondents with regard to possession of
Smart Gadgets (ICTs)
4.5 Distribution of respondents working in R&D, SDA and Private
sectors according to possession of Smart Gadgets
4.6 Categorization of R&D Sector, SDA and Private sector
respondents based on possession of Smart Gadgets (ICTs)
4.7 Distribution of Respondents according to Sources of
Awareness about ICTs
4.8 Distribution of respondents working in R&D, SDA and Private
sectors according to Sources of Awareness about ICTs
4.9 Perceived Attributes of ICTs
4.10 Categorization of respondents working in R&D, SDA and

private sector as per the perceived attributes of ICTs
4.11 Utility of ICTs in Extension as perceived by the respondents
4.12 Methods of learning ICT skills by the respondents
4.13 Trainings received by the respondents on ICTs
4.14 Distribution of respondents according to their psychological

profile
4.15 Categorization of Respondents according to their attitude
towards use of ICTs in agriculture
4.16 Distribution of respondents based on the degree of agreement
with attitude statements towards use of ICTs in agricultural
extension
4.17 Ranking of ten highest scored attitude statements by the
respondents
4.18 Distribution of R & D sector respondents based on the degree
of agreement with attitude statements towards use of ICTs in
agriculture
4.19 Distribution of SDA sector respondents based on the degree of
agreement with attitude statements towards use of ICTs in
agriculture
4.20 Distribution of Private sector respondents based on the degree
of agreement with attitude statements towards use of ICTs in
agriculture
4.21 Experience of the respondents in ICTs Tools use
4.22 Categorization of respondents as per Experience in ICT Tools

use
4.23 Distribution of R&D sector respondents according to
Experience in ICTs Tools use
4.24 Experience in ICT Tools use by SDA sector respondents
4.25 Experience in ICT Tools use by Private sector respondents
4.26 Distribution of Respondents according to purpose of accessing

ICTs tools
4.27 Distribution of Respondents according to Purpose of accessing
ICTs tools by the respondents working in R&D, SDA and
Private sector
4.28 Access and availability of ICTs Tools by different sector
respondents
4.29 Access to ICTs Tools and Frequency of Use of available ICTs
4.30 Access to ICTs Tools and frequency of Use of available ICTs

by R&D Sector respondents
by SDA Sector respondents
by Private Sector respondents
4.33 Categorization of the respondents based on Access to ICTs
Tools and frequency of Use by respondents
4.34 Pattern of use of ICTs by the respondents
4.35 Pattern of use of ICTs by R & D Sector respondents
4.36 Pattern of use of ICTs by SDA sector respondents
4.37 Pattern of use of ICTs by Private Sector respondents

4.38 Categorization of respondents on the basis of e-readiness
4.39 e-Readiness of the Respondents
4.40 e-readiness of Agricultural Extension Personnel working in R

& D, SDA and Private sector
4.41 Ranking of different e-readiness components by the
respondents
4.42 Relationship between Independent variables and attitude
towards use of ICTs in agricultural extension system
4.43 Relationship between Independent variables and e-readiness of
extension personnel towards use of ICTs in agricultural
extension system
4.44 Relationship between Independent variables and extent of use
of ICTs by extension personnel in agricultural extension
system
4.45 Step down regression analysis predicting influence of selected
variables on Attitude, Extent of use and e-Readiness of
agricultural extension personnel towards the use of ICTs in
agricultural extension system
variables on Attitude, Extent of use and e-Readiness of R&D
sector agricultural extension personnel towards the use of ICTs
in agricultural extension system
variables on Attitude, Extent of use and e-Readiness of SDA
variables on Attitude, Extent of use and e-Readiness of private
4.49 Problems perceived by the respondents with reference to use of
ICTs in agricultural extension system
4.50 Suggestions with reference to the use of ICTs in agricultural
extension system
4.51 ICTs initiatives with information mode
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Fig. No. Title Page No.

4.1 Distribution of respondents as per Age
4.2 Distribution of respondents as per Gender
4.3 Distribution of respondents as per Nativity
4.4 Distribution of respondents as per Number of Years of
Service
4.5 Distribution of respondents as per Major Job responsibility
4.6 Distribution of respondents as per Possession of Smart
Gadgets
4.7 Distribution of respondents as per Possession of Smart
Gadgets
4.8 Distribution of respondents as per Sources of Information
4.9 Distribution of respondents as per methods of Learning
4.10 Distribution of respondents according to Attitude towards
use of ICTs in Agricultural Extension
4.11 Categorization of respondents based on e-readiness
4.12 Distribution of respondents based on e-readiness
4.13 Strategy for use of ICTs in agricultural extension system
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
List Abbreviations
% Per cent
AFPINET Agricultural & Food Processing Industries Informatics Network
AGMARKNET Agricultural Marketing Information Network
Agri Agriculture
AGRIS International Information System for the Agricultural Sciences
and Technology
AGRISNET Agriculture Resources Information System Network
AFPINET Agricultural & Food Processing Industries Informatics Network
A. P. Andhra Pradesh
APHNET Animal Production and Health Information Network
ANGRAU ANG Ranga Agricultural University
ARINET Agricultural and Rural Industries Information System Network
ARISNET Agricultural Research Information System Network
ATIC Agricultural Technology Information Centre
ATMA Agricultural Technology Management Agency
CBOs Community based organizations
CoopNet Cooperative Networking
CTA Commission on Technology and Adult Learning
DACNET Department of Agriculture and Co-operation Network
Dev Development
DOA Department of Agriculture
DOR Directorate of Oilseed Research
DRR Directorate of Rice Research
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FertNet Fertilizer Networking
Fig. Figure
FISHNET Fisheries Informatics Network
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GOI Government of India
Govt Government
HORTNET Horticultural Informatics Network
ICAR Indian Council of Agricultural Research
ICTs Information and Communication Technologies
IFFCO Indian Farmers Fertilizer Corporation
IIT Indian Institute of Technology
IITKM Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management-
Kerala
ITC Indian Tobacco Company
JNKVV Jawahar Lal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya
KVKs Krishi Vigyan Kendra(s)
LISNET Land Information System network
MANAGE National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management
NAARM National Academy of Agriculture and Research Management
NAIP National Agricultural Innovation Project
NARS National Agricultural Research System
NATP National Agricultural Technology Project
NDMNET Natural Disaster Management Knowledge Network
NGOs Non-government Organizations
NICNET National Informatics Centre Network
NIRD National Institute of Rural Development
NSSO National Sample Survey Organization
PPIN Plant Protection Informatics and Communication Network
PPP Public private partnership
R&D Research and Development
SAU State Agricultural University
SDA State Department of Agriculture
SEEDNET Seed Network
TNAU Tamil Nadu Agricultural University
TOT Transfer of Technology
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
VISTARNET Agricultural Extension Information System Network
Weather NET Weather Resource System
Author : RAKSHA
I.D. No. : RAD/08-05
Title of the thesis : A Study on Information and Communication
Technologies (ICTs) in Agricultural Extension System
in Andhra Pradesh
Degree to which it is : Doctor of philosophy in Home Science Extension
submitted Education
Faculty : Home Science
Department Home Science Extension
Major Advisor : Dr. I.SREENIVASA RAO
Professor and Head
Department of Agricultural Extension,
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030.
University : ACHARYA N. G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL
UNIVERSITY
Year of submission : 2014
ABSTRACT
Agricultural Extension is an educational service or system which assists farmers
through educational procedures in improving farming methods and techniques,
increasing production efficiency and income, bettering their levels of living and lifting
the social and educational standards of rural life (Maunder, 1973). Agricultural
extension services include transferring knowledge to farmers, advising and educating
farmers in their decision making, enabling farmers to clarify their own goals and
possibilities, and stimulating desirable agricultural developments. Traditional public-
sector extension services use a variety of extension programmes to overcome barriers to
technological adoption without much success. Agricultural extension, which depends to
a large extent on information exchange between and among farmers on one hand, and a
broad range of other actors on the other, has been identified as one area in which ICTs
can have a particularly significant impact. There is growing recognition that farmers and
members of rural communities have needs for information and appropriate learning
methods that are not being met.
A descriptive research design and exploratory study were adopted for the present
investigation. The study was conducted in Ranga Reddy district of Andhra Pradesh
purposively as it is the one of the major states where a number of ICTs projects are
being implemented. A proportionate number of respondents were selected both from
public and private sectors. For representation from public organizations, respondents
were taken from State Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture-National
Institute of Agricultural Extension Management (MANAGE) GOI, State Agricultural
University-Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) and ICAR
institutes. For private sector, respondents were taken from Nagarjuna fertilizers, ETV,
TV5, e-choupal (ITC) etc. were purposively selected for the study. A proportionate
sample of 60 respondents each was selected randomly from State Department, Research
and development (R&D) sector and Private Organizations for the study. Thus a total of
180 respondents were selected for the study. For R&D sector respondents from SAU
(ANGRAU)-KVKs, DAATTCs and ICAR institutes were selected. The data was
collected with the help of questionnaire.
In R&D sector, majority of the respondents were old, male, doctorates, hailing
from both rural and urban areas, have less experience in job and extension was their
major job responsibility. In case of SDA, majority of the respondents were young, male
and graduate, hailing from rural areas and belongs to the low category of number of
years of service. Extension was the major job responsibility. A majority of the private
sector respondents were young, male and post graduate, hailing from urban areas. They
have less years of service and extension was their major job responsibility. Majority
(82.22%) of the respondents have personal computer/laptop. About 69 per cent of the
respondents have personal computer/laptop with internet connection. Cent percent
respondents have the mobile phone while a little less than half of the respondents
(45.56%) have smart phone. With regard to SDA sector respondents, majority (53.33%)
were hailing from low category followed by medium (33.33%) and high (13.33%)
whereas about 47 per cent private sector respondents were belonging to high category
followed by medium (40.00%) and low (13.33%). About 94 per cent respondents have
awareness about ICTs through interpersonal communication channels like family
members, friends and colleagues followed by mass media channels (84.44%) like
newspaper/magazines/books etc., trainings (81.67%) and internet (57.78%). It could be
seen from the table that slightly more than half of the respondents (57.78%) had
undergone trainings on ICTs. R&D and SDA sector respondents learned ICTs skills
majorly as guidance from colleagues/friends whereas private sector respondents majorly
learned ICTs skills from trainings. Trainings to learn ICTs skills are a major method in
private sector in comparison to R&D sector and SDA Sector. Thus, trainings on ICTs is
a major area where both R&D and SDA sector are lagging behind and it should be a
focus point for higher authority or policy makers to update knowledge and skills of
respondents on ICTs. Besides, trainings, guidance from colleagues/friends is also a
major contributing factor in method of learning ICTs skills.
Majority of the training by the R &D sector respondents were of one week to
one month duration followed by the up to one week (23.33%) and more than one month
(08.33%). SDA sector respondents received training on ICTs maximum of up to one
week (20.00%) and about 07 per cent trainings were of one week to one month. Not a
single respondent was trained on ICTs for more than one month. Majority of the private
sector trainings on ICTs were of one week to one month (53.33%) followed by up to
one week (36.67%) and more than one month (26.67%). On an average, majority of the
trainings were of one week to one month duration (29.44%) followed by up to one week
(26.67%) and more than one month (11.67%).
A majority (40.00%) of the R & D sector respondents have favourable attitude
towards use of ICTs in agricultural extension followed by highly favourable (33.33 %)
and neutral (20.00 %). With respect to SDA respondents, 45 per cent respondents have
favourable attitude towards use of ICTs in agricultural extension followed by highly
favourable (11.67%), neutral (25.00 %) and unfavourable attitude (18.33%). About 42
per cent private sector respondents have more favourable attitude towards use of ICTs
in extension followed by favourable attitude (33.33 %). Not a single respondent from all
three respondents‘ categories having the highly unfavourable attitude. In total, it can be
summed up from the table that majorly respondents have favourable (39.44%) and
highly favourable (28.89%) attitude towards the use of ICTs in agricultural extension.
At individual level, majority of the respondents (60.00%) have experience in Mobile
SMS from more than five years followed by telecommunication facilities (58.89%),
computer hardware (55.00%), audio visual systems (52.78%), LCD (53.33%),
VCD/DVD players (51.67%) and others. About 39 per cent respondents were having
experience in use of video conferencing from one to five years followed by audio visual
systems (37.22%), computer software (32.78%), computer hardware (33.89%) and
others. There is very less percentage of the respondents who were using ICTs tools from
less than one year like computer software (26.67%), video conferencing (26.11%),
telecommunication facilities (12.22%), VCD/DVD Players (24.44%), LCD (27.22%),
computer electronic communication (20.56%) and others. Organization has a cent per
cent experience in use of technologies like computer hardware (100.00%), audio visual
systems (100.00%), telecommunication facilities (100.00%), computer networks
(100.00%), VCD/DVD players (100.00%), LCD (100.00%) etc. from more than five
years but when it comes to the use of latest ICTs tools, like kiosks, mobile telephony,
online social networking etc., not a single organization has experience from more than
five years. Majority of the (51.67%) R&D sector respondents have medium e-readiness
following by high (25.00%) and low (23.33%). About 64 per cent SDA sector
respondents belong to medium e-readiness followed by low (28.33%) and high
(08.33%) whereas about 84 per cent private sector respondents were falling in high
category of e-readiness followed by medium (13.33%) and low (03.33%). In total
majority of the respondents (42.78%) belong to medium category of e-readiness
followed by high (38.89%) and low (30.56%). Power supply is one of the major
problems identified by the respondents in all stages of effective use of ICTs followed by
content development, expert availability, trainings and working conditions of ICTs. As
these all problems are connected to each other so these problems should handle with
care and in integrated mode instead of isolation mode.
Suggestions provided by the respondents with respect to use of ICTs in Agricultural
extension systems are for effectiveness of the technology. There is a need to focus on
the regular and frequent update of the information which is to be provided to its end
users as information is the first and foremost requirement of not only the farming
community but also the other stakeholders in the agricultural extension system. The
updation of information should be supported by the frequent updation of the software or
the hardware of the technology as both are complementary to each other. Besides,
regular updation of information and software, there is also a need to see the
compatibility of technology with the technology components itself, with other methods
used and definitely with the end users etc.
For the effectiveness of ICTs, strategy should be planned in an integrated
manner covering the important aspects like polices, institutions, stakeholders, human
resources development, ICT knowledge centre, ICT infrastructures, content
development, blending, identification of ICT experts and innovative leaders, ICTs
upgradaton, refinement and innovation and monitoring and evaluation.
INTRODUCTION
Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
Agriculture constitutes a major livelihood sector and most of the rural poor
depend on rainfed agriculture and fragile forests for their livelihoods. Farmers in rural
areas have to deal with failed crops and animal illness frequently and due to limited
communication facilities, solutions to their problems remain out of reach (World Bank,
2009).
Agricultural Extension is a service or system which assists farmers through
educational procedures in improving farming methods and techniques, increasing
production efficiency and income, bettering their levels of living and lifting the social
and educational standards of rural life (Maunder, 1973). Agricultural extension services
include transferring knowledge to farmers, advising and educating farmers in their
decision making, enabling farmers to clarify their own goals and possibilities, and
stimulating desirable agricultural developments. Traditional public-sector extension
services use a variety of extension programmes to overcome barriers to technological
adoption without much success (Aker, 2010).
Agricultural Extension, in the current scenario of a rapidly changing world, has
been recognised as an essential mechanism for delivering knowledge (information) and
advice as an input for modern farming and the role of ICT in actualizing so has drawn
interest of practitioners (Richardson, 2003). The application of ICT in the field of
agriculture and allied sectors has been reported from different parts of the globe.
Agriculture is one of the most important sectors in India, and could benefit
tremendously with the applications of Information and Communication Technologies
(ICTs) especially in bringing changes to socio-economic conditions of poor in backward
areas.
Agricultural extension, which depends to a large extent on information exchange
between and among farmers on the one hand, and a broad range of other actors on the
other, has been identified as one area in which ICTs can have a particularly significant
impact. There is growing recognition that farmers and members of rural communities
have needs for information and appropriate learning methods that are not being met
(Greenridge, 2003; Lightfoot, 2003).
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Agriculture is emerging
field focusing on the enhancement of agricultural and other development in India. The
Agriculture sector is gearing itself to make optimal use of the new information and
communication technologies. The diffusion of ICTs has contributed enormously to the
growth of economies in developed nations and developing nations and is earnestly
facilitating policy framework to ensure an equitable diffusion of new technologies.
The relevance of ICTs for Agricultural Development in general and for
Agricultural Extension in particular is extremely high for a country like India. ICTs are
most natural allies to facilitate the outreach of Agricultural Extension system in the
country. Despite a large, well-educated, well-trained and well-organized Agricultural
extension manpower, around 60 per cent of farmers in the country still remain un-
reached (NSSO, 2005), not served by any extension agency or functionary. Of the 40
per cent, who have some access to Agricultural Information, the major sources of this
information are Radio and Television. The telephone has just started to make its
presence felt on this scenario. During last four years of its operations, the Kisan Call
Centres (KCC) helpline- 1551 has registered over 2.4 million calls. Hence ICTs are
highly relevant for Agricultural Extension scientists, researchers, functionaries and
organizations.
Twenty years ago, India faced tremendous challenges when it set on its ICT
journey. The PC revolution was yet to encompass the country, the telecom
infrastructure was low and there was virtually no indigenous software or hardware
development to talk about. The ICT industry, at a very nascent stage, appeared far
behind its Western counterpart. In 2005, the scenario has undergone an amazing
transformation. The Indian ICT industry, in particular the IT software and services and
ITES (Information Technology Enabled Services) sectors, have not only managed to
catch up with their more technology savvy global leaders, but they are also being
actively sought by companies worldwide for their onsite, offshore expertise and wealth
of manpower resources. Indian ICT organizations are now counted among the well-
known and reputed ICT solutions and services providers across the world and scores of
global ICT leaders have invested in India, making the country their hub for software
development, offshore outsourcing and R&D.
The information and communication support during last 50 years has mainly
been conventional method. Earlier the extension personnel used to disseminate the
technology/message to farmers orally/manually. In practical sense communication is the
essence of extension services. Extension services, both people and approaches, seek to
provide rural people with knowledge and information. Traditionally, extension use to
transfer the knowledge from researchers or external experts to farmers through training,
demonstrations and field visits. These programmes rely on face-to-face teaching and
learning, tend to be propagated slowly, and are small in scale and limited in coverage.
Hence, limited extension service could not able to reach the majority of the farmers
scattered over larger geographical area. This gap remains a challenge for extension
system even today. The extension system has yet to exploit the full potential of the ICT
tools, mass media and other communication techniques. However development of
communication and mass media like radio and print media have long been a part of
extension systems but not received adequate attention or finance. At present the
information and communication technology (ICT) revolution has made the extension
function more efficient and effective and provide extension systems with opportunities
to deliver new information services to the clients. Now-a-days, it also provides new
options for accessing information by providing it directly to farmers and rural
households by extension agents, agribusiness, and other intermediaries.
At the Government of India level, a number of important initiatives have been
taken to provide IT Hardware and connectivity to all organizations involved in
agricultural education, research, development and dissemination. Simultaneously,
agricultural content development initiatives have been taking by Ministry of
Agriculture, in collaboration with National Informatics Centre (NIC), to provide
marketing information of various agricultural commodities to the farming community.
Another content-creation and aggregation initiative is being supported by Indian
Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), under its World Bank aided project –
National Agricultural Innovations Project (NAIP), wherein the leading institutions like
IIT Kanpur, IIT Mumbai, IITKM, Kozikode, NAARM (National Academy of
Agricultural Research Management), Hyderabad and International Crop Research
Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) have been roped into guide National
Agricultural Research System to design, develop and implement Knowledge
Management Systems (KMS) in Agriculture. ICTs are thus emerging as very important
tools for Agricultural Extension, and it is now a must for every agricultural graduate to
have hands on experience of Computers, Communications, Internet and World-Wide-
Web.
Under NATP, ICT infrastructure is created in NARS by Agricultural Research
Information System (ARIS) in order to bring information management culture. More
than 400 ARIS cells have been created in NARS. These cells are expected to promote
the use of information technology in agricultural research, education and extension all
over the India. Libraries of NARS are improved with ICT (Hardware, Software, LAN,
Internet, Digitization, On-line/Off-line resources etc.), under the Library Improvement
and Networking of NATP. ICT has been implemented for agriculture extension activity
under ATMA. Under NATP, e-Extension by connecting 200 selected KVKs and 8
Zonal Coordinating Units (ZCUs) through an Intranet and Internet has been taken-up by
ICAR to strengthen these selected KVKs to enable them to deliver extension services
through Internet. Some of the states viz., Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka,
Madhya Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu etc. have already established such kiosks which
are growing at fast pace. Use of ICT for rural development and transfer of agriculture
technology has been done by Government and private organizations (including NGOs).
The Ministry of Communication and Information Technology of the Government of
India and the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI), as well several state
governments, have already developed strategies for accelerating the growth of the
Internet and broadband connectivity in rural India. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited
(BSNL) is capable of reaching nearly 70 per cent of villages. Government of India and
State Governments have been working in various e-Governance projects in India.
The Vision 2020 document of the Department of Agriculture and Co-operation
envisages that "the tools of ICT will provide networking of Agriculture Sector not only
in the country but also globally. The Center and State Government departments will
have reservoir of database. And it will also "bring farmers, researchers, scientists and
administrators together by establishing "Agriculture Online" through exchange of ideas
and information. There are several Ministries/Departments in Government dealing with
Agricultural Marketing. The Government‘s digital initiatives include AGRISNET,
AGRIS, AGMARKNET, DACNET, VistarNet, APHNET, FishNet, HortNet, SeedNet,
PPIN, CoopNet, FertNet, ARISNET, AFPNET, ARISNET, NDMNET, etc. with their
independent websites.
So, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is becoming part and
parcel of national development strategies across the globe. ICTs are instruments to
enhance efficiency, quality and productivity as well as ICT -driven growth process.
ICTs offer opportunities to reach more people and to carry out various functions
within extension systems more effectively and efficiently. ICTs can provide easy access
to local or global information and knowledge and are simple channels for two-way
communication. Modern ICTs that have resulted from a breakthrough in information
technology, when applied to conditions in rural areas, can help to disseminate
information to improve farmers‘ knowledge, increase their participation and share
knowledge with others. It is essential that the information availability is ―demand-
driven‖ rather than ―supply-driven‖. The challenge is not only to improve the
accessibility of communication technology to farmers, but also to improve its relevance
to location specific situations. There is a great need to utilize ICT for the advancement
of agricultural sector by involving all the partners in the process. The two important
partners in agriculture development are farmers and extension personnel. They need to
interact in the context of problems faced by the farming community. Information may
come to farmers from various sources. It may be from personal, impersonal,
institutional, non-institutional, localite, cosmopolite or mass media sources. The
appropriateness of these sources varies from enterprise to enterprise, situation to
situation and from time to time.
Further, the credibility of information sources also varies with respect to the
competency and trustworthiness of the source. Hence, it becomes quite important to
channelize the right information, at the right time through right channel. For this,
knowledge of different information sources consulted by farmers under different
situations and at different times is required by all those concerned involved in diffusion
of information.
The use of modern ICTs in agricultural extension service delivery has enhanced
the efficiency of Research-Extension-Farmer linkage system much greatly. ICTs have
ushered in the much desired advantage of reaching a wider audience (Obinne, 1994) in
creating awareness on recommended farm practices in most rural household in Nigeria.
Omotayo (2005) observes that frontline extension workers who become the direct link
between farmers and other actors in the extension of agricultural knowledge and
information systems are well positioned to make use of ICT to access expert knowledge
or other types of information that could facilitate the accomplishment of the farmers‘
routine activities.
India has a large proportion of the poorest people in the world. At the same time,
it has a rapidly growing economy and major commercial and manufacturing capability,
including extensive expertise in modern ICTs. India‘s rural infrastructure is also
improving rapidly in most areas. Therefore, India is now better placed to exploit the
potential of modern ICTs than most less developed countries (Conroy, 2006).
Agriculture is the mainstay of livelihoods for almost 60 per cent of the population and
India‘s extension system faces a huge task to reach this large client system effectively.
ICTs can be of tremendous help for the efficient functioning of the multi stakeholder
propelled agricultural development.
ICTs in agriculture promote and distribute new and existing farming information
and knowledge which is communicated within the agricultural sector since information
is essential for facilitating agricultural and rural development as well as bringing about
social and economic changes (Swanson and Rajalahti, 2010).
Prasanna (2004) viewed that ICT is a bridge for global millennium development.
Therefore it is essential to provide support all avenues of the development activities. It
has a long term and broad vision to facilitate and improve the communication of rural
voices to global village in a real time effectively. Sharing of knowledge is an important
component in the areas like to promote marketing sharing, to provide access to research
based information to the farmers about the latest advanced technologies in agriculture
and allied sectors to find out the market and to access information on crop planning,
disease control, pest identification and control, seed prices and market price of
agricultural products.
According to Colle and Roman (2003) ICTs hold the key to rural development
as they are capable of reaching many people simultaneously, overcoming geographic
boundaries, providing frequency and repetition of contact, storage of information on-
demand access, capturing the reality of events by depicting them geographically and in
real time, and greater efficiency (lower costs) in sending and receiving information. The
overall development of rural areas is expanding in new directions as ‗traditional
societies‖ are being transformed into ‗knowledge societies‘ all over the world (Meera et
al. 2004). The world analysts believe that in globalization expanding the rural ICT has a
crucial role in the development of the countries. (Jalali, 2003).
The importance of ICT lies less in the technology itself, than in its ability to
create greater access to information and communication among the hitherto un-reached
geographies and populations. Appropriate ICT interventions are yielding positive results
in developing and underdeveloped economies. The ―Grameen Phone‖ initiative in
Bangladesh, Kothamale Radio Project in Srilanka, and Indian Tobacco Company‘s e-
Chaupals in India, are examples of such innovations. Many countries around the world
have established organizations for the promotion of ICTs, because it is feared that
unless less technologically advanced areas have a chance to catch up, the increasing
technological advances in developed nations will only serve to aggravate the already-
existing economic gap between technological ―have‖ and ―have not‖ areas.
The ICTs in extension can lead to the emergence of knowledge workers that will
result in the realisation of a bottom-up, demand-driven paradigm for technology
generation, assessment, refinement and transfer (Meera et al. 2004).
The challenges of extension have opened the door to examine how Information
and Communication Technologies (ICTs) can be cost-effectively and practically
employed to facilitate information delivery and knowledge sharing among farmers,
extension agents and other stakeholders (Kiplang‘at, 1999; Richardson, 2003).
Successful application of ICTs requires improved awareness among development actors
such as extension workers, greater capabilities among development institutions such as
extension, education and research organizations, a more cross sectoral approach to
agricultural information, and a more realistic model of technology transfer.
ICTs have been used to provide relevant information to farmers to improve their
productivity, increase yields, and obtain better prices for their produce (Bhatnagar and
Schware, 2002). The most significant ICT applications are providing efficient access to
useful information; securing adequate feedback for learning; providing tailor made
advice; exchanging of similar experiences of people elsewhere; and providing inventory
and/evaluation of opinions (Leeuwis, 2003).
There is a strong linkage complimented by flawless information flow enhanced
by the effective use of ICT by the extension services will significantly boost agricultural
production and improve rural livelihoods in developing countries. Front line extension
workers, who are the direct link between farmers and other actors in the agricultural
knowledge and information system, are well positioned to make use of ICT to access
expert knowledge or other types of information that could facilitate the accomplishment
of their day-to-day activities (Adedoyin, 2005). The 6th consultative expert meeting of
CTA‘s observatory on ICT (CTA, 2003) listed the following as a potential ICT
application in extension; Enhance farmers ability to collate demands, Collaborate
learning, Exchange of time sensitive information e.g. market price, diseases outbreaks,
etc., Make extension systems and structure more efficient, Engage farmers in assessing
own needs, solutions, Facilitating multi-stakeholders brainstorming, Exploring attentive
production technologies facilitating access to markets and credits, Training and
demonstrations, Community learning, Search, select and compile information for
individual clients, Peer to peer sharing and exchange among extension.
So far, we are adopting the traditional systems such as agricultural information
materials i.e., pamphlets, posters etc. radio, videos and television to disseminate the
agricultural information to the farmers. In this system, there is lot of lag in reaching the
information to the farmers. The information should be accurate and it should reach at
right time. The rapid growth of the Information Technology and Communications
Systems has changed the world scenario entirely and, now linking two computers from
anywhere in the world is an easy task. The emergence of Internet and e-mail systems
has changed the inter-relations of personal contact so fast. To reduce the gap between
rural and urban people, various ICT projects have been initiated by the Government,
NGOs and private companies. The result was linking of villages with wired network in
many parts of the country.
As an information source, the traditional dissemination systems cannot serve the
local specific needs of farmers. Farmers need local relevant information for better
farming. Farmers operations have numerous characteristics - different soil types, crops,
weather, pest complexes and marketing arrangements etc. The relevant information of
above all will benefit the farmers to achieve the maximum profits. These factors will
lead to disseminate location specific information system for agriculture development as
a farmer centric model. The extent and rate of change now occurring in the development
of ICTs have opened the way for significant change in agricultural decision-making,
crop production management, and information dissemination.
One of the fundamental priorities in the process of planning the rural
development in every country is considering and inclusion of ICTs. This technology can
help the villages from not being isolated by making a leap in the transition of
information and technology and by removing the traditional borders plays an important
role in rural development. The benefits of using ICTs have been proved in many
developed and developing countries. This technology has an important role in reducing
the distance between the urban and rural life, balancing and unifying cities and villages
(Maqsudi, 2010).
The role of ICTs in agricultural development can be viewed in terms of role of
information provision and its use for decision-making at the farmer level. (Sukhpal,
2007). In India, Radio, television and telephone are important Information
Communication channels. Use of computers and Internet is increasing day by day in
rural India with the help of various ICT projects. Presently India has about 6.13 million
Internet subscribers. Now BSNL (Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited) is providing broad-
band connection on cheaper rate for home use of Internet in India.
The ICT projects initiated and implemented by Public organizations, Private
organizations and NGOs in India are focusing on agriculture and rural development. But
there is lack of digital content in agriculture for providing information services to the
rural users through ICT.
The main purpose of extension is to transfer the advanced agricultural
technology from research to the farmer, and feedback of field problems to the research
system. Latest information and knowledge on the subject play a major role to full fill
this purpose. There is an information delay between farmers and agricultural researcher
in India because:
 Media, Information Management and ICT are not properly used
 Lack of sufficient extension workers
 Lack of Agricultural information literacy in India
 Lack of updated agriculture information with the farmers and most of the extension
workers
 Poor technological knowledge of farmers and village level extension personnel
 Economic problems of rural people
 The top-down approach is adapted for extension activity. So the linkages between
research-extension and farmer remained weak etc.
Being an agriculturally rich country, India needs to harness the power of
Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in the field of agricultural
development. The new agricultural paradigm in India will have to be recast to take
advantage of the wealth of knowledge available to achieve multiple goals of sustaining
the food security, income, jobs, etc. The ICTs along with Knowledge Management
(KM) strategies have significant role to play in evolving such a vibrant agricultural
system.
From the perspective of Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems
(AKIS), ICTs can be seen as useful in improving linkages between the research and the
extension sub systems. The experience of rural telecenters in the developing world
shows that ICT can help in enabling rural development workers to gather, store,
retrieve, adapt, localise and disseminate a broad range of information needed by rural
families (Davison et al. 2004).
1.1 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
Agriculture is an educational service which brings information and new
technologies to farming communities to enable them to improve their production,
income and standard of living. At present the extension personnel in Department of
Agriculture has the major responsibility of transferring technologies to the farming
community from time to time. But at this juncture the extension agents face number of
problems in contacting farmers and the researchers due to physical distances and lack of
transportation etc. Hence, the application of ICT offers excellent possibilities, for
strengthening Transfer of Technology (TOT) between research and extension system
and further onward transmission to the end-users. Thus, for effective and efficient
service delivery, the extension service and research organization need to be
appropriately supported with the use of ICT tools.
The advancements in ICT can be utilized for providing accurate, timely, relevant
information and services to the farmers, thereby facilitating an environment that
agriculture occupation is also of remunerative. However, all the ICT initiatives are not
uniform with disparities between regions in the level and quality of
telecommunications, information and the effort of individuals, public and private
organizations, and differentiated nature of demand of the farmers in different areas. As a
result, there have been many successes and failures, lessons learned and also experience
gained, so far. The common problems in adoption of ICT generally are illiteracy,
availability of relevant and localized contents in their own language, easy and
affordable accessibility of ICT tools and other issues such as awareness and willingness
for adoption of new technologies. One critical aspect in the usage of ICTs for transfer of
technology, as seen in some of the ICT driven initiatives, is the involvement of human
interface at the last mile indicating that there is a human dependency in transmission of
information/knowledge to farmers. Thus, there is a need to know the accessibility and
use of ICT tools by extension personnel for onward transfer of technology. Moreover
till now, there are no studies reported on access and use of ICT tools by the extension
personnel for transfer of technology. Hence the findings of the proposed research study
will be of immense utility to the extension personnel, researchers, administrators and
policy makers to formulate and execute suitable strategies enhancing the use of ICT
tools for transfer of technology. Particularly it will be helpful to give a detailed account
of accessibility and use of ICT tools by different extension personnel, their socio –
economic profile, their knowledge level about ICT tools and also about the problems
encountered by them, in using these tools.
Keeping the afore mentioned considerations in view, the present study was
undertaken to find out detailed and specific information on the Information and
Communication Technologies (ICTs) in agricultural extension system with the
following specific objectives are as follows:
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF INVESTIGATION
1. To document the Indian initiatives in agricultural extension system with reference to
Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs).
2. To measure the attitude of agricultural extension personnel towards the use of
Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in transfer of technologies.
3. To find out the extent of use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in
agricultural extension system.
4. To measure the e-readiness of agricultural extension personnel towards the use of
5. To study the relevant cases of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in
6. To study the factors affecting attitude, extent of use and e-readiness of agricultural
extension personnel towards the use of Information and Communication Technologies
(ICTs) in agricultural extension system.
7. To identify the problems and suggestions with reference to use of Information and
Communication Technologies (ICTs) and develop the possible strategies for
Information and communication technologies (ICTs) in agricultural extension system.
1.3 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The study was confined to only few initiatives of ICTs which were running in
the Andhra Pradesh state. The study does not cover the farmers who actually are the
main target or beneficiaries of the ICTs in agriculture, hence a part of information
regarding usefulness of ICTs adoption of technologies etc. are missing.
Also, study relied heavily on respondent‘s memory to gather information
pertaining to certain variables under study. The other limitation is also the intellectual
and writing skills of the respondents. As in the present study, data were collected by
questionnaire method, so the response is totally depend on the respondents‘ writing
skills. Though the investigator has taken utmost care while collecting data still the
possibility of some errors creeping in cannot be ruled out.
1.4 ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS
The present thesis is divided into five chapters. The Introduction is the first
chapter and the second chapter deals with the Review of literature. The methodology
adopted to carry out the study has been described in third chapter. The fourth chapter
presents results of the study along with the discussion and the Summary and
conclusions have been given in the last and fifth chapter.
REVIEW
OF
LITERATURE
Chapter II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
It is important to go through some relevant facts, which are already known,

before going ahead with an empirical work, because related works done in the past
helps the research aspirants in processing with his/her work. Though the circumstances
in which the research is conducted may be different but the methodology followed
earlier might be of immense help.
ICT enabled agricultural extension in India has been talked about for the last two
decades. Several attempts were made to document initial experiences in case study
formats. As there is voluminous literature available on description of ICT enabled
agricultural service, very little empirical literature is available across the globe. Under
this chapter an attempt is made to collate ICT related literature as relevant to the present
study as is presented in the following themes. At the end of the chapter, research gaps
found and researchable issues are identified to guide the present research/ investigation.
2.1 Conceptualization of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs)
2.2 Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in
Agriculture/Agriculture Extension/Technology transfer
2.3 Attitude towards Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs)
2.4 Conceptualization of e-readiness
2.5 Extent of use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs)
2.6 Factors effecting attitude, extent of use and e-Readiness in Information and
Communication Technologies
2.7 Problems with regard to Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs)
2.1 CONCEPTUALIZATION OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGIES (ICTs)
Information and communication technology (ICT) has been implemented
worldwide in many types of organizations. ICT is a diverse set of technological tools
and resources used to communicate, create, disseminate, store, and manage information
(Blurton, 1999). It allows organizations to collaborate and exchange information at a
large scale. ICT development is composed of ICT infrastructure, ICT hardware,
software & information system, and people. These are cornerstones for the development
of ICT in organizations. Organizations are using ICT as a tool to run businesses, to
support work, and to serve customers, which must work within their strategies and
master plans. Therefore, organizations should evaluate their ICT strategies and ICT
master plans with respect to organizational plans.
Heeks (1999) defined ICTs as electronic devices for capturing, storing,
processing, and communicating information.
Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) as effective tools can provide
the forum to provide access to information and training of development workers on
communication. ICTs consist of electronic and digital means of capturing, processing,
sharing, storing and retrieving information for broadcasting using radio and for
telecasting by television; and transmission of speeches, data and images using
telephones, faxes, e-mail and Internet through fixed, wireless and/or satellite networks
(Zappacosta, 2001).
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is an umbrella term that
includes computer hardware and software, digital broadcast and telecommunications
technologies as well as digital information repositories online or offline (Selwyn, 2002)
ICTs generally refer to an expanding assembly of technologies that are used to
handle information and aid communication. These include hardware, software, media
for collection, storage, processing, transmission and presentation of information in any
format (i.e., voice, data, text and image), computers, the Internet, CD-ROMs, email,
telephone, radio, television, video, digital cameras etc. While radio, television and print
media were primarily used to perform these tasks earlier, with the advent of the new
ICTs, these have now been considered as traditional ICTs. However, many of these
traditional ICTs are effective than web-based solution, as they can resolve issues such as
language, literacy or access to the Internet (UNDAW, 2002).
A myriad of standalone media, including telephone and mobile telephony, radio,
television, video, tele-text, voice information systems and fax, as well as computer-
mediated networks that link a personal computer through a modem to the Internet
(Warren, 2002).
ICT is an acronym that stands for Information and Communication
Technologies, which can be broadly interpreted as technologies that facilitate
communication and the processing and transition of information by electronic means
(CTA, 2003).
However, ICTs in a broader sense, refers to sets of tools, equipment,
applications, and services that are utilized to produce, capture, store, disseminate and
exchange information (Raji, 2008).
Akpabio et al. (2007) clarify that ICT includes technologies and methods for
storing, managing and processing as well as communicating information.
Adebayo and Adesope (2007) describe ICT as scientific, technological and
engineering disciplines and the management technologies used in the handling of
information, processing and applications related to computers. ICT as an extension tool
could enhance the flow of information in the application of agricultural extension
services.
Information and communication technologies define as a set of instruments and
services which are applying in order to produce, store, processing, distributing and
exchanging of information (Shinde and Dhiman, 2008). This instruments and tools can
include either traditional technologies such as TV, Radio and telephone or newer
technologies such as computers, mobile sets, satellites, wireless networks, internet, etc.
In fact, ICT refers to a set of network and communication hardware and software
facilities for favorite access to information. ICT is account as a real resource of
knowledge which can remove the gap between the individual, groups and nations.
According to Wikipedia (2008), the term ICT is the broader term of Information
Technology (IT), to explicitly include the field of electronic communication, in addition
to IT. The term IT is defined as ―the study, design, development, implementation,
support or management of computer-based information systems, particularly software
applications and computer hardware.‖ IT deals with the use of electronic computers and
computer software to convert, store, protect, process, transmit and retrieve information,
securely.
Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) are all technologies used
for the widespread transfer and sharing of information. ICTs are rapidly consolidating
global communication networks and international trade with implications for people in
developing countries. ICTs can be used to enable, strengthen or replace existing
information systems and networks. ICTs in agriculture promote and distribute new and
existing farming information and knowledge which is communicated within the
agricultural sector since information is essential for facilitating agricultural and rural
development as well as bringing about social and economic changes (Swanson and
Rajalahti, 2010).
2.2 INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES (ICTs)
IN AGRICULTURE/AGRICULTURE EXTENSION TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
Chamala and Shingi (1996) confirm that ICT use for extension activities will
ultimately transform extension officers into catalysts, who play their roles of
empowerment in community organisations, human resource development, problem
solving and educating farmers.
Tavernies et al. (1996) felt that Information and Communication Technologies are
offering new ways for extension personnel to reach wider audience.
Traditional media and new Information and Communication Technologies have
played a major role in diffusing information to rural communities and have much more
potential. There is a need to connect rural communities, research and extension
networks and provides access to the much needed knowledge, technology and services.
(Forno, 1999)
Schmitz (2001) states that the Web is the largest and richest ―agricultural
information‖ in the world. Its massive holdings, covering all aspects of world
agricultural, natural resources, and food system, enable farmers to locate needed
information to improve yield, plan for weather contingencies, access research, calculate
treatments and runoff, stimulate the growing season, visualize precision data, manage
finances, buy inputs and sell outputs and monitor prices in local as well as world
markets. Of course, much remains to be done to ensure that farmers worldwide can
access and locate reliable web resources.
Schware, 2002).
ICTs in agriculture have the potential to facilitate greater access to information
that drive or support knowledge sharing. ICTs essentially facilitate the creation,
management, storage, retrieval, and dissemination of any relevant data, knowledge, and
information that may have been already been processed and adapted (Heeks, 2002).
Anonymous (2003) reviewed that the private sector with the power of ICT
application completely reengineered its supply and production chain mechanisms, such
as business portals have greatly influenced the agriculture inputs and output marketing
practices. Thus the ICT plays an important role in licensing the research-extension-
market continuum toward developing professional competencies and entrepreneurship
capabilities among specialists and farming communities.
Ballantyne and Bokre (2003) indicate that agricultural extension, which depends
to a large extent on information exchange between and among farmers, has been
identified as one area in which ICT can have a particularly significant impact.
Bheenick and Brizmohan (2003) lauded that ICT can offer the advantage of
providing up to date information required by extension officers rapidly, increasing the
efficiency of extension services.
Potential ICT application in extension are; Enhance farmers ability to collate
demands, Collaborate learning, Exchange of time sensitive information e.g. market
price, diseases outbreaks, etc., Make extension systems and structure more efficient,
Engage farmers in assessing own needs, solutions, Facilitating multi-stakeholders
brainstorming, Exploring attentive production technologies facilitating access to
markets and credits, Training and demonstrations, Community learning, Search, select
and compile information for individual clients, Peer to peer sharing and exchange
among extension. (CTA, 2003)
Devraj and Chaturvedi (2003) revealed that internet and its application offer
enormous potential in enhancing the efficiency of implementation, monitoring and
evaluation of various development programmes of the agricultural research, education,
extension, planning of crop production, forecasting, marketing etc. It can also act as a
powerful medium for the transfer of modern technology to farmers.
Information and Communication Technology is the technology of the new
millennium which has reduced the time for doing calculation processing the data more
exactly, easier exchange of information and decreasing the costs of trade. The results of
ICT are more influential on the human life when they can penetrate in all of the fields
and among all of the layers of the society both the urban and rural ones. The world
analysts believe that in globalization expanding the rural ICT has a crucial role in the
development of the countries. (Jalali, 2003).
Kaini (2003) concluded success of agriculture development or the green
revolution depends on access to technology, extension service and input supply. For
this, the use of modern ICT is very essential. Media like, Radio, T.V. and different types
of publications are playing a major role in delivering agricultural messages at present
but in near future new ICT such as email and internet may provide an opportunity to
educate farmers for faster and better access to information. Few young and educated
farmers have, in fact started to take advantage from these new ICT.
Kumari Navaratne (2003) reported that ICT can improve the access of the poor farmers
to micro credit, govt. services, market information, production, storage and marketing of farm
and non-farm products. Further, ICT can also facilitate the generation and exchange of
community based information and stimulates the establishment of small and medium sized
enterprises and expands their market base.
The most significant ICT applications are providing efficient access to useful
information; securing adequate feedback for learning; providing tailor made advice;
exchanging of similar experiences of people elsewhere; and providing inventory
Agricultural extension, which depends to a large extent on information exchange
between and among farmers on the one hand, and a broad range of other actors on the
other, has been identified as one area in which ICTs can have a particularly significant
impact. There is growing recognition that farmers and members of rural communities
have needs for information and appropriate learning methods that are not being met
(Lightfoot, 2003).
extension agents and other stakeholders (Richardson, 2003). Successful application of
ICTs requires improved awareness among development actors such as extension
workers, greater capabilities among development institutions such as extension,
education and research organizations, a more cross sectoral approach to agricultural
information, and a more realistic model of technology transfer. He also argues that
extension organisations have a key role in brokering between communication
technologies, providing technologies and services, and the client groups they serve.
Warren (2003) cites as some of the possible benefits to small farmers and those
in agribusiness arising from adoption of ICT. These include faster, easier access to
records and accounts; help with complex decisions through decision-support systems;
cheaper (in running costs) communication with others via the swift transmission of
information in electronic form; and rapid access to a vast store of information through
decision-support systems.
Yadav (2003) noticed viability of an extension system aided by information
technology in India would depend on efforts of local entrepreneurs who a) have a strong
understanding of farmers, b) who are respected by farmers, and c) who have a strong
conviction about the advantages of using information technology in the long run.
Further more information accessed by farmers who paid for it should not be easily
available to non-paying farmers or else information kiosks may not be financially
viable.
Ashraf (2004) indicated that ICT have a great promise to help to increase the
farm sector production and productivity by reducing the big gaps existing between the
present production and productivity level. Electronic media comprising radio, TV,
internet and email have to play a major role in the coming years for poverty alleviation
through agricultural development by accelerating the pace of technology transfer to
rural Pakistan.
families (Davison et al., 2004).
The ICTs in extension can lead to the emergence of knowledge workers that will
result in the realisation of a bottom-up, demand-driven paradigm for technology
generation, assessment, refinement and transfer (Meera et al., 2004).
Wijekoon (2004) noticed that internet based ICT will enhance national
agricultural research and extension system by improving the generation and
collaborative use of agricultural knowledge and information system. Government
researchers and extension workers based in rural villages can communicate with
colleagues and experts in seconds rather in days. Communication by emails is very
common among farmers in this information age. Farmers with the assistance from the
agricultural instructor can communicate with agriculturalists through email. If farmer
need to send visuals of their agriculture problem both they can use a scanned image or
the digital still photograph and then can transfer as an attachment file extension worker
can copy the email message to fellow officers to alert them to the disease specimen.
Arokoyo (2005) listed the potential applications of ICTs in agricultural
extension to include:
 Capacity to reach a large audience, e.g. the use of radio, TV and Internet
 Can be effectively used for training and demonstrations e.g. T.V., Video,
VCD, and CD-ROM.
 Can be used to make the extension systems and structures more efficient
through better management of information and scarce resources e.g. the use of
Data bases for MIS and Networking soft wares
 For the search and packaging of information on demand and for exploring of
alternative production options and technologies e.g. the use of search engines,
the web and data bases
 ICT may be used for normal weather forecasts and as a warning system for
disease/pests outbreaks and other disasters before they occur and also for the
provision of timely and sensitive market information e.g. with the use of
Radio, TV, and SMS.
 ICTs are important for networking among and between the key stakeholders in
the Research-Extension-Farmers-Inputs-Linkage System (REFILS) e.g. with
the use of Telephone, Video, SMS, and;
 ICTs can also be effectively used for community mobilization, learning and
action e.g. Radio, TV, public address systems and the Web.
With agriculture in India changing at a rapid pace with technological
improvements, the needs of the farmers are also broadening. The broad information
inputs required by the farmers for various purposes are improving awareness; data base
decision support system, information on few opportunities for monitoring systems and
taking corrective measures. ICT helps farming community in maximizing production
potential as direct contribution tool to agricultural productivity. ICT also acts as indirect
tool for empowering farmers to be informed and quality decision. (Geete et al., 2005).
The role of ICT to support agricultural development has been varied in many
countries, with developed countries being relatively more advanced in their
technological developments and developing countries generally lagging behind. If it is
said that ICT‘s are not only of instrumental value but also have intrinsic benefit, this
technological gap, also referred to as a digital divide is something that needs to be
addressed if only as a matter of best practices (United Nations, 2005).
Frempong et al. (2006) noted that these technologies are increasingly being seen
as cost-effective and as practical tools to facilitate information delivery and knowledge
sharing among farmers, extension agents and other stakeholders.
Gautam and Paliwal (2006) stated today farmers need varieties of information from the
research, public and private institutions. This has called for large volume information needed by
the farmers. While the existing extension systems is unable to provide adequate information
effectively and extensively to the farmers. further ICT provides the flexibility in providing
information on various methods of farming practices including the crops, commodities and
enterprises accessibility to the information related to technology advances and global
competitiveness. However, ICT has proved to be an effective alternative and comfortable in
providing need information of varying nature appropriate to the different farming environment
situations.
Using the Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) reduces the
costs of the information transitions. These technologies besides improving the
accessibility of the information for the farmers makes it possible for the providers of the
extensional services to compete in a better and healthier environment. In addition the
appearance of a modern agricultural sample like the exact agriculture needs the
extension to use the suitable information and communication and the new strategies to
respond to the knowledge and information inquiries of its agents and beneficiaries. In
such conditions the role of extension and its agents is facilitating the acceptance of these
technologies, considering the software dimensions and not just the hardware ones,
choosing and assessing the suitable technologies, recognizing the changes and the
progressive processes, the potentials and the applicants of these technologies, providing
consulting, educational and expertise services in the related fields. Therefore extension
should modify itself with the information age for fulfilling these missions and has a
good recognition of the technological events in its environment such as the Information
and Communication Technologies and chooses the best of them. (Hosseini and
Niknami, 2006).
Throughout the developing world, ICTs are being integrated into classic rural
advisory services, through radio, SMS, television, video, Internet, libraries, the media,
and mobile services. Advice and information provided via ICTs is becoming more
varied, covering specific technologies and practices; climate change mitigation and
adaptation; disaster management; early warning of drought, floods, and diseases; price
information; political empowerment; natural resource management; production
efficiency; and market access. It is not a one-way flow: ICTs open up new channels for
farmers to document and share experiences with each other and with experts (IICD,
2006).
The call for demand driven extension to examine how ICT can be cause
effective practical tools for facilitating and channeling farmer‘s demands. Further use of
ICT is essential for making available reliable and relevant information for appropriate
decision support to ensure sustainability income of the farming community (Prasad et
al., 2006).
ICT has been one of the most aspired fields in today‘s world and integrating with
agriculture will help the country to regulate its overall economy and trade. So, much integration
must be done with the objectives to develop multilevel decision support models for synergizing
the natural resources with economic and social imperatives and to develop y indicators of
sustainability for agricultural production system. Hence, special offers are required to promote
ICT in agriculture to regulate overall economy and trade. (Sowmya Sree and Narayana
Swamy, 2006).
Ashok and Menon (2007) noticed that it is in agriculture, where the maximum
difference needs to be made. Use of ICT can get one to approach the problem in a very
different way. ICT e-choupal and EID Parry have used ICT for providing support to
farmers and carry out their procurement for several years. n-louge communication and
e-sagu project of IIIT, Hyderabad, has used video conferencing and photographs to
provide advisory to farmers.
In the past, television and radio were the main electronic broadcast technologies
used to reach rural communities; however, in the past two decades, Internet-and mobile-
based channels have emerged. ICTs now include computer-based applications and such
communication tools as social media, digital information repositories (online or offline),
and digital photography and video, as well as mobile phones (Balaji et al., 2007).
The role of ICTs in agricultural development can be viewed in terms of role of
information provision and its use for decision-making at the farmer level. (Sukhpal,
2007).
Considering the role of Extension in the Agricultural Information system as a
connector between the farmers and the research centers, ICTs must play its role in using
the up to date information and transferring it to the farmers and on the others hand by
reporting the needs of the farmers to the centers. This process as a catalyst and by
reducing the costs and facilitating communication by removing the physical distances
among the villages and the farmers and facility the information transition helps the
Agricultural Extension in playing its role. ICT has an important role in connecting
research, extension and the market toward expanding the professional and
entrepreneurship abilities, capacities among the experts and the agricultural
communities. (Arkhi et al., 2008).
Agriculture development at present is a complex process. To motivate farmers to
adopt modern agriculture technology and increase production, there is a need for
integrating ICT with multiple functions. (technical advice, input for production, credit
support, marketing services, specialized services, insurance for crops/livestock, subsidy
for programme) of agriculture. Hence the present millennium demands integrating ICT
with multiple functions along with appropriate planning and management. (Narayana
Swamy, 2008)
Heeks and Molla (2009) found in their ICT evaluation compendium that ICT is
not fully utilized in agriculture. Scaling up of delivery still remains at experimental
stage. Although farmers have the real need to access to market information, land records
and services, accounting and farm management information, management of pests and
diseases, rural development programmes and ICT could help accessing these services,
ICT projects dealing such services are extremely limited.
ICTs are making agricultural research more inclusive and at the same time more
focused on development goals, because they change how, where, and to whom
information flows. Information can flow in many directions; it can be highly dispersed
and accessible, and it can be highly targeted, location specific, and location aware
(Ballantyne et al., 2010).
In agriculture, despite the rapid spread and potential of ICTs to facilitate
farmers‗ access to information, many of the initiatives face common challenges, such as
issues of sustainability, affordability, ease of use, accessibility, scalability, and
availability of relevant and localized content in an appropriate language (Saravanan,
2010).
2.3 ATTITUDE TOWARDS INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGIES (ICTs)
The negative attitudes towards ICTs, lack of confidence and self-esteem are the
barrier to ICT adoption (Cullen, 2001).
Chen and Tsai (2005) also reported that males exhibited more favourable
attitudes towards Web-based learning than females. Their results suggested that males
perceived the proliferation and development of the Internet to result in a better tool in
reducing the digital divide and establishing a society of equity and justice.
According to Meso et al. (2005), perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use,
greater reliability of the technology and easier access to ICT are among the contributors
for greater confidence thus creating a better attitude towards ICT usage.
Zhang and Aikman (2007) have revealed that attitude can be a mediator on the
role of attitude toward object on behavioral intention. In this case, related development
government agencies or private companies should understand that a positive attitude
toward a particular ICT will lead potential users especially the rural communities to
decide to accept or use the ICT. Besides, efforts should be put into identifying factors
that can contribute for positive attitude toward ICT usage.
Kumar Ganesh (2008) in his study found that majority (66.67%) of the extension
service providers had favourable attitude towards ICT based extension followed by
more favourable (18.33%) and less favourable (15.00%) attitude towards ICT based
extension.
Jayathilake et al. (2008) suggested in the result of their study that the most
important limiting factor which affects the use of ICT in agriculture is cost of
technology. Lack of training and inability of farmers to use ICT is the second factor that
affects. The factors namely trust level in the ICT system; lack of technological
infrastructure and lack of ICT proficiency are the third level category that affects the use
of ICT in agriculture. Thus, in general, to ensure the effectiveness of ICT, the rural
community especially their leaders must have a positive attitude towards ICT usage.
D‘ Silva et al. (2010) in their study, have specifically focused on six variables
that have the potential to influence attitude towards ICT usage and the variables are self-
efficacy, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, subjective norm compatibility and
job relevance.
A study done by Verma et al. (2012) found out of total 160 respondents, 56.87
per cent had favourable attitude towards ICT application in agriculture. Whereas, 25.63
per cent of total extension personnel had most favourable attitude and 17.50 per cent
respondents possessed least favourable attitude towards ICT application to agriculture.
61.25 per cent GO and 52.50 per cent NGOs respondents had favourable attitude
towards ICT application to agriculture. It was found that 17.50 per cent GO respondents
and 33.75 per cent NGOs respondents expressed most favourable attitude towards ICT
application in agriculture. Similarly 21.25 per cent GO and 13.75 per cent NGOs
respondents expressed least favourable attitude towards ICT application in agriculture.
2.4 CONCEPTUALIZATION OF E-READINESS
e-Readiness is defined as the degree to which an economy or community is
prepared to participate in the digital economy (APEC, 2000).
Chapnick (2000) differentiates e-readiness model group factors into eight
categories: psychological, sociological, environmental, human resources, financial,
technological skill, equipment and content readiness.
e-Readiness refers to the availability and access to IT infrastructure, the policies
to support and to participate in the international global network. Advantages such as
asynchronous training, training at individual pace, just-in-time training, and cost-
effectiveness to e-learning (Powell, 2000). He also reiterated that organizational
readiness should be established before the implementation of e-learning, and that
managerial support is crucial for the success of e-learning. The e-maturity of an
organization, management‘s expertise, and a knowledgeable training management team
determine the successful implementation of e-learning for warehouse workers.
Learners must also be ―e-ready‖ so that a coherent achievable strategy, tailored
to meet their needs, may be implemented (infodev, 2001). e-Readiness is defined as the
degree to which a community is prepared to participate in the information age
(networked world). It is measured by assessing a community's relative advancement in
the areas that are most critical for ICT adoption and the most important applications of
ICT.
Trinidad (2002) proposes an initial assessment of the Philippines‘ preparedness
for e-Learning which consisted of several technological factors such as computer,
internet, and telephone line readiness; educational factors such as network learning,
network society, network economy and network policy; English proficiency and
computer/internet literacy.
Borotis and Poulymenakou (2004) defined e-Learning readiness as ―the mental
or physical readiness of an organization for some e-Learning experience or action".
Watkins and Corry (2004) propose the initial self-assessment instrument
consisted of 40 statements related to readiness for e-Learning success, which were
grouped into 10 scales (e.g. technology access, technology skills, online readings and
Internet chat). Another scholar, So and Swatman (2006) defined readiness as being
―prepared mentally or physically for some experience or action‖.
2.5 EXTENT OF USE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGIES (ICTs)
Chamala and Shingi (1996) confirm that ICT use for extension activities will
ultimately transform extension officers into catalysts, who play their roles of
empowerment in community organisations, human resource development, problem
solving and educating farmers.
Low-income earners are unable to afford equipment costs, access costs and
telephone costs incurred in the access and use of ICTs (Selwyn, 2002).
Seepersad (2003) reported that cell phones are fairly common among extension
employees but however added that cell phones have not been used in an organized way
by agricultural organizations.
Omotayo (2005) observes that frontline extension workers who become the
direct link between farmers and other actors in the extension of agricultural knowledge
and information systems are well positioned to make use of ICT to access expert
knowledge or other types of information that could facilitate the accomplishment of the
farmers‘ routine activities.
Frempong (2006) in their research study on challenges of infusing information
and communication technologies in extension for agricultural and rural development in
Ghana revealed that less than a quarter (23.4%) of the of the respondents personally
owned and use computer at home.
Some studies have demonstrated that demographic and characteristic
background such as age, gender, ethnicity, marital status, level of education, prior
experiences with computers and the Internet influence the ICT and or e-Learning
adoption (Ong and Lay 2006).
Adesope et al. (2007) in their study on extension and research proficiency
requirement in information and communication technologies in Southeastern Nigeria
concluded that 82 per cent of the female researchers in dictated that they know how to
access Internet on their own while 74.1 per cent of female extensionists indicated that
71.7 per cent of the female researchers indicated that they do not have adequate access
to ICT , while 59.3 per cent of the female extensionists indicated that they have
adequate access.
A study shows a very low level of utilization of digital ICT facilities by farmers
in the two states. A large majority of the extension personnel and farmers will not have
access to many useful materials found in the internet. The internet is a formidable
source of information on recent developments in the field of agricultural extension
(Agwu and Chah, 2007).
Akpabio et al. (2007) attempted to determine the level of utilization of
Information Communication Technology (ICT) for agricultural extension activities by
Agricultural Extension officers in Nigeria‘s Niger Delta region. Findings revealed that
public extension officers utilized a wider range of ICT (especially the broadcast and
print ICT) than their private agency counterparts. Private extension officer, however,
utilized more of telecommunication / computer ICTS, which are faster, means of
accessing agro –technological information.
Bahgat and Antar (2007) in their study on Evaluations of extension personnel in
Assiut governorate of their levels of knowledge and use and the degree of importance of
information communication technology revealed that levels of use of ICT were
evaluated as low or very low by over 60 per cent of them and as high or very high by
only 12.6 per cent of them.
Yekinni and Olaniyi (2007) also reported that majority of the research and
extension personnel in Southwestern Nigeria never used video, CD-ROM technology,
organizational e-mail, organizational website and personal website in their work
schedule.
Aboh (2008) in his study Assessment of the frequency of ICT tools usage by
Agricultural Extension agents in IMO state, Nigeria revealed that only mobile phone
and computer were frequently used by respondents. The overall mean of 0.89 suggests
that ICT tools were not frequently used for extension services.
Agwu et al. (2008) in their study Use of Information Communication
Technologies (ICTs) among Researchers, Extension Workers and Farmers in Abia and
Enugu States: Implications for a National Agricultural Extension Policy on ICTs
reported that 65 per cent of the researchers, 56 per cent of the extension workers and
33per cent of the farmers asserted that they had access to ICT facilities. The fact that
majority (67%) of the farmers do not have access shows that most rural areas in Enugu
and Abia states don‘t have access to major ICT facilities and so are not likely to be
aware of major agricultural findings. He also found that out of 24 ICT facilities listed,
14 facilities were frequently used by the researchers and these facilities include
Internet, Television set, Voltage stabilizer, Radio set, Printer, Flash drive, Diskette,
Computers, UPS, Mobile phone, and E-mail. On the part of the extension workers, only
4 out of the 24 facilities were frequently used by extension workers and these include
Video player, T.V, Radio set and Mobile phones, while the other ones were not
frequently used. This shows a very low level of digital ICTs utilization by the extension
workers, especially the computer facilities. On the part of the farmers, only 3 facilities
were used frequently and they include: T.V, Radio and Mobile phones. This also shows
a very low level of utilization of digital ICT facilities by farmers in the two states.
Ndag et al. (2008) in their study comparative analysis of information and
communication technology (ICT) use by agricultural extension workers in South-West
and North-Central Nigeria concluded that majority (51.43%) of the respondents had low
level ICT use in South-West Nigeria, majority had moderate (43.86%) to high level
(48.57%) ICT use in North-Central Nigeria.
Oladosu (2008) in his study on extension workers‘ information technology use
characteristic and training needs of Nigeria revealed that majority (80%) of the
extension agents had access to the internet. Only a significant proportion (7%) uses it
regularly.
Salau and Saingbe (2008) in their study on access and utilization of information
and communication technologies (ICT) among agricultural researchers and extension
workers revealed that researchers have 87.00 per cent access to ICT facilities while the
extension worker had (66.00%) access. On the level of utilization of ICT agriculture
communication the researchers scored as high as 85 per cent while extension workers
scored 70.30 per cent. Further, computer literacy was 68.88 per cent and 64.44 per cent
for researchers and agricultural workers respectively.
Singh et al. (2009) elucidated the use of Internet based e- resources at Manipur
University. It was noticed that 30.7 per cent of respondents use Internet to little extent,
28.8 per cent to some extents and 13.1 per cent of respondents use Internet to full
extent. However 27.4 per cent of respondents are non-users of Internet.
2.6 FACTORS EFFECTING ATTITUDE, EXTENT OF USE AND E-
READINESS AND THE USE OF INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES (ICTs)
Kenny et al. (2000) point out, this may be no more than R&D support in order to
promote ICT development in rural areas that would otherwise be unattractive to private
sector investors. However the development of appropriate policy, regulations and
coordination is equally important.
Earlier research examining other technological innovation has found that the
introduction of new technology may increase women‘s work, and that when new
technologies led to improved livelihoods, these may be taken over by men (Paris et al.,
2001).
An interesting observation by Hafkin and Odame (2002) though, is that the
inclusion of an ICT component into an agricultural project can increase the likelihood of
participation by the youth, while ICT also allows people who may be legal minor access
a range of services for entrepreneurial activities that would otherwise be denied to them.
A final concern relates to the implications of ICT for women.
Maru (2002) notes the concerns of agricultural scientists in developing countries
which included the high costs of accessing research reports in prestigious journals, the
costs of joining electronic libraries, and their own lack of capacity to make full use of
ICTS. while inadequate skills may pose a barrier to the effective utilization of ICT,
being aware of ICT does not necessarily lead to their application as there are personal
characteristics, such as age or culture, that influence the decision to adopt.
Wambui (2002) notes that barriers to effective use of ICTs in developing
countries are a microcosm of existing gender relations in societies where women are
socialised towards non-technical careers and away from technical work such as software
development.
Although the potential for ICT to serve as an empowering force for women is
real, the results of Meera et al. (2004) are quite worrying. The very low participation of
women at the ICT kiosks that they study suggests that women may be further
disadvantaged if ICT development does not consciously embody a gendered approach.
In a 7 country assessment of ICT usage and management, Zachmann et al.
(2004) conclude that the absence of appropriate regulatory policies was the key factor
limiting the impact of ICTS on agricultural research. A similar finding is reported by
Kenny et al. (2000) for India where an ICT project to improve access to land records
through the Ministry of Agriculture was found to have minimal impact due to the failure
to address the prerequisite administrative changes that were required.
Dossani et al. (2005) report that as much of the information provided through
ICT can be seen as lacking relevance to local conditions since it is generic in content,
resulting in low usage. This is also commented on by IICD (2006) who refer to earlier
research on agricultural information systems that found a disjunction between the
information needs of farmers and that which is provided. In addition, as English is still
the dominant language used on the Internet, although not the home language of the
majority of users. While access to information and communication technologies should
not be bound by language, culture or distance, it is likely that ICT access of those who
are poor and of women in general, may be affected by this.
The lack of systematic investment in ICTs by research institutions and their
funders often holds researchers back from adopting and using ICTs (UNCTAD, 2010).
2.7 PROBLEMS WITH REGARD TO INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES (ICTs)
The lack of awareness, underdeveloped legal framework for information sharing,
infrastructure problems, poor connectivity to global networks, maintenance problems,
weak research and development and high taxes are constraining factors limiting the
utilization of ICTs (Adam and Wood, 1999).
Grigg et al. (1999) reported that lack of adequate training was the main obstacle in
using ICTs.
Kiplang‘at (1999) postulates that dissemination of relevant information to the
farming communities can facilitate the effective adoption of agricultural inputs, decision
making on markets and adoption of scientific methods. However, lack of dissemination
of information across the agricultural supply chain is a major concern in the developing
world.
Nath (2000) reported that language is one of the major barriers to the formation
of perfect knowledge societies in developing countries. Each day over two million
pages are added on the internet but there is a very small content representation on the
net in the vernacular languages. The other barriers to adopt information technology in
the developing countries include;
 Inabilities to recognize the knowledge they possess, put a value to it and use
the power of knowledge to their growth.
 Lack of relevant and locally specific content constitutes the most critical
element impeding the growth of knowledge societies after connectivity.
 Handling ICT, hosting of information and retrieving useful
information from the net does require a fair amount of technical skills and net-
literacy. In developing countries, the level of skills about computer use and
internet navigation is extremely low which impedes their transformation to
knowledge societies even when other factors are favorable.
The negative attitudes towards ICTs, lack of confidence and self-esteem are a
barrier to ICT adoption (Cullen, 2001).
Fulantelli and Allegra (2002) that show that the lack of information and advice
on relevant ICT solutions and benefits is still considered a major problem.
There is recognition that existing gender relations do have a strong influence –
under "normal" conditions women will find themselves facing barriers of unequal
access to ICTs, and unequal access to the benefits of ICTs (Huyer and Sisoska, 2002).
Hence, the clear guidance on good practice for ICT project interventions from the
micro-level of participatory assessment of needs to the macro-level of gender sensitised
policies on infrastructure (Jorge, 2002).
Rajab and Baqain (2002) reported that lack of time and availability of computers
was the two main barriers found in using ICTs.
Fortier (2003) found that community ownership and relevance, finance,
technology, organization and management, and regulatory issues are important
obstacles that persist against development and adoption of ICTs.
Kaur and Abas (2004) noted that ICT readiness assessment allows one to design
comprehensive e-Learning strategies and effectively implement ICT goals. Hence,
generally ICT readiness assessments help a country‘s leaders to measure and plan for
ICT integration, focus their efforts and identify areas where further attention is required
(Krull, 2003).
Moreover, a lack of knowledge of best practices in IT usage as well as IT-related
skill deficiencies in the workforce will also constrain the benefits from ICT, as argued
by Kaushik and Singh (2004) based on case studies of two projects in North India. The
digital divide is not merely a problem of access to ICT, it is part of a larger
developmental problem in which vast sections of the world‘s population are deprived of
the capabilities necessary to use ICTs, acquire information and convert it into useful
knowledge.
Asemi (2005) reported that most of the time the server was down and so the
problem of slow Internet connection aroused.
Dossani et al. (2005) find that the lack of knowledge about the usefulness of ICT
is widespread and is an important reason for low usage of ICT facilities provided by the
projects that they investigated.
Kalusopa (2005) reports that less than 20 percent of his sample of farmers
reported that they did not have access to a television, while only 38percent reported that
the extension officers with whom they engaged made use of any form of ICT. An
important reason given for the low usage of ICT was high tariffs.
Soekartawi (2005) identifies some problems in developing countries as being
related to infrastructure and Internet connection, human resources, policy support from
government and pedagogy. He emphasizes that human resources is one of crucial
factors to diffuse utilizing ICT to learners.
Kauffman and Kumar (2005) introduce three stages of diffusion of ICT at the
country level of analysis are the ICT readiness stage, the ICT intensity stage and the
ICT impact stage. In the first stage of ICT readiness, they argue that when the
technology is new to a country or a region, the readiness of its people to adopt it is a
crucial issue.
Mishra et al. (2005) observed that low bandwidth of Internet connection was the
main obstacle in using ICTs.
Chowdhury (2006) found a negative effect of ICT investment on the labour
productivity of East African small and medium-size enterprises, which is likely due to
the low cost of labour relative to capital in East Africa which prevents substitutability
being a profit maximizing approach.
Insufficient access to ICT is clearly noted as an obstacle preventing successful
implementation of technology (Kay, 2006).
Some studies have demonstrated that demographic and characteristic
background such as age, gender, ethnicity, marital status, level of education, prior
experiences with computers and the Internet influence the ICT and or e-Learning
adoption (Ong and Lay, 2006).
Sunil (2006) found, among the weakness of the information and decision
support system, the most prominent in the order include: the need of the computers and
accessories, the basic knowledge on computers to operate, need of regular power and
internet connection, and the requirement of skilled personnel to manage, assume
significance.
The shortage of the comprehensive general policies in the developing countries
for expanding the Information and Communication Technologies for villagers, as a
great power of the productive forces in societies, the lack of suitable tele
communicational infrastructures for exchanging information in villages, being non-
familiar and unable villagers in using the information technology devices, low
population, scattered villages, the low income of villagers and not accepting high costs,
are important challenges in expanding the ICTs in villages. Developing ICTs in villages
without having roads, electricity and telecommunication faces serious problems.
Making use of the experience of the pioneer countries in rural ICTs in removing these
challenges can increase the rural of developing this technology in villages.
(Golmohammadi, 2007).
ICT enabled extension offers new opportunities for bridging the knowledge and
extension service gap in Indian agriculture. However, several critical challenges still
remain. One of the most critical issues related to use of ICTs in the extension system is
perceived use of ICTs within these systems. (Shaik N.Meera, 2013)
Sivaraj and Esmail (2007) in a study found that slow internet access, overload of
information on internet, poor system configuration and difficulty in finding relevant
information on internet were the problems encountered in using internet.
Ahmed et al. (2008) indicated time constraints, poor skills, difficulty in
accessing full texts of journal articles, difficulty in verifying the quality of information
and high cost were the major barriers in using ICTs.
Lohar and Kumbar (2008) reported that lack of time, lack of net connection at
home and lack of knowledge were the barriers in using ICTs.
MATERIAL
AND
METHODS
Chapter III
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The scientific study of any problem requires that a researcher should follow
appropriate methods and procedures in order to reach reliable, unbiased and objective
inferences. Methodology is the study, description, explanation and justification of
methods. This chapter deals with the research design, tools and techniques including the
questionnaire employed for data collection of study, selection of proper sampling
techniques, devices used for the collection of the data and the statistical tools employed
for analysis of data in a sequential manner as follows:
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Sampling Procedure
3.3 Construction of Questionnaire
3.4 Documentation of Indian ICTs initiatives in Agricultural Extension System
3.5 Variables and their measurement
3.6 Tools and techniques of data collection
3.7 Statistical techniques used for the data analysis
3.8 Reference period
3.9 Interpretation of results and report writing
3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

The topic of the study, „A study on Information and Communication
Technologies in Agricultural Extension Systems in Andhra Pradesh’ is of the recent
importance. There are hardly any studies on it. To gain a deep insight into the topic
descriptive research design and exploratory study were adopted for present
investigation. It helps in developing an accurate picture of the research object.
3.2 SAMPLING PROCEDURE

The procedure adopted for selection of the locale of the study and respondents in
detail is given below.
3.2.1 Locale of the study
Andhra Pradesh was selected purposively as it is the one of the major states
where a number of ICTs projects are being implemented. In Andhra Pradesh there are
many ICT projects are running like e-seva, e-sagu, e-choupal, i-kisan, Farmers call
centre and various agricultural programmes through different TV channels and Radio
etc. These projects are running and catering different segments of the society and
covering different issues related to agriculture and allied sectors.
3.2.2 Selection of Respondents
Since the analysis of the ICTs projects running in A.P. shows that both the
public and private sectors are involved in delivering its services in agricultural
extension area. So, in the present study, appropriate numbers of respondents were
selected both from public and private sectors.
3.2.2.1 Selection of respondents from Public organizations/sector
Total 120 respondents were selected from Public sector i.e. 60 respondents were
randomly selected from State Department of Agriculture (SDA) who are at least in the
cadre of Agriculture officer, Agriculture Extension Officer or higher and classified as
SDA sector respondents.
Remaining 60 respondents were taken from National Institute of Agricultural
Extension Management (MANAGE) GOI (07), KVKs (32) and DAATTCs (15) under
Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) and ICAR institutes- DOR
(03), DSR (03) located at Hyderabad at the cadre of scientist or above who are related to
field of extension and classified as R & D sector respondents to avoid any type of
confusion between respondents selected.
3.2.2.2 Selection of respondents from Private organizations/sector
A sample of 60 respondents were randomly selected from Nagarjuna fertilizers
(04), ETV (03), TV5 (03), e-choupal-ITC (04) and other private channels (46). The
respondents selected for the study was involved in jobs related to agriculture extension
and classified as private sector respondents.
Thus a total of 180 respondents were selected for the study i.e. 60 respondents
from R&D, SDA and Private sector.
3.3 CONSTRUCTION OF QUESTIONNAIRE
The detailed questionnaire was prepared in accordance with the methodological
procedures described and objectives of the study. The schedule was pre-tested on the
respondents outside of study and suitably modified in the light of the experience
obtained during pre-testing in consultation with the members of advisory committee and
experts in ICTs.
3.4 DOCUMENTATION OF INDIAN ICTs INITIATIVES IN
AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SYSTEM
An effort was made to document the Indian ICTs initiatives in agricultural
extension system with the help of available secondary data. The available secondary
data was taken from e-krishi NAIP, NIRD website, different individual ICTs initiatives
websites and literature from the books and journals. After collecting the secondary data,
a final table on ICTs initiatives in Indian Agriculture System was prepared. The table
has information on components like initiative name, year of initiation, domain,
information mode and status etc.
3.5 VARIABLES AND THEIR MEASUREMENT
Measurement in general terms means any procedure whereby numerals are
assigned to persons, objects and events according to some results. The rules specify the
categories of an attribute or some quantitative aspect of an observation.
―A variable can be defined as a thing that observed and that is of such a nature
that each single observation can be classified into one and only one of a number of
mutually exclusive classes.‖
Considering the suitability of the variables to the present topic of research,
variables were selected and the same presented in table 3.1. A detailed account of these
variables along with their measurement procedures is explained in the following text.
Table : 3.1. Variables selected for study and their empirical measurement
S.N Variables Measurement
I. Independent Variables
A. Personal Variables
1. Age Chronological age was considered
2. Gender Male/Female category was taken
3. Education Schedule was developed
4. Nativity Schedule was developed
5. Number of years of service Schedule was developed
6. Major Job responsibility area Schedule was developed
B. Variables related to ICTs profile
7. Possession of Smart Gadgets Schedule was developed
8. Sources of Awareness about ICTs Schedule was developed
9. Perceived attributes of ICTs Schedule was developed
10. Utility of ICTs in Extension Schedule was developed
11. Methods of learning ICT skills Schedule was developed
12. Trainings received Schedule was developed
C. Psychological Variables
13. Achievement Motivation Scale developed by Rani (1985) was
modified and adopted
14. Innovativeness Scale developed by Moulik (1965)
was modified and adopted
15. Economic Motivation Scale developed by Supe (1969) was
16. Management Orientation Scale developed by Raju (1997) was
17. Scientific Orientation Scale developed by Supe (1969) was
18. Risk Orientation Scale developed by Supe (1969) was
19. Technology Management Orientation Scale developed by Raju (1997) was
20. Information Management orientation Scale developed by Raju (1997) was
21. Orientation towards ICTs based Scale developed by Raju (1997) was
extension service profession modified and adopted
II. Dependent Variables
1. Attitude towards use of ICTs Scale was developed
2. e-readiness for ICTs Index was developed
3. Extent of use of ICTs Schedule was developed
3.5.1 Independent Variables

Operational concept of each of the independent variables along with their
measurement techniques followed in this study is presented as under:
A) Personal Variables
3.5.1.1. Age
Age was operationalised as the chronological age of the respondent at the time
of data collection, rounded off to the nearest year. The respondents were classified as
given below based on class interval;
Score Range
S. No. Category
R&D SDA Private
1. Young Upto 33 Upto 30 Upto 32
2. Middle 34 to 45 31 to 48 33 to 44
3. Old 46 and Above 48 and Above 45 and Above
3.5.1.2 Gender
Gender refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities, and attributes
that a given society considers appropriate for men and women. Gender of the
respondents was categorized as under
S. No. Category Score
1. Male 1
2. Female 2
3.5.1.3 Education
It refers to the respondent‘s level of literacy and academic qualifications
acquired through formal schooling. The educational status of the respondents was
categorized as under
1. Graduate 1
2. Post-graduate 2
3. Doctorate 3
3.5.1.4 Nativity
It has been defined as the area from which the respondents belong. In the present
study, it was categorized under three categories;

1. Rural 1
2. Semi- Urban 2
3. Urban 3
3.5.1.5 Number of years of service

It has been studied as number of years completed in profession by the
respondents at the time of study. It was categorized under three categories
1. Low (less than 5 years) 1
2. Medium (5 to 10 years) 2
3. High (more than 10 years) 3
3.5.1.6 Major Job responsibility area

In the present study, the major job responsibility area was divided into
extension, research, training and administration. Frequency and percentage were
calculated for each category.
B) Variables related to ICTs profile
3.5.1.7 Possession of Smart Gadgets
It was operationalised as the possession of smart gadgets like computers,
laptops, smart phones etc. Weightage of 2 and 1 were given respectively for possession
and non-possession of each item respectively. The score of an individual ranged from 5
to 10. The obtained highest and lowest scores in the study were calculated and the
respondents were categorized into low, medium and high based on equal class interval
method.
S.N. Respondent category Category Score Range

1. R& D Low 5 to 6
Medium 7 to 8
High 9 to 10
2. SDA Low 4 to 5
Medium 6 to 7
High 8 to 9
3. Private Low 6 to 7
Medium 8 to 9
High 10 to 11
3.5.1.8 Sources of awareness about ICTs

In the present study, sources of awareness about ICTs were assessed with the
help of different sources of information from where the respondents become aware of
ICTs. A score of 2 was given for Yes and 1 for No response and frequency and
percentage was calculated. Categorization was done based on equal class interval as
given below:
S. No. Category Score Range

1. 1. Low Low (3 to 4)
2. Medium Medium (5 to 6)
3. High High (7 to 8)
3.5.1.9 Perceived attributes of ICTs

Attribute refers to the characteristic or qualities possessed by the object. In the
present study, perceived attributes of ICTs were studied in terms of relative advantage,
compatibility complexity, trialability, observability and predictability. These attributes
were assessed by listing appropriate indicators like low cost, time saving, easy to use
etc. in terms of relative advantage; difficult in learning and maintenance related to
complexity; different barriers like cultural, social, language etc. related to compatibility;
possibility of trying the ICTs in terms of trialability; feedback and accuracy of
information related to observability and possible impacts related to predictability. A
score of 2 was given to Yes and 1 for the No response. Based on obtained scores
respondents were categorized on equal class interval basis as given below.
S. No. Category Score Range

4. 1. Low 30 to 34
2. Medium 35 to 39
3. High 40 to 44
3.5.1.10 Utility of ICT tools in Extension

Utility of ICTs tools was measured by presenting a list of various ICTs tools to
the respondents with purpose of utility i.e. planning, implementation, evaluation etc. in
extension work, where ICTs could be used. A score of 2 was given to useful and 1 for
not useful. With regard to purpose of utility of ICTs, again a score of 1 was given to
each purpose of utility where the ICTs tools may be used. The scores were summed up
to get the total score of each respondent. Frequencies and percentages were calculated
for discussion purpose.
3.5.1.11 Methods of learning ICTs skills
This variable was operationalised as the methods through which the respondents
learnt ICTs skills. A list containing different methods was prepared and the respondents
were asked to respond to the methods through which they learnt ICTs skills. A score of
2 for Yes response and 1 for No response was given. Frequency and percentage was
calculated.
3.5.1.12 Training received in ICTs
Training is an intensive learning activity for respondents by competent trainers
to understand and practice computers/ICTs Tools for accessing and disseminate
information on their own.
It is operationally defined as training received by scientists/researcher/extension
personnel in last ten years. A weightage of one was given to each day of training to
compute the total training duration.
C) Psychological Variables
3.5.1.13 Achievement Motivation

It is defined as the degree for excellence to attain a sense of personal
accomplishment (Rogers and Svenning, 1969). Achievement motivation of the
respondents was measured by using the scale developed by Rani (1985) with little
modification. All the nine statements were rated on five point continuum as Strongly
Agree (SA), Agree (A), Undecided (UD), Disagree (DA) and Strongly Disagree (SDA)
with weight of 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 for positive statements and 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 for negative
statements respectively. Total score was obtained by summing up the score of all items.
Based on the obtained scores, respondents were grouped into three categories based on
class interval.
Score Range
S. No. Category
R&D SDA Private
1. Low 24 to 29 30 to 33 26 to 31
2. Medium 30 to 35 34 to 37 32 to 38
3. High 36 to 41 38 to 41 39 to 44
3.5.1.14 Innovativeness
It refers to the substitution of something new for another for growth of the
society for a better living. It was measured by scale developed by Moulik (1965) with
minor modifications. There were total nine statements and measured on 5 point
continuum of Strongly Agree (SA), Agree (A), Undecided (UD), Disagree (DA) and
Strongly Disagree (SDA) with weight of 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 for positive statements and 1,
2, 3, 4 and 5 for negative statements respectively. The summation of scores of all the
statements gives the total scores of innovativeness of each respondent. Based on actual
scores obtained by respective respondents, respondents were grouped into three
categories on the basis of class interval as given below;
Score Range
Sr. No. Categories
R&D SDA Private
1. Low 19 to 26 23 to 27 22 to 28
2. Medium 27 to 34 28 to 32 29 to 35
3. High 35 to 42 33 to 37 36 to 40
3.5.1.15 Economic Motivation
It refers to the occupational success in terms of profit maximization and relative

values placed by respondents on economic ends. A scale developed by Supe (1969)
with little modification was used to measure the economic motivation of the
respondents. There were total six statements and measured on 5 point continuum of
Strongly Agree (SA), Agree (A), Undecided (UD), Disagree (DA) and Strongly
Disagree (SDA) with weightage of 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 for positive statements and 1, 2, 3, 4
and 5 for negative statements respectively. The summation of scores of all the
statements gives the total scores of economic orientation of each respondent. Based on
actual obtained scores, respondents were grouped into three categories on the basis of
class interval as given below;
Score Range
Sr. No. Categories
R&D SDA Private
1. Low 10 to 15 15 to 18 14 to 18
2. Medium 16 to 21 19 to 22 19 to 23
3. High 22 to 27 23 to 26 24 to 28
3.5.1.16 Management Orientation

It was operationalized as the degree to which scientist/extension personnel was
oriented towards scientific management. A scale developed by Raju (1997) with little
modification was used to measure the management orientation of the respondents. There
were total six statements and measured on 5 point continuum of Strongly Agree (SA),
Agree (A), Undecided (UD), Disagree (DA) and Strongly Disagree (SDA) with
weightage of 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 for positive statements and 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 for negative
statements respectively. The summation of scores of all the statements gives the total
scores of management orientation of each respondent. After summation of total scores
obtained, the respondents were grouped into three categories based on class interval.
Score Range
S. No. Category
R&D SDA Private
1. Low 16 to 20 19 to 22 18 to 22
2. Medium 21 to 25 23 to 26 23 to 27
3. High 26 to 30 27 to 30 28 to 32
3.5.1.17 Scientific Orientation

It refers to the degree to which a respondent is oriented to the use of scientific
methods in decision making. A scale developed by Supe (1969) with little modification
was used to measure the scientific orientation of the respondents. The responses were
collected on five point continuum with six statements. The total score obtained by a
respondent formed the scientific orientation score of respondents. Responses were
obtained on five point continuums as Strongly Agree (SA), Agree (A), Undecided (UD),
Disagree (DA) and Strongly Disagree (SDA) with weight of 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 for positive
statements and 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 for negative statements respectively. The score of the
respondent was obtained by summing up scores of all statements. Based on the scores
obtained by respondents, respondents were grouped into three groups based on class
interval.
Score Range
S. No. Category
R&D SDA Private
1. Low 17 to 21 22 to 24 19 to 22
2. Medium 22 to 26 25 to 27 23 to 26
3. High 27 to 31 28 to 30 27 to 30
3.5.1.18 Risk Orientation
It is the degree to which a person is oriented towards risk and uncertainty and
has the courage to face the problems. A scale developed by Supe (1969) with little
modification was used to measure the risk orientation of the respondents. Responses
were obtained on five point continuums as Strongly Agree (SA), Agree (A), Undecided
(UD), Disagree (DA) and Strongly Disagree (SDA) with weight of 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 for
positive statements and 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 for negative statements respectively. Based on
the actual obtained scores, respondents were grouped into three categories as given
below based on class interval.
Score Range
S. No. Categories
R&D SDA Private
1. Low 17 to 20 18 to 20 18 to 21
2. Medium 21 to 24 21 to 23 22 to 25
3. High 25 to 28 24 to 26 26 to 29
3.5.1.19 Technology Management Orientation

It refers to the degree to which a researcher/extension scientist is oriented to
management of technology wherein all the decisions, activities and their impact that
occur from identifying a research problem and generation of technology. A scale
developed by Raju (1997) with little modification was used to measure the technology
management orientation of the respondents. Responses were obtained on five point
continuums as Strongly Agree (SA), Agree (A), Undecided (UD), Disagree (DA) and
2, 3, 4 and 5 for negative statements respectively. The score of the respondent was
obtained by summing up scores of all twelve statements. Based on the scores obtained
by respondents, respondents were grouped into three categories based on class interval.
Score Range
S. No. Category
R&D SDA Private
1. Low 42 to 48 48 to 51 44 to 49
2. Medium 49 to 55 52 to 55 50 to 54
3. High 56 to 61 56 to 59 55 to 59
3.5.1.20 Information Management Orientation

It was operationalized as the degree to which scientist/extension personnel were
oriented to the management of information wherein the process of identifying and
collecting information for its processing, dissemination and feedback involves. A scale
developed by Raju (1997) with little modification was used to measure the information
management orientation of the respondents. The responses were collected on five point
continuum. The total score obtained by a respondent formed the total score. Responses
were obtained on five point continuums as Strongly Agree (SA), Agree (A), Undecided
(UD), Disagree (DA) and Strongly Disagree (SDA) with weight of 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 for
positive statements and 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 for negative statements respectively. The score
of the respondent was obtained by summing up scores of all twelve statements. Based
on the scores obtained, respondents were categorized into three groups based on class
interval.
Score Range
S. No. Category
R&D SDA Private
1. Low 45 to 50 50 to 53 47 to 51
2. Medium 51 to 56 54 to 57 52 to 56
3. High 57 to 62 58 to 61 57 to 61
3.5.1.21 Orientation towards ICTs based Extension Service Profession

It was operationalized as the degree to which scientist/extension personnel was
oriented towards ICT based extension service profession. A scale developed by Raju
(1997) with little modification was used to measure the orientation towards extension
service profession of the respondents. Responses were obtained on five point
continuums as Strongly Agree (SA), Agree (A), Undecided (UD), Disagree (DA) and
2, 3, 4 and 5 for negative statements respectively. The score of the respondent was
obtained by summing up scores of all eight statements. Based on the scores obtained by
respondents, respondents were grouped into three categories based on class interval.
Score Range
S. No. Category
R&D SDA Private
1. Low 24 to 29 32 to 34 29 to 33
2. Medium 30 to 35 35 to 37 34 to 37
3. High 36 to 41 38 to 40 38 to 42
3.5.2 DEPENDENT VARIABLES

3.5.2.1 Attitude towards the use of Information and Communication
Technologies (ICTs)
Attitude is an organized predisposition to think, feel and perceive and behave
towards a cognitive object. Thrustone (1946) defined attitude as the degree of positive
or negative affect associated with some psychological object. By a psychological object,
Thrustone means any symbol, phrase, slogan, person, and institution, idea towards
which people can differ with respect to positive or negative affect.
Attitude in this study was operationalised as the degree of positive or negative
feeling of extension personnel towards ICTs in agricultural extension system.
a. Construction and standardization of Attitude Scale
For measuring the attitude, different types of scales developed by Thrustone,
Likert and several others differ markedly in type and method of construction, but the
objective in every case was to assign an individual a position along a quantitative scale.
In this study, attitude of extension personnel towards use of ICTs in agricultural
extension system was measured using the Likert‘s method of summated rating because
of following reasons.
 Hall (1934) had indicated that the Likert type of scales with fewer statements
will give high reliability coefficients.
 In this scale each item was judged on a five point continuum rather more
rejection of the item as in Thrustone‘s scale. By this method, one could get more
information about the item than Thrustone‘s scale.
 No judges are required to rank the items as in case of Thrustone‘s scale. This
saves time, labour, and money and also simplifies the procedure.
 It is relatively simple and easier than equal appearing interval scale which have
been claimed by Likert (1932) and supported by Hall (1934).
 The item on a Likert scale provide data of the individual about the specific issue
covered by the single item as well as total score on the attitude dimension being
studied.
b. Collection of Statements
Fifty statements each expressing the attitude of extension personnel towards use
of ICTs in agricultural extension system have been collected from available literature, in
consultation with the specialists in the field of ICTs and were edited on the basis of
criteria suggested by Thrustone and Chave (1929), Likert (1932) and Edward (1957).
Out of fifty statements, forty six statements were retained after editing. These
statements were administered to 40 respondents who were selected from outside the
sample area.
The respondents were asked to indicate their degree of agreement or
disagreement with each statement on a five point continuum ranging from strongly
agrees to strongly disagree. The scoring pattern adopted for positive statement was
weights 5 to ‗strongly agree‘ response, 4 to ‗agree‘ response, 3 to ‗undecided‘ response,
2 to ‗disagree‘ response and 1 to ‗strongly disagree‘ response and for negative
statement, the scoring pattern was reversed viz., ‗strongly agree‘ response with 1
weight, ‗agree‘ with 2, ‗undecided‘ with 3, ‗disagree‘ with 4 and ‗strongly disagree‘
with 5 weights. Their responses were recorded and summated score for the total
statements was obtained.
c. Calculation of „t‟ value
Based on total scores, the respondents were arranged in descending order. The
top 25 per cent of the respondents with their total scores were considered as the high
group and the bottom 25 per cent as the low group, so that these two groups provide
criterion groups in terms of evaluating the individual statements as suggested by
Edwards (1957). Thus out of 40 respondents to whom the items were administered for
the item analysis, 10 respondents with highest scores and 10 respondents with lowest
scores were used as criterion groups to evaluate individual items.
The critical ratio, the ‗t‘ value which is a measure of the extent to which a given
statement differentiates between the high and low groups of respondents for each
statement was calculated by using the formula suggested by Edwards (1957).
XH-XL
‗t‘ =
(XH-XH)2 + (XL-XL)2
------------------------------------------
N (n-1)
Where,
∑ (XH-XH)2 = ∑ XH2 – (∑XH)2

n
∑ (XL-XL)2 = ∑XL2 – (∑XL)2
XH = the mean score on a given statement for the High group
XL = the mean score on a given statement for the Low group
∑ XH2 = Sum of squares of the individual score on a given statement for High group
∑XL2 = Sum of squares of the individual score on a given statement for Low group
∑XH = Summation of scores on a given statement for High group
∑XL = Summation of scores on a given statement for Low group
n = Number of respondents for in each group
∑ = Summation
d. Selection of Attitude statements for final scale

After computing the ‗t‘ value for all the items (Appendix II), 20 statements
comprising of 10 positive and 10 negative statements with highest ‗t‘ value equal to or
greater than 1.75 were finally selected and included in the attitude scale.
e. Validity of the scale

As the content of the attitude thoroughly covered the entire universe of the
respondents with special emphasis on ICTs through literature consultation and expert
opinion, it was assumed that present scale satisfied the content validity.
f. Reliability of the scale
Test-retest method was used to find out the reliability. In this method, the scale was
administered to 30 respondents who were from the outside sample area of the study
with an interval of 15 days. The scores obtained from two tests were correlated and the
correlation coefficient was 0.882 indicating that the attitude scale was highly suitable
for administration.
g. Administration of scale
The twenty attitude statements were administered to the respondents for studying
the attitude towards ICTs. The score for each individual in the scale was computed by
summing up the weights of individual item response. The possible attitude score was in
the range of 20 to 100.
h. Classification of Respondents
Based on the minimum possible score and maximum possible scores, the
respondents were grouped into three categories using class interval method. Frequency
and percentage were calculated.
S.No. Category Score Range

1. Highly Unfavourable 0-20
2. Unfavourable 21-40
3. Neutral 41-60
4. Favourable 61-80
5. Highly favourable 81-100
3.5.2.2. Extent of Use of ICTs

Extent of use of ICTs was calculated by studying four indicators, experience in ICTs
tools use, purpose of accessing ICTs tools, access and frequency of use and pattern of
use of ICTs.
a. Experience in ICTs tool use

It was operationalised as the time period from which the respondents are using
ICTs. The variable was measured using schedule developed for the study. The
respondents were asked on a total of 14 ICTs tools which they are using or not. It was
studied as individual use and organizational use. The experience was divided into three
categories viz less than one year, one to five years and more than five years. Frequency
and percentage was calculated. The score of an individual ranged from 14 to 42. The
organization score also ranged from 14 to 42. Thus total score of an individual ranged
from 14 to 84. Based on the obtained scores, the respondents were grouped into three
categories by using class interval method taking minimum and maximum obtained
scores into consideration.
S.No Category Score Range

R&D SDA Private Total
1. Low 21 to 32 14 to 26 49 to 51 21 to 33
2. Medium 33 to 44 27 to 39 52 to 54 34 to 46
3. High 45 to 56 40 to 52 55 to 57 47 to 59
b. Purpose of Accessing ICTs Tools

In the present study purpose of accessing ICTs tools was assessed in terms of
knowledge gain, storing information and analysis of data etc. A score of 3, 2 and 1 was
given to frequently, sometimes and never respectively. Thus total score varies from 5 to
15. Frequency and percentage were calculated for the purpose as well as for frequency
of accessing ICTs tools.
c. Access and frequency of use of ICTs tools
Access refers to the ability/inability of persons to avail of and participate in a
widely available service. (Fathaigh, 2002). Frequency of use ICTs tools was
operationalized as the frequency of use of ICTs by the scientist/extension personnel,
daily, weekly twice, less than fortnightly and fortnightly. In the present study,
Frequency refers to the number of times a ICTs tool can be used. It was measured by
assigning a score of 2 for availability and 1 for non-availability. Further a score of 2 was
given to, if available in use and 1 for if it is not use, despite the availability. Frequency
of use was scored as 4, 3, 2 and 1 for daily, weekly twice, less than fortnightly and
fortnightly respectively. The score of an individual for the frequency of use ranged from
17 to 68. The respondents were categorized into three categories viz; low, medium and
high based class interval

1. Low 16 to 20 19 to 22 18 to 22 16 to 22
2. Medium 21 to 25 23 to 26 22 to 26 23 to 29
3. High 26 to 30 27 to 30 28 to 32 30 to 36
d. Pattern of use of ICTs Tools

Pattern of ICTs tools use was calculated by asking the most frequently used
ICTs tools in terms of days per week and hours per week. The most important and
frequently used ICTs like Computer, Mobile, e-mail, Internet etc. were listed to know
about the pattern of use of ICTs tools by the respondents.
3.5.2.3 e-Readiness
In the present study, for measuring e-readiness of the extension personnel, an
index was developed. After thorough review of literature and interaction with experts,
items and sub-items to be covered under the index were listed for the purpose of index.
It was distributed among the experts asking for the relevance of sub items under each
item using five point continuum. Mean and weighted mean of each sub item was
calculated. The items whose mean value is on and above the weighted mean was taken
for the index.
a. e-readiness Availability
In the present study, availability is operationalized as the ICTs available to the
respondents whether at personal level or at official level. The responses were
categorized into two point continuum. A score of 2 was given for Yes and 1 for No
response. Total score was obtained on various items were added to get total scores of
the respondents on this variable.
b. e-readiness Accessibility
In the present study, accessibility is operationalized as the available ICTs are
accessible or not to the respondents. The responses were categorized into five point
continuum ranging from Strongly Agree, Agree, Undecided, Disagree and Strongly
Disagree and a score of 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 was given respectively. Total score was obtained
on various items were added to get total scores of the respondents.
c. e-readiness Basic ICTs Skills
In the present study, basic ICTs skills are operationalized as the respondent‘s ability
to use the ICTs at basic level. The responses were categorized into five point continuum
ranging from Strongly Agree, Agree, Undecided, Disagree and Strongly Disagree and a
score of 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 was given respectively. Total score was obtained on various items
were added to get total scores of the respondents on this variable.
d. e-readiness Internet skills
In the present study, Internet skills are operationalized as the respondent‘s working
knowledge on the use of Internet. The responses were categorized into five point
continuum ranging from Strongly Agree, Agree, Undecided, Disagree and Strongly
Disagree and a score of 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 was given respectively. Total score was obtained
on various items were added to get total scores of the respondents on this variable.
e. e-readiness Software literacy
In the present study, Software literacy is operationalized as the respondent‘s
knowledge on different softwares related to ICTs and working knowledge of its use. The
responses were categorized into five point continuum ranging from Strongly Agree,
Agree, Undecided, Disagree and Strongly Disagree and a score of 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 was
given respectively. Total score was obtained on various items were added to get total
scores of the respondents on this variable.
f. e-readiness Motivational factors
In the present study, Motivational factors are operationalized as the respondent‘s
psychological readiness to learn ICTs skills. The responses were categorized into five
point continuum ranging from Strongly Agree, Agree, Undecided, Disagree and
Strongly Disagree and a score of 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 was given respectively. Total score was
obtained on various items were added to get total scores of the respondents on this
variable.
g. Validity of the Index
As the content of the Index thoroughly covered the entire universe of the
respondents with special emphasis on e-readiness through literature consultation and
expert opinion, it was assumed that present index satisfied the content validity.
h. Reliability of the Index
Test-retest method was used to find out the reliability. In this method, the Index was
administered to 30 respondents who were from the outside sample area of the study
with an interval of 15 days. The scores obtained from two tests were correlated and the
correlation coefficient was 0.80 indicating that the present e-readiness Index was highly
suitable for administration.
i. Categorization of the Respondents

The score of e-readiness of respondents was obtained by summing up the scores obtained
under each sub components. Based on the obtained scores, the respondents were categorized
as given below with the help of class interval method.

1. Low 39 to 47 40 to 47 49 to 53 39 to 47
2. Medium 48 to 56 48 to 55 54 to 58 48 to 56
3. High 57 to 65 56 to 63 59 to 63 57 to 65
3.6 TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES OF DATA COLLECTION
A well-structured specifically designed questionnaire was used to collect data.

Each of the respondents was mailed the questionnaire with self-addressed envelope so
that the respondent can sent back the questionnaire after completing it to the researcher
on time. After mailing the questionnaire, the respondents were also personally informed
through phone calls, e-mails and reminded if any delay was taken place to respond. The
construction of the questionnaire was based on the information gathered from the
available literature, discussion with experts and in order to fulfill the objectives of the
study.
3.7 STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES USED FOR THE DATA ANALYSIS
The data so collected through questionnaire technique was tabulated and

suitably analyzed using relevant and appropriate statistical tools.
For processing of data, the following statistical techniques were used
I. Frequency and Percentage
II. Class interval
III. Mean
IV. Rank based quotient (RBQ)
V. Correlation coefficient
VI. Step-down Regression Analysis
3.7.1 Frequency and Percentage
The qualitative data were subjected to and interpreted in terms of their

frequencies and percentages. Frequency is the number of items a variable is repeated.
Percentage was done to make simple comparison wherever necessary. The scoring
pattern for each variable as in given in this chapter was used mainly for arriving the
frequencies. Calculation of frequencies and percentages were used to know the
distribution of the respondents with respect to selected variables.
3.7.2 Class Interval (C.I.)
Exclusive method of class interval was used to categorize certain variables.

Class interval is difference between the upper and lower limit of a class and is
calculated using the following formula.
Maximum score – minimum score
C.I. = ---------------------------------------------------
No. of classes
3.7.3 Mean
Mean was calculated to know about the exact position of the respondents.
3.7.4 Rank based quotient (RBQ)
The data obtained from the respondents regarding the problems faced with
reference to (ICTs) was quantified in terms of the number of respondents who gave the
particular rank. The ranks attributed for different problems and the frequency of
respondents who gave ranks could be used for the calculation of Rank Based Quotient
(RBQ). The formulae for RBQ calculation is as follows.
Where,
Fi = Frequency of respondents for ith rank
N = Number of respondents
n = Number of Ranks
= It directs to sum multiple factors
= F1×n+F2×n-1+F3×n-2……..Fn×1
3.7.5 Correlation co-efficient (r)
In the study, correlation coefficient was used to find out the significance
relationship, if, any between independent and dependent variables. The formula
used is as follows;
Where,
r = coefficient of correlation between x and y
∑ X = Sum of the scores of independent variable X

∑Y = Sum of the scores of independent variable Y
∑ X2 = Sum of the squares of independent variable X
∑Y2 = Sum of the squares of independent variable Y
N = Sample size
The computed ‗r‘ value were then compared with the tabular values and
co-efficient of correlation at one and five per cent level of significance.
3.7.6 Regression Analysis
To find out the contribution of various independent variables on dependent

variable, regression analysis was done. In other words, the influence of various
independent variables on the dependent variable was obtained by regression
analysis.
a. Multiple Regression Analysis
Though correlation coefficient was used to find out the strength and direction of
association between two variables, multiple regression analysis was used. Inter
correlations among the variables is not taken into in consideration in correlation
coefficient, the association between two variables may also due to their common
relation with other variables. Hence to go beyond the correlation coefficient and do-
in depth analysis multiple linear regression analysis was used as it is considered as
most powerful test and interference making technique. Multiple linear regression
was used to study the effect of independent variables over dependent variables. R 2
was used to find out total variation explained by independent variables in the
dependent variables.
yi = a + b1x1 + b2x2 + ... + bnxn
Where,
a = Constant
b1= area regression coefficient
x1 = independent variables selected for the study
y1 = dependent variables
i = 1,2, ..., n
b. Step-down Regression Analysis
Step down regression analysis was used to find out the variables which are
mainly contributing to the maximum variation through the elimination process that
is at every step the variable contributing least to the dependent variables is
eliminated until a set of variables contributing maximum variation independent
variables are arrived.
3.8 REFERENCE PERIOD
The reference period of the field enquiry was year 2012-13. The survey was
conducted during the October 2012 to March 2013.
3.9 INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS AND REPORT WRITING
Based on the data and statistical analysis, the results have been properly
presented in the next chapter, keeping in view the objectives laid for the study.
RESULTS
AND
DISCUSSION
Chapter IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Keeping the focused objectives in view, the empirical evidences, obtained in terms
of factual data, were subjected to appropriate statistical analysis. The findings and their
interpretation are presented in this chapter under the following sub-headings.
4.1 Documentation of the Indian initiatives in agricultural extension system with
reference to Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs)
4.2 Personal profile of the respondents
4.3 ICTs profile of the respondents
4.4 Psychological profile of the respondents
4.5 Attitude of the respondents
4.6 Extent of the use of ICTs
4.7 e-Readiness of the respondents
4.8 Factors affecting attitude, extent of use and e-readiness of agricultural extension
personnel towards the use of ICTs in agricultural extension system
4.9 Problems and suggestions with reference to use of ICTs and the possible strategies
for ICTs in agricultural extension system
4.10 Few cases of ICTs in agricultural extension system
4.1 Documentation of ICTs initiatives in Indian Agricultural Extension System

An effort was made to document the Indian ICTs initiatives with the help of
available secondary data. The information presented in table was taken from various
online sources like website of e-krishi NAIP, NIRD, different individual ICTs initiatives
and offline literature say, books and journals etc. After collecting the secondary data, a
final list on ICTs initiatives in Indian agricultural extension system was prepared in
descending order of chronology.
The table 4.1 has information on various components like, initiative name, year
of initiation, initiator, domain, information mode, status, area and organization.
Table 4.1. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES (ICTs) INITIATIVES IN INDIAN AGRICULTURAL
EXTENSION SYSTEM
S.No. Initiative Name Year of Initiator Domain Information Status Region of Organization
Initiation Mode Country
1. 1KIRAN (Knowledge Information 2012 ICAR Research Complex, Agriculture Internet Active North East Govt. (ICAR)
Repository of Agriculture in the North Barapani and Allied
East)
2. Krishi Vigyan Kendra 2010 Indian Institute of Spice Agriculture Internet, Active South Govt.
Research (IISR), and Allied VSAT
Kozhikode
3. Rice Knowledge Management Portal 2009 DRR, ICAR Agriculture Internet Active India Govt. (ICAR)
4. e-gram Vishwa Gram Project 2009 Govt. of Gujarat Allied Internet Active West Govt.
5. Integrated Citizen Facilitation Centres 2009 Setu Society (an NGO), Allied Internet Active West NGO
(SETU) Maharashtra
6. AGROPEDIA Beta 2009 NAIP Agriculture Internet Active North, West Govt.
7. TNAU Agri Tech Portal & Dynamic 2009 TNAU, Coimbatore Agriculture Internet Active South Govt.
Market Information and Allied
8. e-gram 2009 Govt. of Rajasthan Allied Internet Active North Govt.
9. APOnLine 2008 Govt. of Andhra Pradesh Allied Internet Active South Govt.
10. DSC (Development Support System) 2008 IBM Worldwide Telecom Agriculture Internet Active West Private
Web Group
11. Gram vaani 2008 IIT, Delhi Agriculture Radio. TV, Active West Govt.
and Allied Mobile,
Internet
12. KHETI-A Mobile enables ICT Design 2008 Central IMAP, Madhya Agriculture Mobile, Active West Govt.
Solution for Agriculture Enhancement Pradesh and Allied Internet
13. Nokia Life Tools 2008 Nokia Agriculture Mobile Active India Private
and Allied
14. Entegramam 2008 Govt. of Kerala Agriculture Internet Active South Govt.
and Allied
15. SEEDNET 2008 Ministry of Agriculture Agriculture Internet Active East Govt.
16. Reuters Market Light 2007 Thomson Reuters teamed Agriculture Mobile Active Maharashtra Govt.
up with IvyCap Ventures
Advisors Private Limited
(IvyCap)
17. Sahaj Tathya Mitra: Common Service 2007 SREI infrastructure Agriculture Internet Active East Govt.
Centres finance ltd. and Allied
18. ICT for Empowerment of Women and 2007 DIT, Media Lab Asia and Allied Radio, TV Comp South Govt.
Child Development: Chetna Byyraju foundation leted
19. Agro Sense 2007 Media lab Asia and IIM Agriculture Wireless Comp India Govt.
Kolkata sensor leted
20. Cost Effective solution for 2007 Media lab Asia Agriculture Radio Active East, west, Govt.
Community Radio Station (CRS) and Allied south
21. Kisan Mobile Sandesh 2007 KVK Mandla, JNKVV Agriculture Mobile Active West Govt.
and Allied
22. V-Aqua 2007 Byrajju Foundation Agriculture Internet Active South NGO
and Allied,
Fisheries
23. Sustainable Livelihood Improvement 2006 JIBAN BIKASH (NGO) Agriculture Internet Active East NGO
and Allied,
Animal
Husbandry
24. ICT intervention for Farmers through 2006 Indian Agribusiness Agriculture Internet Active West Govt.
Query Redress Services Systems Private limited and Allied
25. Soochna se Samadhan 2006 LifelineIndia Agriculture Mobile Active North West Govt.
and Allied
26. n-Logue Telecentres 2006 n-logue Communications Agriculture Internet Active South Private
Private and Allied
27. Bhu-Rekha/Land Records Information 2006 Govt. of Kerala Allied Internet Active South Govt.
System
28. Village Information Center 2006 DHAN Foundation Agriculture Internet Active South NGO
(TATA) and Allied
29. Gramin Gyan Kendra 2006 Media Lab Asia and BHU Agriculture Kiosk Active North Govt.
Varanasi and Allied
30. Agri planning in Khasi Hills (VRC) 2006 North east space Agriculture Satellite, Active North East Govt.
application center, and Allied Internet
Meghalaya
31. AGRISNET 2005 Deptt. of Agriculture and Agriculture Internet Active East , South Govt.
Cooperation (DAC), and Allied
Ministry of Agriculture,
GOI
32. Coil-net:A cultural Heritage Digital 2005 Deptt. of IT, Ministry of Allied Internet Active East North Govt.
Library Communications and
Information Technology
(MoCIT), GOI
33. Creating Rural Entrepreneurs through 2005 Development Alternatives Allied Internet Active West North NGO
ICT enabled Enterprise Development (TARAHAAT
Services informational & marketing
services ltd.)
34. e-Krishi/Agri-Buisness centres 2005 Akshaya e-kendra Agriculture Internet Active South NGO
entrepreneurs and Allied
35. Kisan Call Centres 2005 Deptt. of Agriculture& Agriculture Mobile Active India Govt.
Cooperation (DAC),
Govt. of India
36. Kisan Soochna Kendra (KSK) 2005 IIT-Roorkee Agriculture Internet, Active North Govt.
and Allied Mobile
37. Bhu-bharati/The Integrated Land 2005 Govt. of Andhra Pradesh Allied Internet Active South Govt.
Information System (ILIS)
38. India Post-Kisan Soochna Kendra 2005 Jai Kisan Agriculture Internet, Active North Govt.
and Allied Mobile,
Kiosk, TV
VASAT
39. e-Sagu 2004 Media lab Asia and IIIT Agriculture Internet Active India Govt.
Hyderabad
40. Gender Resource Centre (GRC) 2004 Ministry of Agriculture Agriculture Internet Active India Govt.
GOI
41. Vasundhara Vahini (Community 2004 VIIT-Baramati Agriculture Radio Active West Govt.
Radio) and Allied
42. i-Shakti 2004 Unilever Allied Internet Active South Private
43. Rural Knowledge Center (RKC) 2004 Microsoft corporation Agriculture Internet Active East, NGO
India private limited, and Allied South,
NASSCOM (National West
Association of Software
and Services Companies)
Foundation and The
International Crops
Research Institute for
Semi-arid Tropics
(ICRISAT)
44. OSCAR (Open Source Simple 2004 IFP (French institute of Agriculture Internet Active India Private
Computer for Agriculture in Rural Pondicherry)
areas)
45. Samanya Mahiti 2004 A public sector initiative Allied Internet Active South Govt.
of rural Dev and
Panchayati raj Deptt
46. BHOOMI 2004 Govt. of Karrnataka Allied Internet Active South Govt.
47. Tamil-Nilam 2004 Govt. of Tamilnadu Allied Internet Active South Govt.
48. Rajiv Internet Village Program 2004 Govt. of Andhra Pradesh Allied Internet Active South Govt.
49. i-Kisan 2004 Nagarjuna Fertilizer & Agriculture Internet Active North, Govt.
Chemical Limited Group and Allied South
Hyderabad West
50. Pulse Pest Control 2004 IIPR, Kanpur Agriculture Internet Active North Govt.
and Allied
51. Computer on Wheels 2003 Global Catalyst Agriculture Internet Active South Govt.
Foundation and Allied
52. aAqua 2003 Media Lab Asia and IIT Agriculture Internet, Active India Govt
Bombay and Allied, Mobile
Animal
Husbandry
53. AGMARKNET 2003 Deptt. of Marketing & Agriculture Internet Active India Govt.
Inspection (DMI), and Allied
GOI
54. ASHWINI 2003 Media lab Asia and Agriculture Internet Comp South PPP
Byyraju Foundation and Allied leted
55. DACNET (Department of Agriculture 2003 National Information Agriculture Internet Active North, West Govt.
and Cooperation Network) Centre (NIC), Ministry of
Agriculture, Govt. of India
56. Digital Mandi 2003 Media lab Asia and IIT Agriculture Internet Comp India Govt.
Kanpur and Allied leted
57. E-krishi Viapnan 2003 Madhya Pradesh Govt. Agriculture Internet Active West Govt.
and Allied
58. Grasso PCO Project 2003 Grameen Sanchar Society, Agriculture Mobile, Active East Govt.
BSNL and Allied Kiosk
59. Information and Communication 2003 Deptt. of IT GOI (Gachi Allied Internet Comp India Govt.
Technologies for Development bowli) leted
(ICTD): Making ICT Work for People
60. Interlingua Web 2003 Media lab Asia and IIT Agriculture Internet Comp India Govt.
Bombay and Allied leted
61. Jagriti e-Seva 2003 Jagriti (NGO) Agriculture Internet Active North NGO
and Allied
62. Jamset Ji Tata National Academy for 2003 MSSRF (MS Agriculture Internet Active South NGO
Rural Prosperity Swaminathan Research and Allied
Foundation)
63. KISSAN Kerala 2003 Indian Institute of IT and Agriculture Internet Active South Govt.
Management –Kerala and Allied
(IITM-K)
64. Murugappa Group EID Parry 2003 EID parry Agriculture Internet Active South Private
and Allied
65. Society for Andhra Pradesh Network 2003 Deptt. of IT & C, Govt. of Agriculture TV Active West Govt.
(SAPNET) Andhra Pradesh and Allied
66. Tata Kisan Kendra 2003 Tata chemical Agriculture Internet Active North Private
and Allied
67. RASI (Rural Access to Services 2003 FOOD (Foundation of Allied Internet Active South Govt.
through Internet) MAIYAMS Occupational
Development)
68. VASAT Project 2003 ICRISAT Agriculture Internet Active South Govt.
and Allied
69. DHARITREE 2003 NIC Allied Internet Active North East Govt.
70. Parishkaram Call centre 2003 ANGRAU, Agriculture Radio, Active South Govt.
Seethafalmandi, and Allied Mobile
Secunderabad
71. Online Market Information System 2003 Govt. of Meghalaya Agriculture Internet Active North East Govt.
72. e-Arik 2002 Central Agricultural Agriculture Internet Active India Govt.
University, Arunachal and Allied
Pradesh
73. Gyansanchar 2002 CIDA, BSNL, Govt. of Agriculture Internet Active West Govt.
MP and Allied
74. Digital Payment System 2002 Vidya Pratishthan‘s Agriculture Internet Active West Govt.
Institute of Information and Allied
Technology Baramati-
India (Public sector)
75. Community Information Centres 2002 Deptt. of Information Agriculture Internet Active North East Govt.
(CICs) Technology, Ministry of and Allied
Communications &
Information Technology,
GOI
76. HP iCommunity 2002 HP, Govt. of AP Agriculture Internet Active South Govt.
and Allied
77. Swajaldhara 2002 Ministry of Rural Dev Allied Internet Active North Govt.
78. Wireless Internet Post Office 2002 Deptt. of Computer Allied Radio Comp India Govt.
Science & Technology, leted
Delhi
79. Agriwatch Portal 2001 Indian Agribusiness Agriculture Internet Active India Private
systems Pvt. Ltd. (IASL) and Allied
80. ASHA 2001 National Information Agriculture, Internet Active North East Govt.
Centre (Public Sector) Animal,
Husbandry,
Fisheries
81. Chalao Ho Gaon Mein 2001 National Foundation for Allied Radio Active East Govt.
India (NFI)
82. Graphical Mode of Navigation for 2001 IFFCO Agriculture Internet Active North, East, Govt.
IFFCO Kiosks and Allied South, West
83. ISAP India 2001 Deptt. of Science and Agriculture Internet Active West Govt.
Technology and Allied
84. Maha-Agrinet 2001 Govt. of Maharashtra Agriculture Internet Active West Govt
and Allied
85. Krishi Marata Vahini 2001 Govt. of Karnataka Agriculture Internet Active South Govt.
and Allied
86. ATICS 2001 ICAR Agriculture Internet Active India Govt.
and Allied,
Animal
Husbandry,
Fisheries
87. Gyandoot 2000 Govt. of Madhya Pradesh Agriculture Internet Active West Govt.
and Allied
88. FRIENDS 2000 Govt. of Kerala Allied Internet Active South Govt.
89. ITC eChoupal 2000 ITC limited, private Agriculture Internet Active West, North, Private
funding agency (profit and Allied South
sector)
90. Village Information Kiosks, Andhra 2000 MANAGE, Hyderabad Agriculture Internet Comp South Govt.
Pradesh and Allied leted
91. Samaikya Agritech Pvt. Ltd. 2000 A private sector initiative Agriculture Internet Active South Private
with extant cooperative
structure for infrastructure
support
92. Card (Center for Agriculture and 2000 CARD Agriculture Internet Active India Govt.
Rural Development) and Allied
93. Indian Agriculture-A Global 2000 CARD (Centre for Agriculture Internet Active India Govt.
Agriculture and Rural and Allied
Development)
94. IndiaRuralWorld.Com 1999 CoOptions technologies Agriculture Internet Comp South Private
limited and Allied leted
95. Kudumbhashree 1999 Govt. of Kerala Agriculture Internet Active South Govt.
and Allied
96. Online Integrated Computerized 1999 Surat District co-operative Animal Internet Active West Govt.
Systems (OICS) -Sumul Dairy Milk Union Ltd (SUMUL) husbandry
97. Pravara Village IT Project 1999 KVK (Krishi Vikas Agriculture Internet Active West Govt.
(PRAGATI) Kendra) and Allied
98. Bellandur 1999 Gram Panchayat of Allied Internet Active South Govt.
Bangalore
99. Community Radio - 1998 Deccan Development Agriculture Radio Active South Govt.
Deccan Development Society Society (DDS)
100. Swayam Krishi Sangam (SKS) 1998 Swayam Krishi Sangam Allied Internet Active East, South, NGO
Microfinance West
101. Information Village Centers of 1998 MSSRF Agriculture Internet Active South NGO
MSSRF (M.S.Swaminathan and Allied,
Research Foundation) Fisheries
102. Warna Wired Villages Project 1998 Warna co-operative Agriculture Internet Active West NGO
Society and Allied
103. AKASHGANGA 1996 Shree Kamdhenu Animal Internet Active West Private
Electronics Pvt. ltd Husbandry
104. Deccan Development Society - 1996 Deccan Development Agriculture Internet Active South Govt.
Community Genebank Project Society (DDS)
105. Computer Aided Administration of 1996 A wholly owned and Allied Internet Active South Govt.
Registration Department (CARD)- successful public sector
Hyderabad initiative
106. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 1992 NEDFI-R&D Center, Agriculture Agriculture Active North East Govt.
Khetri, Kamrup and Allied and Allied
107. Tamil Nadu Women in Agriculture 1986 Ministry of Agriculture Agriculture Allied Active South Govt.
(TANWA) (GOI) and Allied
108. CRISP (Computerised Rural 1986 NIC Agriculture Internet Active India Govt.
Information System Projects) and Allied
109. Tara Haat – TARA Nirman Kendras 1983 Tara haat Agriculture Internet Active North West NGO
and Allied
110. Tata Kisan Kendras of Tata 1983 Tata Chemical Agriculture Internet Active North Private
Chemicals and Allied
111. Krishi Vigyan Kendra 1983 ICAR Agriculture Internet Active India Govt.
The above sited ICTs initiatives in Indian agricultural extension system shows
that from the last more than two decades Indian government as well as private sector
has made a well-planned and good effort to cater the needs of Indian farmers in all
related areas of agriculture and allied sector through ICTs so that timely information
delivery bring the total development and welfare to the farmers and farm family. There
are so many ICTs projects which are completed or running. These projects used the
blended mode of technology dissemination like use of both traditional as well as
modern technologies. Extension perspective has to be built in to these ICT initiatives, so
that ICTs could be effectively deployed in the extension systems. Towards this end
there is a need to study select ICT projects on different factors influencing the use of
technology in extension activities.
Now there is a need to focus on the long lasting impact of these projects in terms
of what extent these projects have made their dent in clientele life, development,
welfare as an individual and family approach. The lessons learned through the
completed projects should be better utilized for the future growth and development.
There is also need to focus on the issues like sustainability besides active involvement
of the stakeholders, impact on income, family specially women etc. There is also dire
need to cover those emerging areas which are still untouched by these projects and it
can be done successfully by the both public and private sector when they will join hands
together and contribute to the maximum extent instead of working alone.
4.2 Personal Profile of the Respondents
Personal profile of the respondents has the basic information on age, gender,
education, nativity, number of years of service and major job responsibility area. The
same was presented in Table 4.2.
It is clear from the table that slightly more than half (51.67%) of the total
respondents were young followed by middle (28.33%) and old age (20.00%). With
respect to gender, it is evident from the table that about 65 per cent respondents were
male while only about 35 per cent respondents were female. Although the percentage of
male is more in comparison to the female, still the percentage of women, who had
experience in using ICTs, is encouraging. With respect to educational status of the
respondents, majority of them were post-graduate (60.56%) followed by doctorates
(21.11%) and graduates (18.33%). The percentage of the graduate respondents in the
present study was high in State Department of Agriculture. Not a single respondent
from Research and Development (R&D) and private sector was belonged to graduate
category because either post-graduation or the doctorate was the minimum educational
criteria for R&D and private sector to enter into the job. In the area of nativity, majority
(36.11%) of the respondents belonged to urban area followed by rural (32.78%) and
semi-urban (31.11%). Numbers of years of service was categorized as low, medium
and high. Majority of the respondents fall into low category of years of service
(59.44%) followed by medium (22.22%) and high (18.33%). The low percentage of
number of years of service might be due to the reason that majority of the respondents
belonged to the young age category. The major job responsibility area was the area
where the respondent was giving their services to a major portion. It was categorized as
extension, research, training and the administration. From the table, it is clear that
majority (70.00%) of respondents belonged to the area of extension as the major job
responsibility followed by research (13.33%), training (11.11%) and administration
(05.56%).
Thus it could be concluded from the table 4.2 that majority of the respondents
were young, male, post graduate, belong to urban area, falling into low category of
service and extension as the major job responsibility area.
Table 4.2 also gives the detailed in depth information on the personal profile of
the respondents belonging to R&D, SDA and Private sector.
Table 4.2. Personal profile of the respondents working in R&D, SDA and Private sector

S.No. Characteristics Category
(n=60) (n=60) (n=60) (N=180)
1. Young 18 (30.00) 36 (60.00) 39 (65.00) 93 (51.67)
Age Middle 20 (33.33) 13 (21.67) 18 (30.00) 51 (28.33)
Old 22 (36.67) 11 (18.33) 03 (05.00) 36 (20.00)
2. Male 39 (65.00) 36 (60.00) 41 (68.33) 116 (64.44)
Gender
Female 21 (35.00) 24 (40.00) 19 (31.67) 64 (35.56)
3. Graduate 00 (00.00) 33 (55.00) 00 (00.00) 33 (18.33)
Education Post graduate 25 (41.67) 27 (45.00) 57 (95.00) 109 (60.56)
Doctorate 35 (58.33) 00 (00.00) 03 (05.00) 38 (21.11)
4. Rural 22 (36.67) 25 (41.67) 12 (20.00) 59 (32.78)
Nativity Semi-urban 16 (26.67) 17 (28.33) 23 (38.33) 56 (31.11)
Urban 22 (36.67) 18 (30.00) 25 (41.67) 65 (36.11)
5. Low (less than 5 years) 31 (51.67) 40 (66.67) 36 (60.00) 107 (59.44)
No. of years of Service Middle (5 to 10 years) 14 (23.33) 13 (21.67) 13 (21.67) 40 (22.22)
High (more than 10 years) 15 (25.00) 07 (11.67) 11 (18.33) 33 (18.33)
6. Extension 32 (53.33) 53 (88.33) 41 (68.33) 126 (70.00)
Research 14 (23.33) 00 (00.00) 10 (16.67) 24 (13.33)
Major job responsibility area
Training 11 (18.33) 00 (00.00) 09 (15.00) 20 (11.11)
Administration 03 (05.00) 07 (11.67) 00 (00.00) 10 (05.56)
Figures in parentheses indicate percentage
91
Fig 4.1. Distribution of respondents as per Age
Fig 4.2. Distribution of respondents as per Gender

92
Fig 4.3. Distribution of respondents as per Nativity
Fig 4.4. Distribution of respondents as per Number of Years of Service

Fig 4.5. Distribution of respondents as per Major Job responsibility
area
Fig 4.6. Distribution of respondents as per Possession of Smart Gadgets

It could be seen from the table 4.2 that from the R&D sector, majority (36.37%)
of the respondents were of old age followed by middle (33.33%) and young (30.00%)
whereas in SDA, majority of the respondents belong to young age (60.00%) followed
by middle (21.67%) and old age (18.33%). The same trend was observed in private
sector i.e. majority of the respondents (65.00%) were young followed by middle
(30.00%) and old age (05.00%).
With respect to Gender, near about the same trend was found in R&D sector,
SDA and private sector. Majority (65.00%) of respondents from R&D sector were male
followed by female (35.00%). In SDA, the majority of the respondents were male
(60.00%) followed by female (40.00%). About 69 per cent respondents were male
followed by female (31.67%) from private sector. It is evident that the percentage of
women taken for study was more in R&D and SDA in comparison to private sector. The
reason behind this difference might be due to more work specialization focus in R&D
and SDA in comparison to private sector.
The educational status of the respondents shows that majority (58.33%) of the
R&D sector respondents were doctorate followed by post-graduate (41.67%). Not a
single respondent was graduate. The reason of absence of graduate respondents is the
minimum essential educational level of entry to the occupation was post-graduation. In
SDA, a slightly more than half of the respondents were graduate (55.00%) followed by
post-graduate (45.00%). Not a single respondent from SDA was doctorate. The reason
might be that the minimum essential qualification to entry into the SDA is graduation,
so the higher education is not seen in comparison to R&D and private sector. In private
sector also, majority of respondents was post-graduate (95.00%) followed by doctorate
(05.00%). Not a single respondent was found graduate in private sector as well as in
R&D sector.
With respect to nativity, it is clear from the table that an equal number of R&D
sector respondents was belonged to rural (36.67%) and urban areas (36.67%) followed
by semi-urban area (26.67%) whereas majority (41.67%) of the SDA respondents hailed
from rural areas followed by urban (30.00%) and semi-urban (38.33%). In private
sector majority (41.67%) of the respondents were belonged to urban areas followed by
semi urban (28.33%) and rural areas (20.00%).
With regard to number of years of service from R&D sector, a slightly higher
than half of the respondents (51.56%) were belonged to low years of service followed
by high (25.00%) and middle (23.33%). About 67 per cent respondents from SDA were
falling into low category of number of years of service followed by middle (21.67%)
and high (11.67%). From private sector 60 per cent respondents were belonging to low
years of service followed by middle (21.67%) and high (18.33%).
In R & D sector, majority (53.33%) of the respondents were involved in
extension followed by research (23.33%), training (18.33%) and administration
(05.00%). About 89 per cent respondents from SDA sector were involved in extension
followed by 12 per cent respondent‘s major job area was administration. Not a single
respondent from SDA was involved in either research or training as major job
responsibility. About 69 per cent respondents from private sector were involved in
extension followed by research (16.67%) and training (15.00%). Not a single
respondent was in administration side of the job. The present research findings are
supported by Hedjazi et al. (2006), Adesope et al. (2007) and Kiran (2007).
So, it could be summarized from the table that in R&D sector, majority of the
respondents were old, male, doctorate, hailing from both rural and urban areas, have
less experience in job and extension was the major job responsibility. From SDA,
majority of the respondents were young, male, graduate, hailing from rural areas, fall
into low category of number of years of service and extension was the major job
responsibility. From private sector also, majority of the private sector respondents were
young, male, post graduate, hailing from urban areas, have less years of service and
extension was the major job responsibility.
4.3 ICTs Profile of the Respondents
ICTs profile of the respondents has detailed information on possession of
smart gadgets (ICTs), sources of awareness about ICTs, perceived attributes of ICTs,
utility of ICTs in extension, methods of learning ICTs skills and trainings received.
4.3.1 Possession of Smart Gadgets (ICTs)
Table 4.3 gives the picture of possession of smart gadgets (ICTs) by the
respondents. It is clearly evident from the table that majority (82.22%) of the
respondents have personal computer/laptop. About 69 per cent of the respondents have
personal computer/laptop with internet connection. Cent percent respondents have the
mobile phone while a little less than half of the respondents (45.56%) have smart phone.
It is also interesting finding that until possession of smart phone is not much but use of
internet in mobile phone/smart phone (46.67%) is a welcoming effort. It shows that
regardless of type of mobile like smart phone/mobile phone, the internet use percentage
is good among the respondents.
So, it can be concluded from the above table that the respondents have better
possession of smart gadgets (ICTs) at their personal level with internet facility. This
trend can be better utilize in future to train the extension personnel on use of ICTs in
transfer of technology, especially through mobiles, which they have at their own level.
The research findings are supported with Frempong et al. (2006).
Table 4.3. Distribution of Respondents according to possession of Smart Gadgets

(ICTs)
N=180
S.No. Smart Gadgets Frequency Percentage

1. Personal computer / Laptop 148 82.22
2. Personal computer/ Laptop with internet
123 68.33
connection
3. Mobile phone 180 100.00
4. Smart phone 82 45.56
5. Mobile phone/Smart phone with internet facility 84 46.67
Fig 4.7. Distribution of respondents as per Possession of Smart Gadgets
4.3.1.1 Categorization of respondents with regard to possession of Smart
Gadgets
Table 4.4 highlights the categorization of the total respondents into low, medium
and high category with regard to possession of smart gadgets. It is clear from the table
that 30 per cent respondents were belonging to high category of possession of smart
gadgets followed by medium (41.11%) and low (28.89%). In summary, it can be
inferred that majority of the respondents have sufficient possession of smart gadgets at
their personal level. It shows that extension personnel have availability of modern/smart
gadgets. The concern should be on proper use of the smart gadgets.
Table 4.4. Categorization of respondents with regard to possession of Smart Gadgets

(ICTs)
N=180
S.No. Category Frequency Percentage

1. Low (4 to 6) 52 28.89
2. Medium (7 to 9) 74 41.11
3. High (10 to 12) 54 30.00
4.3.12 Possession of Smart Gadgets by respondents working in R&D, SDA

and Private sectors
Table 4.5 is further detailed explanation of table 4.4. In the present table
possession of smart gadgets (ICTs) was shown sector wise. The table shows that about
93 per cent of R&D sector respondents and 90 per cent private sector respondents have
personnel computers/laptop while only 63 per cent SDA respondents have personal
computers/laptops. About 84 per cent R&D sector respondents and about 79 per cent
private sector respondents have personal computer/laptop with internet connection
whereas much less than half (43.33%) of the SDA respondents have personnel
computer/laptop with internet connection. Cent per cent respondents from all the three
sectors have mobile phones. With respect to smart phone possession, 65 per cent private
sector respondents have smart phones, followed by 45 per cent SDA respondents and
about 27 per cent R&D sector respondents possess smart phone. With the use of internet
in mobile phone/smart phone, it is encouraging finding that about 47 per cent R&D
sector respondents, about 37 per cent SDA respondents and about 57 per cent
respondents have internet connection to their mobile phones. This opportunity can be
better utilize to train extension personnel at their time and pace. Also it could be evident
from the table that although SDA sector employees does not possess computer/laptop at
personnel level but they are using mobiles/smart phone with internet facility. This trend
is showing the very good possibility of capacity building of SDA sector extension
personnel through mobiles/smart phones at their ease level, time and pace to speed up
the technology transfer skills and knowledge.
In conclusion, the study revealed a good picture of ICTs possession by the
respondents at their personal level. Now the efforts of the policy makers or the
administrators should be on the idea how to utilize these available ICTs tools for the
betterment of the extension personnel working at the field level.
Table 4.5. Distribution of respondents working in R&D, SDA and Private sectors
according to possession of Smart Gadgets
R&D SDA Private

S.No. Smart Gadgets (ICTs)
(n=60) (n=60) (n=60)
1. Personal computer / Laptop 56 (93.33) 38 (63.33) 54 (90.00)
2. Personal computer/ Laptop with
50 (83.33) 26 (43.33) 47 (78.33)
internet connection
3. Mobile phone 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00)
4. Smart phone 16 (26.67) 27 (45.00) 39 (65.00)
5. Mobile phone/Smart phone with
28 (46.67) 22 (36.67) 34 (56.67)
internet facility
4.3.1.3 Categorization of respondents with regard to possession of smart

gadgets (ICTs)
Tables 4.6 gives the clear picture of categorization of respondents on the basis of
possession of smart gadgets (ICTs). It is clear from the table that half (50.00%) of the
R&D sector respondents were belonging to medium category followed by high
(30.00%) and low (20.00%). With regard to SDA sector respondents, majority (53.33%)
were hailing from low category followed medium (33.33%) and high (13.33%) whereas
about 47 per cent private sector respondents were belonging to high category followed
by medium (40.00%) and low (13.33%).
Table 4.6. Categorization of R&D Sector, SDA and Private sector respondents
based on possession of Smart Gadgets (ICTs)
S.No. Respondent Category Frequency Percentage

Category
4. R& D Low (5 to 6) 12 20.00
Medium (7 to 8) 30 50.00
High (9 to 10) 18 30.00
5. SDA Low (4 to 5) 32 53.33
Medium (6 to 7) 20 33.33
High (8 to 9) 08 13.33
6. Private Low (6 to 7) 08 13.33
Medium (8 to 9) 24 40.00
High (10 to 11) 28 46.67
It could be inferred from the above results that possession of smart gadgets is far
better in R&D and private sector in comparison to the SDA sector. The reason of low
availability of the smart gadgets (ICTs) in SDA in comparison to R & D and private
sector may be due to less awareness on the importance of ICTs in agricultural extension
system, policy matter and budget allocation. Although, it is also necessary to know that
which type of smart gadgets possession is more in which sector because the possession
of smart gadgets is also affected by the need and use. In near future use of android
based mobile application (mobile apps) that will be evident in R&D and private sector
however SDA department has to take some initiative to make sure that extension
professional will possess smart gadgets. So it is no longer going to be a question of
possessing mobile or not instead it is going to be a ways of possessing the smart gadgets
that allow extension professional to download and make use of mobile applications.
4.3.2 Sources of awareness about ICTs
Table 4.7 highlights the information on sources of awareness about ICTs by the
respondents. It is clear from the table that about 94 per cent respondents have awareness
about ICTs through interpersonal communication channels like family members, friends
and colleagues followed by mass media channels (84.44%) like
newspaper/magazines/books etc., trainings (81.67%) and internet (57.78%). It could be
seen from the table that slightly more than half of the respondents (57.78%) had
undergone trainings on ICTs. There is also an interesting finding that internet itself is a
good source of awareness about ICTs which will further can be utilized for the above
said purpose. Authentic sources for authentic information are the critical factor which
needs attention when awareness is created for ICTs. It should be also important to
notice that interpersonal sources are still a good source of information on ICTs besides
mass media sources whereas trainings as sources of information about ICTs are far
lagging behind. So, it should be priority of the respective departments or the policy
makers to update and make aware respondents about ICTs through trainings also so that
they can get working practical knowledge on ICTs. However it is very difficult to
delineate the contribution of each of the sources of information about ICTs.
Table 4.7. Distribution of Respondents according to sources of awareness about

ICTs
N=180
S.No. Source of Information Frequency Percentage

1. Interpersonal communication (Family members,
169 93.89
Friends/Colleagues)
2. Mass media (Newspaper /Magazines/Books,
152 84.44
Office/Institution etc.)
3. Trainings 104 57.78
4. Internet 147 81.67
Fig 4.8. Distribution of respondents as per Sources of Information
4.3.2.1 Sources of Awareness about ICTs by the respondents working in
R&D sector, SDA and Private sectors
Table 4.8 shows the sector wise sources of awareness about ICTs. With reference
to R&D sector respondents, majority (93.33%) of the respondents have awareness about
ICTs through interpersonal communication channels followed by internet (88.33%),
mass media (80.00%) and trainings (63.33%) whereas SDA respondents have
interpersonal channel of communication (96.67%) as the major source of awareness
about ICTs followed by mass media (83.33%), internet (71.67%) and trainings
(33.33%). About 92 per cent private sector respondents got awareness through
interpersonal channel of communication followed by mass media channels (90.00%),
internet (85.00%) and trainings (76.67%).
It was also evident from the table that with respect to training on ICTs (sources
of awareness on ICTs), SDA is far lagging behind (33.33%) in comparison to R&D
sector (63.33%). The private sector was far better in the areas of training (76.67%) on
ICTs in comparison to R&D sector and SDA. The reason might be, in private sector,
respondents are getting specific training immediately after entering to job and also
getting trained time to time to perform better in the respective job. So there is a need to
train the extension personnel especially from SDA sector and R&D Sector, from time to
time on ICTs.
It could be also implied from the Table 4.8 that R&D sector respondents are
utilizing the interpersonal sources, mass media, internet and trainings as an effective
sources of awareness on ICTs. The same trend was also find with private sector
respondents i.e., interpersonal channels ranked first as sources of awareness on ICTs
followed by mass media channels, internet and trainings. To sum up, it might be
interpreted that interpersonal channel of communication along with mass media is still a
good source of awareness about the ICTs to the respondents. Administrators should
consider interpersonal channel of communication, as the effective and widely accepted
channel of information by the respondents and plan the programmes accordingly for the
capacity building programmes for extension personnel for effective transfer of
technology and should promote the trainings on ICTs.
Table 4.8. Distribution of respondents working in R&D, SDA and Private sectors
according to Sources of Awareness about ICTs
SDA Private
S.No. Source of Information R&D (n=60)
(n=60) (n=60)
1. Interpersonal communication (Family
56 (93.33) 58 (96.67) 55 (91.67)
members, Friends/Colleagues)
2. Mass media (Newspaper
/Magazines/Books, Office/Institution 48 (80.00) 50 (83.33) 54 (90.00)
etc.)
3. Trainings 38 (63.33) 20 (33.33) 46 (76.67)
4. Internet 53 (88.33) 43 (71.67) 51 (85.00)
4.3.3 Perceived Attributes of ICTs
An effort was made to know about the perceived attributes of the ICTs by the
respondents. These attributes were made as per the attributes of innovation suggested by
Rogers. The attributes were categorized into six attributes of innovation i.e., relative
advantage, complexity, compatibility, trialability, observability and predictability and
measured with the help of appropriate indicators.
Time saving was seen as the most preferable attribute of ICTs under Relative
advantage. Cent percent respondents agreed that time saving was one of the important
attributes of the ICTs followed by informative (99.44%), economical (97.78%) as it
reaches to more number of beneficiaries within a short time at same time, no time
limitation (90.00%) to utilize it, up to date (96.67%), easy to use (86.11%) and social
recognition (83.33%). Thus the relative advantage of ICTs shows that ICTs are
advantageous technologies in terms of time saving, economic, information rich,
easiness etc. in the field of extension. When a technology is introduced, the cost and
time are the two important factors which effects the adoption and performance of the
technology/innovation. The data shows that ICTs are time saving and economical as
they are capable to reach a large number of beneficiaries at a short time span at the
same time and thus economical also.
Complexity is inversely related to adoption of the innovation/technology. If the
innovation/technology is complex, the adoption rate will be slow. In the present study,
complexity of ICTs was measured with the help of four indicators. More than three
fourth (96.11%) respondents opined that to handle the ICTs, skills are much needed and
lack of the skills will affect its usage and adoption by the respondents. Majority of the
respondents perceived that ICTs are difficult to maintain (61.11%), learn and handle
(47.78%) and understand (40.56%). Difficult to understand is related to lack of skills
and expertise, so by providing the trainings on the skills, use of ICTs can be improved.
An innovation/technology can be adopted only when it is compatible with the
social system. Compatibility was studied on the parameters like applicability, social,
cultural and language barriers. The table shows that adopting ICTs have no applicability
barriers irrespective of social discrimination (91.11%) followed by no social barriers
(91.11%), no cultural barriers (88.89%) and no language barriers (76.67%). The only
important first and foremost point to be remembered with the use of ICTs is that the
content developed should be in local language and content should be customized.
Adoption of a technology in any social system is affected, until and unless an
innovation/technology can be tried on limited basis. There were two parameters in
trialability attribute of the innovation. Near about the same percentage of the
respondents agreed that ICTs can be tried on without purchasing (90.56%) and ease in
trying (91.11%). This feature is really good indicator in adoption and use of ICTs.
The positive results/effects of an innovation/technology boosts up the
technology adoption. Same is true with the ICTs also. Like immediate feedback
(95.56%) in the use of ICTs is a major parameter under observability attribute followed
by providing accurate information (96.11%).
The last attribute of ICTs were measured on the Predictability. It is good to see
from the table that near about a same percentage of respondents agreed with the
predictable quality of ICTs in terms of impacts (96.11%), results (96.67%) and future
needs (97.22%).
Thus it could be concluded from the table 4.9 that ICTs have all the required
attributes of an innovation say, more relative advantage, more compatible with social
system, good observability, sufficient trialability, easy predictability and low
complexity. Now on the basis of its perceived attributes the focus should be on to
promote the use of ICTs in agricultural extension system.
The results and discussions pertaining to perceived attributes of ICTs technology
per se. when we take into consideration different applications, services and other utility
of ICTs the perception of the respondents would have been much more favourable
compare to results obtained in the study.
Table. 4.9. Perceived Attributes of ICTs
N=180
Respondents
Perceived
S.No. Components Total R&D SDA Private
Attributes
(N=180) (n=60) (n=60) (n=60)
1. i. Time saving 180 (100.00) 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00)
ii. Economical as to reach many people at a time 176 (97.78) 59 (98.33) 57 (95.00) 60 (100.00)
iii. Informative 179 (99.44) 59 (98.33) 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00)
iv. Relative No Time limitation (24x7 service) 162 (90.00) 57 (95.00) 45 (75.00) 60 (100.00)
v. advantage Low investment 29 (16.11) 16 (08.89) 13 (07.22) 00 (00.00)
vi. Upto date 174 (96.67) 57 (95.00) 57 (95.00) 60 (100.00)
vii. Easy to use 155 (86.11) 47 (78.33) 48 (80.00) 60 (100.00)
viii. Social recognition 150 (83.33) 48 (80.00) 42 (70.00) 60 (100.00)
2. i. Needs skills and expertise 173 (96.11) 55 (91.67) 58 (96.67) 60 (100.00)
ii. Difficult to learn and handle 86 (47.78) 25 (41.67) 38 (63.33) 23 (38.33)
Complexity
iii. Difficult to maintain 110 (61.11) 35 (58.33) 45 (75.00) 30 (50.00)
iv. Difficult to understand 73 (40.56) 22 (36.67) 35 (58.33) 16 (26.67)
3. i. Applicable to all beneficiaries without any
164 (91.11) 54 (90.00) 50 (83.33) 60 (100.00)
Compatibility social discrimination
ii. No Language barriers 138 (76.67) 29 (48.33) 49 (81.67) 60 (100.00)
iii. No cultural barriers 160 (88.89) 56 (93.33) 44 (73.33) 60 (100.00)
iv. No social barriers 164 (91.11) 54 (90.00) 50 (83.33) 60 (100.00)
4. i. Try even without purchasing 163 (90.56) 45 (75.00) 58 (96.67) 60 (100.00)
Trialability
ii. Ease in trying majority of features 164 (91.11) 47 (78.33) 57 (95.00) 60 (100.00)
5. i. Immediate feedback 172 (95.56) 55 (91.67) 57 (95.00) 60 (100.00)
Observability
ii. Gives accurate information most of the times 173 (96.11) 54 (90.00) 59 (98.33) 60 (100.00)
6. i. Impacts (both positive and negative) may
173 (96.11) 56 (93.33) 57 (95.00) 60 (100.00)
predictable easily
ii. Predictability Results may easily predictable 174 (96.67) 56 (93.33) 58 (96.67) 60 (100.00)
iii. Future needs, due to impact of ICTs, can be
175 (97.22) 58 (96.67) 57 (95.00) 60 (100.00)
identified
The above table can also be elaborated in terms of the exhaustive information on
attributes of ICTs by respondents working in different sectors (R&D, SDA and Private
sector).
Cent per cent respondents from R&D opined that with respect to relative advantage,
ICTs are time saving followed by economical (98.33%), informative (98.33%), upto date
(95.00%), 24 hour availability (95.00%), low investment (08.89%), upto date (95.00%),
easy to use (78.33%) and social recognition (80.00%). Complexity was measured on five
issues. Near about 92 per cent respondents agreed that ICTs needs skills and expertise for
use followed difficult to maintain (58.33%), difficult to learn and handle (41.67%) and
difficult to understand (36.67%). It can be explain from the complexity attribute that
majority of the respondents are not feeling any complexity while learning and handling.
The only issue which needs attention with complex nature of ICTs is it demand skills and
expertise which can be mitigated with providing proper regular trainings to its various
users. With reference to compatibility of the ICTs, a same percentage of the respondents
(90.00%) agreed that ICTs have no social barriers and applicable in all beneficiaries
regardless any social discrimination in use followed by no cultural barriers (93.33%) and no
Language barriers (48.33%). Near about a same percentage of respondents have their
positive opinion towards trialability attribute of ICTs. About 79 per cent respondents said
that ICTs has ease in trying majority of features and try even without purchasing (75.00%).
This attribute may be better utilized whenever anyone wants to implement any new
technology/ICT at the grass root level. Accurate information (90.00%) and immediate
feedback (91.67%) fulfills the criteria of observability attribute of ICTs. Predictability
attribute was measured on three criteria. The information shows that about 97 per cent
respondents agreed that future needs, due to impact of ICTs, can be identified followed by
results may easily predictable (93.33%) and impacts (both positive and negative) may
predictable easily (93.33%).
SDA sector respondents also opined positive with the attributes of innovation. Cent
percent respondents agreed that ICTs have positive relative advantage in terms of time
saving (100.00%), informative (100.00%), up to date (95.00%), economical (95.00%), easy
to use (80.00%), social recognition (70.00%) and no time limitation to use (75.00%). About
97 per cent respondents agreed that ICTs needs skills and expertise to use ICTs, difficult to
learn and handle (63.33%), difficult to maintain (75.00%) and difficult to understand
(58.33%). A same percentage of respondents (83.33%) agreed that ICTs are compatible
with applicability to all beneficiaries with no social barriers (83.33%), no language barriers
(81.67%) and no cultural barriers (73.33%). Near about a same percentage of respondents
agreed that ICTs have positive trialability in terms of try even without purchasing (96.67%)
and ease in trying majority of the features (95.00%). About 98 per cent respondents agree
that ICTs gives accurate information most of the times followed by immediate feedback
(95.00%). Easily predictable impacts (95.00%), future needs identification (95.00%) and
easily predictable results (96.67%) shows the positive predictable attributes of the ICTs.
Cent per cent respondents from the private sector opined that ICTs have relative
advantage attributes in terms of time saving followed by economical, informative, up to
date and easy to use. A same percentage of respondents (100.00%) agreed that initial
investment is high followed by needs skills and expertise. Half of the respondents agreed
that ICTs are difficult to maintain followed by difficult to learn and handle (38.33%) and
difficult to use (26.67%). Cent per cent respondents agreed that ICTs have positive
compatibility, good trialability, observability and predictability. In sum up, it could be
predicted from the above table that respondents have perceived the attributes of ICTs in a
positive way. The findings are in line with the study of Noor Sharifah (2006), Deraman and
Samsul (2000), Meso et al. (2005), Laudon and Laudon (2000), Ongori, (2009) and Hassan
et al. (2011).
4.3.3.1 Categorization of respondents as per the perceived attributes of ICTs
Categorization of respondents on the basis of perceived attributes of ICTs is presented
in the following table 4.10. It can be evident from the table that majority of the respondents
(53.33%) were belonged high category of perceived attributes followed by medium
(38.89%) and low (07.78%). With respect to R&D sector, 60 per cent respondents belonged
to high category followed by medium (36.67%) and low (03.33%). About 49 per cent SDA
sector respondents were belonged to medium category followed by high (35.00%) and low
(16.67%). 65 per cent private sector respondents belonged to high category followed by
medium (31.67%) and low (03.33%). It shows that majority of the R&D sector respondents
and private sector respondents have high degree of perceived attributes of innovations
whereas majority of the SDA sector respondents are falling into medium degree of
perceived attributes of innovations. The reason of this finding may be because SDA sector
respondents have less hands on experience on trainings.
Table 4.10. Categorization of respondents working in R&D, SDA and private sector
as per the perceived attributes of ICTs
S.No. Respondent category Category Frequency Percentage

1. R&D Low (32 to 36) 02 03.33
Medium (37 to 41) 22 36.67
High (42 to 46) 36 60.00
2. SDA Low (30 to 34) 10 16.67
Medium (35 to 39) 29 48.33
High (40 to 44) 21 35.00
3. Private Low (38 to 40) 02 03.33
Medium (41 to 43) 19 31.67
High (44 to 46) 39 65.00
4. Total Low (30 to 34) 14 07.78
Medium (35 to 39) 70 38.89
High (40 to 44) 96 53.33
4.3.4 Utility of ICTs in Extension

An effort was made to know about the basic information on what are the ICTs tools
which are used and useful in agricultural extension system. A list of ICTs tools was
prepared with possible areas where ICTs may be used. From the below table it can be
understand that the use of ICTs tools depends on the purposes and organizational work
priority i.e., research, extension or teaching. The use of ICTs tools may be from the
planning to final transfer of the technology. However this is a primitive work regarding
utility of ICTs in extension and more in depth work is needed in future.
Table 4.11 shows the detailed scenario of utility of ICTs tools in extension. All the
listed ICTs tools were perceived useful by all respondents. The only difference was the
utility of particular tool with the particular use. For easy understanding ICTs tools were
classified into audio visual aids, telecommunication facilities, computer networks,
computer software and other specific tools. It can be concluded from the table that majority
of the ICTs tools are useful in transfer of technology except few like Satellite Tele
Communication, Internet, intranet, Spreadsheets, Learning Management System (LMS),
Global Positioning System (GPS) units/Geographical Information System, Statistical
Package for Social System and Decision Support System. As in general the use of more
sophisticated and advance form of ICTs is associated with complex nature of
extension/technology dissemination system. The use of online social networking sites for
various extension activities is still very less. The reason of this may be personnel are
unaware about the diverse and innovative use of online social networking in agricultural
extension system besides its entertainment purpose uses.
Table 4.11. Utility of ICTs in Extension as perceived by the respondents
N=180
Purpose of Utility
S.No. ICTs Technologies Useful
P I E M F GM GD FV FM A Ex D L C T TOT
1. Audio-visual Systems
i. Television sets 180 34 93 56 23 42 62 56 69 81 91 139 96 72 69 173 167
(100.0 (18.8 (51. (31. (12. (23. (34.4 (31.1 (38. (45.0 (50. (72. (53. (40. (38. (96. (92.7
0) 9) 67) 11) 78) 33) 4) 1) 33) 0) 56) 220 33) 00) 33) 11) 8)
ii. Radio 180 23 79 56 34 69 72 72 52 79 132 21 83 42 21 94 174
(100.0 (12.7 (43. (31. (18. (38. (40.0 (40.0 (28. (43.8 (73. (11. (46. (23. (11. (52. (96.6
0) 8) 89) 11) 89) 33) 0) 0) 89) 9) 33) 67) 11) 33) 67) 22) 7)
2. Telecommunication facilities
i. Telephone 180 69 74 112 103 149 21 11 120 69 180( 62 11 42 11 162 180
(100.0 (38.3 (41. (62. 957. (82. (11.6 (06.1 (66. (38.3 100. (34. (06. (23. (06. (90. (100.
0) 3) 11) 22) 22) 78) 7) 1) 67) 3) 00) 44) 11) 33) 11) 00) 00)
ii. Satellite Tele 180 82 64 82 110 45 52 43 63 83 156 151 162 172 132 65 94
Communication (100.0 (45.5 (35. (45. (61. (25. (28.8 (23.8 (35. (46.1 (86. (83. (90. (95. (73. (36. (52.2
0) 6) 56) 56) 11) 00) 9) 9) 00) 1) 67) 89) 00) 55) 33) 11) 2)
iii. Video Conferencing 180 93 126 106 168 180 110 102 00 93 78 52 174 173 169 162 157
(100.0 (51.6 (70. (58. (93. (100 (61.1 (56.6 (00. (51.6 (43. (28. (96. (96. (93. (90. (82.2
0) 7) 00) 89) 33) .00) 1) 7) 00) 7) 33) 89) 67) 11) 89) 00) 2)
iv. Tele Conferencing 180 70 103 106 168 180 110 102 00 93 78 52 174 173 169 121 145
(100.0 (38.8 (57. (58. (93. (100 (61.1 (56.6 (00. (51.6 (43. (28. (96. (96. (93. (67. (80.5
0) 9) 22) 89) 33) .00) 1) 7) 00) 7) 33) 89) 67) 11) 89) 22) 6)
v. Digital Camera 180 91 52 156 162 69 180 180 180 162 180 93 78 92 62 82 175
(100.0 (50.5 (28. (86. (90. (38. (100. (100. (100 (90.0 (100 (51. (43. (51. (34. (45. (97.2
0) 6) 89) 67) 00) 33) 00) 00) .00) 0) .00) 67) 33) 11) 44) 56) 2)
vi. Video Camera 180 89 68 156 162 69 180 180 180 162 180( 93 78 92 62 142 134
(100.0 (49.4 (37. (86. (90. (38. (100. (100. (100 (90.0 100. (51. (43. (51. (34. (78. (74.4
0) 4) 78) 67) 00) 33) 00) 00) .00) 0) 00) 67) 33) 11) 44) 89) 4)
3. Computer Electronic/ Communication networks
i. Internet 180 173 89 83 78 149 145 162 00 136 139 90 145 52 67 42 89
(100.0 (96.1 (49. (46. (43. (82. (80.5 (90.0 (00. (75.5 (77. (50. (80. (28. (37. (23. (49.4
0) 1) 44) 11) 33) 78) 6) 0) 00) 6) 22) 00) 56) 89) 22) 33) 4)
ii. Search engines 180 168 110 83 78 149 145 162 00 136 139 72 145 77 67 51 102
(100.0 (93.3 (61. (46. (43. (82. (80.5 (90.0 (00. (75.5 (77. (40. (80. (42. (37. 928. (56.6
0) 3) 11) 11) 33) 78) 6) 0) 00) 6) 22) 00) 56) 78) 22) 33) 7)
iii. Email 180 152 127 32 42 115 00 00 00 00 113 00 00 64 132 63 134

(100.0 (84.4 (70. (17. (23. (63. (00.0 (00.0 (00. (00.0 (62. (00. (00. (35. (73. (35. (74.4
0) 4) 56) 78) 33) 89) 0) 0) 00) 0) 78) 00) 00) 56) 33) 00) 4)
iv. Intranet 180 38 57 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 67 00 78 56 56 82
(100.0 (21.1 (31. (00. (00. (00. (00.0 (00.0 (00. (00.0 (00. (37. (00. (43. (31. (31. (45.5
0) 1) 67) 00) 00) 00) 0) 0) 00) 0) 00) 22) 00) 33) 11) 11) 6)
4. Computer software
i. Spreadsheets 180 59 45 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 63 23 31 34
(100.0 (32.7 (25. (00. (00. (00. (00.0 (00.0 (00. (00.0 (00. (00. (00. (35. (12. (17. (18.8
0) 8) 00) 00) 00) 00) 0) 0) 00) 0) 00) 00) 00) 00) 78) 22) 9)
5. Community Radio/Farm 180 32 61 52 68 92 123 76 12 65 52 35 134 36 67 112 135
Radio (100.0 (17.7 (33. (28. (37. (51. (68.3 (42.2 (6.6 (36.1 (28. (19. (74. (20. (37. (62. (75.0
0) 8) 89) 89) 78) 11) 3) 20 7) 1) 89) 44) 44) 00) 22) 22) 0)
6. Specific Knowledge Portals 180 79 93 12 54 83 134 156 00 127 162 135 162 128 139 153 161
(Rice Doctor, Honey bee, (100.0 (43.8 (51. (6.6 (30. (46. (74.4 (86.6 (00. (70.5 (90. (75. (90. (71. (77. (85. (89.4
RKMP, AGMARKNET, 0) 9) 67) 7) 00) 11) 4) 7) 00) 6) 00) 00) 00) 11) 22) 00) 4)
Digital Mandi, e-Sagu etc.)
7. Mobile telephony ( Mobile 180 69 83 78 53 104 156 23 65 163 175 11 00 83 00 172 180
SMS, Mobile learning) (100.0 (38.3 (46. (43. (29. (57. (86.6 (12.7 (36. (90.5 (97. (06. (00. (46. (00. (95. (100.
0) 3) 11) 33) 44) 78) 8) 8) 11) 6) 22) 11) 00) 11) 00) 56) 00)
8. Landline 180 52 89 56 56 180 34 52 00 67 129 134 12 00 00 180 180
(100.0 (28.8 (49. (31. (31. (100 (18.8 (28.8 (00. (37.2 (71. (74. (06. (00. (00. (100 (100.
0) 9) 44) 11) 11) .00) 9) 9) 00) 2) 67) 44) 67) 00) 00) .00) 00)
9. Farmers Call Centre 180 79 112 78 93 180 62 00 00 00 156 00 00 00 00 180 180
(100.0 (43.8 (62. (43. (51. (100 (34.4 (00.0 (00. (00.0 (86. (00. (00. (00. (00. (100 (100.
0) 9) 22) 33) 67) .00) 4) 0) 00) 0) 67) 00) 00) 00) 00) .00) 00)
10. Online social networking 180 61 82 56 89 83 42 59 00 54 180 12 31 21 11 27 89
(100.0 (33.8 (45. (31. (49. (46. (23.3 (32.7 (00. (30.0 (100 (06. (17. (11. (06. (15. (49.4
0) 9) 56) 11) 44) 11) 3) 8) 00) 0) .00) 67) 22) 67) 11) 00) 4)
11. Digital video transmissions 180 106 132 11 16 82 134 129 172 152 180 156 162 124 116 69 154
(100.0 (58.8 (73. (06. (08. (45. (74.4 (71.6 (95. (84.4 (100 (86. (90. (68. (64. (38. (85.5
0) 9) 33) 11) 89) 56) 4) 7) 56) 4) .00) 67) 00) 89) 44) 33) 6)
12. Expert database /Expert 180 134 145 56 32 92 153 132 00 142 31 67 82 101 103 51 104
system (100.0 (74.4 (80. (31. (17. (51. (85.0 (73.3 (00. (78.8 (17. (37. (45. (56. (57. (28. (57.7
0) 4) 56) 11) 78) 11) 0) 3) 00) 9) 22) 22) 56) 11) 22) 33) 8)
13. Kiosks/Common Service 180 156 167 72 94 180 167 162 00 173 180 129 132 82 73 61 158
Centers (CICs) (100.0 (86.6 (92. (40. (52. (100 (92.7 (90.0 (00. (96.1 (100 (71. (73. (45. (40. (33. (87.7
0) 7) 78) 00) 22) .00) 8) 0) 00) 1) .00) 67) 33) 56) 56) 89) 8)
14. Learning Management 180 92 117 73 92 131 80 134 00 67 72 00 00 92 00 31 73
System (LMS) (100.0 (51.1 (65. (40. (51. (72. (44.4 (74.4 (00. (37.2 (40. (00. (00. (51. (00. (17. (40.5
0) 1) 00) 56) 11) 78) 4) 4) 00) 2) 00) 00) 00) 11) 00) 22) 6)
15. Global Positioning System 180 79 95 82 97 15 82 74 42 56 82 92 132 92 82 120 47

(GPS) units/Geographical (100.0 (43.8 (52. (45. (53. (08. (45.5 (41.1 (23. (31.1 (45. (51. (73. (51. (45. 966. (26.1
Information System 0) 9) 78) 56) 89) 33) 6) 1) 33) 1) 56) 11) 33) 11) 56) 67) 1)
16. Statistical Package for 180 52 84 134 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 26 41
Social System (100.0 (28.8 (46. (74. (00. (00. (00.0 (00.0 (00. (00.0 (00. (00. (00. (00. (00. (14. (22.7
0) 9) 67) 44) 00) 00) 0) 0) 00) 0) 00) 00) 00) 00) 00) 44) 8)
17. Decision Support System 180 61 156 60 40 45 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 23 41
(100.0 (33.8 (86. (33. (22. (25. (00.0 (00.0 (00. (00.0 (00. (00. (00. (00. (00. (12. (22.7
0) 9) 67) 33) 22) 00) 0) 0) 00) 0) 00) 00) 00) 00) 00) 78) 8)
P=Planning, I=Implementation, E=Evaluation, M =Monitoring, F =Feedback, GM= Group Meetings, GD= Group Discussions, FV= Field Visits, A=
Awareness, FM= Farmers‘ Meetings, Ex= Exhibition, D= Demonstration, T =Training, TOT= Transfer of Technologies, L= Lectures, C=
Conferencing
4.3.5 Methods of learning ICTs skills by the respondents
Table 4.12 explains the various methods of learning ICTs skills by the respondents.
It is clear from the table that majority (66.11%) of the respondents learned ICTs skills
as guidance from friends/colleagues followed by trial and error method (50.00%), self-
instruction (46.11%), guidance from family members (35.56%), training under gone
(26.11%) and external courses (21.11%).
Slightly less than three fourth (73.33%) of the respondents from R&D sector learn
ICTs skills as a guidance from colleagues/friends followed by self-instruction (55.00%),
trial and error methods (53.33%), guidance from family members (35.00%), external
courses on payment basis (30.00%) and training under gone (20.00%). As it is clear that
until and unless the extension personnel will be skilled in ICTs, they cannot be better
performing in their respective job area or they will not be able to perform effectively. It
can be interpret from the finding that training is one of the most important areas where
majority of the respondents are lagging behind. Although they are using ICTs in
technology dissemination but they have very less training experience in proper handling
of the ICTs. So policy makers/administrators should focus their attention on training
component and regular continuous training of the employees on ICTs should be
compulsory. More than three fourth of the respondents (80.00%) ) from the SDA sector
also learn ICTs skills as a guidance from colleagues/friends followed by trial and error
method (68.33%), self-instruction (63.33%), guidance from family members (56.67%),
external courses on payment basis (25.00%) and training under gone (13.33%). A same
percentage of the respondents from the private sector learned ICTs skills from trainings
(45.00%) and as a guidance from colleagues/friends (45.00%). About 29 per cent
respondents learn ICTs skills by trial and error methods, followed by self-instruction
(20.00%) and guidance from family members (8.33%).
The above table also highlights the major methods of learning ICTs skills between
different sector respondents. R&D and SDA sector respondents learned ICTs skills
majorly as guidance from colleagues/friends whereas private sector respondents majorly
learned ICTs skills from trainings. So, it can be summarized from the above table that
trainings to learn ICTs skills are a major method in private sector in comparison to
R&D sector and SDA Sector. Thus, trainings on ICTs is a major area where both R&D
and SDA sector are lagging behind and it should be a focus point for higher authority or
policy makers to update knowledge and skills of respondents on ICTs. Besides,
trainings, guidance from colleagues/friends are also a major contributing factor in
method of learning ICTs skills. Here, one more interesting finding suggest that
colleagues/friends are major source of learning ICTs so if any single person may be
trained in ICTs, he/she can train the others colleagues/employees in their department on
ICTs and can be develop as a resource person on ICTs for the respective department. So
it also becomes necessary that by keeping in mind the total strength of the employees in
the department, proportionate extension personnel can be trained on ICTs skills and
these trained extension personnel can be further utilized to train other personnel in their
department.
In case of ICTs in agriculture, for importance should be given to utility rather than
on training. If usefulness is there, forma trainings on ICTs skills need not be over
emphasized. However in case of task specific ICTs tool (for example videoconference)
a formal training is required. For generic use like mobile use, formal trainings are not
required.
Fig 4.9. Distribution of respondents as per Methods of Learning ICTs
Table 4.12. Methods of learning ICT skills by the respondents

S.No. Methods (n=60) (n=60) (n=60) (N=180)
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage

1. Trial and error method 32 53.33 41 68.33 17 28.33 90 50.00
2. Guidance from 66.11

44 73.33 48 80.00 27 45.00 119
colleagues/friends
3. Guidance from family

21 35.00 34 56.67 09 15.00 64 35.56
members
4. External courses (on 21.11

18 30.00 15 25.00 05 8.33 38
payment by self)
5. Self-instruction 33 55.00 38 63.33 12 20.00 83 46.11
6. Training under gone 12 20.00 08 13.33 27 45.00 47 26.11

4.3.5.6 Trainings received by the respondents on ICTs
Table 4.13 focuses in detail the trainings received and duration of the trainings
by the respondents on ICTs. It is evident from the table that slightly more than half
(52.22%) of the total respondents received trainings on ICTs followed by about 48 per
cent respondents who have not received trainings on ICTs. Again the present table also
gives in depth detail on sector wise training details.
4.13. Trainings received by the respondents on ICTs
S.No. Training R&D SDA Private Total

Attended/Received (n=60) (n=60) (n=60) (N=180)
1. Yes 22 (36.67) 12(20.00) 60 (100.00) 94 (52.22)
a. Paid 07 (11.67) 04 (06.67) 12 (22.00) 23 (12.78)
b. Nominated 15 (25.00) 08 (13.33) 48 (80.00) 71 (39.44)
2. No 38 (63.33) 48 (80.00) 00 (00.00) 86 (47.78)
3. Duration of the trainings attended
a. Upto one week 14 (23.33) 12 (20.00) 22 (36.67) 48 (26.67)
b. One week to one 17 (28.33) 04 (06.67) 32 (53.33) 53 (29.44)
month
c. More than One month 05 (08.33) 00 (00.00) 16 (26.67) 21 (11.67)
With respect to R&D sector respondents, about 37 per cent respondents received
trainings on ICTs. Out of 37 per cent, only 25 per cent R& D sector respondents had
undergone on ICTs training by their respective departments whereas exclusively 12 per
cent respondents received training on ICTs by themselves. The same trend is also
followed with the SDA sector respondents, only 07 per cent respondents were trained
on ICTs by their respective department followed by 14 per cent respondents who
learned ICTs exclusively by their own paid training.
It is interesting to know that 25 per cent private sector respondents attended
trainings on ICTs by doing exclusively an external course whereas 80 per cent
respondents nominated by the their respective departments. The reasons behind the
training gap in R & D and private sector is that in R&D sector the training focus is more
on issues/areas related to agriculture whereas in private sector, ICTs is a major area of
training along with the other areas. Also, in private sector, the respondents are
immediately trained on ICTs skills after recruitment as per their job needs and criteria
besides focus on other training areas whereas in R&D and SDA sector, the respondents
are not trained immediately on ICTs after the recruitment. It depends on the as and
when need arises. So, there is a wide gap between R& D sector, SDA sector and private
respondents trainings with respect to ICTs and this should be taken care well. Findings
are supported with Bahgat and Antar (2007).
The same table also providing glimpses on the training duration. Majority of the
training by the R &D sector respondents were of one week to one month duration
followed by the up to one week (23.33%) and more than one moth (08.33%). SDA
sector respondents received training on ICTs maximum of up to one week (20.00%) and
about 07 per cent trainings were of one week to one month. Not a single respondent was
trained on ICTs for more than one month. Majority of the private sector trainings on
ICTs were of one week to one month (53.33%) followed by up to one week (36.67%)
and more than one month (26.67%). On an average, majority of the training were of one
week to one month duration (29.44%) followed by up to one week (26.67%) and more
than one month (11.67%).
4.4 Psychological profile of the respondents
Psychological profile of the respondents were studied on nine parameters,
Achievement motivation, Innovativeness, Economic motivation, Management orientation,
Scientific orientation, Risk orientation, Technology Management orientation, Information
management orientation and Orientation towards ICT extension service profession.
Table 4.14 highlights the psychological profile of the respondents. Majority of
the respondents (46.11%) have medium achievement motivation followed by high
(30.00%) and low achievement motivation (23.89%). With respect to Innovativeness, less
than half of the respondents (45.56%) were falling in medium category followed by high
(26.11%) and low (28.33%). With regard to Economic motivation, majority of the
respondents (59.44%) have medium economic motivation followed by low (22.22%) and
high (18.33%). Half of the respondents have medium management orientation followed
by low (27.22%) and high (22.78%). Majority of the respondents (57.22%) have medium
scientific orientation followed by high (30.00%) and low (12.78%). About 58 per cent
respondents have medium risk orientation followed by low (23.22%) and high
(19.44%).With regard to Technology management orientation, about 42 per cent
respondents fall in medium category followed by high (37.22%) and low (21.11%). About
42 per cent respondents have low Information management orientation followed by
medium (30.56%) and high (27.22%) and 45 per cent respondents have medium
orientation towards extension service followed by high (37.22%) and low (17.78%).
Table 4.14. Distribution of respondents according to their Psychological profile
Frequency
S.No. Characteristics R&D SDA Private Total
Category
(n=60) (n=60) (n=60) (N=180)
1. Low 17 (28.33) 24 (40.00) 02 (03.33) 43 (23.89)
Achievement motivation Medium 30 (50.00) 33 (55.00) 20 (33.33) 83 (46.11)
High 13 (21.67) 03 (05.00) 38 (63.33) 54 (30.00)
2. Low 06 (10.00) 31 (51.67) 14 (23.33) 51 (28.33)
Innovativeness Medium 46 (76.67) 24 (40.00) 12 (20.00) 82 (45.56)
High 08 (13.33) 05 (08.33) 34 (56.67) 47 (26.11)
3. Low 10 (16.67) 27 (45.00) 03 (05.00) 40 (22.22)
Economic motivation Medium 37 (61.67) 31 (51.67) 39 (65.00) 107 (59.44)
High 13 (21.67) 02 (3.33) 18 (30.00) 33 (18.33)
4. Low 20 (33.33) 19 (31.67) 10 (16.67) 49 (27.22)
Management orientation Medium 33 (55.00) 39 (65.00) 18 (30.00) 90 (50.00)
High 07 (11.67) 02 (3.33) 32 (53.33) 41 (22.78)
5. Low 08 (13.33) 13 (21.67) 02 (03.33) 23 (12.78)
Scientific orientation Medium 38 (63.33) 43 (71.67) 22 (36.67) 103 (57.22)
High 14 (23.33) 04 (06.67) 36 (60.00) 54 (30.00)
6. Low 20 (33.33) 18 (30.00) 04 (06.67) 42 (23.33)
Risk orientation Medium 38 (63.33) 41 (68.33) 24 (40.00) 103 (57.22)
High 02 (3.33) 01 (01.67) 32 (53.33) 35 (19.44)
7. Low 15 (25.00) 21 (35.00) 02 (03.33) 38 (21.11)
Technology Management orientation Medium 24 (40.00) 37 (61.67) 14 (23.33) 75 (41.67)
High 21 (35.00) 02 (3.33) 44 (73.33) 67 (37.22)
8. Low 29 (48.33) 42 (70.00) 05 (08.33) 76 (42.22)
Information Management orientation Medium 19 (31.67) 16 (26.67) 20 (33.33) 55 (30.56)
High 12 (20.00) 02 (3.33) 35 (58.33) 49 (27.22)
9. Low 08 (13.33) 22 (36.67) 02 (03.33) 32 (17.78)
Orientation towards extension service profession Medium 41 (68.33) 30 (50.00) 10 (16.67) 81 (45.00)
High 11 (18.33) 08 (13.33) 48 (80.00) 67 (37.22)
Table 4.14 also gives the in depth detail of the psychological profile of the
respondents working in different sectors. It is clear from the table that half of the R&D
sector respondents (50.00%) have medium achievement motivation followed by low
(28.33%) and high (21.67%). Slightly more than three fourth of the respondents (76.67%)
have medium level of innovativeness followed by high (13.33%) and low (10.00%). More
than half of the respondents (61.67%) have medium economic motivation followed by
high (21.67%) and low (16.67%). Management orientation shows that 55 per cent
respondents have medium management orientation followed by low (33.33%) and high
(11.67%). About 64 per cent respondents have medium scientific orientation followed by
high (23.33%) and low (13.33%). With respect to risk orientation, about 64 per cent
respondents have medium risk orientation followed by low (33.33%) and high (03.33%).
Quite less than half of the respondents (40.00%) have medium technology
management orientation followed by high (35.00%) and low (25.00%). About 49 per cent
respondents have low information management orientation followed by medium
(31.67%) and high (20.00%). Orientation towards extension service profession shows that
majority of the respondents (68.33%) have medium orientation followed by high
(18.33%) and low (13.33%).
SDA sector respondents psychological profile shows that majority of the
respondents (55.00%) fall in medium category of achievement motivation followed by
low (40.00%) and high (05.00%). Innovativeness profile shows that about 52 per cent
respondents have low level of innovativeness followed by medium (40.00%) and high
(08.33%). About 45 per cent SDA sector respondents have low level of economic
motivation followed by medium (51.67%) and high (03.33%). Management orientation
shows that 65 per cent respondents have medium level of orientation followed by low
(31.67%) and high (03.33%). Majority of the respondents (71.67%) have medium
scientific motivation followed by low (21.67%) and high (06.67%). About 69 per cent
respondents have medium risk orientation followed by low (30.00%). Technology
management orientation shows that SDA sector respondents have medium level of
orientation (61.67%) followed by low (35.00%) and high (03.33%). 70 per cent
respondents have low level of information management orientation followed by medium
(26.67%) and high (03.33%). Orientation towards extension service profession shows that
half of the respondents (50.00%) fall in medium category of orientation followed by low
(36.67%) and high (13.33).
Private sector respondents psychological profile shows that majority of the
respondents (63.33%) have high level of achievement motivation followed by medium
(33.33%) and low (03.33%). More than half of the respondents (56.67%) have high level
of innovativeness followed by low (23.33%) and medium (20.00%). Economic
motivation shows that majority of the respondents (65.00%) have medium level of
orientation followed by high (30.00%) and low (05.00%). Majority of the respondents
(53.33%) have high level of management orientation followed by medium (30.00%) and
low (16.67%). 60 per cent of the respondents have high level of scientific orientation
followed by medium (36.67%) and low (03.33%). A slightly more than half of the
respondents (53.33%) possess high risk orientation followed by medium (40.00%) and
low (06.67%). A little less than three fourth of the respondents (73.33%) have high
orientation towards technology management followed by medium (23.33%) and low
(03.33%). About 59 per cent respondents have high orientation towards information
management followed by medium (33.33%) and low level (08.33%) of information
management orientation. Orientation towards extension service profession shows that
more than three fourth of the respondents (80.00%) have high level of orientation
followed by medium (16.67%) and low (03.33%).
In sum up, it could be interpreted from the table that private sector respondents
have high level of psychological orientation on an average, followed by R&D sector
respondents and SDA sector respondents.
Both R&D sector and private sector respondents have high level achievement
orientation whereas majority of the SDA sector respondents have medium level of
achievement orientation. Innovativeness is high among the private sector respondents and
found medium in both R & D and SDA sector respondents. The reason of this variability
may be due to more positive orientation towards ICTs and trainings received. Majority of
the respondents from all the three sectors have medium level of economic motivation.
Majority of the R&D sector respondents have medium level of management
orientation, medium level of scientific orientation, medium level of risk orientation, high
level of technology management orientation, medium level of information management
orientation and high level of orientation towards extension service profession. High level
of technology management orientation and orientation towards extension service
profession shows that respondents are positive towards their profession and ICTs as well.
Majority of the SDA sector respondents showed low level of management
orientation, high level of scientific orientation, low level of risk orientation, low level of
technology management orientation, low level of information management orientation
and medium level of orientation towards extension service profession. The reason of this
may be due to low hands on experience on the ICTs and knowledge about the diversified
use of ICTs in agricultural extension system. High level of scientific orientation among
SDA sector is a good indicator that if SDA sector respondents are given opportunity in
the area of ICTs, they can excel far better and can improve their work efficiency.
Majority of the private sector respondents have high level of management
orientation, high level of scientific orientation, high level of risk orientation, high level of
technology management orientation, high level of information management orientation
and high level of orientation towards extension service profession. The possible reasons
of high psychological orientation of private sector respondents are more work
specialization and use of ICTs in their profession in comparison to R&D and SDA sector
respondents. Findings are in line with the study of Rao (2000), Mohan (2000), Kiran
(2007), Frempong et al. (2006) and Murali and Venkataramaiah (2008).
4.5 Attitude of the respondents towards use of ICTs in agriculture extension
In this modern era of the development process, the use of ICTs will enhance the
institutional effectiveness. Accordingly rapidly advancing ICTs have caused rapid
changes in the ways new information is stored, disseminated and retrieved. Hence, it
becomes necessary to find out the attitude of the ICTs users for better dissemination and
adoption of ICTs.
In the present study, an attitude scale by adopting the Likert method of summated
ratings was constituted to measure the attitude of the respondents towards use of ICTs in
agricultural extension. Based on the data and minimum and maximum possible scores, the
respondents were grouped into five categories, using class interval method, from highly
unfavourble to unfavourable, neutral, favourable and highly favourable. Frequency and
percentages were calculated and presented in the table 4.15.
4.5.1. Categorization of respondents according to their attitude towards use of ICTs in

agriculture
It was evident from the table 4.16 that majority (40.00%) of the R & D sector
respondents have favourable attitude towards use of ICTs in agricultural extension
followed by highly favourable (33.33 %) and neutral (20.00 %). With respect to SDA
respondents, 45 per cent respondents have favourable attitude towards use of ICTs in
agricultural extension followed by highly favourable (11.67%), neutral (25.00 %) and
unfavourable attitude (18.33%). About 42 per cent private sector respondents have more
favourable attitude towards use of ICTs in extension followed by favourable attitude
(33.33 %). Not a single respondent from all three respondents‘ categories having the
highly unfavourable attitude. In total, it can be summed up from the table that majorly
respondents have favourable (39.44%) and highly favourable (28.89%) attitude towards
the use of ICTs in agricultural extension.
Table 4.15. Categorization of Respondents according to their attitude towards use of
ICTs in agriculture
Respondents
Score
S.No. Category R&D SDA Private Total
Range
(n=60) (n=60) (n=60) (N=180)
1. Highly unfavourable 0-20 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00)
2. Unfavourable 21-40 04 (06.67) 11 (18.33) 05 (08.33) 20 (11.11)
3. Neutral 41-60 12 (20.00) 15 (25.00) 10 (16.67) 37 (20.56)
4. Favourable 61-80 24 (40.00) 27 (45.00) 20 (33.33) 71 (39.44)
5. Highly favourable 81-100 20 (33.33) 07 (11.67) 25 (41.67) 52 (28.89)
4.5.2 Analysis of individual attitude statements of the respondents towards use of

ICTs in agricultural extension
Table 4.16 shows the attitude of respondents towards use of ICTs in agricultural
extension. It could be evident from the table that majority of the respondents (63.87%) were
strongly agree with the statement ‗ICT are best possible bridges between research and
farming system‘ followed by about 33.00 per cent respondents agree with the statement. A
same per cent of the respondents were disagree (1.67%) and strongly disagree (1.67%) with
the statement. It shows a very good sign that respondents have positive attitude towards use
of ICTs in agricultural extension and it is also concluding that ICTs are helpful in reducing
the technology dissemination gap in technology transfer. Thus, ICTs are the powerful tools
which can be utilize to make the technology dissemination faster.
About 53.00 per cent respondents agree with the statement that ‗ICTs help in
reducing trainings and demonstrations cost‘ followed by strongly agree (37.22%),
undecided (05.56%), disagree (03.33%) and strongly disagree (01.11%). Positive attitude of
the respondents towards the statement shows that ICTs are helping in training the extension
personnel who are working in remote areas or are unable to attend the face to face trainings
due to shortage of time, cost, work pressure or any other reasons. So , ICTs can help a lot in
this area as it will reduce not only the travel time to attend the training but also cost, thus
ICTs are economical with respect to train the extension personnel through ICTs if need
arises.
About 38.00 per cent respondents disagree with the statement ‗ICTs reduces face to
face contact between extension personnel and farmers‘ followed by strongly disagree
(28.33%), agree (20.56%) and strongly agree (10.56%). It shows that with the help of
improved and advanced ICTs like videoconferencing, real time face to face contacts
between farmers and extension personnel is possible.
About 47.00 per cent respondents strongly agree with the statement ‗ICTs
demands time and creativity to develop content for ICTs‘ followed by agree (41.67%),
undecided (05.00%) and disagree (06.67%). This shows that although ICTs are proving
very dynamic and powerful technologies in agricultural extension but the
information/content disseminated through ICTs should be carefully prepared by keeping in
mind the area, clientele and the society need, preferences and demands.
The statement ‗ICTs involve more cost for installation and maintenance‘ agreed
by about 39 per cent respondents, followed by about 33 per cent of respondents were agree,
undecided (09.44%), disagree (16.11%) and strongly disagree (03.33%).
A little more than half of the respondents (55.56%) strongly agree with the
statement ‗Feedback is fast through ICTs than traditional methods‘ followed by agree
(33.89%), undecided (06.11%), disagree (03.33%) and strongly disagree (01.11%). It shows
that use of ICTs helps in getting feedback fast and on time.
The statement ‗ICTs use creates problems to those who lack knowledge and
inexperience with online technologies‘ have 40 per cent agree respondents followed by
about 29 per cent respondents strongly agree, undecided (10.56%), disagree (03.89%) and
strongly disagree (16.67%) with the statement. The reason of this may be due to inability of
the extension personnel to handle the ICTs, less awareness about diversified uses of ICTs
due to lack of regular trainings etc. About 40.00 per cent respondents disagree with the
statement ‗ICTs may replace traditional extension methods in future‘ followed by agree
(31.11%), undecided (10.00%0, agree (14.44%0 and strongly agree (05.00%). It shows that
technologies should be used in blending mode instead of a single technology. A little more
than half of the respondents (53.33%) strongly agree with the statement ‗ICTs enable to
interact with more personnel at the same time for dissemination of agricultural
technologies‘ followed by about 33.00 per cent agree, undecided (08.89%), disagree
(03.33%) and strongly disagree (01.67%). Near about the same percentage of respondents
strongly agree (48.89%) as well as agree (48.33%) with the statement ‗with the use of ICTs,
working ability and capacity of the agricultural extension personnel can be upgraded‘. Not a
single respondent was disagree and strongly disagree with the statement. It shows that all
respondents are agreeing that ICTs can help in updating the extension personnel. A slightly
more than half of the respondents (53.33%) agree with the statement ‗ICTs are potentially
faster tools of TOT for remote and diversified areas where agricultural extension services
are not easily and frequently available‘ followed by about 36 per cent respondents agree
with the statement. With respect to statement ‗Transferring relevant information through
ICT is not an easy task‘ about 39 per cent respondents agree while 30 per cent respondents
strongly agree with the statement.
About 60 per cent respondents agree towards statement ‗ICTs based extension
services are better alternative to present and future agricultural extension system‘ whereas
31 per cent respondents strongly agree with the statements. With the statement ‗Existing
ICTs infrastructure is not enough to meet the needs of the intended users‘ near about a
same percentage of respondents strongly agree (32.78%) and agree (30.00%) followed by
undecided (16.11%) disagree (13.89%) and strongly disagree (07.22%). While about 49
per cent respondents agree with the statement ‗ICTs alone cannot solve all the problems
related to agriculture‘ followed by strongly agree (38.89%), undecided (09.44%) and
disagree (03.33%). Not a single respondent was strongly disagreeing with the statement. It
shows that ICTs has power of solving the problems related to agriculture and allied sectors.
A little more than half of the respondents (52.22%) agree that ‗With the help of ICTs, a
new skilled and knowledge society can be developed‘ followed by about 25 per cent
respondents strongly agrees with the same. This statement is agrees with the with the
statement ‗use of ICTs, working ability and capacity of the agricultural extension personnel
can be upgraded‘ as until and unless working capacity and capability improvement working
society cannot be developed. So, ICTs not help to upgrade the skills and abilities and
knowledge of the extension personnel but it also opens the avenue to the development of
professional society.
The statement ‗While using ICTs, It is necessary to develop material in local

language‘ got about 52 per cent agrees respondents followed by agree (45.56%), undecided
(01.11%) and disagree (01.67%). About 54.00 per cent respondents agree with the
statement ‗ICTs enable better integration of various information sources for technology
dissemination‘ whereas 38.00 per cent respondents strongly agree with it. With respect to
statement ‗ICTs effectiveness is affected by interrupted power supply and lack of funds‘
about 49 per cent respondents strongly followed by agree (32.22%), undecided (03.33%)
and disagree (05.56%). Not a single respondent was strongly disagree with the statement.
The positive attitude towards the statements shows that ICTs can not only help with
extension of technologies but these technologies are also useful with the knowledge and
skills upgradation of the extension personnel who are working at grass root level and may
not update themselves due to busy work schedules. So, it could be summarized from the
table that majority of the respondents positively agrees on the issues like, it is a good
medium between research and farming community, upgrading knowledge and skills,
feedback is fast, better integration of other information sources and better alternative to
extension system. But they are also having negative attitude like power interruption
problem, local content, infrastructural problem, initial installation cost, maintenance cost
etc. Thus, it can be summarized that if negative issues can be handled by the administration,
the ICTs will provide better and more improved services to agricultural extension in the
future.
Fig. 4.10. Distribution of respondents according to Attitude towards use of ICTs
in Agricultural Extension System
Table 4.16. Distribution of respondents based on the degree of agreement with attitude statements towards use of ICTs in agricultural
extension
N=180
S.No. Statements Response Categories

SA A UD DA SDA
1. ICTs are best possible bridges between research system and farming system to reduce the 115 58 01 03 3
technology dissemination gap. (63.87) (32.22) (00.56) (01.67) (01.67)
2. ICTs help in reducing the trainings and demonstrations cost. 67 95 10 06 02
(37.22) (52.78) (05.56) (03.33) (01.11)
3. ICTs reduce face to face contact between extension personnel and farmers. 19 37 05 68 51
(10.56) (20.56) (02.78) (37.78) (28.33)
4. ICTs demands more time and creativity to develop qualitative content for ICTs in agriculture. 84 75 09 12 00
(46.67) (41.67) (05.00) (06.67) (00.00)
5. ICTs involve more cost for installation and maintenance. 58 70 17 29 06
(32.22) (38.89) (09.44) (16.11) (03.33)
6. Feedback is fast through ICTs than traditional methods. 100 61 011 06 02
(55.56) (33.89) (06.11) (03.33) (01.11)
7. ICTs use creates problems to those extension personnel who lack knowledge and inexperience 52 72 19 07 30
with online technologies. (28.89) (40.00) (10.56) (03.89) (16.67)
8. ICTs may replace the traditional extension methods in agriculture in near future. 09 26 18 71 56
(05.00) (14.44) (10.00) (39.44) (31.11)
9. ICTs enable to interact with more personnel at the same time for dissemination of agricultural 96 59 16 06 03
technologies. (53.33) (32.78) (08.89) (03.33) (01.67)
10. With the use of ICTs, working ability and capacity of the agricultural extension personnel can 88 87 05 00 00
be upgraded. (48.89) (48.33) (02.78) (00.00) (00.00)
11. ICTs are potentially faster tools of TOT for remote and diversified areas where agricultural 64 96 10 09 01
extension services are not easily and frequently available. (35.56) (53.33) (05.56) (05.00) (00.56)
12. Transferring relevant information through ICT is not an easy task. 54 70 16 36 04
(30.00) (38.89) (08.89) (20.00) (02.22)
13. ICTs based extension services are better alternative to present and future agricultural extension 55 107 11 6 1
system. (30.56) (59.44) (6.11) (3.33) (0.56)
14. Existing ICTs infrastructure is not enough to meet the needs of the intended users. 54 59 29 25 13
(30.00) (32.78) (16.11) (13.89) (07.22)
15. ICTs alone cannot solve all the problems related to agriculture. 70 87 17 6 00
(38.89) (48.33) (09.44) (03.33) (00.00)
16. With the help of ICTs, a new skilled and knowledge society can be developed. 44 94 31 11 00
(24.44) (52.22) (17.22) (06.11) (00.00)
17. While using ICTs, It is necessary to develop material in local language. 82 92 02 03 01
(45.56) (51.11) (01.11) (01.67) (00.56)
18. Excess use of ICTs can create health hazards to its users (like back pain, neck pain, eyesight 48 73 18 26 15
problems etc. (26.67) (40.56) (10.00) (14.44) (08.33)
19. ICTs enable better integration of various information sources for technology dissemination. 68 97 12 01 02
(37.78) (53.89) (06.67) (00.56) (01.11)
20. ICTs effectiveness is affected by interrupted power supply and lack of funds. 88 58 06 10 00
(48.89) (32.22) (03.33) (05.56) (00.00)
SA: Strongly, A: Agree, UD: Undecided, DA: Disagree, SDA: Strongly Disagree
4.5.3 Ranking of highest scored attitude statements by the respondents
Below table 4.17 focuses on the attitude statements which ranked higher by the
respondents. It can be seen from the table that statement ‗ICTs are best possible bridges
between research system and farming system to reduce the technology dissemination gap‘
ranked first. It could be understand from the table that respondents have positive attitude
towards ICTs and the ICTs are bridging the gap between the extension and research gap
thus reducing the technology dissemination gap.
Table 4.17. Ranking of ten highest scored attitude statements by the respondents
Statement Statements Total Rank
No. score
1. ICTs are best possible bridges between research system 877 I

and farming system to reduce the technology
dissemination gap.
6 Feedback is fast through ICTs than traditional methods. 854 II
9 ICTs enable to interact with more personnel at the same 803 III
time for dissemination of agricultural technologies.
10 With the use of ICTs, working ability and capacity of 791 IV

the agricultural extension personnel can be upgraded.
20 ICTs effectiveness is affected by interrupted power 779 V
supply and lack of funds.
4 ICTs demands more time and creativity to develop 776 VI
qualitative content for ICTs in agriculture.
17 While using ICTs, It is necessary to develop material in 619 VII
local language.
15 ICTs alone cannot solve all the problems related to 609 VIII
agriculture.
19 ICTs enable better integration of various information 585 IX
sources for technology dissemination.
2 ICTs help in reducing the trainings and demonstrations 564 X
cost.
The statement ‗Feedback is fast through ICTs than traditional methods' ranked
second and again it shows the positive attitude of the respondents towards ICTs that fast
and immediate feedback is a good feature of the ICTs. It could be also interpreted from
the findings that due to speedy feedback mechanism, ICTs can do wonder in agricultural
extension and transfer of technology with effective monitoring and evaluation on time.
Third highest scored attitude statement is ‗ICTs enable to interact with more
personnel at the same time for dissemination of agricultural technologies‘. This feature
can be utilize to connect and train the extension personnel who are working in remotest
area not only with regard to training and education but also in terms of receiving the
feedback on performance of the technology in the field.
The attitude statement ‗With the use of ICTs, working ability and capacity of the
agricultural extension personnel can be upgraded‘ ranked fourth by the respondents.
This clearly shows that ICTs can be better utilize in training the extension personnel and
thus these technologies are cost effective and time saving technology and the same was
perceived correctly by the respondents.
The fifth ranked statement ‗ICTs effectiveness is affected by interrupted power

supply and lack of funds‘ shows the attitude of the respondents that despite the good
features of ICTs like, fast feedback, technology dissemination gap bridging, remote area
interaction etc. Its performance is affected by the interrupted power supply and fund
mechanism. So, there should be proper provision of power supply and regular fund flow
mechanism whenever ICTs are planned for technology dissemination.
The attitude statement ‗ICTs demands more time and creativity to develop
qualitative content for ICTs in agriculture‘ ranked sixth position. It can be interpreted
that content development demands time and creativity when it is delivered through
ICTs. As ICTs could be utilize in the absence of the extension personnel by the trained
rural manpower, so it becomes necessary that not only content development but delivery
should be user friendly so that smooth functioning of the ICTs cannot be effected.
The attitude statement ‗While using ICTs, It is necessary to develop material in

local language‘ ranked seventh by the respondents which shows while planning ICTs
for its ultimate rural users vernacular language development of the content is most
important in catering the immediate needs of the beneficiaries.
Eighth ranked statement ‗ICTs alone cannot solve all the problems related to
agriculture‘ shows that although ICTs has on an average all good features to utilize in
technology dissemination in agricultural extension system, still it is wise to use this
particular technology with blended mode and it was rightly perceived by the
respondents and developed positive attitude towards ICTs.
The attitude statement ‗ICTs enable better integration of various information

sources for technology dissemination‘ ranked ninth by the respondents which shows the
good possibility that ICTs can work with the traditional technology dissemination
methodologies for the fast dissemination among the farmers which correctly perceived
by the respondents.
The tenth ranked statement ‗ICTs help in reducing the trainings and
demonstrations cost shows that training and demonstrations cost demand resources like
money, time and energy. With the help of ICTs, this issue can be tackled effectively
better in transfer of technology in agriculture.
So, in sum up, it could be understood from the table that the respondents have
positive attitude towards the use of ICTs in agricultural extension systems. The issues
like interrupted power supply, language, cost etc. should be taken care well before
introducing technology dissemination through ICTs by the administration and policy
makers.
4.5.4 Attitude of R & D sector respondents towards use of ICTs in Agricultural

extension
Table 4.18 shows the attitude of R & D sector respondents towards the use of
ICTs in agricultural extension. It is clear from the table that majority of the respondents
(61.67%) were strongly agree with the statement ‗ICTs are best possible bridges
between research system and farming system to reduce the technology dissemination
gap‘ followed by disagree (1.67%). A same percentage of respondents were agreed
(3.33%) as well as strongly disagree (3.33) with the statement. The attitude towards the
statement shows majority of the respondents have strong attitude towards the statement
that with the help of ICTs, the technology dissemination gap can be mitigated to a
greater extent.
The second statement ‗ICTs help in reducing the trainings and demonstrations
cost‘ also has agreement with more than fifty per cent of the population (60.00%)
followed by strongly agree (26.67%). About three per cent respondents were disagree
with the statement followed by strongly disagree (1.67%) whereas about nine per cent
respondents were undecided. It also shows that respondents are seeing the ICTs as a
new methodology for training thus reducing the required time and training cost.
About 59.00 per cent respondents were disagree with the statement ‗ICTs reduce
face to face contact between extension personnel and farmers‘ followed by strongly
disagree (11.67%), agree (10.00%) and a same percentage of strongly agree (1.67%).
and undecided (1.67%). This shows a positive sign that besides ICTs can perform
better in remote areas where extension personnel cannot provide its regular services due
to any unavoidable reasons. In that case, ICTs can be better utilize by taking the help of
village level extension workers/progressive farmers to be in regular contact with
extension personnel/scientists/researchers.
The statement ‗ICTs demands more time and creativity to develop qualitative
content for ICTs in agriculture‘ was positively strongly agreed by 40.00 per cent
respondents followed by agree (38.88%), disagree (11.67%) and undecided (10.00%).
This statement can be explained in terms of qualitative performance of ICTs. The
personnel who has expertise and creativity in development of ICTs, has less problems
comparison to them who are going to deal with ICTs at first time or having less/no
experience. The percentage of undecided category can be understood by this reason.
The statement ‗ICTs involve more cost for installation and maintenance‘, have
about 48.00 per cent agreement followed by strongly agree (26.67%) and a same
percentage of undecided and disagree (13.33%). The reason of high percentage of
agreement with the statement is due to the reason that initial cost of installation of ICTs
in no doubt is more and regular updation of hardware and software also demands
creation of small portion of budget. But in terms of training cost and knowledge and
skills upgradation of extension personnel/scientist/researchers, this cost can be reduced.
So, it can be concluded from this statement that initial installation cost of ICTs are high
but in view or reduction in training and other components, ICTs are better alternatives
in present agricultural system.
A slightly more than half of the respondents (51.67%) were strongly agree with
the statement ‗Feedback is fast through ICTs than traditional methods‘ followed by
agree (40.00), disagree (05.00%) and a same percentage of undecided and strongly
disagree (01.67%). Again the percentage shows that ICTs have good feature of fast
feedback which is much needed and required in effective transfer of technology.
The statement ‗ICTs use creates problems to those extension personnel who lack
knowledge and inexperience with online technologies‘ agree with about 44.00 per cent
followed by strongly agree (40.00%), undecided (13.33%) and disagree (3.33%). Not a
single respondent was strongly disagreeing with the statement. So, it can understand
from the statement that giving regular knowledge and experience to the extension
personnel on ICTs is a must for better utilization of ICTs.
Half of the respondents (50.00%) strongly disagree with the statement ‗ICTs
may replace the traditional extension methods in agriculture in near future‘ followed by
disagree (21.67%), strongly agree (6.67%). A near about same percentage of the
respondents agree (11.67%) and undecided (10.00%) with the statements. The reason of
disagreement of the statement may be some constraints/barriers in full adoption of the
technologies like cost, interrupted power supply, inexperience etc. if these barriers can
handle, then ICTs can be blended with the traditional technologies.
A little more than half of the respondents (55.00%) strongly agree with the
statement ‗ICTs enable to interact with more personnel at the same time for
dissemination of agricultural technologies‘ followed by agree (28.33%) and undecided
(10.00%). A same percentage of respondents were disagree (3.33) and strongly disagree
(3.33) with the statement. It shows a positive attitude of the respondents that ICTs can
be used as a communication channel between various stakeholders mostly who are
working remote areas.
Half of the respondents (50.00%) strongly agreed with the statement ‗With the
use of ICTs, working ability and capacity of the agricultural extension personnel can be
upgraded‘ followed by agree (45.00%) and undecided (5.00%). Not a single respondent
was either disagree or strongly disagree with the statement. It shows a very good
indication that extension personnel are also seeing ICTs as a source of skill and
knowledge upgradation which can be further utilized in updating them.
About 54.00 per cent respondents agree with the statement ‗ICTs are potentially
faster tools of TOT for remote and diversified areas where agricultural extension
services are not easily and frequently available‘ followed by strongly agree (35.00%). A
very small percentage of respondents undecided (5.00%), disagree (5.00%) and strongly
disagree (1.67%) with the statement. It shows that extension personnel who are working
in TOT sector have positive attitude towards the ICTs use in extension. Again, this
attitude can be utilize in training the extension personnel in technology dissemination in
remote and hardly accessible areas.
About 39.00 per cent respondents agree with the statement ‗Transferring
relevant information through ICT is not an easy task‘ followed by strongly agree
(23.33%), disagree (23.33%), undecided (10.00%) and strongly disagree (5.00%). The
reasons behind the attitude towards this statement is due to inexperience, absence/less
knowledge on ICTs etc. so, it can be solve by training and knowledge component.
Statement ‗ICTs based extension services are better alternative to present and
future agricultural extension system‘ agree with about 57.00 per cent respondents
single respondent was strongly disagreeing with the statement. It shows that extension
personnel are also seeing ICTs as a better option keeping in mind the present and future
agricultural extension needs.
About 44.00 per cent respondents agree with the statement ‗Existing ICTs
infrastructure is not enough to meet the needs of the intended users‘ followed by
strongly agree (31.67%), undecided (20.00%), disagree (3.33%) and strongly disagree
(1.67%). The attitude towards this statement may be linked with the attitude towards
statement ‗Transferring relevant information through ICT is not an easy task‘. It can
summarize from the statement that first and foremost infrastructural availability and
accessibility is a necessary step in success of ICTs in agriculture extension. After that
training, knowledge and skills up gradation, power supply etc. issues can be focus upon.
About a same percentage of respondents are agree (43.33%) and strongly agree
(41.67%) with the statement ‗ICTs alone cannot solve all the problems related to
agriculture‘ followed by undecided (11.67%) and disagree (3.33%). Not a single
respondent was strongly disagreeing with the statement. The reasons behind this attitude
may be same reasons as discussed above like, infrastructural facility, irregular power
supply, cost, trainings, creativity and time demand etc.
Half of the respondents (50.00%) agree with the statement ‗With the help of
ICTs, a new skilled and knowledge society can be developed‘ followed by strongly
agree (28.33%), undecided (18.33%) and disagree (3.33%). Not a single respondent was
strongly disagreeing with the statement. It can be inferred from the statement that ICTs
are also emerging as a knowledge creation tools besides technology dissemination tools.
A same percentage of respondents were strongly agreed and agree with the
statement ‗While using ICTs, It is necessary to develop material in local language‘
followed by undecided (1.67%) and strongly disagree (1.67%). It shows that illiteracy is
still a barrier in adopting the technology and local language is must for the success of
ICTs in Indian agriculture system.
More than half of the respondents (60.00%) were agree with the statement ‗ICTs
enable better integration of various information sources for technology dissemination‘
followed by strongly agree (31.67%), undecided (6.67%) and strongly disagree (1.67%).
It shows that ICTs are not only helpful in transfer of technology but it also provides
opportunity for the integration with the available technology transfer tools. So there is a
need to integrate well the ICTs with traditional technology dissemination tools so that
the issues like infrastructural requirement, cost, power etc. can be minimized and solved
better.
About 52.00 per cent strongly agreeing with the statement ‗ICTs effectiveness is
affected by interrupted power supply and lack of funds‘ followed by agree (36.67%),
disagree (6.67%) and undecided (5.00%).
So, it can be concluded from the above table that R & D sector respondents have
a positive attitude towards the use of ICTs in agricultural extension. The issues like
cost, infrastructure, trainings, localized content etc. should be handle carefully before
using the technology for the TOT purposes.
Table 4.18. Distribution of R & D sector respondents based on the degree of agreement with attitude statements towards use of ICTs in
agriculture
n= 60

SA A UD DA SDA
(26.67) (60.00) (08.33) (03.33) (01.67)
(01.67) (10.00) (01.67) (58.33) (11.67)
4. ICTs demands more time and creativity to develop qualitative content for ICTs in 24 23 06 07 00
agriculture. (40.00) (38.88) (10.00) (11.67) (00.00)
(26.67) (46.67) (13.33) (13.33) (00.00)
(51.67) (40.00) (01.67) (05.00) (01.67)
7. ICTs use creates problems to those extension personnel who lack knowledge and 24 26 08 02 00
inexperience with online technologies. (40.00) (43.33) (13.33) (03.33) (00.00)
(06.67) (11.67) (10.00) (21.67) (50.00)
9. ICTs enable to interact with more personnel at the same time for dissemination of 33 17 06 02 02
agricultural technologies. (55.00) (28.33) (10.00) (03.33) (03.33)
10. With the use of ICTs, working ability and capacity of the agricultural extension personnel 30 27 03 00 00
can be upgraded. (50.00) (45.00) (05.00) (00.00) (00.00)
(23.33) (38.88) (10.00) (23.33) (05.00)
13. ICTs based extension services are better alternative to present and future agricultural 17 34 06 03 00
extension system. (28.33) (56.67) (10.00) (05.00) (00.00)
(31.67) (43.33) (20.00) (03.33) (01.67)
(41.67) (43.33) (11.67) (03.33) (00.00)
(28.33) (50.00) (18.33) (03.33) (00.00)
(48.33) (48.33) (01.67) (00.00) (01.67)
18. Excess use of ICTs can create health hazards to its users (like back pain, neck pain, 17 29 08 04 02
eyesight problems etc. (28.33) (48.33) (13.33) (06.67) (03.33)
(31.67) (60.00) (06.67) (00.00) (01.67)
(51.67) (36.67) (05.00) (06.67) (00.00)
SA: Strongly, A: Agree, UD: Undecided, DA: Disagree, SDA: Strongly Disagree.
4.5.5 Attitude of SDA sector respondents towards use of ICTs in agriculture
Attitude of SDA respondents towards use of ICTs in agriculture in table 4.19
revealed that more than 50.00 per cent of the respondents were strongly agree with the
statement ‗ICTs are best possible bridges between research system and farming system
to reduce the technology dissemination gap‘ followed by agree (36.67%), disagree
(3.33%) and a same percentage of respondents as undecided (1.67%) and strongly
disagree (1.67%).
About 64.00 per cent respondents were agree with the statement ‗ICTs help in
reducing the trainings and demonstrations cost‘ followed by strongly agree (20.00%),
undecided (8.33%), disagree (6.67%) and strongly disagree (1.67%).
The statement ‗ICTs reduce face to face contact between extension personnel
and farmers‘ was agreed by 52.00 per cent respondents followed by strongly agree
(30.00%), disagree (11.67%) and undecided (6.67%). Not a single respondent was
strongly disagree with the statement. Not a single respondent was strongly disagreeing
with the statement.
Half of the respondents (50.00%) agreed with the statement ‗ICTs demands
more time and creativity to develop qualitative content for ICTs in agriculture‘ followed
by strongly agree (36.67%), disagree (8.33%) and undecided (5.00%). Not a single
respondent was strongly disagreeing with the statement.
Regarding statement ‗ICTs involve more cost for installation and maintenance‘,
40.00 percent respondents were agreed and strongly agree (30.00%). A same percentage
of respondents were undecided (15.00%) and disagree (15.00%) with the statement. Not
a single respondent was strongly disagreeing with the statement.
A per cent of 45.00 respondents was agreed with the statement ‗Feedback is fast
through ICTs than traditional methods‘ followed by strongly agree (41.67%), undecided
(6.67%), strongly disagree (1.67%) and disagree (5.00%). It shows that SDA sector
respondents are aligning with the same attitude with R& D sector respondents.
The statement ‗ICTs use creates problems to those extension personnel who lack
knowledge and inexperience with online technologies‘ has agreement (46.67%)
single respondent was strongly disagreeing with the statement. This attitude may be
developing due to reasons like lack of knowledge on ICTs uses, lack of trainings etc.
Regarding statement ‗ICTs may replace the traditional extension methods in
agriculture in near future‘ half of the respondents were disagree (50.00%) followed by
undecided (20.00%), agree (18.33%) and strongly disagree (11.67%). Not a single
respondent was strongly agreeing with the statement. The reason of this attitude may be
the job responsibility of SDA sector is more field oriented other than other department.
Near about a same percentage of respondents were agree (38.33%) and strongly
agree (36.67%) with the statement ‗ICTs enable to interact with more personnel at the
same time for dissemination of agricultural technologies‘ followed by undecided
(16.67%), disagree (6.67%) and strongly disagree (1.67%).
60 per cent of the respondents were agree with the statement ‗With the use of
ICTs, working ability and capacity of the agricultural extension personnel can be
upgraded‘ followed by strongly agree (36.67%) and undecided (3.33%). Not a single
respondent was either disagree or strongly disagree with the statement. This positive
attitude may be better utilized in training SDA sector respondents through ICTs by ICTs
on ICTs.
60.00 per cent respondents agree with the statement ‗ICTs are potentially faster
tools of TOT for remote and diversified areas where agricultural extension services are
not easily and frequently available‘ followed by strongly agree (18.33%), undecided
(11.67%) and disagree (10.00%). Not a single respondent was strongly disagreeing with
the statement. It shows good sign that SDA sector respondents are also developing
positive attitude towards ICTs in agricultural extension system.
A same percentage of respondents strongly agree (20.00%) and disagree
(20.00%) with the statement ‗Transferring relevant information through ICT is not an
easy task‘ followed by agree (41.67%) undecided (16.67%) and strongly disagree
(1.67%). The low percentage of respondents who are strongly disagreeing with the
sateen shows that SDA sector respondents have very strong positive attitude towards
use of ICTs in delivering extension services which should be utilize carefully.
About 64.00 per cent respondents agree with the statement ‗ICTs based
extension services are better alternative to present and future agricultural extension
system‘ followed by strongly agree (21.67%), undecided (8.33%), disagree (5.00%) and
strongly disagree (1.67%).
The statement ‗Existing ICTs infrastructure is not enough to meet the needs of
the intended users‘ is agree with about 37.00 per cent respondents followed by strongly
agree (23.33%), undecided (28.33%) and disagree (11.67%). The possible reason of this
attitude may be less availability of ICTs tools, less developed ICTs infrastructure
facilities in SDA department. Not a single respondent was strongly disagreeing with the
statement.
Half of the respondents were agree with the statement ‗ICTs alone cannot solve
all the problems related to agriculture‘ followed by strongly agree (26.67%), undecided
(16.67%) and disagree (6.67%). Not a single respondent was strongly disagreeing with
the statement.
More than half of the respondents were agree (56.67%) with the statement ‗With
the help of ICTs, a new skilled and knowledge society can be developed‘ followed by
strongly agree (16.67%), undecided (15.00%) and disagree (11.67%). Not a single
respondent was strongly disagreeing with the statement.
Majority of the respondents were agree (63.33%) with the statement ‗While
using ICTs, It is necessary to develop material in local language‘ followed by strongly
agree (30.00%), disagree (5.00%) and undecided (1.67%). Not a single respondent was
strongly disagreeing with the statement. The reason of more favorable attitude towards
the statement may be due to more field oriented job responsibility.
More than half of the respondent were agree (66.67%) with the statement ‗ICTs
enable better integration of various information sources for technology dissemination‘
followed by strongly agree (16.67%), undecided (13.33%). A same percentage of
respondents were disagree (1.67%) as well as strongly disagree (1.67%) with the
statement.
About same percentage of respondents agreed (45.00%) and strongly agree
(40.00%) with the statement ‗ICTs effectiveness is affected by interrupted power supply
and lack of funds‘ followed by disagree (10.00%) and undecided (5.00%). Not a single
respondent was strongly disagreeing with the statement. Not a single respondent was
strongly disagreeing with the statement.
Overall it can be concluded from the above table that SDA sector respondents
have positive attitude towards the use of ICTs in agricultural extension system. The
issues like content development, power supply, infrastructural facilities, trainings etc
should be taken well care.
Table 4.19. Distribution of SDA sector respondents based on the degree of agreement with attitude statements towards use of ICTs in
agriculture
n= 60

SA A UD DA SDA
(20.00) (63.33) (08.33) (06.67) (01.67)
(30.00) (51.67) (06.67) (11.67) (00.00)
(36.67) (50.00) (05.00) (8.33) (00.00)
(30.00) (40.00) (15.00) (15.00) (00.00)
(41.67) (45.00) (06.67) (05.00) (01.67)
(00.00) (18.33) (20.00) (50.00) (11.67)
technologies. (36.67) (38.33) (16.67) (06.67) (01.67)
be upgraded. (36.67) (60.00) (03.33) (00.00) (00.00)
(20.00) (41.67) (16.67) (20.00) (01.67)
system. (21.67) (63.33) (08.33) (05.00) (01.67)
(23.33) (36.67) (28.33) (11.67) (00.00)
(26.67) (50.00) (16.67) (06.67) (0.00)
(16.67) (56.67) (15.00) (11.67) (0.00)
(30.00) (63.33) (01.67) (05.00) (00.00)
problems etc. (28.33) (48.33) (16.67) (06.67) (00.00)
(16.67) (66.67) (13.33) (01.67) (01.67)
(40.00) (45.00) (05.00) (10.00) (00.00)
SA: Strongly A: Agree, UD: Undecided, DA: Disagree, SDA: Strongly Disagree.
4.5.6 Attitude of Private sector respondents towards use of ICTs in agriculture
Attitude of Private sector respondents towards use of ICTs in agriculture is
presented in Table 4.20. It could be evident from the table that near about three fourth of
the respondents were strongly agree with the statement ‗ICTs are best possible bridges
between research system and farming system to reduce the technology dissemination
gap‘ followed by agree (26.67%). Not a single respondent was either undecided,
disagree or strongly disagree with the statement. It shows that private sector respondents
were totally agreed with this statement. The reason of this may be private sector
respondents are using more frequently ICTs tools in their job area.
The statement ‗ICTs help in reducing the trainings and demonstrations cost‘ has
65 per cent strongly agreement in private sector followed by agree (35.00%). Again
with this statement also not a single respondent was either undecided, disagree or
strongly disagree with the statement.
With respect to statement ‗ICTs reduce face to face contact between extension
personnel and farmers‘ more than half of the respondents were strongly disagree
(56.67%) with the statement followed by disagree (43.33%). The reason of totally
disagreement with the statement may be because private sector extension personnel are
using ICTs more frequently in technology dissemination and most of the technology
dissemination mode followed by them is through ICTs.
About 64 per cent respondents were strongly agree with the statement ‗ICTs
demands more time and creativity to develop qualitative content for ICTs in agriculture‘
followed by agree (36.67%). Again with this statement also, not a single respondent was
either undecided, disagree or strongly disagree with the statement. The possible reason
of this finding may be private sector involvement is more in running ICTs projects in
comparison to R& D and SDA sector. So, they have more experience not only in
developing content for ICTs but in the area of effective monitoring and evaluation.
40 per cent respondents were strongly agree with the statement ‗ICTs involve
more cost for installation and maintenance‘ followed by agree (30.00%), disagree
(20.00%) and strongly disagree (10.00%).
Near to three fourth of the respondents were strongly agree (73.33%) with the
statement ‗Feedback is fast through ICTs than traditional methods‘ followed by agree
(16.67%) and undecided (10.00%). Not a single respondent was disagree or strongly
disagree with the statement.
Fifty per cent respondents were strongly disagree (50.00%) with the statement
‗ICTs use creates problems to those extension personnel who lack knowledge and
inexperience with online technologies‘ followed by agree (30.00%) and strongly agree
(20.00%). The reason might be the private sector respondents are more technically
updated than R & D and SDA sector respondents.
About 47 per cent respondents were disagree with the statement ‗ICTs may
replace the traditional extension methods in agriculture in near future‘ followed by
agree (13.33%) and strongly agree (8.33%). The findings show that although private
sector has more involvement with ICTs but they are also have positive favorable
attitude with traditional ICTs as the blended approach can work far better than single
approach.
About 69 per cent respondents strongly agree with the statement ‗ICTs enable to
interact with more personnel at the same time for dissemination of agricultural
technologies‘ followed by agree (31.67%). Again with this statement also not a single
respondent was either undecided, disagree or strongly disagree with the statement. This
statement is somewhat supporting the findings of statement ‗ICTs may replace the
traditional extension methods in agriculture in near future‘. The crisp is to follow the
blended approach to catch the clientele.
The statement ‗With the use of ICTs, working ability and capacity of the
agricultural extension personnel can be upgraded‘ is strongly agree with 60 per dent
respondents followed by 40 per cent agree respondents. With this statement also not a
single respondent was either undecided, disagree or strongly disagree with the
statement. The most probable reason of this finding may be private sector respondents
have more regular trainings on ICTs in comparison to R&D and SDA sector extension
personnel.
A slightly more than half of the respondents were strongly agree (53.33%) with
the statement ‗ICTs are potentially faster tools of TOT for remote and diversified areas
where agricultural extension services are not easily and frequently available‘ followed
by agree (46.67%). Not a single respondent was either undecided, disagree or strongly
The statement ‗Transferring relevant information through ICT is not an easy
task‘ have about 47 per cent strongly agreement with the statement followed by agree
(36.67%) and disagree (16.67%). Not a single respondent was either undecided,
disagree or strongly disagree with the statement.
A little more than half of the respondents (58.33%) were agree with the
statement ‗ICTs based extension services are better alternative to present and future
agricultural extension system‘ followed by strongly agree (41.67%) . Not a single
respondent was either undecided, disagree or strongly disagree with the statement. The
possible reason may be private sector extension personnel are using ICTs more
frequently to reach their clientele.
35 per cent respondents were strongly agree with the statement ‗Existing ICTs
infrastructure is not enough to meet the needs of the intended users‘ followed by agree
(18.33%), disagree (26.67%) and strongly disagree (20.00%). Because private sector
has well developed ICTs facilities in comparison to R&D and SDA.
About 52 per cent respondents agree with the statement ICTs alone cannot solve
all the problems related to agriculture followed by strongly agree (48.33%). Not a single
respondent was either undecided, disagree or strongly disagree with the statement.
With regards to statement ‗With the help of ICTs, a new skilled and knowledge
society can be developed‘ half of the respondents were agree (50.00%) followed by
strongly agree (28.33%), undecided (18.33%) and disagree (3.33%).
About 59 per cent respondents strongly agree with the statement ‗While using
ICTs, It is necessary to develop material in local language‘ followed by agree (41.67%).
Not a single respondent was either undecided, disagree or strongly disagree with the
statement.
65 per cent respondents strongly agree with the statement ‗ICTs enable better
integration of various information sources for technology dissemination‘ followed by
agree (35.00%). Not a single respondent was either undecided, disagree or strongly
Slightly more than half of the respondents were strongly agreed with the
statement ‗ICTs effectiveness is affected by interrupted power supply and lack of funds‘
followed by agree (45.00%). Not a single respondent was either undecided, disagree or
strongly disagree with the statement.
In total, it can be inferred from the table that lost of the times private sector
respondents are strongly agree and agree with most of the statements. The reason of this
amy be private sector respondents are well aware about the ICTs, their application and
field, have well defined and well developed infrastructural facilities etc.
Table 4.20. Distribution of Private sector respondents based on the degree of agreement with attitude statements towards use of ICTs in
agriculture
n= 60

SA A UD DA SDA
(65.00) (35.00) (00.00) (00.00) (00.00)
(00.00) (00.00) (00.00) (43.33) (56.67)
(63.33) (36.67) (00.00) (00.00) (00.00)
(40.00) (30.00) (00.00) (20.00) (10.00)
(73.33) (16.67) (10.00) (00.00) (00.00)
(08.33) (13.33) (00.00) (46.67) (31.67)
technologies. (68.33) (31.67) (00.00) (00.00) (00.00)
be upgraded. (60.00) (40.00) (00.00) (00.00) (00.00)
(46.67) (36.67) (00.00) (16.67) (00.00)
system. (41.67) (58.33) (00.00) (00.00) (00.00)
(35.00) (18.33) (00.00) (26.67) (20.00)
(48.33) (51.67) (00.00) (00.00) (00.00)
(28.33) (50.00) (18.33) (03.33) (00.00)
(58.33) (41.67) (00.00) (00.00) (00.00)
problems etc. (23.33) (25.00) (00.00) (30.00) (21.67)
(65.00) (35.00) (00.00) (00.00) (00.00)
(55.00) (45.00) (00.00) (00.00) (00.00)
SA: Strongly, A: Agree, UD: Undecided, DA: Disagree, SDA: Strongly Disagree.

4.6 Extent of use of ICTs
The extent of use of ICTs includes the Experience in use of ICTs tools, Purposes
of accessing ICTs tools, Access and frequency of use of ICTs tools and Pattern of use.
4.6.1 Experience in ICT Tools use
Experience in ICTs tools use was studied by experience in ICTs tools use by
R&D sector respondents, SDA sector respondents and private sector respondents.
Table 4.21 highlights on experience in ICT tools use by the respondents. For
simplicity and clear understanding, the experience in ICTs tools use was calculated in
two components- experience in use at individual level (Self) and experience in use at
organization level. The total experience was calculated on categories like less than one
year, one to five year and more than five year.
It could be evident from the table that at individual level, majority of the
respondents (60.00%) have experience in Mobile SMS from more than five years
followed by telecommunication facilities (58.89%), computer hardware (55.00%), audio
visual systems (52.78%), LCD (53.33%), VCD/DVD players (51.67%) and others.
About 39 per cent respondents were having experience in use of video
conferencing from one to five years followed by audio visual systems (37.22%),
computer software (32.78%), computer hardware (33.89%) and others. There is very
less percentage of the respondents who were using ICTs tools from less than one year
like computer software (26.67%), video conferencing (26.11%), telecommunication
facilities (12.22%), VCD/DVD Players (24.44%), LCD (27.22%), computer electronic
communication (20.56%) and others.
It was also evident from the table that the use of community radio is very limited
at individual level, i.e. only about seven per cent respondents have experience in
community radio use from last 1 to 5 years. It shows that although respondents have a
good experience of ICTs tools use but the percentage of respondents in the use of
modern ICT tools like, mobile telephony, online social networking, kiosks and
community radio is very limited. The reason of this may be due to less awareness about
the varied use of the latest ICTs tools or incompetency to handle the latest ICTs tools.
So, there is a need to make aware the extension personnel towards the diversified use of
the ICTs whether modern or traditional according to their working conditions.
ICTs tools use at organizational level also gives a good image. Organization has
a cent per cent experience in use of technologies like computer hardware (100.00%),
audio visual systems (100.00%), telecommunication facilities (100.00%), computer
networks (100.00%), VCD/DVD players (100.00%), LCD (100.00%) etc. from more
than five years but when it comes to the use of latest ICTs tools, like kiosks, mobile
telephony, online social networking etc., not a single organization has experience from
more than five years. Although the percentage of use is very limited like use of
computer software (33.33%), digital video transmission (10.00%) and kiosks (05.56%)
it is from last 1 to 5 years of experience. So, it can be concluded that use of the ICTs at
individual level is more in comparison to the use at organizational level. The reason of
this gap may be due to availability of the ICTs tools at organizational level,
accessibility, freedom and time available to use, lack of skills required to use available
technologies, promotion of the latest ICTs tools or the working conditions of the tools.
So, the focus should be given on the lacking factors which are inhibiting the use of the
ICTs tools. The findings are coinciding with the finding of Adesope et al. (2007), Rao
(2000), Kiran (2007) and Salau and Saingbe (2008).
Table.4.21. Experience of the respondents in ICTs Tools use
N=180
Self Organization
S.No. ICTs Tools Less than 1 1-5 years More than 5 Less than 1 1-5 years More than 5
year years year years
1. Computer hardware (e.g. personal computer,
20 (11.11) 61 (33.89) 99 (55.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 180 (100.00)
printer, CD ROM)
2. Audio-visual systems (e.g. Camera, video
18 (10.00) 67 (37.22) 95 (52.78) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 180 (100.00)
camera/decks, speakers, Television sets, radio)
3. Telecommunication facilities(Telephone, satellite,
Facsimile, 22 (12.22) 52 (28.89) 106 (58.89) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 180 (100.00)
radio and TV transmitters)
4. Computer Electronic communication/networks (e.g.
37 (20.56) 54 (30.00) 89 (49.44) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 180 (100.00)
Internet, email, teleconferencing, e-commerce)
5. Computer software (word processors, presentation,
48 (26.67) 59 (32.78) 73 (40.55) 00 (00.00) 60 (33.33) 120 (66.67)
multimedia, spreadsheets)
6. Community Radio 00 (00.00) 12 (06.67) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00)
7. Video Conferencing 47 (26.11) 70 (38.89) 63 (35.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 180 (100.00)
8. Mobile telephony 08 (04.44) 34 (18.89) 55 (30.55) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00)
9. Mobile SMS 18 (10.00) 42 (23.33) 108 (60.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 00(00.00)
10. Online social networking 06 (03.33) 41(22.78) 54 (30.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00)
11. Digital video transmissions 12 (06.67) 37(20.56) 47 (26.11) 06 (03.33) 18 (10.00) 00 (00.00)
12. Kiosks 08 (4.44) 08 (4.44) 16 (8.88) 06 (03.33) 10 (05.56) 00 (00.00)
13. VCD/DVD Players 44 (24.44) 43 (23.89) 93 (51.67) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 180 (100.00)
14. LCD 49 (27.22) 35 (19.44) 96 (53.33) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 180 (100.00)
4.6.1.2. Categorization of respondents as per Experience in ICT Tools use
As per table 4.22 majority of the respondents (45.56%) belonged to high
category with regard to experience in ICTs tools use followed by medium (33.89%) and
low (20.56%). In depth analysis revealed that 45 per cent R&D sector respondents were
belonged to high category followed by medium (36.67%) and low (18.33%). About 49
per cent SDA sector respondents were belonged to medium category followed by high
(31.67%) and low (20.00%). More than half (60.00%) of the private sector respondents
were belonged to high category followed by low (23.33%) and high (16.67%) with
regard to experience in ICTs tools use.
Analysis of the table shows that respondents have good experience in ICTs use.
Majority of the R& D sector respondents have high level of experience in ICTs use in
comparison to SDA sector respondents. The possible reason of this may be due to more
availability and accessibility of ICTs tools in R& D sector in comparison to SDA sector.
Although the private sector respondents percentage is more in comparison to all three
sector respondents in ICTs use because in private sector the availability and
accessibility of ICTs tools is more in comparison to remaining two sector i.e. R& D and
SDA sector
Table 4.22. Categorization of respondents as per Experience in ICT Tools use
S.No. Respondent category Category Score Range Frequency Percentage

1. Total Low 21 to 33 37 20.56
Medium 34 to 46 61 33.89
High 47 to 59 82 45.56
2. R&D Low 21 to 32 11 18.33
Medium 33 to 44 22 36.67
High 45 to 56 27 45.00
3. SDA Low 14 to 26 12 20.00
Medium 27 to 39 29 48.33
High 40 to 52 19 31.67
4. Private Low 49 to 51 14 23.33
Medium 52 to 54 10 16.67
High 55 to 57 36 60.00
4.6.1.3 Experience in ICT Tools use by R&D sector respondents
The table no. 4.23 explains that about 62 per cent respondents were using
computer hardware from more than last five years followed by one to five years
(28.33%) and less than one year (10.00%). With respect to audio visual aids, 65 per
cent respondents said that they are using if from more than five years followed by one
to five years (21.67%) and less than one year (13.33%). With telecommunication
facilities, about 69 per cent respondents were using it from more than five years
followed by 20 per cent from one to five years and about 12 per cent from less than one
year. 60 per cent respondents were using the computer/communication networks from
more than five years followed by about 24 percent as one to five years and about 17 per
cent from less than one year. 50 per cent respondents had experience in using computer
software from more than five years followed by 20 per cent respondents one to five
years and 30 per cent as less than one year.
With respect to community radio, only nine per cent respondents had experience
from one to five years. About 59 per cent respondents were using video conferencing
from less than one tear followed by more than five years (25.00%) and about 17 per
cent from one to five years. With the use of mobile telephony, mobile SMS, online
social working, digital video transmission and kiosks, the majority was using it from
more than five years but the percentage is less. A same percentage of respondents
(65.00%) were using VCD/DVD Players and LCD from more than five years.
With respect to experience in ICTs tools use by individual, it shows that
majority of the R & D sector respondents were using computer
hardware/softwares/telecommunication networks/audio visual aids from more than five
years. But with the use of latest ICTs like mobile SMS, mobile telephony, digital video
transmission etc., the percentage of the responders who have experience in use of it, is
less. So there is a need to know about the reason why the respondents are still lagging
behind in use of latest ICTs and how it should be overcome. The reason may be
awareness, availability, accessibility and interest or so on. But it is the responsibility of
the organization/policy makers/administrators that they should make aware their
employees about the latest ICTs technologies and its varied effective use.
Experience of organization in ICTs tools use also gives the clear cut picture that
use of latest ICTs tools like digital video conferencing (13.33%), kiosks (10.00%) is
very limited and have less experience. The other emerging ICTs tools like community
radio, mobile telephony, and social networking sites etc. have still not utilized by the
organization level. The usage of other ICTs tools like computer hardware, audio visual
systems, telecommunication facilities, computer electronic communication/networks,
computer software, video conferencing, VCD/DVD and LCD was found cent percent
from more than last five years by the organization.
Table: 4.23. Distribution of R&D sector respondents according to Experience in ICTs Tools use
n=60
Self Organization
S.No. ICTs Tools Less than 1 1-5 years More than 5 Less than 1-5 years More than
year years 1 year 5 years
1. Computer hardware (e.g. personal
06 (10.00) 17 (28.33) 37 (61.67) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 60 (100.00)
computer, printer, CD ROM)
2. Audio-visual systems (e.g. Camera,
video camera/decks, speakers, 08 (13.33) 13 (21.67) 39 (65.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 60 (100.00)
Television sets, radio)
3. Telecommunication
facilities(Telephone, satellite,
07 (11.67) 12 (20.00) 41(68.33) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 60 (100.00)
Facsimile,
4. Computer Electronic
communication/networks (e.g. Internet, 10 (16.67) 14 (23.33) 36 (60.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 60 (100.00)
email, teleconferencing, e-commerce)
5. Computer software (word processors,
presentation, multimedia, 18 (30.00) 12 (20.00) 30 (50.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 60 (100.00)
spreadsheets)
6. Community Radio 00 (00.00) 05 (08.33) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00)
9. Mobile SMS 00 (00.00) 12 (20.00) 36 (60.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00)
10. Online social networking 00 (00.00) 13 (21.67) 18 (30.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00)
11. Digital video transmissions 00 (00.00) 10 (16.67) 12 (20.00) 06 (10.00) 08 (13.33) 00 (00.00)
12. Kiosks 00 (00.00) 03 (05.00) 10 (16.67) 06 (10.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00)
13. VCD/DVD Players 12 (20.00) 9 (15.00) 39 (65.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 60 (100.00)
14. LCD 13 (21.67) 8 (13.33) 39 (65.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 60 (100.00)
4.6.1.4 Experience in ICT Tools use by SDA respondents
Table 4.24 summarizes the experience in ICTs tools use by the SDA sector
respondents. Majority of the respondents (45.00%) were using computer hardware from
1 to 5 years followed by more than five years (31.67%) and less than one year
(23.33%). More than half of the respondents (55.00%) were using audio visual aids
from last 1 to 5 years followed by more than five years (28.33%) and less than one year
(16.67%). With respect to telecommunication facilities, majority of the respondents
(45.00%) were having experience from more than five years followed by 1 to 5 years
(30.00%) and less than one year (25.00%). About 34 per cent respondents were using
computer telecommunication networks from last more than five years followed by 30
per cent from 1 to 5 years and about 37 per cent respondents from less than year. With
respect to computer software, about 22 per cent respondents were using ICTs from more
than five years followed by about 42 per cent respondents from 1 to 5 years and about
37 per cent respondents were having experience less than 1 year. With the use of
VCD/DVD, majority (36.67%) of the respondents were using it from less than one year
followed by 30 per cent respondents were using it from one to five years followed by
about 34 per cent respondents were using it from more than five years. About 47 per
cent respondents were using LCD use from less than 1 year followed by about 44 per
cent were using it more than five years and 10 per cent respondents were using it from
one to five years.
It can be inferred that majority of the SDA sector respondents were having less
experience in ICTs tools use either less than one year or from one to five years of
experience. The most probable reason of this may be majority of the SDA sector
respondents are falling in young age category and having education up to graduation.
With respect to latest ICTs tools like community Radio, Online social
networking, Mobile telephony, digital video transmission, either respondents were not
utilizing it or there is very less percentage of the respondents who have experience in
these latest ICTs tools. Not a single respondent from SDA sector have experience in
Kiosks.
With respect to experience of organization in utilizing the ICTs tools, majority
of the ICTs tools were utilizing from more than five years like computer hardware
(100.00%), audio visual systems (100.00%), telecommunication facilities (100.00%),
computer electronic communication (100.00%), video conferencing (100.00%),
VCD/DVD (100.00%) and LCDs (100.00%). Cent per cent usage of computer software
was found from last one to five years. But with regard to latest ICTs tools, like
community radio, mobile telephony, mobile SMS, online social networking, digital
video transmission and kiosks, SDA sector is not utilizing these tools for extension of
technologies.
So, it can be concluded from the table that at individual level, experience in use
of ICTs is very less i.e. from last one to five years with the most probable reason that
majority of the SDA sector respondents belonged to young category of age and having
maximum education up to graduation. At the organizational level also, the organization
is having good experience in utilizing the ICTs like computer hardware, computer
software, audio visual aids, video conferencing, VCD/DVD and LCD from more than
five years but with respect to new ICTs tools like mobile telephony, online social
networking, kiosks, the finding s are quite discouraging,. The reasons of this finding
may be less interest of the department in utilizing the modern ICTs tools, less promotion
of ICTs tools or maybe there is lack of proper time to utilize the modern ICTs tools due
to more field oriented job responsibilities. So, the department has to promote the use of
ICTs in agriculture extension besides updating the knowledge of extension personnel on
the proper and effective use of ICT tools in the field for technology dissemination.
Table 4.24. Experience in ICT Tools use by SDA sector respondents
n=60
Self Organization
S.No. ICTs Tools Less than 1 1-5 years More than Less than 1 1-5 years More than
year 5 years year 5 years
14 (23.33) 27 (45.00) 19 (31.67) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 60 (100.00)
video camera/decks, speakers, Television 10 (16.67) 33 (55.00) 17 (28.33) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 60 (100.00)
sets, Radio)
3. Telecommunication facilities(Telephone,
satellite, Facsimile, 15 (25.00) 18 (30.00) 27 (45.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 60 (100.00)
spreadsheets)
6. Community Radio 00 (00.00) 03 (05.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00)
9. Mobile SMS 00 (00.00) 14 (23.33) 46 (76.67) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00)
12. Kiosks 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00)
13. VCD/DVD Players 22 (36.67) 18 (30.00) 20 (33.33) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 60 (100.00)
14. LCD 28 (46.67) 06 (10.00) 26 (43.33) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 60 (100.00)
4.6.1.5 Experience in ICT Tools use by Private sector respondents
Private sector respondents experience in ICTs tools can be understood by the
Table 4.25. Majority of the respondents have experience in using ICTs tools from more
than five years like computer hardware (71.67%), audio visual systems (65.00%),
telecommunication facilities (63.33%), computer electronics (55.00%), computer
software (50.00%), mobile SMS (43.33%), digital video transmission (45.00%),
VCD/DVD players (56.67%) and LCD (51.67%). Although with the use of mobile
telephony majority of the respondents (30.00%) had experience from last 1 to 5 years.
Only seven per cent respondents were having experience in using community from last
one to five years.
The ICTs tools which were using by the respondents from the last one to five
years are computer hardware (28.33%), audio visual systems (35.00%), a same
percentage of telecommunication facilities (36.67%), computer electronics
communication (36.67%), computer software (36.67%), video conferencing (30.00%),
Mobile SMS (26.67%), online social networking (43.33%), digital video transmission
(35.00%), kiosks (08.33%), VCD/DVD player (26.67%) and LCD (35.00%).
Further from the table it can be clearly understood that only about nine per cent
respondents having experience in computer electronics from less than one year followed
by computer software (13.33%), video conferencing (06.67%), mobile telephony
(13.33%), mobile SMS (30.00%), online social networking (10.00%), digital video
transmission (20.00%), VCD/DVD player (16.67%) and LCD (13.33%).
To sum up, it can be conclude that majority of the respondents have experience
in use of ICTs from more than five years to one year to five years of experience. All the
respondents were having experience on ICTs, although the percentage to use is varying,
still it is far encouraging and better than the R & D and SDA sector respondents.
With respect to ICTs use by the organization, it is clear from the that cent per
cent experience from more than five years in utilizing the ICTs tools like computer
hardware, audio visual systems, computer electronics, telecommunication facilities,
video conferencing etc. with respect to mobile telephony and mobile SMS the
organization has no experience.
Table 4.25. Experience in ICT Tools use by Private sector respondents
n=60
Self Organization
S.No. ICTs Tools Less than 1 1-5 years More than 5 Less than 1 1-5 years More than 5
year years year years
00 (00.00) 17 (28.33) 43 (71.67) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 60 (100.00)
video camera/decks, speakers, 00 (00.00) 21 (35.00) 39 (65.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 60 (100.00)
facilities(Telephone, satellite,
00 (00.00) 22 (36.67) 38 (63.33) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 60 (100.00)
Facsimile,
spreadsheets)
6. Community Radio 00 (00.00) 04 (06.67) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00)
9. Mobile SMS 18 (30.00) 16 (26.67) 26 (43.33) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00)
12. Kiosks 08 (13.33) 05 (08.33) 06 (10.00) 00 (00.00) 10 (16.67) 00 (00.00)
13. VCD/DVD Players 10 (16.67) 16 (26.67) 34 (56.67) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 60 (100.00)
14. LCD 08 (13.33) 21 (35.00) 31 (51.67) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 60 (100.00)
4.6.2 Purpose of accessing ICT tools
Table 4.26 gives the picture of purposes of accessing ICTs tools by the
respondents. It was evident from the table that about 87 per cent respondents frequently
access the ICTs tools for knowledge, followed by 14 per cent accessed ICTs tools
sometimes for the said purpose. With respect to storing information, majority (80.00%)
of the respondents frequently accessed the ICTs tools followed by 20 per cent accessed
sometimes. About 81 per cent respondents frequently used ICTs tools for processing
and analysis of data followed by about 20 per cent accessed ICTs tools sometimes for
the same purpose. About 84 per cent respondents accessed ICTs tools for sharing and
dissemination information frequently whereas about 17 per cent respondents accessed
ICTs tools for sometimes. About 67 per cent respondents accessed ICTs tools for
networking with other organizations frequently while about 38 per cent respondents
accessed ICTs tools sometimes for the same purpose. It can be also evident from the
table that all the respondents accessed ICTs tools either frequently or sometimes for the
mentioned purposes. Not a single respondent was found that he/she never utilized the
ICTs tools. So, it‘s an interesting finding that all respondents had utilized ICTs tools for
various purposes and are aware about its varied purposes. Findings are in line with
Intsiful et al. (2003) and Oladosu (2008).
Hence, it could be summarized from the above table that majority of the
respondents accessed ICTs tools for accessing the information, storing information,
processing and analysis, sharing and disseminating information and networking with
other organizations.
Table 4.26. Distribution of Respondents according to purpose of accessing ICTs
tools
N=180
S.No. Purposes Frequency
Frequently Sometimes Never
1. Accessing Knowledge 156 (86.67) 24 (13.33) 00 (00.00)
2. Storing information 144 (80.00) 36 (20.00) 00 (00.00)
3. Process and analysis (data, information
145 (80.56) 35 (19.44) 00 (00.00)
etc.)
4. Sharing or disseminating information 151 (83.89) 29 (16.11) 00 (00.00)
5. Networking with other organizations 119 (66.11) 67 (37.22) 00 (00.00)
4.6.2.1 Purposes of accessing ICTs tools by the respondents working in R&D
sector, SDA sector and Private sector
Table 4.27 gives the detailed and in depth picture of purposes of accessing ICTs
tools by R&D sector, SDA sector and private sector respondents.
R&D sector respondents frequently access the ICTs for knowledge (90.00%)
followed by storing information (80.00%), sharing information (76.67%), processing
and analysis (68.33%) and networking with other organization (61.67%) whereas only
10 per cent of R&D sector respondents accessed ICTs for knowledge sometimes,
followed by storing information (20.00%), processing and analysis (31.66%), sharing
and dissemination information (23.33%) and networking with other organizations
(38.33%).
SDA sector respondents access ICTs frequently to access knowledge (70.00 %),
followed by storing information (60%), sharing information (58.33%), processing and
analysis (56.67%) and networking (26.67%), whereas 30 per cent respondents accessed
ICTs tools sometimes for knowledge followed by storing information (40.00%),
processing and analysis (26.67%), sharing or dissemination information (25.00%) and
networking (73.33%).
Cent per cent private sector respondents access ICTs frequently for accessing
knowledge and sharing or disseminating information. 95 per cent respondents access
ICTs frequently for processing and analyzing. A same percentage of respondents
accessed ICTs for storing information (86.67%) and networking with other organization
(86.67%) whereas only 5 per cent respondents sometimes accessed ICTs tools for
processing and analysis information followed by storing information (13.33%) and
networking with other organization (13.33%).
The analysis of purpose of accessing tools also shows that private sector
respondents are accessing ICTs more frequently than public and SDA sector
respondents. SDA sector respondents have less frequently accessibility to ICTs in
comparison to other two sectors. With respect to networking with other organization,
SDA sector respondents are falling far behind than public and private sector
respondents. The reason of this may be due to their unawareness about the varied use of
ICTs. The above table also gives the information that majority of the respondents
accessed the ICTs tools very frequently. There was not a single respondent who has
never accessed ICTs tools. So, it is good to know that the respondents know the various
uses of ICTs and are better utilizing it also.
Table 4.27. Distribution of Respondents according to Purpose of accessing ICTs tools by the respondents working in R&D, SDA
and Private sector
S.No. Purposes R&D SDA Private

(n=60) (n=60) (n=60)
Frequently Sometimes Never Frequently Sometimes Never Frequently Sometimes Never
1. Accessing 54 06 00 42 18 00 60 00 00
Knowledge (90.00) (10.00) (00.00) (70.00) (30.00) (00.00) (100.00) (00.00) (00.00)
2. Storing 48 12 00 36 24 00 52 08 00
information (80.00) (20.00) (00.00) (60.00) (40.00) (00.00) (86.67) (13.33) (00.00)
3. Process and
41 19 00 34 16 00 57 03 00
analysis (data,
(68.33) (31.67) (00.00) (56.67) (26.67) (00.00) (95.00) (05.00) (00.00)
information etc.)
4. Sharing or
46 14 00 35 15 00 60 00 00
disseminating
(76.67) (23.33) (00.00) (58.33) (25.00) (00.00) (100.00) (00.00) (00.00)
information
5. Networking with
37 23 00 16 44 00 52 08 00
other
(61.67) (38.33) (00.00) (26.67) (73.33) (00.00) (86.67) (13.33) (00.00)
organizations
4.6.3 Access and Frequency of Use of ICTs tools
4.6.3.1 Availability of ICTs Tools to the respondents

Table 4.28 highlights the access and availability of ICT tools to the respondents.
It is clear from the table that in R&D sector, there is cent per cent availability of
Computer/Laptops/Desktops/, internet and e-mail and landline. The availability of other
ICTs tools are Scanner (83.33%), printer (93.33%), TV/LCDs (60.00%), digital camera
(90.00%), video camera (75.00%), handy cam (55.00%), video conferencing (60.00%),
CD/DVD Player (80.00%) and Fax (86.67%). With regard to use of the available ICTs
tools, in R &D computers, all the available ICTs tools are cent per cent in use. The same
trend is visible with the SDA sector and private sector.
The availability of ICTs tools to SDA department can be understood from the
same table. Cent per cent respondents from SDA have computer, internet, e-mail,
mobile and landline. Availability of scanner and printer was about 39 per cent. LCD
projector was available with about 49 per cent followed by digital camera (65.00%),
video camera (41.67%0, handy cam (21.67%), teleconferencing (30.00%), video
conferencing (76.67%) and fax (46.67%).
The availability of ICTs tools in private sector shows that computer, internet , e-
mail, scanner, printer, mobile, fax and landline are cent per cent available. LCD
projector was available with 90 per cent followed by video camera (81.67%), handy
cam (76.67%), teleconferencing (53.33%) and videoconferencing (80.00%).
The availability of the ICTs tools are varying with respect to R & D sector, SDA
sector and private sector. Availability of ICTs tools is better both in R&D sector and
private sector in comparison to SDA sector. The use of the ICTs also affecting the
availability of ICTs tools in different sectors. Findings of the present research work are
in line with Adesope et al. (2007), Salau and Saingbe (2008) and Oladosu (2008).
Table 4.28. Access and availability of ICTs Tools by different sector respondents
R&D (n=60) SDA (n=60) Private ( n=60)
Available If available, in Available If available, in Available If available, in
S.No. ICTs resources
use use use
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
1. Computer/ Laptops/Desktops 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00) 46 (76.67) 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00)
2. Internet 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00)
3. e-mail 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00)
4. Scanner 50 (83.33) 50 (83.33) 23 (38.33) 23 (38.33) 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00)
5. Printer 56 (93.33) 56 (93.33) 23 (38.33) 23 (38.33) 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00)
6. Radio 11 (18.33) 11 (18.33) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 18 (30.00)) 18 (30.00)
7. Television/LCDs 36 (60.00) 36 (60.00) 18 (30.00) 18 (30.00) 28 (46.67) 28 (46.67)
8. LCD Projector 49 (81.67) 49 (81.67) 29 (48.33) 29 (48.33) 54 (90.00) 54 (90.00)
9. Digital Camera 54 (90.00) 54 (90.00) 39 (65.00) 39 (65.00) 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00)
10. Video camera 45 (75.00) 45 (75.00) 25 (41.67) 25 (41.67) 49 (81.67) 49 (81.67)
11. Handy cam 33 (55.00) 33 (55.00) 13 (21.67) 13 (21.67) 46 (76.67) 46 (76.67)
12. Tele conferencing 28 (46.67) 28 (46.67) 18 (30.00) 18 (30.00) 32 (53.33) 32 (53.33)
13. Video conferencing 36 (60.00) 36 (60.00) 46 (76.67) 46 (76.67) 48 (80.00) 48 (80.00)
14. CD/DVD Player 48 (80.00) 48 (80.00) 26 (43.33) 26 (43.33) 38 (63.33) 38 (63.33)
15. Mobile 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00)
16. Fax 52 (86.67) 52 (86.67) 28 (46.67) 28 (46.67) 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00)
17. Landline 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00)
4.6.3.2 Access to ICTs Tools and Frequency of Use of available ICTs
Table 4.29 provides information on access to ICTs tools and its frequency of
use. The effort was made to study the most frequently used ICTs tools and its frequency
pattern. It was clear from the table that cent per cent respondents had availability of
computers/laptops/desktops (100.00%), internet (100.00) and e-mail (100.00). Here, it is
necessary to focus on the result that although the computer/laptops/desktops are cent per
cent available but their use was only about 93 per cent. Besides cent percent availability,
the low percentage of use might be because of technical problems/errors in the
hardware, due to which the usage frequency of computer (92.22%) is less than cent
percent availability. Out of 93 per cent, about 58 per cent respondents said that they are
using the computer daily, followed by weekly twice (15.00%), less than fortnightly
(13.89%) and fortnightly (5.56%). The percentage shows good results that respondents
are aware about computer and its basic functions.
The internet usage pattern shows that 60 per cent respondents were using
internet daily followed by weekly twice (23.33%), less than fortnightly (11.11%) and
fortnightly (05.56%). The usage frequency of internet gives a positive result that
respondents are using internet more frequently, so this trend can be utilized further.
Majority of the respondents (75.56%) were using e-mails daily followed by
about 12 per cent were using it weekly twice, about 10 per cent of the respondents less
than fortnightly and about 4 per cent were using it fortnightly.
The availability of scanner was therewith 74 per cent of the respondents. Out of
74 per cent availability, only about 63 percentages was the usage. Again, out of 63 per
cent, about 23 per cent were using it daily followed by weekly twice (18.33%), less than
fortnightly (18.34%) and fortnightly (13.89%).
Printer was available with about 73 percent. Out of 73 per cent usage
percentage, 27 per cent respondents use it daily, weekly twice (25.00%), less than
The availability percentage of Radio (16.11%) shows that now –a- days, radio
has less usage by extension personnel. The reason may be due to availability of other
speedy, on time dissemination technologies like mobile, internet, e-mail etc. Only 11
per cent of the respondents were using Radio fortnightly, followed by less than
fortnightly (04.44%) and weekly twice (03.33%).
Less than half of the respondents (45.56%) had availability of LCDs and its use
as well. About 26 per cent respondents were using it fortnightly, followed by less than
fortnightly (17.78%) and weekly twice (02.22%). Not a single respondent was using
either Radio or the LCDs daily. A slightly less than three fourth of the respondents
(73.33%) had the LCD projector and they are also using it. The usage frequency of LCD
projector shows that majority (22.78%) of them were using it fortnightly, less than
fortnightly (21.11%), weekly twice (20.00%) and daily (09.44%). With respect to
digital camera, 85 per cent respondents said that they have digital camera and also are
using it. About 19 per cent respondents were using the digital camera daily, weekly
twice (27.22%), less than fortnightly (26.11%) and fortnightly (13.33%). The video
camera availability and frequency percentage was about 66 per cent. Out of this
availability and usage, majority of the respondents were using video camera fortnightly
(20.00%). A same percentage of respondents were using video camera less than
fortnightly (16.11%) and weekly twice (16.11%), followed by daily (13.89%). About
fifty per cent respondent said that they have handy cam and are using it. The usage
pattern of handy cam was daily (07.78%), weekly twice (11.67%), less than fortnightly
(20.00%) and fortnightly (11.67%). With respect to teleconferencing, the availability
and usage percentage was about 44 per cent and its use was mostly fortnightly
(43.33%). The same trend was also found with videoconferencing. The availability was
73 percent and usage was fortnightly (43.33%). About 63 per cent respondents have
CD/DVD player and were using mostly less than fortnightly (27.78%), fortnightly
(26.11) and weekly twice (13.33%). Not a single respondent was using CD/DVD Player
daily. Cent per cent respondents had Mobiles and they are also using it daily. With
respect to Fax, a little more than three fourth of the respondents have Fax facility and
also utilizing it. The usage pattern of the Fax was daily (08.33%), weekly twice
(21.67%), less than fortnightly (26.67%) and fortnightly (21.11%). The landline
availability was cent per cent (100.00) and its use was also cent per cent. The frequency
of the use of Landline was daily (84.44%), weekly twice (06.67%) and less than
fortnightly (08.89%). Here, it is important to note that the ICTs usage frequency
depends on the organization work pattern and particular individual job roles and
responsibilities. Findings are in line with the Akpabio (2007), Bahgat and Antar (2007)
Agwu et al. (2008) and Singh et al. (2009).
In summary, it could be concluded from the table that the majorly and the most
frequently used ICTs tools were Computer, Internet, E-mail, Mobiles, Landline, Fax,
Videoconferencing, Digital camera, Printer and Scanner.
Table 4.29. Access to ICTs Tools and Frequency of Use of available ICTs
N=180
Available If available, If Yes, Frequency

in use
Yes Yes Daily Weekly Less than Fortnightly
Twice Fortnightly
1. Computer/
180 (100.00) 166 (92.22) 104 (57.78) 27 (15.00) 25 (13.89) 10 (05.56)
Laptops/Desktops
2. Internet 180 (100.00) 180 (100.00) 108 (60.00) 42 (23.33) 20 (11.11) 10 (05.56)
3. e-mail 180 (100.00) 180 (100.00) 136 (75.56) 20 (11.11) 17 (09.44) 07 (03.89)
4. Scanner 133 (73.89) 133 (73.89) 41 (22.78) 33 (18.33) 34 (18.89) 25 (13.89)
5. Printer 139 (72.22) 139 (72.22) 47 (26.11) 45 (25.00) 30 (16.67) 17 (09.44)
6. Radio 29 (16.11) 29 (16.11) 00 (00.00) 06 (03.33) 08 (04.44) 20 (11.11)
7. Television/LCDs 82 (45.56) 82 (45.56) 00 (00.00) 04 (02.22) 32 (17.78) 46 (25.56)
8. LCD Projector 132 (73.33) 132 (73.33) 17 (09.44) 36 (20.00) 38 (21.11) 41 (22.78)
9. Digital Camera 153 (85.00) 153 (85.00) 33 (18.33) 49 (27.22) 47 (26.11) 24 (13.33)
10. Video camera 119 (66.11) 119 (66.11) 25 (13.89) 29 (16.11) 29 (16.11) 36 (20.00)
11. Handy cam 92 (51.11) 92 (51.11) 14 (07.78) 21 (11.67) 36 (20.00) 21 (11.67)
14. CD/DVD Player 112 (62.22) 112 (62.22) 00 (00.00) 24 (13.33) 41 (27.78) 47 (26.11)
15. Mobile 180 (100.00) 180 (100.00) 180(100.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00)
16. Fax 140 (77.78) 140 (77.78) 15 (08.33) 39 (21.67) 48 (26.67) 38 (21.11)
17. Landline 180 (100.00) 180 (100.00) 152 (84.44) 12 (06.67) 16 (08.89) 00 (00.00)
4.6.2.3 ICTs tools access and usage by the R&D sector
Table 4.30 gives the elaborated picture of ICTs tools access and usage by the
R&D sector respondents. With the accessibility of Computer/laptops/desktops, internet
and e-mail, cent percent availability was seen with the cent per cent usage
With regard to computer/laptops/desktops frequency usage, half of the
respondents (50.00%) were using it daily followed by weekly twice (28.33%) and less
than fortnightly (21.67%).
Again half of the respondents (50.00%) were using internet daily (50.00%)
followed by weekly twice (33.33%) and less than fortnightly (16.67%). With regard to
e-mail usage frequency, a little less than three fourth of the respondents (71.67%) were
using e-mail daily followed by weekly twice (16.67%) and less than fortnightly
(11.67%).
More than three fourth of the respondents (83.33%) said that they have
accessibility to scanner and it is in use (83.33%). The usage frequency of scanner shows
that one fourth of the respondents (25.00%) were using scanner daily followed by
weekly twice (23.33%), fortnightly (18.33%) and less than fortnightly (16.67%).
More than three fourth of the respondents (93.33%) have accessibility to printer
with the same percentage of usage (93.33%). The printer usage shows that majorly, its
use was fortnightly (28.33%) followed by weekly twice (25.00%), daily (20.00%) and
less than fortnightly (20.00%).
Availability of Radio was very less (18.33) with its usage frequency (18.33%).
Use of Radio was also limited to fortnightly or more than fortnightly (18.33%). As now-
a-days, use of Radio is not a common feature in extension of technologies by the
institution. Generally the use of Radio is modified in community radio but as such the
respondents taken for the study was not providing their services through community
radio, so its use was also limited.
With the availability and accessibility of Television/LCDs, more than half of the
respondents (60.00%) were accessing the LCDs with its same percentage of frequency
of use (60.00%). The usage pattern shows that majority of the respondents were using
it fortnightly (31.67%) and fortnightly (28.33%).
More than three fourth of the respondents (81.67%) were accessing LCD
Projector with the same percentage of usage (81.67%). With the frequency usage of
LCD shows that half of the respondents (30.00%) were using it fortnightly followed by
less than fortnightly (20.00%), weekly twice (16.67%) and daily (15.00%).
90 per cent of the respondents were accessing the digital camera with its use
(90.00%). The use pattern of digital camera was weekly twice (20.00%), less than
fortnightly (31.67%), fortnightly (26.67%) and daily (11.67%).
Three fourth of the respondents (75.00%) have accessibility to video camera
with the same percentage of usage (75.00%). Majority of them were using it less than
fortnightly (28.33%) followed by fortnightly (21.67%), weekly twice (16.67%) and
daily (08.33%).
A little more than half of the respondents (55.00%) have accessibility to the
handy cam with its use (55.00%). About 19 per cent of the respondents were using it
less than fortnightly followed by weekly twice (16.67%), daily (15.00%) and fortnightly
(05.00%).
About 47.00 per cent of the respondents had accessibility to the teleconferencing
with its usage (46.67%). The usage frequency shows the facility of teleconference was
utilized only fortnightly of more than fortnightly (46.67%).
With regard to video conferencing, 60.00 per cent of the respondents were
accessing it with same percentage of utilization (60.00%). Again as in case of
teleconferencing, videoconferencing was also utilized fortnightly or later (60.00%)
depends on the use and need.
Cent percent accessibility was seen with Mobile and its use (10.00%) and its use
was daily (10.00%). The availability of Fax was about 87 per cent and its use (86.67%).
Its frequency use shows the utilization as less than fortnightly (33.33%), fortnightly
(30.00%) and weekly twice (23.33%).
The landline availability and usage was also same as with the Mobile whereas its
accessibility was cent percent (10.00%) with usage (10.00%). The landline was utilizing
as daily (53.33%), less than fortnightly (26.67%) and weekly twice (20.00%).
The above data can be summarized as the accessibility of major frequently used
ICTs tools to R&D sector respondents was good enough with its utility. All the
available ICTs tools were proper in use. It shows that R&D sector respondents have
good accessibility and usage of ICTs tools.
Table 4.30. Access to ICTs Tools and frequency of Use of available ICTs by R&D Sector respondents
n=60

in use
Twice Fortnightly
1. Computer/
60 (100.00) 60 (100.00) 30 (50.00) 17 (28.33) 13 (21.67) 00 (00.00)
Laptops/Desktops
2. Internet 60(100.00) 60 (100.00) 30 (50.00) 20 (33.33) 10 (16.67) 00 (00.00)
3. e-mail 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00) 43 (71.67) 10 (16.67) 07 (11.67) 00 (00.00)
4. Scanner 50 (83.33) 50 (83.33) 15 (25.00) 14 (23.33) 10 (16.67) 11 (18.33)
5. Printer 56 (93.33) 56 (93.33) 12 (20.00) 15 (25.00) 12 (20.00) 17 (28.33)
6. Radio 11 (18.33) 11 (18.33) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 11 (18.33)
7. Television/LCDs 36 (60.00) 36 (60.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 17 (28.33) 19 (31.67)
8. LCD Projector 49 (81.67) 49 (81.67) 09 (15.00) 10 (16.67) 12 (20.00) 18 (30.00)
9. Digital Camera 54 (90.00) 54 (90.00) 07 (11.67) 12 (20.00) 19 (31.67) 16 (26.67)
10. Video Camera 45(75.00) 45 (75.00) 05 (08.33) 10 (16.67) 17 (28.33) 13 (21.67)
11. Handy cam 33 (55.00) 33 (55.00) 09 (15.00) 10 (16.67) 11 (18.33) 03 (05.00)
14. CD/DVD Player 48 (80.00) 48(80.00) 00 (00.00) 12 (20.00) 19 (31.67) 17 (28.33)
15. Mobile 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00)
16. Fax 52 (86.67) 52 (86.67) 00 (00.00) 14 (23.33) 20 (33.33) 18 (30.00)
17. Landline 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00) 32 (53.33) 12 (20.00) 16 (26.67) 00 (00.00)
Figures in parentheses indicates percentage
4.6.2.4 ICTs tools and frequency of use by the SDA sector respondents
Table 4.31 shows the accessibility of ICTs tools and frequency of use by the
SDA respondents. Accessibility of Computers/laptops/desktops, internet and e-mail was
cent percent while frequency of use was less. While accessibility to
computers/laptops/desktops was cent percent (10.0%), its use was only slightly higher
than three fourth (76.67%). Again the frequency of use of computer was daily (23.33%),
less than fortnightly (20.00%). About 17 per cent respondents were using it as weekly
twice followed by less than fortnightly (20.00%). The usage pattern may be due to their
more job responsibilities to the field work.
The internet accessibility was cent percent with its use (10.00%). Majority of the
respondents were using it weekly twice (36.67%) followed by daily (30.00%). A same
percentage of the respondents were using it less than fortnightly (16.67%) and
fortnightly (16.67%).
E-mail accessibility was cent percent (100.00%) with use (100.00%). A little
more than half of the respondents were using it daily (55.00%) followed by weekly
twice (11.67%) less than fortnightly (16.67%) and fortnightly (11.67%).
About 39 per cent of respondents have accessibility to scanner with its use
(38.33%). About 14 per cent respondents were using it daily followed by less than
fortnightly (10.00), weekly twice (08.33%) and fortnightly (06.67%).
The accessibility of printer was 39 per cent with the same percentage of usage
(38.33%). Majority of the respondents were using it weekly twice (20.00%) followed by
daily (18.33%) and less than fortnightly (16.67%).
The accessibility and use of Radio by SDA respondents was not all present.
Accessibility to Television/LCDs was 30.00 percent with the same percentage of usage
(30.00%). Its use was fortnightly (21.67%) and less than fortnightly (08.33%).
About half of the respondents (48.33%) were accessing the LCD projector and
also using (48.33%) it. The usage frequency shows that half of the respondents were
using it fortnightly (30.00%) followed by weekly twice (16.67%). A same percentage
was found with less than fortnightly and daily (13.33%).
More than half of the respondents (65.00%) were accessing and using the digital
camera with its use (65.00%). 25 per cent of the respondents were using it weekly twice
while a same percentage of the respondents were utilizing it less than fortnightly
(20.00%) and daily (20.00%).
About 42.00 per cent respondents were accessing video camera with same
percentage (41.67%). Its frequency use pattern was daily (13.33%), fortnightly (13.33),
less than fortnightly (08.33%) and weekly twice (06.67%).
The accessibility to handy cam was about 22.00 per cent with its use (21.67%).
Near about a same percentage of the frequency was found in the use of handy cam i.e.,
less than fortnightly (11.67%) and fortnightly (10.00%).
30.00 percent of the respondents were accessing the teleconferencing and usage
frequency was only fortnightly or later (30.00%).
With regard to videoconferencing, a slightly higher than three fourth of the
respondents (76.67%) were accessing as well as utilizing it. Again they were also
utilizing the videoconferencing fortnightly or later (76.67%).
Accessibility to CDs/DVD player was about 44.00 per cent and utilization
frequency was fortnightly (23.33%) and fortnightly (20.00%). Mobile and Landline was
cent percent accessible and utilized and frequency of use was also daily (100.00%). The
accessibility and use of Fax was about 47.00 per cent. Fax was used as a less than
fortnightly (30.00%) and weekly twice (16.67%).
Table 4.31. Access to ICTs Tools and frequency of Use of available ICTs by SDA Sector respondents
n=60

in use
Yes Yes Daily Weekly Twice Less than Fortnightly
Fortnightly
1. Computer/ Laptops/Desktops 60 (100.00) 46 (76.67) 14 (23.33) 10 (16.67) 12 (20.00) 10 (16.67)
2. Internet 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00) 18 (30.00) 22 (36.67) 10 (16.67) 10 (16.67)
3. e-mail 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00) 33 (55.00) 10 (16.67) 10 (16.67) 07 (11.67)
4. Scanner 23 (38.33) 23 (38.33) 08 (13.33) 05 (08.33) 06 (10.00) 04 (06.67)
5. Printer 23 (38.33) 23 (38.33) 11(18.33) 12 (20.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00)
6. Radio 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 05 (08.33)
7. Television/LCDs 18 (30.00) 18 (30.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 05 (08.33) 13 (21.67)
8. LCD Projector 29 (48.33) 29 (48.33) 08 (13.33) 10 (16.67) 08 (13.33) 03 (05.00)
9. Digital Camera 39 (65.00) 39 (65.00) 12 (20.00) 15 (25.00) 12 (20.00) 00 (00.00)
10. Video camera 25 (41.67) 25 (41.67) 08 (13.33) 04 (06.67) 05 (08.33) 08 (13.33)
11. Handy cam 13 (21.67) 13 (21.67) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 07 (11.67) 06 (10.00)
14. CD/DVD Player 26 (43.33) 26 (43.33) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 12 (20.00) 14 (23.33)
15. Mobile 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00)
16. Fax 28 (46.67) 28 (46.67) 00 (0.00) 10 (16.67) 18 (30.00) 00 (00.00)
17. Landline 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (0.00) 00 (00.00)
Figures in parentheses indicates percentage
4.6.2.5 ICTs tools use and frequency by private sector respondents
Table 4.32 shows the ICTs tools use and frequency by private sector. The table
shows that availability of computer, internet and e-mail was cent percent with the cent
per cent usage, also computer, internet and e-mail was utilized daily by the private
sector respondents. The scanner and printer were also cent percent available with cent
per cent usage frequency.
Scanner frequency pattern was daily (30.00%), weekly twice (23.33%0, less
than fortnightly (30.00%) and fortnightly (16.67%).
Printer was used daily (40.00%) followed by weekly twice (30.00%) and less
than fortnightly (30.00%).
Digital camera availability was cent percent and its use frequency was daily
(23.33%), weekly twice (36.67%), less than fortnightly (26.67%) and fortnightly
(13.33%).
Video camera availability was about 82 per cent with its usage, daily (20.00%),
weekly twice (25.00%), less than fortnightly (11.67%) and fortnightly (25.00%).
Videoconference facility availability was 80 per cent with its usage frequency
was fortnightly (80.00%).
Mobile and Fax availability was cent per cent. Whereas mobile use was cent
percent daily, Fax was utilized on daily (25.00%), weekly twice (25.00%), less than
Table 4.32. Access to ICTs Tools and frequency of Use of available ICTs by Private Sector respondents
n=60
Available If available, in If Yes, Frequency

use
Twice Fortnightly
1. Computer/
60 (100.00) 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00)
Laptops/Desktops
2. Internet 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00)
3. e-mail 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00)
4. Scanner 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00) 18 (30.00) 14 (23.33) 18 (30.00) 10 (16.67)
5. Printer 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00) 24 (40.00) 18 (30.00) 18 (30.00) 00 (00.00)
6. Radio 18 (30.00) 18 (30.00) 00 (00.00) 06 (10.00) 08 (13.33) 04 (06.67)
7. Television/LCDs 28 (46.67) 28 (46.67) 00 (00.00) 04 (06.67) 10 (16.67) 14 (23.33)
8. LCD Projector 54 (90.00) 54 (90.00) 00 (00.00) 16 (26.67) 18 (30.00) 20 (33.33)
9. Digital Camera 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00) 14 (23.33) 22 (36.67) 16 (26.67) 08 (13.33)
10. Video camera 49 (81.67) 49 (81.67) 12 (20.00) 15 (25.00) 07 (11.67) 15 (25.00)
11. Handy cam 46 (76.67) 46 (76.67) 05 (08.33) 11 (18.33) 18 (30.00) 12 (20.00)
14. CD/DVD Player 38 (63.33) 38 (63.33) 00 (00.00) 12 (20.00) 10 (16.67) 16 (26.67)
15. Mobile 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00)
16. Fax 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00) 15 (25.00) 15 (25.00) 10 (16.67) 20 (33.33)
17. Landline 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00) 60 (100.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00) 00 (00.00)
4.6.2.6. Categorization of the respondents based on access to ICTs Tools and
frequency of Use by respondents
Table 4.33 shows the respondents categorization on the basis of access and
frequency of ICT tools. It can be evident from the table that majority of the (56.67%)
R&D sector respondents belonged to high category followed by medium (26.67%) and
low (16.67%) whereas majority of the (46.67%) SDA sector respondents were falling
into medium category followed by low (30.00%) and high (23.33%). About 67 per cent
private sector respondents belonged to high category followed by medium (20.00%) and
low (13.33%). It can be interpreted from the table that R& D and private sector
respondents are having good access and frequency of use of ICTs tools in comparison to
SDA sector respondents. The most probable reason of this difference due to job priority
as SDA personnel majorly focus on TOT and so less time/opportunity to avail ICTs
tools in comparison to R&D and private sector respondents.
Table 4.33. Categorization of the respondents based on access to ICTs Tools and
frequency of Use by respondents
S.No. Respondents Category Score Range Frequency Percentage

1. R&D Low 16 to 20 10 16.67
Medium 21 to 25 16 26.67
High 26 to 30 34 56.67
2. SDA Low 19 to 22 18 30.00
Medium 23 to 26 28 46.67
High 27 to 30 14 23.33
3. Private Low 18 to 22 08 13.33
Medium 22 to 26 12 20.00
High 28 to 32 40 66.67
4. Total Low 16 to 22 36 20.00
Medium 23 to 29 56 31.11
High 30 to 36 88 48.89
4.6.4 Pattern of use of ICTs

For effective use of ICTs in future, it becomes imperative to understand pattern
of use of ICTs. This analysis may help planning ICT interventions effectively. The
pattern of ICTs use was studied by calculating the pattern of use of the most frequently
used ICTs tools like Computer/Laptops, Mobile, e-mail, Internet and social networking
sites. The frequency of ICTs tools use was calculated on two criteria; days per week and
hours per week.
4.6.4.1 Pattern of use of ICTs
Table 4.34 shows the pattern of use of ICTs tools. It is clear from the table that
majority of the respondents (49.44%) were using computers/laptops daily followed by
more than five days in a week (31.67%) and in three to five days (18.89%). Mobile was
the most frequently used ICT tool by the respondents and its frequency of use was daily
(100.00%). The e-mail use trend shows that slightly less than half of the respondents
(46.67%) were using e-mail daily followed by about 18 per cent respondents were using
it three to five days per week and about 36 per cent respondents were using it in more
than 5 days per week. It can be understood form the findings that majority of the
respondents were using most of the ICTs tools within one to two days. It also shows
that use of the ICTs tools depends on the purpose as well. The percentage of use of
mobile, e-mail, and internet was more than use of social networking.
Further an effort was also made to study the use of ICT tools by hours per week
as it is important to know the exact frequency of ICT tools use which can be better
utilized for various purposes. The data shows that majority of the respondents (37.22%)
were using computers/laptops daily less than five hours a week followed by 5-10 hours
(35.00%) and more than 10 hours per week (27.38%). The mobile use shows that
majority of the respondents (60.00%) were using mobile more than 10 hours per week
followed by 5-10 hours (31.11%) and less than 10 hours (08.89%). E-mail use shows
that majority were using it less than 5 hours per week (52.78%) followed by 5-10 hours
(35.00%) and more than 10 hours (12.22%). The less percentage of use of e-mail shows
that its use is generally limited to contact the other persons either for information
purposes or other non-official purposes. It can be concluded from the table that majority
of the respondents were using ICT tools most frequently daily, devoting more than 10
hours per week to ICT tools. Although the use of mobile, internet, computer and e-mail
is high among respondents but use of social networking sites in extension of
technologies in not so much visible among respondents. So, there is a need to make
aware the respondents about the positive use of social networking sites in the field of
extension. The findings are supported by Kara Chan and Wei fang (2007), Jagboro
(2003), Aboh (2008) and Ommani and Chizari (2007).
Table 4.34 Pattern of use of ICTs by the respondents
N=180
ICT Tools
Duration
Social
S.No. of ICTs Computer/
Mobile e-mail(s) Internet networking
Tools use Laptop
sites
1. Days per week
a. 1-2 days 89 180 84 88 15
(49.44) (100.00) (46.67) (48.89) (8.33)

b. 3-5 days 34 00 32 29 29
(18.89) (00.00) (17.78) (16.11) (16.11)

c. More than 57 00 64 123 76
5 days
(31.67) (00.00) (35.56) (68.33) (42.22)
2. Hours per week
a. Less than 5 67 16 95 60 102
hours
(37.22) (08.89) (52.78) (33.33) (56.67)
b. 5-10 hours 63 56 63 40 57
(35.00) (31.11) (35.00) (22.22) (31.67)

c. More than 50 108 22 80 21
10 hours
(27.78) (60.00) (12.22) (44.44) (11.67)
4.6.4.2 Pattern of use of ICTs by the R&D Sector respondents

Table 4.35 shows the pattern of use of ICTs by the R&D Sector respondents.
The effort was made to know about the pattern of use of most frequently ICTs by the
respondents under category of days per week and hours per week. The ICTs included
were computers/Laptops, Mobile, Videoconferencing, Internet and Social networking
sites.
It is evident from the table that there were more than half of the respondents
(63.33%) who were using computer more than five in a week followed by one to two
days (23.33%) in a week and three to five (13.33%) days in a week. The frequency of
use of computer is far better among the R & D respondents.
With respect to Mobile usage, cent per cent respondents were utilizing it daily.
With e-mail usage, again more than half of the respondents (56.67%) were using it more
than five days in a week followed by one to two days (26.67%) and three to five days
(16.675) in a week. The internet use pattern shows a very encouraging trend that about
half of the respondents were using it more than five days in a week (51.67%), followed
by three to five days (21.67%) and one to two days (26.67%).
Time devoted to ICTs will provide in depth knowledge about the use of ICTs by
the respondents which can be utilized and understood inclination of the respondents
towards ICT e-readiness. So, an effort was made to get the information on ICT use per
hours per week. It can be summarized from the table that a slightly more than half
(51.67%) of the respondents were using computer/laptops more than ten hours in a
week followed by less than five hours (31.67%) and five to ten hours (16.67%) in a
week. The mobile usage also shows a good trend of mobile use more than ten hours
(56.67%) in a week followed by five to ten hours per week (28.33%) and less than five
hours (15.33%). The e-mail usage shows that a more than half (85.00%) of the
respondents were checking e-mail less than five hours per week followed by five to ten
hours per week (15.00%). Use of social networking sites is very limited among the
respondents. More than three fourth (76.67%) of the respondents were using social
networking sites less than five hours per week followed by five to ten hours (18.33%)
and more than ten hours (05.00%).
It can be summarized from the table that mobile usage is more among the
respondents because due to mobile extension professional can be access at any time to
get the information. The usage of other ICTs like e-mail, internet, social networking
sites were depends on the purpose and frequency of use and no doubt it is a individual
matter also.
Table 4.35. Pattern of use of ICTs by R & D Sector respondents
n=60
ICT Tools
Duration of
Social
S.No. ICTs Tools Computer
use /Laptop
sites
1. Days per week
a. 1-2 days 14 60 16 16 15
(23.33) (100.00) (26.67) (26.67) (25.00)
b. 3-5 days 08 00 10 13 17
(13.33) (00.00) (16.67) (21.67) (28.33)
c. More than 5 38 00 34 31 28
days (63.33) (00.00) (56.67) (51.67) (46.67)
2. Hours per week
a. Less than 5 19 09 51 08 46
hours (31.67) (15.00) (85.00) (13.33) (76.67)
b. 5-10 hours 10 17 09 11 11
(16.67) (28.33) (15.00) (18.33) (18.33)
c. More than 10 31 34 00 41 03
hours (51.67) (56.67) (00.00) (68.33) (05.00)
4.6.3.3 Pattern of use of ICTs by SDA sector respondents

Below Table 4.36 highlights the pattern of use of most frequently used ICT tools
by the SDA sector respondents. It is clear from the table that majority of the
respondents (43.33%) were using computer in three to five days per week followed by
more than five days (31.67%) in a week and one to two days per week (25.00%). The
mobile use shows that cent per cent respondents were using mobile daily. E-mail use
pattern shows that half of the respondents (50.00%) were using e-mail more than five
days per week followed by three to five days per week (36.67%) and one to two days
(13.33%). Internet use among the SDA sector respondents is also quite encouraging
with the percentage of about 54 per cent for 5 days per week followed by three to five
days per week (26.67%) and one to two days (20.00%). Use of social networking sites
is more than five days per week (80.00%) followed by three to five days per week
(20.00%).
Majority of the respondents (80.00%) were using the computer less than five
hours per week followed by five to ten hours (20.00%). Use of mobile was also majorly
for five to ten hours (65.00%) followed by more than 10 hours (23.33%) and less than
five hours (11.67%). Majority of the respondents (73.33%) were using e-mail less than
five hours per week followed by five to ten hours (26.67%). About 87 per cent
respondents were using internet less than five hours per week followed by five to ten
hours (13.33%).
The findings show that use of computer along with use of e-mail and internet is
quite good among the SDA sector respondents. The frequency to use computer and e-
mail shows that SDA sector extension professionals are frequently using the ICT tools
either for their official purpose or the personal purpose.
Table 4.36 Pattern of use of ICTs by SDA sector respondents
n=60
ICT Tools
Duration of
Social
S.No. ICTs Tools Computer e-
Mobile Internet networking
use /Laptop mail(s)
sites
1. Days per week
a. 1-2 days 15 60 08 12 00
(25.00) (100.00) (13.33) (20.00) (00.00)
b. 3-5 days 26 00 22 16 12
(43.33) (00.00) (36.67) (26.67) (20.00)
c. More than 5 19 00 30 32 48
days (31.67) (00.00) (50.00) (53.33) (80.00)
2. Hours per week
a. Less than 5 48 07 44 52 56
hours (80.00) (11.67) (73.33) (86.67) (93.33)
b. 5-10 hours 12 39 16 08 04
(20.00) (65.00) (26.67) (13.33) (6.67)
c. More than 10 00 14 00 00 00
hours (00.00) (23.33) (00.00) (00.00) (00.00)
4.6.3.4 Pattern of use of ICTs by private sector respondents
The use of ICTs tools like computer, mobile and e-mail by private sector
respondents was cent percent in one to two days. Cent per cent respondents were using
internet more than five days per week.
Majority of the respondents (68.33%) were using computer for five to ten hours
per week followed by more than ten hours per week (31.67%). Cent per cent
respondents were using mobile for more than 10 hours per week. About 64 per cent
respondents were using e-mail for five to ten hours per week followed by more than ten
hours per week (36.67%). The usage pattern of internet was more than ten hours
(65.00%) and five to ten hours (35.00%). The use of social networking sites were 70 per
cent for five to ten hours per week followed by 30 per cent for more than ten hours per
week.
Table 4.37. Pattern of use of ICTs by Private Sector respondents
n=60
ICT Tools
Duration of Social
S.No. ICTs Tools Computer/
use Laptop
sites
1. Days per week
a. 1-2 days 60 60 60 00 00
(100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (00.00) (00.00)
b. 3-5 days 00 00 00 00 30
(00.00) (00.00) (00.00) (00.00) (50.00)
c. More than 5 00 00 00 60 30
days (00.00) (00.00) (00.00) (100.00) (50.00)
2. Hours per week
a. Less than 5 00 00 00 00 00
hours (00.00) (00.00) (00.00) (00.00) (00.00)
b. 5-10 hours 41 00 38 21 42
(68.33) (00.00) (63.33) (35.00) (70.00)
c. More than 19 60 22 39 18
10 hours (31.67) (100.00) (36.67) (65.00) (30.00)
The ICTs tools pattern use of above three tables 4.36, 4.37 and 4.38 shows that
R& D sector extension professionals are quite good in the use of computer, mobile, e-
mail, internet, and social networking sites. The majority of the respondents are using
computer, e-mail, internet and social networking sites for more than five days in a week
for various purposes. With respect to use of computer by SDA sector extension
professional, majority of them are using in three to five days per week. The use of
internet and e-mail by SDA sector extension professional is quite encouraging as they
are using of more than five days in a week that means they are ware about the
diversified use of internet for various purposes whereas private sector extension
professionals are using most of the ICTs tools in one to two days.
4.7 e-Readiness of the Respondents
Table 4.38 gives the glimpses of overall individual e-readiness of extension
personnel. For easy understanding, individual e-readiness was categorized into six
components i.e., availability of ICTs, accessibility of ICTs, basic ICT skills, internet
skills, software literacy skills and motivational factors. These components are planned
carefully by keeping in mind the facts that first of all, availability of ICTs is very
important. After availability, accessibility is important. Besides availability and
accessibility, to use the technology effectively basic skills with internet skills and
software literacy is necessary. Motivational factors are also important with other
physical components so, total six components were taken to assess the e-readiness of
the respondents.
4.7.1. Categorization of respondents on the basis of e-readiness
Table 4.38 gives glimpses on distribution of respondents on the basis of e-readiness.
It is clear from the table majority of the (51.67%) R&D sector respondents have
medium e-readiness following by high (25.00%) and low (23.33%). About 64 per cent
SDA sector respondents belong to medium e-readiness followed by low (28.33%) and
high (08.33%) whereas about 84 per cent private sector respondents were falling in high
category of e-readiness followed by medium (13.33%) and low (03.33%). In total
majority of the respondents (42.78%) belong to medium category of e-readiness
followed by high (38.89%) and low (30.56%).
To sum up it could be inferred from the table that out of all the three sector
respondents, private sector respondents have highest e-readiness followed by R&D
sector respondents and SDA sector respondents. The most probable reason of this
difference might be private sector respondents have ample trainings on ICTs, work
environment, younger in age, technical education etc. in comparison to R&D and SDA
sector respondents.
Table 4.38. Categorization of respondents on the basis of e-readiness
S.No. Respondents Category Score range Frequency Percentage

1. R&D Low 39 to 47 14 23.33
Medium 48 to 56 31 51.67
High 57 to 65 15 25.00
2. SDA Low 40 to 47 17 28.33
Medium 48 to 55 38 63.33
High 56 to 63 05 08.33
3. Private Low 49 to 53 02 03.33
Medium 54 to 58 08 13.33
High 59 to 63 50 83.33
4. Total Low 39 to 47 33 30.56
Medium 48 to 56 77 42.78
High 57 to 65 70 38.89
4.7.2 e-readiness of respondents
With regard to availability of ICTs, it is clear from the table 4.39 that majority
of the respondents (75.56%) were having computer/laptops followed by availability of
internet (66.11%) and smart phone (51.67%). It shows that majority of the respondents
have environment of availability of computers /laptops, smart phones and internet for
their work. This trend can be better utilized in training or updating the respondents‘
knowledge and use in ICTs in extension work.
It was evident from the table that 87 per cent respondents endorsed that each
employee of their organization had accessibility to ICTs, followed by 78 per cent the
respondents had official computer/laptop (77.78%) but the ICTs in use by other
technicians as reported by 47 per cent of respondents. Again it can be summarized that
the accessibility to the available ICTs shows a good picture and facility of technical
staff (46.67%) emphasizes the need of timely trainings and knowledge updating of
extension personnel for smooth working/functioning.
The sub component i.e., basic ICT skills is very important to know the
prevailing level of working knowledge of extension personnel about ICTs. The table
shows that majority of the extension personnel (84.44%) were able to use the MS
Windows by themselves followed by ability to use computer and its peripherals
(82.78%), readiness to participate in online programme (77.22%) and use of modern
ICTs (58.33%). It could be summarized that although the respondents have sufficient
knowledge about computer and its peripherals and they can use it without any help
except in emergencies but they are lacking in use of modern ICTs like
videoconferencing, teleconferencing, mobile learning etc. So, there is a need to update
the respondents/extension personnel on the use of modern ICTs.
With regard to Internet skills of the respondents it is clear from the table that
about 93 per cent of the respondents know the proper and safe use of the e-mails
followed by working knowledge of internet explorer (91.67%). About 82 per cent
respondents had knowledge of online technologies like e-mail, chat etc. for
communication with others followed by working knowledge of social networking sites
like Orkut, Facebook, twitter etc. A same percentage of respondents (55.00%) have
working knowledge of video chatting online library and other resource database. About
52 per cent respondents agreed that they have knowledge on utilization of group mails,
Google doc and discussion board, chat tools etc. Half of the respondents (50.00%) said
that they have knowledge of online surveying and are using it as per need arises. About
48 per cent respondents gave their views on that they have working knowledge of
specialized services. So it can be concluded that on an average the respondents have
sufficient knowledge on Internet skills and at least they are using it as and when need
arises.
With regard to software literacy component, 60 per cent respondents can use the
several applications at a time followed by knowledge of file compression (56.11%),
interest to learn through ICTs courses (50.56%) and knowledge of Online Learning
Management System (38.89%).
With respect to Motivational component towards e-readiness, about 84 per cent
respondents said that as ICTs are highly demanding in their job area and are also
speedy, so they will utilize it in future also. About 69 per cent respondents are confident
that besides any physical and psychological distractions they can comfortably work
with ICTs followed by can work despite online distractions (60.56%), work without
distractions in home and office (56.67%), can learn without any formal training
(46.67%) but 12 per cent of the respondents committed that they are not ready for e-
learning.
So, from the above table, it can be summarized that total respondents on an
average have average to good working knowledge of ICTs with good motivational
level. Also the availability and accessibility shows that respondents can better utilize the
ICTs services in their department. So, in future, the training programme can be planned
and delivered to the respondents while being in the job. The findings are in line with
Chapnick (2000) and Purnomo and Lee (2010).
From the table it is evident that in terms of ranking, basic internet skills ranked
first followed by accessibility, internet skills, availability, motivational factors and
software literacy skills. The area(s) where the respondents are lagging behind are
software literacy skills. As handling ICTs demand a set of skills without which ICTs
cannot be successfully utilized or implemented. So, this is the area which needs urgent
immediate attention.
Fig. 4.11. Categorization of respondents based on e-readiness
Table 4.39. e-Readiness of the Respondents
N=180
Frequency Percentage Mean Sub- Overall

Statements score component rank
S.No.
rank
e-readiness Availability
1. Availability of Personal computer/laptop with adequate and necessary 136 75.56 64.45 I IV
software(s)
2. Availability of Internet facility at home in mobile as well 119 66.11 II
3. Availability of smart phone with necessary information softwares installed 93 51.67 III
e-readiness Accessibility
4. Accessibility of ICTs to every employee to utilize 156 86.67 70.37 I II
5. Accessibility of official computer/laptop to every employee 140 77.78 II
6. Use of available ICTs only by technicals 84 46.67 III
e-readiness Basic ICT Skills
7. Ability to use the computers and its peripherals 149 82.78 75.69 II I
8. Ability to use MS windows 152 84.44 I
9. Ready to participate in online programmes 139 77.22 III
10. Use of modern ICTs 105 58.33 IV
e-readiness Internet skills
11. Knowledge of online technologies 147 81.67 65.12 III III
12. Proper and safe use of the e-mail 166 92.22 I
13. Knowledge of internet explorer and can use it 165 91.67 II
14. Knowledge of group mails , online file sharing, discussion boards and chat 103 57.22 V
tools etc.
15. Working knowledge of video chatting 99 55.00 VI
16. Working knowledge of social networking sites 110 61.11 IV
17. Knowledge of online surveys 90 50.00 VII
18. Working knowledge of specialized services like yousendit 86 47.78 VIII
19. Knowledge of online library and other resource database 99 55.00 VI
e-readiness Software literacy
20. Know the use of file compression or zip 101 56.11 51.00 II VI
21. Knowledge of using several applications at same time 108 60.00 I
22. Interest towards online learning through seminars/workshops 89 49.44 IV
23. Interest to learn more about ICTs proper courses 91 50.56 III
24. Knowledge of Online Learning Management System 70 38.89 V
e-readiness Motivational factors
25. Overcoming physical and psychological distractions 124 68.89 58.65 II V
26. Motivation to learn despite the online distractions 109 60.56 III
27. Motivation to learn without distractions at home or workplace 102 56.67 IV
28. Motivation to learn without any formal training 84 46.67 V
29. Demanding nature of ICTs 150 83.33 I
30. Speed of ICTs 150 83.33 I
4.7.1 e-readiness of Agricultural Extension Personnel working in R & D, SDA and
Private sector
Table 4.40 shows a broad picture of e-readiness of extension personnel sector
wise. e-Readiness of R & D sector shows that majority of the respondents were able to
use computers/laptops without any other‘s assistance (76.67%) followed by internet use
(70.00%) and handing smart phone (35.00%). With respect to accessibility, majority of
the respondents have accessibility to use the available ICTs in the department (90.00%)
and during working hours with internet facility (73.33%). Basic ICT skills show the
latest trend of the skills possessed by R & D sector respondents to run the ICTs. It
shows that 90 per cent respondents know the use of MS Windows and can run it without
any others assistance followed by use of computers and its peripherals (85.00%) and use
of modern ICTs (58.33%). Internet skills give a good picture of the respondent‘s
readiness towards ICTs. Majority of the respondents have knowledge of safe use of e-
mails (98.33%), working knowledge of internet explorer (95.00%), knowledge of online
technologies for better communication (91.67%) etc. With respect to software literacy,
less than half of the respondents were good at software literacy. About 59 per cent
respondents know the use of file compression but have less knowledge about LMS
(43.33%), interest to learn more about ICTs (46.67%). There is dire need to upgrade the
software literacy of the R & D sector respondents and this can do through proper
awareness and trainings. The motivational component of the e-readiness gives a good
picture that although respondents have low software literacy but there motivation is
high which be better utilize. The table shows that 85 per cent respondents agree that as
ICTs are speedy transfer tools and highly demanding in their job, so they can learn more
about it if need arises. Again about 74 per cent respondents suggested that despite the
distractions they can motivated to learn ICTs learn despite online distractions (68.33%).
So it can be summarized that R & D sector respondents have enough accessibility and
availability of ICTs in their working place, basic ICTs skills and high motivation. The
areas which need attention are internet skills and software literacy skills. So, now it
should be responsibility of the concerned organization that these two areas should be get
attention to update the respondents‘ knowledge and skills.
Table 4.40. e-readiness of Agricultural Extension Personnel working in R & D, SDA and Private sector
R&D Mean SDA Mean Private Mean

S.No. Statements
(n=60) Score (n=60) Score (n=60) Score
e-readiness Availability
1. Ability to use computer/Laptop without any other‘s 46 (76.67) 37 (61.67) 30.00 53(88.33) 49.67
assistance. 36.33
2. Ability to use the internet properly in desktop. 42 (70.00) 30 (50.00) 47(78.33)
3. Ability to handle the smart phone for my work. 21 (35.00) 23 (38.33) 49(81.67)
e-readiness Accessibility
4. Accessibility of ICTs to every employee to utilize 54 (90.00) 40.00 42 (70.00) 60 (100.00) 54.67
5. Accessibility of official computer/laptop to every employee 44 (73.33) 36 (60.00) 32.00 60 (100.00)
6. Use of available ICTs only by technicals 22 (36.67) 18 (30.00) 44 (73.33)
e-readiness Basic ICT Skills
7. Ability to use the computers and its peripherals 51 (85.00) 46.75 38 (63.33) 35.50 60(100.00) 54.00
8. Ability to use MS windows 54 (90.00) 42(70.00) 56 (93.33)
9. Ready to participate in online programmes 47 (78.33) 35 (58.33) 57 (95.00)
10. Use of modern ICTs 35 (58.33) 27 (45.00) 43(71.67)
e-readiness Internet skills

11. Knowledge of online technologies 55 (91.67) 32 (53.33) 25.00 60(100.00) 49.44
12. Proper and safe use of the e-mail 59 (98.33) 47 (78.33) 60(100.00)
13. Knowledge of internet explorer and can use it 57 (95.00) 43.89 48 (80.00) 60(100.00)
14. Knowledge of group mails , online file sharing, discussion 39 (65.00) 19 (31.67) 45 (75.00)
boards and chat tools etc
15. Working knowledge of video chatting 38 (63.33) 16 (26.67) 45(75.00)
16. Working knowledge of social networking sites 42 (70.00) 21(35.00) 47 (78.33)
17. Knowledge of online surveys 37 (61.67) 11 (18.33) 42(70.00)
18. Working knowledge of specialized services like yousendit 29 (48.33) 17 (28.33) 40(66.67)
19. Knowledge of online library and other resource database 39(65.00) 14 (23.33) 46 (76.67)
e-readiness Software literacy
20. Know the use of file compression or zip 35 (58.33) 30.40 26 (43.33) 20.40 40(66.67) 41.00
21. Knowledge of using several applications at same time 40 (66.67) 22 (36.67) 46(76.67)
22. Interest towards online learning through seminars/workshops 23 (38.33) 18 (30.00) 48 (80.00)
23. Interest to learn more about ICTs proper courses 28 (46.67) 25 (41.67) 38 (63.33)
24. Knowledge of Online Learning Management System 26 (43.33) 11(18.33) 33 (55.00)
e-readiness Motivational factors
25. Overcoming physical and psychological distractions 44 (73.33) 42.67 31 (51.66) 27.83 49 (81.67) 49.33
26. Motivation to learn despite the online distractions 41 (68.33) 23(38.33) 45 (75.00)
27. Motivation to learn without distractions at home or 39(65.00) 21(35.00) 42 (70.00)
workplace
28. Motivation to learn without any formal training 30 (50.00) 14 (23.33) 40 (66.67)
29. Demanding nature of ICTs 51 (85.00) 39 (65.00) 60 (100.00)
30. Speed of ICTs 51(85.00) 39(65.00) 60(100.00)
4.7.2 Ranking of the e-Readiness components
Table 4.41 shows the ranking of the different components of the e-Readiness. It
can be reiterated from the table that R&D sector respondents ranked first on e-readiness
basic skills followed by e-readiness Internet skills, e-readiness Motivational factors, e-
readiness Accessibility, e-readiness Availability and e-readiness Software literacy.
Further, it could be understood from the table that R&D sector respondents had good
basic skills along with internet skills but they lagged behind in terms of availability and
accessibility. So, there is a dire need to focus on the availability and accessibility so that
the skills and ability to use the ICTs can be better utilized by the respondents in
effective technology dissemination. With respect to software literacy which ranked at
sixth place. It could be suggested that formal trainings on ICTs can work better not only
to improve the skills but it can be also utilize to motivate the respondents to utilize ICTs
in agricultural extension system.
With respect to e-readiness of SDA sector respondents, it is clearly visible from
the table that e-readiness Basic ICT Skills ranked first followed by e-readiness
Accessibility, e-readiness Availability, e-readiness Motivational factors, e-readiness
Internet skills and e-readiness Software literacy. Again, SDA respondents are also
having the good command on basic ICT skills like R&D sector respondents but internet
skills, software literacy and motivational factors are low. Hence, it becomes necessary
to proper exploit the skills and infrastructure available for effective impact of ICTs in
agriculture extension. As SDA respondents are far lagging behind in comparison to
R&D sector respondents and private sector respondents with respect to trainings on
ICTs, so it is necessary to train and update the SDA extension professionals on those
ICTs which are suitable and necessary as per their job requirements.
The private sector respondents ranked first on e-readiness Accessibility followed
by e-readiness Basic ICT Skills, e-readiness Availability, e-readiness Internet skills, e-
readiness Motivational factors and e-readiness Software literacy.
It can be also summarized from the same table that basic ICTs skills, availability
and accessibility is quite better in all three sectors, i.e. R&D sector, SDA sector and
private sector but the other factors which may affecting their e-readiness in
accessibility, availability and motivational factors . So, there is a need to focus on the
other issues which may directly or indirectly affecting the e-readiness of the
respondents.
196
Table 4.41. Ranking of different e-readiness components by the respondents
R&D SDA Private

(n=60) (n=60) (n=60)
S.No. Components
Mean Mean Mean
Rank Rank Rank
score score score
1. e-readiness Availability 36.33 V 30.00 III 49.67 III
2. e-readiness Accessibility 40.00 IV 32.00 II 54.67 I
3. e-readiness Basic ICT 46.75 I 35.50 I 54.00 II
Skills
4. e-readiness Internet skills 43.89 II 25.00 V 49.44 IV
5. e-readiness Software 30.40 VI 20.40 VI 41.00 VI
literacy
6. e-readiness Motivational 42.67 III 27.83 IV 49.33 5th
factors
197
Fig. 4.12. Distribution of respondents based on e-readiness
198
4.8 Factors affecting attitude, extent of use and e-readiness of agricultural
extension personnel towards the use of ICTs in agricultural extension system
In this section an attempt was made to find out the different factors i.e.,
independent variables selected for the study which effect the attitude, extent of use and
e-readiness of the respondents towards the use of ICTs in agricultural extension system.
Accordingly the statistical analyses used were correlation analysis and also step down
regression analysis to unearth the significant factors.
4.8.1 Relationship between Independent variables and attitude toward use of ICTs
Table 4.42 provides an insight towards the relationship between independent
variables and attitude toward use of ICTs in agricultural extension system. It was
evident from the table that the independent variables viz; education, number of years of
service, possession of smart gadgets, sources of awareness about ICTs, methods of
learning ICTs, trainings received, innovativeness, scientific orientation, information
management orientation and orientation towards extension service profession are
positively and significantly correlated with attitude whereas age is negatively and
significantly correlated with the attitude of extension personnel towards use of ICTs in
The variable age was found to be negatively correlated with attitude of the total
respondents at 5 per cent level of significance and the same results were found with the
respondents of R&D sector. But it was found non-significant with SDA as well as
private sector respondents. The overall trend seems to be age negatively associated with
the attitude of the respondents towards use of ICTs. This might due to the young people
are the forefront of the technological revolution and majority of the young ones are
depending on the use of computers and internet for personal as well as official purposes.
Still the elder ones has resistance in the use of ICTs because of lack of e-skills hence
they might have developed negative attitude towards use of ICTs in turn they mostly
depend on younger ones for their work, if any.
Education was positively correlated with attitude of the respondents in the use of
ICTs and found significant at five per cent level of significance. The same trend was
found with R&D sector respondents but found non-significant with SDA and private
sector respondents. The present education system is key in providing IT skills for the
individuals to make them competitive in global digital economy. Now-a-days almost all
the agricultural universities have designed and developed the e-learning programmes or
199
courses to make the agricultural graduates more competitive in the use of ICTs in the
profession of agricultural and allied sectors. Hence, this result indicated that education
of the respondents might have helped them to develop positive attitude towards use of
ICTs in extension activities.
Table 4.42. Relationship between Independent variables and attitude toward use
of ICTs in agricultural extension system
Attitude
S. No. Independent variables Total R& D SDA Private
(N=180) (n=60) (n=60) (n=60)
1. Age -0.387* -0.295* -0.120 0.019
2. Gender 0.002 -0.085 0.040 0.180
3. Education 0.283* 0.401* 0.054 -0.018
4. Nativity 0.037 0.054 0.120 -0.152
5. Number of years of Service 0.444* 0.160 0.281* -.0117
6. Possession of Smart Gadgets 0.232* -0.059 0.334* 0.227*
7. Sources of Awareness about 0.365* 0.461* -0.110 -0.056
ICTs
8. Perceived attributes of ICTs 0.216 0.275 0.261 -0.230
9. Methods of learning ICTs 0.259* 0.271* -0.032 0.161
skills
10. Trainings received 0.241* 0.318* 0.281* 0.650*
11. Achievement Motivation -0.043 -0.166 0.084 0.155
12. Innovativeness 0.490* 0.014 -0.003 0.453*
13. Economic Motivation 0.041 0.044 0.167 -0.062
14. Management Orientation 0.027 0.039 0.018 0.058
15. Scientific Orientation 0.404* 0.247* 0.343* 0.296*
16. Risk Orientation -0.031 -0.036 -0.199 0.086
17. Technology Management 0.136 0.189 -0.161 0.208
Orientation
18. Information Management 0.204** 0.213 -0.111 0.383**
orientation
19. Orientation towards extension 0.162* 0.078 0.169 0.376**
service profession
** Significant at 0.01 level
*Significant at 0.05 level
The respondents‘ number of years of service was found positively correlated

with attitude of the respondents towards use of ICTs and it was found significant at five
per cent level of significance. The same result was observed with respondents of SDA
sector but non-significant with R&D sector and private sectors. Generally more service
or experience in the job will provide plenty of opportunities to face or tackle or to do
different activities related to their job work. All are directed towards reach the targets
and achieve the setting goals. In this e-working culture, definitely ICTs are the
important tools and they have the challenges and targets and they have work for the
200
organization, hence this might have helped them to develop the positive attitude
towards use of ICTs.
As a total, the attitude of the respondents was positively correlated with
possession of smart gadgets by them at five per cent level of significance and the same
was with respondents of SDA and private sector. ICT has become a very important
feature of Indian agriculture sector in contemporary times. The farmer‘s information
needs can be addressed by a combination of push pull ubiquitous technology such as
smart phones, interactive video response system, internet, kiosks etc. when these smart
gadgets abled the respondents to deliver the agricultural information effectively to
farmers and helped them to do their different job activities effectively, this process
might have helped them to develop positive attitude towards use of ICTs in their
profession.
Awareness and sensitization of extension personnel is a necessary step in
developing ICTs in organizations. The rise in level of awareness of individual towards
ICTs use will not only depend on the organizations efforts but also with the different
other sources wherein the individuals come across with them. In this study this variable
was found significant and positively correlated with attitude at five per cent level of
significance and the same result was found with the respondents of R&D sector but
non-significant with SDA and private sectors. More sources of awareness lead to higher
awareness and this might have helped the respondents to have positive attitude towards
use of ICTs in terms of time, cost, easiness and effectiveness of ICTs in their job.
According to attribute function theory, attitudes are formed, maintained and
changed in order to satisfy personal needs and achieve psychological benefits.
Accordingly, one possesses attitudes for different reasons. Generally, the knowledge on
the perceived attributes of an innovation will influence the individuals to develop
positive or negative attitude towards it which in turn lead to adoption or non-adoption.
Evidently, it was clear from the table that the variable i.e., perceived attributes of ICTs
was positively significant at five per cent level of significance with the attitude of the
respondents towards use of ICTs in their job and the same trend was observed in all the
sectors i.e. R&D, SDA and private sectors. This is very important finding why because
positive attributes of ICTs will help in large scale adoption in agricultural extension
system by all the stakeholders for effective information acquisition, processing, storing
and dissemination.
201
Generally there are two approaches of e-learning by the learners; one is
‗learning without technology‘ support (books, printouts, library, face to face, TV,
video/DVD etc.) and the second one is ‗Technology enhanced learning‘ (e-mail,
internet, online discussion, video conference etc. The effective learning will also
depends on the methods of learning ICTs skills hence, this variable was positively and
significantly correlated with the attitude of the total respondents at five per cent level of
significance and the same result was found with the R&D respondents but non-
significant with SDA and private sector.
Trainings on ICTs are fundamental to the implementation of e-extension/cyber
extension in agricultural development. It offers great opportunities to access ICTs,
readers inequalities among staff in ICT use and improve quality and effectiveness of
extension advisory system. So, training and professional development in ICTs will
contribute towards the meaningful use of ICTs in agricultural extension. As extension
personnel become more conversant with ICT use through number of trainings they can
learn to harness its potential and lead to develop positive attitude towards ICTs. this
support the results in this study that the trainings was positively significant at five per
cent level with attitude of extension personnel in ICTs use and it was also found the
same in all the sectors i.e. R&D, SDA and private.
The variable innovativeness was found to be positively correlated with the
attitude of total respondents in the use of ICTs at five per cent level of significance and
the same trend was evident in private sector individuals. Innovativeness may lead to
becomes pioneer in the use of ICTs. They are able to adopt despite a high degree of
uncertainty about the ICTs at the first time usage and are willing to accept an occasional
setback when a new ICTs proves unsuccessful. If any ICTs prove successful, they will
become leaders or path breakers to other members of organization or system which will
help to develop positive attitude towards ICTs use in agricultural extension system. In
this study this might have one of the reasons to support the results.
Scientific orientation is one of the fundamental notions of the process character
of reality. Scientific orientation of an individual will help him in use of modern
technologies developed on the basis of principles of science rather than use of
traditional and routine technologies. This is individual‘s intelligence and belief in
science. Scientific orientation will help the people to develop positive attitude towards
modern technologies and the same was found in this study which was significant at five
per cent level of significance. The attitude of the extension personnel in the use of ICTs
202
in all the three sectors i.e. R&D, SDA and private was positively significant with
scientific orientation of the respondents.
Information management orientation was found significant at one per cent level
of significance and positively correlated with attitude of the total respondents in the use
of ICTs. Information management orientation will facilitate the employee in learning
the key information management principles and to investigate the proliferation of
information management practices today for organizational learning. It helps in
understanding the information acquisition, processing, storing and dissemination and
this is the most appropriate in agricultural system. In this study, usage of ICTs in
information management might have resulted positive effect in organization or
individual job performance, hence positive attitude towards usage of ICTs in
agricultural extension.
The variable orientation towards extension profession was positively and
significantly correlated at one per cent level of significance with attitude of the total
respondents towards use of ICTs and the same result was found at five per cent level of
significance in private sector. Only R&D and SDA sector, it was found non-significant.
No doubt, extension profession is a service oriented profession in terms of helping poor
farming community. This orientation towards extension profession might be at low
level in public sector i.e. R&D and SDA, hence the resulted non-significant relation
with attitude of usage of ICTs. As per the above results, it cannot be taken at granted
that respondents of private e\sector were having the service oriented approach towards
extension. This might be because of target/profit oriented approach to cater their
targets/profits in the job might have resulted in effective usage of ICTs which in turn
might have leads to positive attitude towards use of ICTs in extension activities.
The variables viz; gender, nativity, achievement motivation, economic
motivation, management orientation, risk orientation and technology management
orientation were found non-significant with attitude of the respondents towards use of
ICTs in R&D, SDA and private sector.
4.8.2 Relationship between Independent variables and e-readiness of extension
personnel toward use of ICTs in agricultural extension system
Table 4.43 shows the relationship between independent variable and e-readiness
of extension personnel towards use of ICTs in agricultural extension system. It can be
interpreted from the table that nativity, possession of smart gadgets, perceived attributes
of ICTs, methods of learning ICTs skills, trainings received, achievement motivation
203
and innovativeness are positively correlated with e-readiness towards use of ICTs
whereas age, gender and number of years of service are negatively correlated with e
readiness of extension personnel towards use of ICTs.
Table 4.43. Relationship between Independent variables and e-readiness of
extension personnel toward use of ICTs in agricultural extension
system
e-Readiness
S.No. Independent variables Total R& D SDA Private
(N=180) (n=60) (n=60) (n=60)
1. Age 0.011 0.121 -0.266** -0.162
2. Gender -0.232** -0.071 -0.020 -0.012
3. Education 0.138 -0.112 0.075 0.061
4. Nativity 0.190* 0.190 0.145 0.041
5. Number of years of Service 0.118 0.208 -0.339** 0.105
6. Possession of Smart Gadgets 0.222* 0.338** 0.138. 0.355*
7. Sources of Awareness about -0.043 -0.032 0.096 *
0.081
ICTs
8. Perceived attributes of ICTs 0.327** 0.350** 0.317* 0.312*
9. Methods of learning ICTs skills 0.375** 0.172 0.110 0.117
10. Trainings received 0.587** 0.148 0.042 0.156
11. Achievement Motivation 0.231** 0.90 0.106 0.128
12. Innovativeness 0.215** 0.275* 0.003 0.013
13. Economic Motivation 0.045 0.032 0.088 0.057
14. Management Orientation -0.106 -0.118 -0.113 0.175
15. Scientific Orientation -0.014 0.231 -0.168 0.085
16. Risk Orientation 0.102 0.230 0.146 0.122
17. Technology Management -0.009 -0.048 0.038 0.029
Orientation
18. Information Management -0.013 0.241 -0.053 -0.094
orientation
19. Orientation towards extension 0.035 0.135 -0.53 0.074
service profession
Age was found negatively correlated with e-readiness of extension personnel

towards use of ICTs in agricultural extension system at one per cent level of
significance in SDA sector but it was non-significant with total respondents, R&D and
private sectors. Gender differences are always a controversial topic. In this study a score
of 1 and 2 was given to male and female respectively. As per his and the results found
in the study, i.e. gender differences between male and female extension personnel. The
male employees showed higher e-readiness than female. Hence, gender is negatively
significant with e-readiness of total respondents in all the sectors put together at one per
204
cent level but individually in all the sectors the correlations was found non-significant
but the trend was in negative way.
Nativity was found positively correlated with e-readiness of extension personnel
at five per cent level of significance. But, in this study nativity was found non-
significant with attitude of the respondents towards use of ICTs. It seems the other
factors related to nativity like social or cultural or situational or economic factors might
be influencing the e-readiness of the extension personnel towards use of ICTs in
Possession of smart gadgets was found positively correlated with e-readiness of
total extension personnel at five per cent level of significance and it was at one per cent
level of significance with R&D and private sector respondents. e-readiness is not only
affected by the availability of ICTs tools but also accessibility of these tools. Possession
of smart gadgets or the basic ICTs tools itself gives the meanings of almost ready for e-
learning and increases the possibility of learning the ICTs technologies in their job.
Perceived attributes of ICTs was found significant with the attitude of the
respondents which in turn helped them to have e-readiness in use of ICTs. Perceived
attributes of ICTs was found positively correlated with e-readiness of extension
personnel in use of ICTs in agricultural extension system at one per cent level of
significance with respect to total and R&D respondents and private sector respondents.
The same trend was found with SDA sector respondents.
Effective use of ICTs is directly related to the skills to learn ICTs. ICTs skills
can be imparted through various methods like offline and online. ICTs can be also
learned through trial and error methods, self-learning, through friends or formal
methods. The use of ICTs in job or education also demands the type of learning
required. The same finding was evident in the research study. Methods of learning
ICTs skills was found positively correlated with all respondents at one per cent level of
significance.
Particular type of ICTs tools use demands the specific type of training to use the
tools effectively to cater the various needs. These trainings can be formal, informal and
of various duration depends on the specialization and accuracy required. The variable
training received was positively associated with the e-readiness of extension personnel
towards use of ICTs in agricultural extension system. Achievement motivation is the
desire to excel in the particular field or it is the degree for excellence to attain a sense of
205
personal accomplishment. This variable was found positively correlated with e-
readiness of extension personnel at five per cent level of significance.
The variable innovativeness was found positively correlated with e-readiness of
extension personnel towards use of agricultural extension system at one per cent level
of significance. e-readiness is the ability to perform better in the use of ICTs in
comparison to others. It is the individual as well as organizational readiness to use the e
technologies. When an individual or the organization has a positive attitude towards the
technology or the desire to use the technology at first to receive its windfall profits,
innovativeness factor matters a lot. The same trend was also found with R&D sector
respondents.
The variables education, sources of awareness about ICTs, economic
orientation, management orientation, scientific orientation, risk orientation, technology
management orientation, information management orientation and orientation towards
extension service profession was found non-significant with the e-readiness of
extension personnel towards use of ICTs in agricultural extension system.
It can be summed up from the table that nativity, possession of smart gadgets,
perceived attributes of ICTs, methods of learning ICTs skills, trainings received,
achievement motivation, and innovativeness were positively correlated with the e-
readiness of extension personnel with the use of ICTs whereas age, gender and number
of years of service was found negatively correlated with e-readiness of extension
personnel with the use of ICTs. e-readiness is very much affected by the availability,
accessibility, infrastructural and motivational factors. So there is a need to focus on
those areas or issues which are directly and positively affecting the e-readiness of
extension personnel with the use of ICTs.
4.8.3 Relationship between Independent variables and extent of use of ICTs by
extension personnel in agricultural extension system
Below table 4.44 shows the relationship between independent variables and
extent of use of ICTs by the extension personnel. It can be evident from the table that
education, number of years of service, possession of smart gadgets, methods of learning
ICTs skills, perceived attributes of ICTs, trainings received, innovativeness, scientific
orientation, risk orientation and technology management orientation were positively
correlated with extent of use of ICTs whereas age, gender, achievement motivation and
economic motivation were negatively correlated with extent of use of ICTs in
206
Table 4.44. Relationship between Independent variables and extent use of ICTs by
extension personnel in agricultural extension system
Extent of Use
S.No. Independent variables Total R& D SDA Private
(N=180) (n=60) (n=60) (n=60)
1. Age -0.405** -0.407** -0.363** -0.019
2. Gender -0.291** -0.111 -0.274* -0.186
3. Education 0.184** -0.149 -0.221 0.349**
4. Nativity 0.078 0.097 -0.203 0.117
5. Number of years of Service 0.430** 0.452** 0.460** -0.148
6. Possession of Smart Gadgets 0.307** 0.435** 0.361** 0.227
7. Sources of Awareness about 0.060 0.061 0.266* -0.453**
ICTs
8. Perceived attributes of ICTs 0.466** 0.406** 0.419** 0.452**
9. Methods of learning ICTs 0.369** 0.087 0.061 0.111
skills
10. Trainings received 0.437** 0.076 0.150 0.126
11. Achievement Motivation -0.186** 0.011 -0.123 0.030
12. Innovativeness 0.238** 0.189 -0.008 0. 368**
13. Economic Motivation 0.145 -0.358** 0.077 -0.249
14. Management Orientation -0.005 0.050 0.097 0.205
15. Scientific Orientation 0.065 0.254* 0.078 0.036
16. Risk Orientation 0.223** 0.449** 0.050 0.219
17. Technology Management 0.142 0.281* 0.021 0.075
Orientation
18. Information Management -0.019 0.179 -0.125 -0.032
orientation
19. Orientation towards extension -0.035 0.013 -0.143 -0.052
service profession
The variable age was found negatively associated with extent of use by
extension personnel in agricultural extension system at one per cent level of
significance. The same trend was also found with R& D and SDA sector respondents.
Now a days youth are also showing positive interest towards agricultural education as a
profession and entering into the field to cater the diverse needs of the target and serve
them better by providing better services. These young generation not only have better
education but also have professional working knowledge on new techniques say
IT/ICTs thus serving and performing better to the their clientele. The result in this study
revealed that the extent of use of ICTs by youth is more compared to old generation.
Present education system is a new added horizon in the education system. Now a
days education is supported by the technical education focusing on the use of new
technologies in education. Even education through multimedia and online technology is
207
a common feature and emerging trend in education sector. The more specialization in
education, the better is the performance in job. In the present finding, education was
found positively associated with extent of use at one per cent level of significance. The
same trend was also noticed in private sector. The reason might be private sector
extension personnel have more work specialization and technical education in
comparison to R&D and SDA sector extension personnel.
The variable number of years of service was found positively correlated with
extent of use of ICTs by extension personnel with use of ICTs in agricultural extension
personnel at one per cent level of significance. The same trend was found with R&D
and SDA sector extension personnel. The respondents did progress over time with
respect to extent of use of ICTs in their job. M embers of years of service might have
imparted the respondents in use of ICTs.
Methods of learning ICTs was found positively correlated with extent of use of
ICTs by extension personnel in agricultural extension system at one per cent level of
significance. In this study, majority of the respondents learnt the use of ICTs through
interaction with peers, observation etc.
Trainings are an important component with regard to performance of an
individual in their job areas. Lack of trainings not only affects the individual
performance but also the overall organizational performance. Effective utilization of
ICTs also demands proper and regular trainings on ICTs. The variable training received
was found positively correlated with the extent of use of ICTs by extension personnel in
agricultural extension system at one per cent level of significance.
Innovativeness is a degree which promotes the timely diffusion and adoption of
the new ideas/tools/technology etc. An individual‘s innovativeness is directly related to
the way he/she views the innovation and the job profile. The variable innovativeness is
positively associated with the extent of use of ICTs by extension personnel with use of
ICTs in agricultural extension system at one per cent level of significance.
Identification, encouragement and effective utilization of innovative extension
personnel is the key in the administration for the organizational effectiveness and they
will act as role models to other colleagues in effective use of ICTs.
The variable scientific orientation was found positively associated with the
extent of use of ICTs by extension personnel with use of ICTs in agricultural extension
system at five per cent level of significance. Recent advances in science and technology
in general and developments in the field of IT sector in particular have vastly influenced
208
the concept of TOT in agricultural and allied sectors. The result in this study is a good
sign that the respondents have faith in use of ICTs rather traditional approaches. The
variable risk orientation was found positively associated with the extent of use of ICTs
by extension personnel with use of ICTs in agricultural extension system at one per cent
level of significance. Use of ICTs has also brought risks related to financial risks,
operational risks and also technological risks. The respondents, who possess better risk
orientation towards use of ICTs in agricultural extension, can explore new
methodologies, procedures, projects etc. in information and knowledge management
within in turn will help in effective technology management. Incidentally, the variable
technology management orientation also was found positively associated with the extent
of use of ICTs by extension personnel with use of ICTs in agricultural extension system
at five per cent level of significance.
The table explains that there is a wide variation regarding extent of use of ICTs
by extension personnel and it is affected by various factors like age, gender, education,
possession of smart gadgets, Methods of learning ICTs skills, Trainings received and
psychological variables. So, it will be better to focus on the factors which are inhibiting
and promoting the use of ICTs in agricultural extension system.
4.8.4 Factors effecting Attitude, Extent of use and e-Readiness of respondents
towards the use of (ICTs) in agricultural extension system
The step down regression analysis was carried out between 19 selected
independent variables and three dependent variables i.e., Attitude, Extent of use and e-
Readiness. Separate analysis was carried out for each dependent variable.
In step down regression analysis, one independent variable was dropped out at
each step based on its least contribution to R2. Finally few variables which contributed
maximum variation in dependent variables were delineated at a particular step in step
down regression analysis. The final resulting variables with their partial regression
coefficients, ‗t‘ probability and R2 were presented in Table 4.46.
4.8.4.1 Factors effecting Attitude, Extent of use and e-Readiness of total
respondents towards the use of (ICTs) in agricultural extension system
It was noticed in the table that at fifth step of regression analysis the variables
i.e., education, possession of smart gadgets, sources of awareness about ICTs, perceived
attributes of ICTs, trainings received, scientific orientation and information
management orientation were significantly and positively explained variation in attitude
68.40 per cent of the total respondents towards use of ICTs.
209
In case of e-readiness, at the fourth step of regression analysis, the variables viz,
nativity, possession of smart gadgets, methods of learning ICT skills, trainings received
and risk orientation are significantly and positively explained variation whereas
achievement motivation was negatively and significantly explained the variation. All
the variables put together shown 45.70 per cent variation in e-readiness of the total
respondents.
210
Table 4.45 Step down regression analysis predicting influence of selected variables on Attitude, Extent of use and e-Readiness of
agricultural extension personnel towards the use of ICTs in agricultural extension system
N = 180
S.No. Step Number Variables Influencing Characteristics Regression co-efficient „t‟ probability
1. Constant 35.5835*** 0.000
Education 0.266361 0.041*
Possession of Smart Gadgets 0.25824 0.042*
Sources of Awareness about ICTs 0.26752 0.024*
Perceived attributes of ICTs 0.2470 0.045*

5 Attitude
Trainings received 0.25932 0.027*
Innovativeness 0.24456 0.034
Scientific Orientation 0.3492 0.025*
Information Management orientation 0.3045 0.003**
R2 0. 684
2. Constant 24.1060 0.001***
4 e-Readiness Nativity 1.0747 0.035*
Possession of Smart Gadgets 1.0184 0.003**
211
Methods of learning ICT skills 0.7984 0.001**
Trainings received 6.7763 0.000***
Achievement Motivation -0.3472 0.012*
Risk Orientation 0.5174 0.028*
R2 0.4574
3. Constant 113.7660 0.000***
Number of years of service 0.6949 0.000***
Possession of Smart Gadgets 2.7857 0.000***
Methods of learning ICT skills 1.7008 0.001***

6 Extent of Use
Trainings received 10.0758 0.000***
Risk Orientation 1.5351 0.002**
R2 0.4869
*Significant at less than 5 per cent level of significance

**Significant at less than 1 per cent level of significance
*** Significant at less than 0.1 per cent level of significance
212
With regard to extent of use, number of years of service, possession of smart
gadgets, methods of learning ICT skills, trainings received and risk orientation were
positively and significantly have variation whereas achievement motivation was
negatively and significantly have variation at 6th step of regression analysis, but all the
variables had a variation of 48.60 per cent with extent of use of ICTs by the
respondents.
So, it can be summarized from the table attitude, e-readiness and extent of use of
ICTs are affected by the variables like sources of awareness about ICTs, trainings
received, innovativeness, scientific orientation and information management orientation
and methods of learning ICT skills.
To sum up, it should be keep in mind those factors which are positively
promoting or effecting the use of ICTs in agricultural extension system should be
promoted whereas those factors which are inhibiting or reducing the use of ICTs in
agricultural extension should be recognized and handle with care so that information
availability, accessibility and utilization through ICTs in agricultural extension system
can be fully utilized.
4.8.4.2 Factors effecting Attitude, Extent of use and e-Readiness of R&D sector
In R&D sector, education, number of years of service, possession of smart
gadgets, sources of awareness about ICTs, perceived attributes of ICTs, methods of
learning ICT skills, trainings received and psychological variables viz, achievement
motivation, innovativeness, economic motivation, scientific orientation, risk orientation,
technology management orientation and information management orientation have
positive and significant variation on attitude at 66.53 per cent.
With respect to e-readiness, possession of smart gadgets, innovativeness,
information management orientation and orientation towards extension service
profession have positively and significantly variation on e-readiness whereas
technology management orientation have negatively and significantly variation on e-
readiness at 64.58 per cent variation.
With regard to extent of use, education, number of years of service, possession
of smart gadgets, perceived attributes of ICTs, management orientation and risk
orientation had variation at 59.14 per cent.
To sum up, it can be conclude from the table that number of years of service,
possession of smart gadgets and risk orientation were positively and significantly
213
produced variation in extent of use of ICTs whereas education, perceived attributes of
ICTs and management orientation negatively and significantly has variation on extent of
use of ICTs in R&D sector.
Table 4.46. Step down regression analysis predicting influence of selected variables
on Attitude, Extent of use and e-Readiness of R&D sector agricultural extension
n = 60
S.No. Step Variables Influencing Regression „t‟

number Characteristics co- probability
efficient
1. Constant 24.4234 0.349
Education -0.61105 0.004**
Number of years of 0.37674 0.038*

service
Possession of Smart 0.55601 0.013*

Gadgets
Sources of Awareness 0.39002 0.036*

about ICTs
Perceived attributes of 0.42000 0.018*

ICTs
Methods of learning ICT 0.41708 0.025*

6 Attitude skills
Trainings received 0.52647 0.018
Achievement Motivation 0.48834 0.006**
Innovativeness 0.46434 0.044*
Economic Motivation 0.43341 0.015*
Scientific Orientation 0.57773 0.008**
Risk Orientation -0.66594 0.001**
Technology Management 0.39002 0.036*

Orientation
Information Management 0.52647 0.017*
orientation
R2 0.6653
2. Possession of Smart 2.2129 0.000***

7 e-Readiness
Gadgets
214
Innovativeness 0.5213 0.003**
Technology management -0.7893 0.000***

orientation
Information Management 0.4457 0.013*

orientation
Orientation towards 0.6359 0.004**

extension service
profession
R2 0.6458
3. Constant 158.85794 0.003**
Education -8.1607 0.036*
Number of years of 0.4685 0.018*

service

Extent of Gadgets
10
Use
Perceived attributes of -1.5149 0.029*
ICTs
Management Orientation -1.5115 0.048*
Risk Orientation 2.3460 0.020*
R2 0.5914

4.8.4.3 Factors effecting Attitude, Extent of use and e-Readiness of SDA sector
In SDA sector, the variables which produced positively and significantly
variation in attitude of extension personnel towards use of ICTs are education,
possession of smart gadgets, sources of awareness about ICTs, perceived attributes of
ICTs, trainings received and innovativeness. It was found significant at 79.60 per cent at
sixth step.
Possession of smart gadgets, number of years of service and sources of
awareness about ICTs had variation on e-readiness whereas number of years of service
and perceived attributes of ICTs negatively significant on e-readiness.
215
With regard to extent of use, number of years of service, possession of Smart
gadgets and sources of awareness about ICTs were significantly and positively had
variation whereas achievement motivation was negatively significant for extent of use at
42.89 per cent.
Table 4.47 Step down regression analysis predicting influence of selected variables
on Attitude, Extent of use and e-Readiness of SDA sector agricultural extension
n = 60
S.No. Step Variables Influencing Regression „t‟

number Characteristics co-efficient probability
1. 6 Attitude Constant 53.8644 0.000***
Education 0.62449 0.046*

Gadgets

about ICTs
Perceived attributes of 1.00847 0.045*

ICTs
R2 0.7960
2. 6 e- Constant 58.2352 0.002**

Readiness
Number of years of -0.3418 0.002**
service
Possession of Smart 1.9975 0.000***

Gadgets

about ICTs
Perceived attributes of -0.5076 0.006**

ICTs
R2 0.4973
3. 2 Extent of Constant 157.1409 0.000***

Use
Number of years of 1.0897 0.000***
service
216
Possession of Smart 3.8549 0.001***
Gadgets

about ICTs
R2 0.4289

4.8.4.4 Factors effecting Attitude, Extent of use and e-Readiness of private sector
In private sector, possession of smart gadgets, sources of awareness about ICTs,
perceived attributes of ICTs, trainings received, scientific orientation and information
management orientation were significantly and positively have variation on attitude
towards use of ICTs in agricultural extension system. Only information management
orientation had negatively and significantly variation on e-readiness whereas
Innovativeness was positively and significantly variation on extent of use. Perceived
attributes of ICTs was negatively significant with extent of use of ICTs.
It can be sum up from the table that psychological variables are positively
contributing towards factors affecting attitude, e-readiness and extent of use by
extension personnel towards ICTs in agricultural extension system.
With regard to e-readiness, nativity, possession of smart gadgets, methods of
learning ICT skills, trainings received achievement motivation and risk orientation
contributing towards attitude, e-readiness and extent of use by extension personnel
towards ICTs in agricultural extension system.
With regard to extent of use of ICTs Number of years of service, possession of
smart gadgets, methods of learning ICT skills, trainings received, achievement
motivation and risk orientation are contributing towards attitude, e-readiness and extent
of use by extension personnel towards ICTs in agricultural extension system.
217
Table 4.48. Step down regression analysis predicting influence of selected variables
on Attitude, Extent of use and e-Readiness of private sector agricultural extension
n = 60
S.No. Step Variables Influencing Regression co- „t‟

Number Characteristics efficient probability
1. 4 Attitude Constant 32.7823 0.000***

Gadgets
Sources of 0.33509 0.011*

Awareness about
ICTs
Perceived attributes 0.28468 0.021*

of ICTs
Scientific Orientation 0.3683 0.020*
Information 0.3506 0.001***

Management
orientation
R2 0.2247
2. 3 e- Constant 60.6194 0.000***

Readiness
Information -0.0221 0.138
Management
orientation
R2 0.0375
3. 3 Extent of Constant 282.3384 0.000***

Use
Perceived attributes -1.5527 0.017*
of ICTs
R2 0.4925

218
4.9 Problems and suggestions perceived by the respondents with reference to
use of ICTs and the possible strategies for ICTs in agricultural extension
system
4.9.1 Problems perceived by the respondents with reference to use of
Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in agricultural
extension system
Table 4.49 gives clear picture of the problems faced by the respondents in the use of
ICTs. For easy understanding, problems faced in effective utilization of ICTs
categorized into six broad categories, i.e., problems related to acquisition of ICTs
facilities and services, problems related to information acquisition, problems related to
information processing, problems related to information storage and retrieval, problems
related to information diffusion and problems related to information utilization.
Two main problems were identified by the respondents under the category problems
related to acquisition of ICTs facilities and services. The very first problem was
provision of fewer funds received far below the standard costs of ICTs facilities. The
second one was the poor perception of ICTs services by the top officials in the parent
institutions.
219
Table 4.49. Problems perceived by the respondents with reference to use of ICTs in agricultural extension system
N = 180
S.No. Problems Frequency Rank Ranking Overall

RBQ
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 within Rank
(%)
category
1. Problems related to acquisition of ICTs facilities and services
i. Provision of fewer funds for 160 (88.89) 108 52 - - - - - - - - 71.11 VI
I
ICTs
ii. Poor perception of ICTs services 145 (80.56) 94 51 - - - - - - - - 66.39 VII
II
by the management
2. Problems related to information acquisition
i. Identification of the credible 147(81.67) 131 16 - - - - - - - - 77.22 V
II
source of information
ii. Lack of skills in information 153(85.00) 143 10 - - - - - - - - 82.22 I II
acquisition through ICTs
3. Problems related to information processing
i. Difficulty in developing content 167(92.78) 105 29 11 10 04 08 - - - - 80.09 I IV
in local language
ii. Matching content for the various 85 (47.22) 30 19 16 06 10 04 - - - - 35.67 VI
220
stakeholders in their form
iii. Difficult to compiled and 117(65.00) 38 24 16 09 14 16 - - - - 44.72 V
disseminate Huge information
iv. Absence of content validation 112(62.22) 40 24 18 12 10 08 - - - - 45.93 IV
v. Most of the ICTs are not in 142(78.89) 52 28 25 19 12 06 - - - - 59.17 II VIII
workable condition
vi. No availability of expertise 121(67.22) 47 24 10 15 15 10 - - - - 48.80 III
4. Problems related to information storage and retrieval
i. Virus problem 156(86.67) 134 12 10 - - - - - - - 80.74 I III
ii. Outdated ICTs 96(25.56) 65 21 10 - - - - - - - 45.74 III
iii. No Technical know how 134(74.44) 78 26 30 - - - - - - - 58.52 II X
5. Problems related to information dissemination
i. Power cut/interrupted power 180(100.00) 160 20 - - - - - - - - 97.78 I
I
supply
ii. No Technology know how 134(74.44) 59 35 12 18 10 - - - - - 57.44 III
iii. Lack of proper communication 106(58.89) 36 26 24 12 08 - - - - - 43.11 V
tools
iv. Lack of awareness about ICTs 143(79.44) 63 32 20 18 10 - - - - - 52.00 IV
tools
221
v. Slow internet connectivity 118(65.56) 58 26 14 12 08 - - - - - 58.67 II IX
6. Problems related to information utilization
i. Lack of proper knowledge on 104(57.78) 54 30 10 10 - - - - - - 46.67
usage of different internet II
modules
ii. No timely availability of 82 (45.56) 45 15 10 12 - - - - - - 39.17 IV
Resource person
iii. Latest ICTs mostly not available 92 (51.11) 43 26 13 10 - - - - - - 39.72 III
iv. Lack of trainings on ICTs 114 (63.33) 79 15 10 10 - - - - - - 54.31 I
222
About 89 per cent respondents suggest that Provision of fewer funds
received far below the standard costs of ICTs facilities hinders the effective
utilization of the ICTs. In general, the agricultural extension system has from
many years receiving the very little funds from the government. Normally there
are no specific funds allocated for acquisition of ICTs facilities. This implies
that funds for acquisition of new ICT facilities and services can only be found
by reallocating or redirecting the funds obtained.
About 51 per cent respondents perceived the problem of Poor perception
of ICTs services by the top officials in the parent institutions. Lack of
knowledge about the potential and value of ICTs in TOT by the top officials
will discourage the employees to use the ICTs in their job which is correctly
perceived by the respondents.
There were two main problems faced by the respondents in information
acquisition. The problem ‗Identification of the credible source of information‘
ranked first with about 82 per cent followed by the problem ‗Lack of skill in
acquiring information about ICTs‘ with about 85 per cent.
With regard to problems faced in information processing, there were six
main problems perceived by the respondents. ‗Difficulty in developing content
in local language‘ was the major problems faced by the respondents followed
by ICTs are not in workable condition. The development of content in local
language is pivotal to ensuring equitable access to ICTs. Linguistic diversity
and widespread illiteracy are the particular challenges. The expertise in
understanding, familiarization and use of local languages is not an easy task.
Hence the respondents correctly perceived this problem. The content delivered
through ICTs should be in vernacular language matching with the diverse
needs of the widespread and various categories of the respondents. This content
should be validated proper before delivering it to the intended users. But
absence of content validation was another important problem perceived by the
respondents which ranked among the problems of information processing. The
objective behind the use of ICTs IS that more and better information and
communication furthers the development of farming community. The extension
personnel be sure that the information provided by them should be reasonable,
valid, useful and solve the problems of farming community. ICTs cannot check
the data whether it is correct or not. It is the extension personnel should verify,
223
check and validate the information before dissemination to the intended users.
For this, if validated information is readily available, no problem but identifies
the reliable sources of content is of prime importance. For proper content
development ICTs are not in working condition and there should be proper
facility, this problem expressed by majority of the respondents ranked second
as well as non-availability of expertise to process the complex information also
felt by the respondents and ranks third.
The other challenge in use of ICTs is that ‗development of matching
content suitable to various stakeholders‘. Firstly, the extension personnel have
to identify and analyze stakeholders and their interests. Developing content
separately for all the stakeholders is waste time and budget. Development of
matching content for all the stakeholders is really a herculean task and need lot
of expertise and familiarization. Hence, the respondents correctly perceived
this problem in information processing.
Information storage and retrieval is another important advantage of ICTs
which facilitate creation, searching and modification of stored data. It should
be accessible to all the stakeholders but not all the information. For storage and
retrieval it requires strong centralization network with latest hardware and
should rapidly adapt to changing demands and resources. Otherwise, it may
ensure catastrophic data loss. In this context, the respondents rightly pointed
out that ‗Virus problem‘, ‗no technical knowhow‘ and ‗outdated ICTs‘ were
the main problems in information storage and retrieval.
Five problems were identified by the respondents in information
dissemination. The major problem was Power cut/interrupted power supply
followed by Slow internet connectivity, No Technology know how, Lack of
awareness about ICTs tools and Lack of proper communication tools. When
one is planning about the technology dissemination through ICTs, regular
power supply is the most important fact as dissemination of right information
at a right time to right users at right cost matters a lot. For this, one should also
know about the proper communication tools/ICTs tools which are suitable for
particular type of information and its dissemination. For effective information
dissemination not only the proper technology but the proper techniques for
content development and technology dissemination is also necessary.
224
The last category of the problem identified was problems in information
utilization and four problems were perceived by the respondents under this
category. The most important problem identified was lack of trainings on ICTs
followed by lack of proper knowledge on usage of different internet modules,
latest ICTs mostly not available and no timely availability of resource person.
It could be interpreted from the table trainings are vital in developing ICTs
starting from the information acquisition to diffusion and utilization. Besides
trainings, availability of experts and the knowledge of using ICTs are also very
important.
To sum up, it can be reiterate from the findings that power supply is one
of the major problems identified by the respondents in all stages of effective
use of ICTs followed by content development, expert availability, trainings and
working conditions of ICTs. As these all problems are connected to each other
so these problems should handle with care and in integrated mode instead of
isolation mode.
From the same table, it could be inferred that on an average, power cut
problem was ranked first followed by lack of skills in in information
acquisition through ICTs. The third ranked problem was virus problem during
storage or retrieval followed by difficulty in developing content in local
language. The fifth and sixth ranked problems were identification of the
credible source of information followed by provision of less budget/fewer
funds for ICTs. Consequently other problems were poor perception of ICTs
services by the management as seventh ranked problem, most of the ICTs were
not in working conditions as eight ranked problem, slow internet connectivity
as ninth ranked problem and no technical knowhow as tenth ranked problem.
From the findings it could be viewed that only implementation of ICTs is
not important for the success of any ICTs initiative. Instead all the points like
budget, policy, administration, infrastructural, capacity building and other soft
issues has to be cater to make ICTs a more successful and profitable in
agricultural extension system with the focus on sustainability.
225
4.9.2. Suggestions with reference to use of Information and Communication
Technologies (ICTs)
Table 4.50 gives the glimpses about the suggestions with reference to use of ICTs
in agricultural extension system. It can be evident from the table that suggestion
‗Budget acquisition of ICTs facilities and services‘ ranked very first in the list of
suggestions. Development and maintenance of ICTs facilities and services demands
regular flow of budget. It should be responsibility of the policy makers who are
specifically dealing with ICTs, to bifurcate the allocated budget for the ICTs depends on
the needs uses.
The suggestion ‗regular power supply‘ ranked second in the list followed by the
third suggestion ‗Capacity building of extension personnel‘. Creation of ICTs services
and facilities should not only be a single task of the experts. The other issues like power
supply to operate the ICTs effectively should also be taken into consideration. Besides,
basic issues like budget, power etc. continuous capacity building of the extension
personnel is also necessary. Now a day, the agricultural situations are changing very
rapidly and target clientele is also exploring the new avenues to get the timely, accurate,
and adequate information. So, it is dire need of the present day to update the extension
personnel timely to catch their clientele needs. For fulfilling this objective, capacity
building is a compulsory point of attention.
The fourth rank scored suggestion is ‗Compatibility between different ICT tools.‘
It is always wise to use the technology in blended mode whether someone is using the
traditional methods or the modern. It is much more advisable to use both the
technologies in blended mode as single technology can never prove to be a successful
venture. The compatibility issues gets importance when the blended mode is used for
example, when messages are sent through mobile phones, it should be in vernacular
language, the receiving device should be compatible with the received message status,
MMS facility, if picture(s) are sending etc.
Suggestion ‗Disturbances in the media through which information is
disseminated, should be carefully handle‘ ranked fifth is the list followed by the other
statements ‗Available ICTs should be in workable conditions‘, ‗Awareness about the
uses and effectiveness of ICTs among its various stakeholders‘, ‗Selection of ICTs tool
should be proper, location specific, need based.‘, ‗Identification of end users before
planning any activity through ICTs‘, and ‗Feasibility of the ICTs should be tested‘
respectively as sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth and tenth.
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Noise always works as a barrier to the communication process whether it is
verbal, non-verbal, one way, two ways or other in form. It should be always keep in
mind that noise in media itself or in the message or in the process retards the
effectiveness of the message communicated through ICTs, reduces the confidence of
both extension personnel and clientele. For example, disturbance in media through use
of mobile can be reduced by providing proper signal facilities so that messages can be
received well.
The issues related to ICTs infrastructure like Budget, capacity building, signal
strength and power supply etc. is not only important but implementation issues are
equally important. When any technology is to be disseminated through ICTs, awareness
about the ICTs, through ICTs and particularly about the programme is important.
With awareness, selection of the stakeholders, their needs identification and selection of
ICTs tools based on the findings is also must.
It can be discussed from the table based on the suggestions provided that there is
ample infrastructural availability in the country. Now there is need to focus on the soft
issues of the technology (ICTs) which may/are affecting its performance in the field.
For effectiveness of the technology, there is need to focus on the regular and frequent
update of the information which is to be provided to its end users as information is the
first and foremost requirement of not only the farming community but the other
stakeholders in the agricultural extension system. The updation of information should
be supported by the frequent updation of the software or the hardware of the technology
as both are complementary to each other. Besides, regular updation of information and
software, there is also need to see the compatibility of technology with the technology
components itself, with other methods used and definitely with the end users.
Awareness of ICTs initiatives in agricultural extension system should be compulsory
and promotional activities can be utilize for the same purpose. Before planning or
implementing ICTs initiatives, proper feasibility study and location specificity should
also be kept in consideration. If any initiative is already implementing, the feedback
mechanism also should be given priority for the success of ICTs in agricultural
extension system. For all this effective implementation and utilization of the
technology, regular flow of power is also a critical factor, so it is the responsibility of
the policy makers or the ICTs initiative developers to take care of this issue.
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Table 4.50. Suggestions with reference to the use of ICTs in agricultural extension
system
N = 180
S.No. Suggestions Frequency Percentage Rank

1. Budget acquisition of ICTs facilities and 175 97.22 I
services
2. Regular power supply 172 95.56 II
3. Capacity building of extension personnel 167 92.78 III
4. Compatibility between different ICT tools 152 84.44 IV
used for dissemination
5. Disturbances in the media through which 150 83.33 V
information is disseminated, should be
carefully handle.
6. Available ICTs should be in workable 149 82.78 VI
conditions
7. Awareness about the uses and effectiveness 147 81.67 VII
of ICTs among its various stakeholders
8. Selection of ICTs tool should be proper, 146 81.11 VIII
location specific, need based.
9. Identification of end users before planning 140 77.78 IX
any activity through ICTs
10. Feasibility of the ICTs should be tested 135 75.00 X
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4.9.3 Possible strategies for Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
in Agricultural Extension System
Based on the findings of present research study, an effort was made to develop a
strategy which could beneficial for the ICTs in agricultural extension system and this
was presented in Fig. 4.13.
For the effectiveness of ICTs, strategy should be planned in an integrated
manner covering the important aspects like polices, institutions, stakeholders, human
resources development, ICT knowledge centre, ICT infrastructures, content
development, blending, identification of ICT experts and innovative leaders, ICTs
upgradaton, refinement and innovation and monitoring and evaluation.
Policies :
National policy framework for agricultural extension (2000) has given much
impetus to use of ICTs in agricultural extension. but most of the ICT based agricultural
extension projects were implemented as ‗pilot projects‘ and after the pilot period, most
of the projects are never implemented in larger scale. Hence, it is right time to formulate
national and state government e-agriculture policy to explore and implement ICTs in
agricultural extension will provide needed impetus to agriculture sector and ICTs can
complement the traditional extension system for ‗knowledge resource‘ delivery to the
millions of farmers.
Institutions :
Scouting of reliable and efficient institution both from public as well as private
and inclusion of them in partnerships is of prime importance in strengthening ICTs in
agricultural extension system. Not only selection, but alteration of organizational
structures at all levels to be there to accommodate changes in ICT systems and
information management process for novel outputs to farming community.
Stakeholders :
An increasing diversity of stakeholders in agricultural extension system places a
heightened importance on coordination and communication, neither of which is possible
without access to basic telecommunication services like telephone. This widening group
of stakeholders in agricultural extension system includes;
 Farmers have to act as both extension client and extension provider
 Agricultural scientists from research area who could be the basic
knowledge management facilities, if this is ha potential, the rest of the
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process i.e. dissemination as well as the acceptance from farmers could
be smooth.
 Identification of private sector players who are in the job of providing
information through ICTs is of prime importance. PPP is the solution for
initiating new projects of ICTs in agricultural extension system.
 Public extension organizations (DOA, agricultural universities, KVKs
etc.) have a key role in facilitation between communication technologies,
providers of those technologies and services and the client groups they
serve.
 Identification of NGOs and CBOs and selection of service oriented
among them will strengthen the partnership in providing ICTs
 The players of market sector also to be included in partnership and they
are the appropriate players in market information systems is providing
the crucial market information and access to different markets is other
areas for making agriculture as profitable profession.
 Telecommunication service providers are key personnel in establishing
basic telecommunication services in urban as well as in rural areas.
Reaching the unreached farmers can be possible only with
telecommunication service providers. Hence including them as one of
the stakeholders in agricultural extension system with reference to use of
ICTs.
Human Resources Development :
Creating awareness on ICT potentials, ICT skills and capacity development
among the extension personnel of the public and private extension systems and also
among farmers and all the stakeholders in agricultural extension system will facilitate
better and efficient use of ICTs in agricultural extension system. The important
variables of this study which found significantly contributed towards attitude, e-
readiness and use of ICTs may be considered in capacity building programmes. Regular
updation of knowledge and skills of stakeholders on ICTs should not be neglected.
Establishing ICTs knowledge centres/Park :
Establishment of ICT knowledge centres/ICTs park: for effective dissemination
and utilization of agricultural information, establishment of ICT knowledge
centres/ICTs park at state, district and local level (i.e. village or mandal or block) is the
230
need of the hour. These knowledge centres can be managed by the officials at state (hub
of the network) and district (inter mediatory) level whereas local level, individuals
among the farming community will be given the task of managing the centre after
thorough training. This forms an efficient knowledge management network in
ICT infrastructure :
Strengthening ICT infrastructure at state, district and village level: Extension
organizations and extension personnel as well as other stakeholders need to be equipped
with ICTs for facilitation among the agricultural stakeholders. For this, sufficient budget
to be provided and effective fund flow for maintenance of ICT infrastructure is never be
neglected. In this study, the findings revealed that there is effective relationship between
perceived attributes of ICTs with attitude, e-readiness and extent of use of ICTs
agricultural extension system. Hence, consideration of perceived attributes in selection
of ICTs should not be overlooked.
Localization and customization of content:
Stimulate the stakeholders to open access to the increasing volumes of outputs
of agricultural research to that all can benefit. After that, the research, agricultural
educational institutions/universities and public and private sector extension systems
should continuously strive for the appropriate content localization and customization as
per the demand of the farmers and other stakeholders. Information specificity to local
needs to be given more importance which has high sale value among the users or
clients. Agricultural universities and KVKs should be considered as local content
facilitators and have to play a larger and more visible role in institutionalizing the
generation and collection of development and local oriented information resources.
Blending the traditional communication methods with modern ICTs:
Exclusive adoption of modern ICTs in agricultural extension system will
definitely create uncertainty in all the stakeholders particularly in farming community.
Hence to reduce this uncertainty and confusion never neglect the traditional extension
communication methods viz face to face contacts, group contacts, radio, television and
print media but blend them these modern ICTs to a feasible and comfortable level to
meet the needs of all the stakeholders effectively.
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Identification of ICT experts and innovative leaders in agricultural extension
system:
Efforts should be made to identify the individuals or institutions in developing
and experimenting with ICTs in agricultural extension system and encourage them to be
lead of those projects to complement the ongoing private and public extension systems
in TOT and converting theses extension systems as ICT led extension systems which
are going to act as key transformers of farming community by improving access to
information and knowledge sharing.
ICTs upgradation, refinement and innovation:
The private or public extension systems should not be complacent with the
present ICTs are sufficient or enough to tackle the information and knowledge needs of
all stakeholders. Continuous upgradation and refinement is needed to meet the dynamic
needs of the stakeholders to enhance knowledge creation, transformation and
innovation. Provision of incentive system to the innovations in ICTs use will promote
enthusiasm, inquisitiveness and competition among the individuals or institutions.
Monitoring and evaluation:
Development of new methods and approaches to assess the effectiveness and
impact of ICTs in agricultural extension system will help in extrapolating the effective
ICTs is another area where the same conditions exists in information flow and
knowledge sharing.
Finally, ICTs are not really about the computer, internet and telephone line.
They are about information and communication. Hence, the content is crucial in TOT in
agricultural extension system for betterment of farming community. The above
strategies will have capacity in managing the sustainability in use of ICTs in agricultural
extension system.
232
STATE POLICIES NATION
AL
PRIVATE INSTITUTION PUBLIC

S
PUBLIC SECTOR PRIVATE SECTOR
AGRICULTURAL
FARMING Stakeholders
RESEARCH
COMMUNITY
TELECOM MARKET
SECTOR RESEARCH
NGOs, CBOs
HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
STATE
ICT KNOWLEDGE LEVEL
DISTRICT CENTRE/PARK
LEVEL
LOCAL
ICT INFRASTRUCTURE LEVEL
CONTENT DEVELOPMENT
TRADITIONAL
COMMUNICATION Modern ICTs
BLENDING
METHODS
IDENTIFICATION OF ICT EXPERTS AND

INNOVATIVE LEADERS
ICTS UPGRADATION, REFINEMENT AND

INNOVATION
MONITORING AND EVALUATION
FIG. 4.13. STRATEGY FOR USE OF ICTS IN AGRICULTURAL

EXTENSION SYSTEM
233
4.10 Cases of ICTs in Agricultural Extension System
An effort was made to study the few relevant ICTs initiates in Indian agricultural
extension system with the help of available secondary sources.
Across the globe, countries have recognized Information Technology (IT) as an
effective tool in catalyzing the economic activity in efficient governance, and in
developing human resources. The evolution of new forms of technologies and
imaginative forms of applications of the new and older technologies makes the lives of
the people better and more comfortable in several ways. There is even greater
realization that instead of a single-track technology, lateral integration of technologies
can deliver startling results and the world seems to be moving towards such converged
systems. IT together with Communication Technologies has brought about
unprecedented changes in the way people communicate; conduct business, pleasure and
social interaction. The most important role of ICT in development is fostering a
knowledge intensive sustainable livelihood security system in rural areas, since ICT can
enable us to reach the unreached and include the excluded in information, knowledge
and skill empowerment. Information and Communication Technology has a vital role in
connecting the rural community to outside world for exchange of information, a basic
necessity for economic development. Effective use of ICT can demolish geographical
boundaries and can bring rural communities closer to global economic systems and be
of meaningful help to the underprivileged.
ICT is the fusion of computers and telecommunications. Computers enable
people to work creatively. But they are limit by what they can access. Adding a
communications channel, such as the Internet or other information services,
significantly extends the capability of the computer. It allows it to be not only an
inexpensive communications device. It can also become a means of obtaining
education, information, and working creatively with others irrespective of geographical
barriers.
ICT is an integration of technologies and the processes to distribute and
communicate the desired information on target audience and making the target audience
more participative in nature (Deepak Kumar, 2005). ICT is a term that includes any
communication device or application encompassing, Radio, Television, Cellular
phones, Computers and Network hardware and software, Satellite systems, Internet and
its applications, www portals, Video conferencing, Distance learning and so on.
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ICT or Information and Communications Technology in simple terms, can be
defined as the basket of technologies, which assist or support in storage, processing of
Data/ Information, or in dissemination/ communication of Data/ Information, or both.
ICT thus includes technologies such as desktop and laptop computers, software,
peripherals and connection to the Internet that are intended to fulfil information
processing and communication functions.
According to Wikipedia (2008), the term ICT is the broader term of Information
Technology (IT), to explicitly include the field of electronic communication, in addition
to IT. The term IT is defined as ―the study, design, development, implementation,
support or management of computer-based information systems, particularly software
applications and computer hardware.‖ IT deals with the use of electronic computers and
computer software to convert, store, protect, process, transmit and retrieve information,
securely.
ICT is thus used as an umbrella term that includes any communication device or
application, encompassing radio, television, cellular phones, computer and network
hardware and software, satellite systems and so on, as well as the various services and
applications associated with them, such as videoconferencing and distance learning.
There are various ways to cater the information needs of the beneficiaries and
deliver services through ICTs. Few decades ago, with the help of old ICTs like Radio,
TV etc. services were delivering to its users but with the introduction of new ICTs there
are so many avenues opened through which a large number of beneficiaries can be
served within a less time period.
For easy understanding and clarity, an effort was made through this study to
classify the ICTs initiatives in Indian context on the basis on delivery mode. Although
the list of ICTs initiative is very exhaustive, a few important ICTs initiatives in detail
are mentioned here. This documentation is exclusively based on the secondary sources
of information available in books, journals, websites and other related sources. Sources
of secondary information are provided in the bibliography section of this research study.
235
Table. 4.51. ICTs INITIATIVES WITH INFORMATION MODE
S.N. Delivery/Information mode ICTs Initiative

1. Radio Gram vaani, Community Radio Station (CRS),
ICT for Empowerment of Women and Child
Development: Chetna, Vasundhara Vahini
(Community Radio), Parishkaram Call centre,
Vasundhara Vahini (Community Radio),
Wireless Internet Post Office, Chalao Ho Gaon
Mein, Community Radio -Deccan Development
Society, Common Service Center Community
Radio etc.
2. Television India Post-Kisan Soochna Kendra, Society for
Andhra Pradesh Network (SAPNET) etc.
3. Internet Kheti, Entegramam, Bhurekha, AGRISNET, e-
Krishi, e-Sagu, i-Kisan, AGMARKNET, Aaqua,
Bhoomi, ASHWINI, Computer on Wheel,
Digital Mandi, DACNET, e-Krishi Vipanan,
KISSAN Kerala, Gyandoot, e-Choupal,
FRIENDS, Card, Warna Wired, Krishi Bazar
Mahiti, Tara Haat etc.
4. Satellite Agri planning in Khasi Hills (VRC), Village
Resource Centres (VRCs), Space Technology for
Agriculture Applications etc.
5. Mobile/Landline mKrishi, Nokia life tools, Kisan Mobile Sandesh,
Banana Information Line, Soochna se Samadhan,
Kisan Call Centre etc.
6. Kiosks Grameen Gyan Kendra, Grasso PCO Project etc.
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DIGITAL GREEN
Digital Green was established in 2006 in Bangalore by Rikin Gandhi. Digital
Green is an innovation in agriculture extension which brought beneficial changes in the
lives of 1,09,911 farmers of 1,541 villages belonging to six states of India.
Mission of the project
Mission of the project is to integrate innovative technology with global
development efforts to improve human well-being.
Working pattern
 Firstly, importance of people in the dissemination of any knowledge to farmers
is taken into consideration. Then information and communication technology
systems, that it develops are in close consultations with the existing people-
based extension systems and the people for whom they are meant. The
programmes are also deployed using grassroots social networks for wider
outreach.
 Secondly, Digital Green communicates with the farmers in their own language.
To put it simply, what the organisation does is to teach farmers to film and
screen their farming best practices, by virtue of which they become ‗extensions‘
or ‗influencers‘ for their peer groups in the adoption of new technologies.
SNAPSHOT OF DIGITAL GREEN WEBSITE

237
Digital Green‘s unique methodology adopts a participatory approach for local
content generation. The videos are produced by farmers, filmed on farmers and screened
for farmers. The reason for adopting the visual medium for disseminating agricultural
extension was guided by the nature of the farming community. Farmers are more
adaptive to visual instruction not only due to low literacy levels, but because the nature
of their profession makes their auditory and visual senses sharper. A farmer can tell the
age of a plant from the colour of its trunk. Additionally, a video is cost-effective in
comparison with other mediums. It can also be streamed repeatedly and is a
demonstrative medium that can actually show results.
Scalable & Replicable Nature
The project is based on hub and spoke model for ease of scalability. Given the
region specific nature of agriculture, the applicability of content is limited to an area of
2 to 20 km depending upon its usability. Each hub is a centre of excellence and is
responsible for expert content production in the region, teacher training, distribution and
networking—with all hubs interlinked. Each spoke village also produces localized
content. The best practices of spoke villages are then streamed through the hub network
to other spokes and hubs. The production team comprises agriculture scientists from
government institutions, practitioners from nongovernment organisations, field staff,
farmers and volunteers. The films are sent out to the villages where they are screened in
the evenings, a number of times, on a rotational basis to small groups of 10 to 20
people, as per their convenience. The screening is done using a human interface to make
it interactive, instructional and also for the DG team to be able to produce audiences‘
response and collect feedback. The screenings are followed by practical demonstrations
during the day. The staff acts as a two-way channel to engage and enhance farmers‘
interest, explain and reiterate concepts, demonstrate methodology, help in
implementation, and even assist in procuring tools. They follow-up on the progress of
the farmers and help them build confidence to adopt a new methodology. Digital Green
has also an interactive phone-based feedback mechanism.
Features of the initiative
In areas with limited internet and power connectivity, a video-based extension
programme‘s outreach would be a little sketchy. Digital Green has innovated highly-
sophisticated hardware and software platforms to overcome such limitations. It uses a
web-based data tracking architecture which has been developed to function in
constrained network conditions. COCO—Connect Online/Connect Offline—is a
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proprietary software developed by the organization and forms the base of its software
stack. COCO is a stand-alone application in the internet browser with the ability to
support up to 100,000 users. It is a customisable open source framework and does not
need specialised IT engineering support for deployment. Nor does it require additional
software or high maintenance. Most importantly, the application can be taken offline
where there is low or limited bandwidth without interrupting the usage. It requires
internet connectivity only when the user, who can be anywhere in the world, needs to
synchronise his data with that of the central repository at Digital Green.
Partnership
A charitable trust, Digital Green is working currently with seven partner non-
governmental organisations—PRADAN, BAIF, Samaj Pragati Sahayog, ACCESS,
Action for Social Advancement, PRAGATI, and VARRAT. In 2010-11, it also
partnered with the Government of India's National Rural Livelihoods Mission.
239
REUTERS MARKET LIGHT (RML)
Reuters Market Light is a pioneering mobile phone based, highly personalised,

professional information service specially designed to support the farming community.
It provides expert information to farmers at every stage of their crop cycle, right from
pre-sowing to selling of the crop thus enabling them to take informed decisions.
Farmers receive crop advisory, taluka specific weather forecasts, local market price
information, local and international commodity information and any other agri-rural
information relevant to the farming community, direct to their mobile phones through
SMS in their local language. About 1.2 million Indian farmers from an estimated 50,000
villages have used this service across 17 states. Through sharing among farmers, it is
estimated to have reached 5 million farmers. RML covers over 450 crop and crop
varieties and more than 1300 markets. With this service, individual farmers gained up to
INR 200,000 ($ 4000) of additional profits, and savings of nearly INR 400,000 ($8000),
marking a significant return on their investment.
This information is further customised:
» as per the individual preferences of crops, markets, and location of each farmer
» aligned tightly with his daily work schedule
» in a mix of relevant local and international content
» as per the stage of his individual crop cycle
» in his local language
» through SMS
» across all handsets and telecom operators
Working pattern of RML
RML is sold as an easy-to-use card (RML Direct) in thousands of retail outlets
in rural India. RML was launched in India in the state of Maharashtra on October 1,
2007, by the union minister of agriculture of India, Mr. Sharad Pawar and operating
across 13 states in India and covers over 300 crops and varieties and 1300 markets
across these states.
Reuters Market Light has nearly 1.3 million registered unique subscribers in
over 50,000 villages. It is estimated to have been utilised by 4 million farmers through
using and sharing. Individual farmers have reaped significant return on their investment
achieving up to INR 200,000 ($ 4000) of additional profits, and savings of nearly INR
400,000 ($8000) by using RML.
240
RML is the first highly personalised, professional information service for
farmers. The decision-enabling content is delivered through SMS on their mobile
phones.
Service Highlights
 In 8 Languages
 On all telecom operators and handsets
 As per farmer's individual preferences
 Providing local content
 Through simple user interface
 Over the counter at low subscription cost
 All (content) as per the stage of the crop cycle
Service Features
 Crop Prices from markets of choice
 Local & International Agri Info that impacts prices
 Local Weather Forecasts
 Advisory tips to improve productivity
RML‘s service was initially been available in three states of India –

Maharashtra, Haryana and Punjab. Initially, sales were direct with RML agents
approaching farmers. The rapid take-up of RML‘s service – 100,000 farmers in 12-
15,000 villages in less than two years – has allowed RML to switch to selling its
service through agricultural retailers, a mode called RML Direct, which was launched in
February 2009 e.g., farmers can subscribe to RML through 2,500 retail outlets in
Maharashtra.
At present RML has three channels for sales:
 through agri retailers to farmers (RML Direct);
 bulk sales to agri input companies/NGOs/large groups;
 bulk sales to mobile operators.
In the latter two cases, intermediaries – those with well-developed distribution
networks – are used to sell individual subscriptions. The current revenue model for
RML‘s service is subscription and the service is available through major mobile
networks. Currently, RML carries out all activities – from content sourcing to customer
support and accounting – in connection with the service that customers receive, other
241
than operating a mobile network. The RML‘s activities across the value chain are as
follows:
 Content is sourced largely by RML‘s own sourcing network. Except for weather
and best practices information, the rest is developed by RML internally.
 Formatting of the content to suit SMS/Voice/WAP platforms is also managed by
RML‘s content management system.
 Marketing is executed by agencies. Mostly through below-the-line activities like
wall paintings, banners, posters, van campaigns, market activities, etc.
 Agri input shops, co-operative banks and other rural sales networks distribute
RML.
 Subscription is sold in the form of prepaid scratch cards in quarterly, half-yearly
and annual service packs.
 Service can be activated by calling a toll-free line.
 Delivery of SMS is managed by service providers.
 A team of multi-lingual customer care executives support features like
personalisation, profile changes, delivery issues, etc.
RML is exploring opportunities in different service verticals: dairy farming,
poultry, fisheries and sugarcane. The traditional model for value-added mobile
services/applications has involved three partners: the mobile network, the service
providers and data/content provider. The challenge for RML is to innovate its business
model from a fully vertically integrated business model as it scales up its business. But
the main challenge before RML is whether it should be a content player, an aggregator
or should it continue to be in distribution, delivery and customer support.
242
RICE KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT PORTAL (RKMP)
As a first step towards enabling the use of Information and Communication

Technologies (ICTs) in agriculture, the Indian Council of Agricultural Research is
developing national level agricultural knowledge management portals. The flagship
initiative for this is development of an exclusive portal on rice viz., Rice Knowledge
Management Portal (RKMP) launched on 16th June 2009.
RKMP serves as an information highway for sharing rice knowledge through
latest ICT tools including mobile telephony. It also helps agricultural departments‘
ongoing activities in reaching out to the farmers through extension advisory services, in
most effective way.
Special feature of RKMP
The RKMP has several global firsts in terms of comprehensiveness and utility.
Built on web 2.0 standards, this portal caters to location specific information needs of
many stakeholders through IP based customization on 24X7 bases. The striking feature
of this portal is providing content in local language.
Vision
The vision of the portal is to serve a wide range of stakeholders and help in
better planning to realize higher productivity and production of rice through improved
knowledge and skill sets.
Services Provided by the Portal
The Extension and Farmers domains provide production know how, package of
practices, FAQs etc., in English and local languages. In research domain, various
services are provided such as AICRIP Intranet, archives of AICRIP data (27000
datasets), communities of practice (CoP), bio-informatics suite, approach papers, India
Rice Research Repository (i3R), status papers on rice for different states etc.
The portal operates two e-learning platforms providing learning opportunity to
scientists and extension workers at their time and space. This portal also caters to
information needs of exporters and farmers through the trade information system.
Another feature of the portal is the indexing of mandi prices of paddy from regulated
market yards (from AGMARKNET). Policy makers can directly access area,
production, productivity trends of last four decades up to district level.
This portal is an example of harnessing the enormous potential of ICT strategies
to manage the voluminous knowledge in the existing ICAR (AICRIP) set up. The
243
vision of RKMP is to serve a wide range of stakeholders and help in better planning to
realize higher productivity & production of rice through improved knowledge and skill
from the portal.
Flexibility of RKMP
One can upload the content into RKMP, irrespective of the institutional
affiliation, as a registered user. RKMP Nodal officers (AICRIP Scientists from State
Agricultural Universities) first validate and approve the uploaded content before it is
displayed online.
SNAPSHOT OF RKMP
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AGRICULTURE RESOURCES INFORMATION SYSTEM
NETWORK (AGRISNET)
Agriculture Resources Information System Network (AGRISNET) is a mission

mode project funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India to develop a
comprehensive online knowledge portal to disseminate relevant information to farmers.
Goal of the project
The goal of the project is to follow an all-inclusive approach in terms of
ensuring technological connectivity, development of system software and provision of
hardware at agriculture department offices up to the block level in all states and union
territories.
Aim of the project
The AGRISNET aims to provide improved services to the farming community
through use of ICT. The aim is also to establish Indian agriculture online in the country.
The potential applications under the project are monitoring of schemes, crop production,
productivity, yield data, weather watch (early warning) system, Inputs (Fertilizer, Seed,
Pesticides) availability, agriculture credit related information, horticulture details,
extension services and watershed management with the help of uses state-of-the-art
broadband satellite technology to establish the network within the country.
Objective of the project
The objective of the programme is to provide IT enabled services to farmers and
also for computerization of various offices in the States in agriculture & allied sectors.
Funds under AGRISNET are provided to the State Governments/Union Territories on
the basis of specific project proposals submitted by them. The States are given funds for
software development, hardware (including system software) and other genuine ICT
needs of the State upto district level. Requirements of hardware/software below district
level are considered as per justification given by the States in their proposal.
Implementation Strategy
1. The AGRISNET Project will be implemented in a projectised mode, i.e., funds
under AGRISNET will be provided to the State/UT governments or to
autonomous bodies identified by the State/Union Territory Governments on the
basis of specific project proposals submitted for the purpose.
2. The project proposals for funding under AGRISNET will clearly specify the
following:
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Services and services goals
a) Outputs and deliverables
b) Number of farmers/beneficiaries to be benefited by the improved services
c) Road map and Timeliness, including intermediate milestones
d) Positioning of Empowered Committees
e) Positioning of Mission leader
f) Implementation arrangements and Positioning of Implementation team
g) Arrangements for monitoring and evaluation, including independent
evaluation, of the project.
h) Success criteria for assessing project impact
i) Total funds required for the project
j) Funds to be provided by the State government, if any
k) Funds requested from the DAC
l) In-kind contribution to be made by the State government
m) Elaborate mechanism for regular data updation on real time basis
n) Details of existing ICT infrastructure available in the State, which should be
fully integrated with the proposal.
3. The State Governments shall propose a road map indicating delivery of G2C
services and these should also be explicitly stated in the project proposal.
4. The State Governments should indicate as to how they intend to deliver the
services to the farmers. The delivery points should be identified and indicated in
the proposals.
5. The improvement of services to the farming community through the use of ICT,
and not the services per se, would be considered for funding under AGRISNET.
6. The items / activities eligible for funding under AGRISNET will include :
a) Hardware and system software

b) Application software
c) Data entry
d) Networking
e) Training of stakeholders (officials of State Agriculture Department, State
Cooperative Department, District Agricultural Officers and Extension workers)
f) Other specific activities.
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g) Essential miscellaneous costs (not to exceed 10%of the total project cost)
7. Data Centre capabilities will be considered at the state levels. The total number
of data centres below the state level shall not exceed the total number of districts
in the state.
8. The cost of ‗delivery point‘ infrastructure will not be considered under this
project, since, the Department of IT has a programme to set up 100,000
Community Service Centres by 2007.
9. The hardware and software should be so designed that, if needed, it can be

extended up to the block level.
10. The following hardware/software, avoiding duplication with other existing

infrastructure or with other schemes, would be eligible for funding for setting up
of data centers at State/District levels:
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e-CHOUPAL
Indian Tobacco Company (ITC) Agri Business Division has conceived e-

Choupal as a more efficient supply chain aimed at delivering value to its customers
around the world on a sustainable basis. The e-Choupal model has been specifically
designed to tackle the challenges posed by the unique features of Indian agriculture,
characterised by fragmented farms, weak infrastructure and the involvement of
numerous intermediaries, among others. It is a market-led business model which can
enhance the competitiveness of Indian agriculture and trigger a virtuous cycle of higher
productivity, higher incomes, and enlarged capacity for farmer risk management, larger
investments and higher quality and productivity.
Concept and advantages of e-choupal
e-choupal is a Hindi word which means ―village meeting place‖. Market is a
meeting place where vendors and customers come together to do transactions.
 e-choupal is a virtual market place where farmers can transact directly with a
processor and can realize better price for their produce.
 e-choupal has the advantages of the market but spans very large varieties of
vendors and customers.
 Geographical distances do not restrict participation in the e-choupal.
 The main attractiveness of e-choupal is that it can be used for connecting large
producers/small producers and small users/large users, thereby eliminating the
need for hierarchy of brokers.
 e-choupal does not attempt total elimination of intermediaries instead
intermediaries are adding value to the every step of value chain at a low cost.
Intermediaries have the expertise in storage,
transportation, quality assessment and
counter party risk reduction, which are
difficult to replicate.
 e-Choupal provides farmers with all the
market information and this helps them to
become market oriented.
Project Goals
Snapshot of e-choupal website
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The project was initiated with the objective of achieving a win-win situation for
both farmers and the company. So on the one hand more profits and larger share of
commodity exports were ensured for the company and on the other hand farmers
realized better prices for their produce and improved the productivity of their farms.
Initial goals were following:
Helps enhance farm productivity by
 Disseminating latest information on district level weather forecasts for short &
medium terms
 Best practices in farming (generic as well as specific)
 Supply of quality inputs (seed, herbicide, fertilizer, pesticides etc) in the village
itself
Helps improve price realization for farm produce by
 Making available live data on markets viz. Location / Buyer wise prices offered
 International market prices of relevant agri-commodities
 Historical & Up-to-date information on supply & demand
 Expert opinion on expected future price movements
Helps minimize transaction costs in marketing farm produce by
 Buying output at the farmers‘ doorstep
 Through transparent pricing & weight management practices
Structure of e-Choupal
Working
pattern of e-
choupal
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 ITC sets up a back-up physical service support at the village level, called
Choupal, through Sanchalak: a lead farmer, who acts as the interface between
computer and the farmer.
 ITC accumulates information regarding weather, modern farming practices, and
market prices from sources like Meteorological Department, Agri-universities,
mandis (regional market) etc., and uploads all information on to e-Choupal web
site.
 All information is customized according to local farmers requirements and
provided into the local language through computer set up by ITC in Sanchalak‘s
house.
 Sanchalak access this information and facilitates its dissemination to farmers.
 Availability of market information helps farmers to become market oriented.
They know what price ITC is quoting and the price prevalent in the local market,
thereby helping better price realization for farmers. If farmer decides to sell to
ITC, Sanchalak works as the aggregator of small farmers produce to sell them to
ITC. Sanchalak also aggregates farmers
input purchase orders for various items
like seeds, pesticides and places them
directly with the suppliers through
internet and facilitate supply of high
quality farm inputs as well as purchase of
farm produce at farmer‘s doorstep with
the help of intermediaries.
Success factors of e-choupal

 ‗e-Choupal‘ leverages Information Technology to virtually cluster all the value
chain participants.
 ‗e-Choupal‘ makes use of the physical transmission capabilities of current
intermediaries – aggregation, logistics, counter-party risk and bridge financing –
while dis intermediating them from the chain of information flow and market
signals.
 Village internet kiosks managed by farmers – called sanchalaks – themselves,
enable the agricultural community access ready information in their local
language on the weather and market prices, disseminate knowledge on scientific
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farm practices and risk management, facilitate the sale of farm inputs (now with
embedded knowledge) and purchase farm produce from the farmers‘ doorsteps
(decision making is now information-based).
 Real-time information and customised knowledge provided by ‗e-Choupal‘
enhance the ability of farmers to take decisions and align their farm output with
market demand and secure quality & productivity.
 As a direct marketing channel, virtually linked to the ‗mandi‘ system for price
discovery, ‗e-Choupal‘ eliminates wasteful intermediation and multiple
handling. Thereby it significantly reduces transaction costs.
 ‗e-Choupal‘ ensures world-class quality in delivering all these goods & services
through several product / service specific partnerships with the leaders in the
respective fields, in addition to ITC‘s own expertise. While the farmers benefit
through enhanced farm productivity and higher farm gate prices, ITC benefits
from the lower net cost of procurement (despite offering better prices to the
farmer) having eliminated costs in the supply chain that do not add value.
Importance of e-choupal
e-Choupal has added critical value
to the existing supply chain through innovative application of information technology.
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e-Choupal is an ICT platform that facilitates flow of information and
knowledge, and supports market transactions on line.
o It transmits Information (weather, prices, news),
o It transfers Knowledge (farm management, risk management)
o It facilitates sales of Farm Inputs (screened for quality) and
o It offers the choice of an alternative Output-marketing channel (convenience,
lower transaction costs) to the farmer right at his doorstep
o It is an interlocking network of partnerships (ITC + Met Dept + Universities +
Input COs + Sanyojaks, the erstwhile Commission Agents) bringing the ―best-
inclass‖ in information, knowledge and inputs.
e-choupal is, thus, distributed transaction platform that brings together
sellers, buyers along with information and service providers. e-choupal is a
model with following non-conventional characteristics:
 customer centric
 capable of being used for many commodities and multiple transactions
 easily scalable once it is verified
 uses local talent and local people and develops local leaders
 can be extended to local as well as global procurers
 stimulates local entrepreneurs to extend their innovativeness
 uses all the existing institutions and legal frameworks and
 many others can join the market as transaction time is low.
The success of e-Choupal has given new lessons to the corporates in the India
and abroad. The gains from the novel initiative are manifold to ITC, the farmers and
other companies. e-Choupal has helped the farmers to improve their productivity and
get better prices. The case study of e-choupal helps in identifying the factors that
contributed to the success of the ICT platform in many states:
E-choupal has been one of the best ICT application platforms that has been
scaled replicated and sustained. This is due to the fact that it was specifically
designed for that specific business.
The Sanchalaks are selected carefully and they have been able to work as non-
partisan coordinators. Sanchalaks have been able to induce the feeling of
involvement. This participative style helped ICT to build trust at the local level.
Trust is essential in sustaining relationships at the community level.
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E-choupal was customized and then validated and then expanded to the
operational phase. E-choupal has found acceptance in all three businesses they
have ventured into. The model of validating and then rolling it out has been an
effective way of implementing a new business model.
E-choupal has provided economic benefits even for the small farmers. Every
beneficiary gets benefit and the equitable benefits make the adoption very rapid.
Intensive training and distributed leadership concept facilitated the acceptance of
the platform concept. The empowerment of people through local action and
training reduces the disparities. The ability of the choupals to deal with many
inputs provides for economies of scope.
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KISSAN CALL CENTER (KCC)
The Department of Agriculture & Cooperation (DAC), Ministry of Agriculture,

Govt. of India launched Kisan Call Centers on January 21, 2004 across the country to
deliver extension services to the farming community.
Purpose of KCC
The purpose of these call centers is to respond to issues raised by farmers,
instantly, in the local language. Queries related to agriculture and allied sectors are
being addressed through these call centers. A call centre based extension service is
delivering knowledge and information exactly as per the requirements of the farming
community. This system would also help keep a record of what is being delivered to the
farmers in terms of knowledge and information.
The Kisan Call Centre scheme is available over the complete country and can be
accessed by farmers all over the country on common Toll Free Number 1551 which is
available right from 6 A.M. to 10 P.M. except on Sundays and gazetted holidays,
beyond these hours the calls are attended in the IVRS mode.
Operational Mechanism
A Kisan Call Center consists of a complex of telecommunication infrastructure,
computer support and human resources organized to manage effectively and efficiently
the queries raised by farmers instantly in the local language. Mainly, Subject Matter
Specialists (SMSs) using telephone and computer, interact with farmers to understand
the problem and answer the queries at a Call Centre.
Infrastructure
The Kisan Call Center infrastructure is placed at three locations namely
 A professionally managed Call Center (Level-I)
 A Response Center in each organization, where services of
SubjectMatter Specialists are made available (Level-II)

 The Nodal Cell (Level-III)
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Schematic Representation
Farmer Dials Help Line No: 1800-180-1551
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mKRISHI
TCS developed mKRISHI (m = mobile; krishi = agriculture) to offer

personalized and integrated services to farmers. TCS mKRISHI platform combines
multiple technologies such as cellular network, camera phone, automatic weather
station, Soil and Crop sensor technologies to bring vital information regarding local
weather, fertilizer requirement based on soil conditions, pest control, and current grain
prices in local markets in a rich content format to the farmer‘s handset. It is also
connecting various Eco partners ( farmer's stakeholders ) to farmers directly or through
village entrepreneur.
Features of mKRISHI
User Interface in the local language allows farmers to send a query by either keying in
digits or selecting a menu item. For those with limited literacy, TCS developed an IVR
technology on the handset and provided voice features software to transport voice
messages between the farmer and the expert. For the experts who may not be familiar
with typing messages in Indian languages, developed a Font rendering engine for Indian
languages which takes inputs as phonetic strings and displays it in Roman script. It also
provided a digital pen support for handwritten queries. mKRISHI also enables farmers
to send crop images to the experts which would enable the experts to understand the
problem faced by the farmer more clearly.
Partnership
TCS is partnering with stakeholders such as agricultural input companies,
poultry and dairy companies, agriculture universities, NGOs, rural banks enabling
farmers to meet their requirements in an integrated fashion.
Vision, objectives and goals
The vision is to increase farmer‘s productivity and income many fold and
generate employment in rural sector by creating microenterprises using ICT. It can be
achieve by following objectives.
1. To give personalized advice, anytime anywhere, on a handset of the farmer in
local language.
2. To bridge a gap between the farmer and the expert and other stakeholders.
3. To improve yield, reduce cost, improve efficiency and get better prices for the
crop as a result of personalized advice.
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4. To make precision farming affordable even to small and marginal farmers.
5. To create thousands of micro enterprises and generate wealth in villages through
village entrepreneurs.
6. To generate employment opportunities for large number of agriculture graduates
in rural sector
7. To address social and environmental issues while ensuring sustainability and
scalability of the initiative.
8. To combine IT & Computer Science
with Agriculture technology to produce
unique solutions to the problems faced
by the farmers.
9. To introduce GAP standards, through
mKRISHI platform, to farmers growing
fresh fruits and vegetables.
10. To enable farmers to export fresh
vegetables and fruits to all over the
world through partnership with the
European company. Snapshot of mKrishi website
Partners in mKRISHI
The mKrishi platform brings together a wide variety of actors including agri-
input, warehouse, and farm machinery companies; poultry and dairy, irrigation and crop
insurance companies; testing and certification labs; agricultural universities; non-
governmental organizations, wireless operators, weather bureaus, commodity exchange,
rural banks, and procurement agencies.
Working pattern of mKRISHI
With over 60 percent mobile phone penetration throughout India, TCS built the
mKrishi software application so that it is easy for farmers to get expert advice on their
mobile phones. The mobile phones can be of any type or configuration.
The process of serving farmers through mKRISHI involves the following steps;
1. The farmer can send a text message, call in a voice-based message in their local
language, or send a picture to the mKrishi platform.
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2. The agri-experts access mKrishi on the web to address the queries of the
farmers. Each query is automatically assigned an identification number and
assigned to an appropriate expert.
3. After analysis of the query, the expert‘s advice is sent back to the farmer‘s
mobile phone, as either a text or voice message. The mKrishi platform also
allows for sending out FAQs and best practices to farmers‘ mobile phones,
reducing the number of routine queries coming to the agri-expert for response.
The mKrishi platform offers three different levels of services.
i. With mKrishi Lite, the Interactive Voice Response (IVR)-based system, users
send and receive voice messages from the agri-experts.
ii. With mKrishi Regular, farmers download the mKrishi application on their
phones and receive messages by text. TCS has also set up mobile mini sites in
select villages to assist farmers to install the application onto their phones.
iii. mKrishi Plus offers an Automatic Weather Station (AWS) along with the
mKrishi Regular service.
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SUMMARY
AND
CONCLUSIONS
259
Chapter V
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Access to information and improved communication is a crucial requirement for

sustainable agricultural development. Modern communication technologies when
applied to conditions in rural areas can help to improve communication, increase
participation, and disseminate information and share knowledge and skills.
Agricultural Extension, in the current scenario of a rapidly changing world, has
been recognised as an essential mechanism for delivering knowledge (information) and
advice as an input for modern farming and the role of ICT in actualizing so has drawn
interest of practitioners (Richardson, 2003). The application of ICT in the field of
agriculture and allied sectors has been reported from different parts of the globe.
The relevance of ICTs for Agricultural Development in general and for
Agricultural Extension in particular is extremely high for a country like India. ICTs are
most natural allies to facilitate the outreach of Agricultural Extension system in the
country. Despite a large, well-educated, well-trained and well-organized Agricultural
extension manpower, around 60 per cent of farmers in the country still remain un-
reached (NSSO, 2005), not served by any extension agency or functionary. Of the 40
per cent, who have some access to Agricultural Information, the major sources of this
information are Radio and Television. The telephone has just started to make its
presence felt on this scenario. During last four years of its operations, the Kisan Call
Centres (KCC) helpline- 1551, has registered over 2.4 million calls. Hence ICTs are
highly relevant for Agricultural Extension scientists, researchers, functionaries and
organizations. ICTs in agriculture promote and distribute new and existing farming
information and knowledge which is communicated within the agricultural sector since
information is essential for facilitating agricultural and rural development as well as
bringing about social and economic changes (Swanson and Rajalahti, 2010).
The importance of ICT lies less in the technology itself, than in its ability to
create greater access to information and communication among the hitherto un-reached
geographies and population. Appropriate ICT interventions are yielding positive results
in developing and underdeveloped economies.
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extension agents and other stakeholders (Kiplang‘at, 1999; Richardson, 2003).
Successful application of ICTs requires improved awareness among development actors
such as extension workers, greater capabilities among development institutions such as
extension, education and research organizations, a more cross sectoral approach to
agricultural information, and a more realistic model of technology transfer.
Schware, 2002). The most significant ICT applications are providing efficient access to
useful information; securing adequate feedback for learning; providing tailor made
advice; exchanging of similar experiences of people elsewhere; and providing inventory
There is a strong linkage complimented by flawless information flow enhanced
by the effective use of ICT by the extension services will significantly boost agricultural
production and improve rural livelihoods in developing countries. Front line extension
workers, who are the direct link between farmers and other actors in the agricultural
knowledge and information system, are well positioned to make use of ICT to access
expert knowledge or other types of information that could facilitate the accomplishment
of their day-to-day activities (Adedoyin, 2005).
Being an agriculturally rich country, India needs to harness the power of
Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in the field of agricultural
development. The new agricultural paradigm in India will have to be recast to take
advantage of the wealth of knowledge available to achieve multiple goals of sustaining
the food security, income, jobs, etc. The ICTs along with Knowledge Management
(KM) strategies have significant role to play in evolving such a vibrant agricultural
system.
families (Davison et al. 2004).
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Keeping the afore mentioned considerations in view, the present study was
undertaken to find out detailed and specific information on the Information and
Communication Technologies (ICTs) in agricultural extension system with the
following specific objectives are as follows:
5.1 OBJECTIVES OF INVESTIGATION
1. To document the Indian initiatives in agricultural extension system with reference to
2. To measure the attitude of agricultural extension personnel towards the use of
Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in transfer of technologies.
3. To find out the extent of use of Information and Communication Technologies
(ICTs) in agricultural extension system.
4. To measure the e-readiness of agricultural extension personnel towards the use of
5. To study the relevant cases of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs)
in agricultural extension system.
6. To study the factors affecting attitude, extent of use and e-readiness of agricultural
extension personnel towards the use of Information and Communication
Technologies (ICTs) in agricultural extension system.
7. To identify the problems and suggestions with reference to use of Information and
Communication Technologies (ICTs) and develop the possible strategies for
Information and communication technologies (ICTs) in agricultural extension
system.
5.2 RESEARCH DESIGN
To gain a deep insight into the topic descriptive research and exploratory study
were adopted for present investigation. It helps in developing an accurate picture of the
research object.
5.3 SAMPLING PROCEDURE
Andhra Pradesh was selected purposively as it is the one of the major states
where a number of ICTs projects are being implemented. Since the analysis of the ICTs
projects running in A.P. shows that both the public and private sector are involved in
delivering its services in agriculture extension area. So, in the present study, a
proportionate number of respondents were selected both from public and private sectors.
Public organizations like State Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture-
National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management (MANAGE) GOI, State
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Agricultural University-Acharya N G Ragna Agricultural University (ANGRAU),
ICAR institutes, were selected purposively for the study. Private organizations like IIIT
Hyderabad, e-choupal (ITC), Nagarjuna fertilizers, ETV, TV5 etc. were selected for the
study. A proportionate sample of 60 respondents was selected randomly respectively
from State Department, Research and development (R&D) sector and Private
Organizations for the study. Thus a total of 180 respondents were selected for the study.
R&D sector has respondents from SAU (ANGRAU)-KVKs, DAATTCs and ICAR
institutes.
5.4 VARIABLES AND THEIR EMPIRICAL MEASUREMENT
Considering the suitability of the variables to the present topic of research,
variables were selected. As independent variables, Age ,Gender, Education, Nativity,
No. of years of service, Major Job responsibility area, Possession of Smart Gadgets,
Sources of Awareness about ICTs, Perceived attributes of ICTs, Utility of ICTs in
Extension, Methods of learning ICT skills, Training received, Achievement Orientation,
Innovativeness, Economic Motivation, Management Orientation, Scientific Orientation,
Risk Orientation, Technology Management Orientation, Information Management
orientation and Orientation towards extension service profession were selected. Under
dependent variables, Attitude towards use of ICTs, e-readiness for ICTs and Extent of
use of ICTs were studied.
5.5 COLLECTION OF DATA
Data were collected from the selected respondents by using the questionnaire
developed for the study and tabulated the data by employing the appropriate statistical
methods.
5.6 MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE STUDY
5.6.1. Profile characteristics of the respondent
Personal profile of the respondents has the basic information on age, gender,
education, nativity, number of years of services and major job responsibility area.
Majority of the respondents were young, male, post graduate, belong to urban area,
falling into low category of service and extension as the major job responsibility area. In
R&D sector, majority of the respondents were old, male, doctorate, hailing from both
rural and urban areas, have less experience in job and extension was the major job
responsibility. From SDA, majority of the respondents were young, male, graduate,
hailing from rural areas, fall into low category of number of years of service and
extension was the major job responsibility. From private sector also, majority of the
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private sector respondents were young, male, post graduated, hailing from urban areas,
have less years of service and extension was the major job responsibility.
5.6.2. ICTs Profile of the Respondents
ICTs profile of the respondents has detailed information on Possession of smart
gadgets (ICTs) and Awareness about ICTs. majority (82.22%) of the respondents have
personal computer/laptop. About 69 per cent of the respondents have personal
computer/laptop with internet connection. Cent percent respondents have the mobile
phone while a little less than half of the respondents (45.56%) have smart phone. It is
also interesting finding that until possession of smart phone is not much but use of
internet in mobile phone/smart phone (46.67%) is a welcoming effort. It shows that
regardless of type of mobile, like smart phone/mobile phone, the internet use percentage
is good among the respondents.
So, it can be concluded from the above table that the respondents have better
possession of smart gadgets (ICTs) at their personal level with internet facility. This
trend can be better utilize in future to train the extension personnel on use of ICTs in
transfer of technology, especially through mobiles, which they have at their own level.
5.6.3. Sources of awareness about ICTs
About 94 per cent respondents have awareness about ICTs through interpersonal
communication channels like, family members, friends and colleagues followed by
mass media channels (84.44%) like, newspaper/magazines/books etc., trainings
(81.67%) and internet (57.78%). It could be seen from the table that slightly more than
half of the respondents (57.78%) had undergone trainings on ICTs. There is also an
interesting finding that internet itself is a good source of awareness about ICTs which
will further can be utilized for the said purpose. The important point which needs
attention while delivering awareness or information on ICTs, through internet is,
providing the right and authentic information sources.
5.6.4. Perceived Attributes of ICTs
Cent per cent respondents from R&D opined that with respect to relative
advantages, ICTs are time saving followed by economical (98.33%), informative
(98.33%), upto date (95.00%), 24 hour availability (95.00%) and easy to use (78.33%).
Complexity was measured on five issues. Near about 92 per cent respondents agreed
that ICTs needs skills and expertise for use followed by high initial investment
(83.89%), difficult to maintain (61.11%), difficult to learn and handle (73.33%) and
difficult to use (36.67%). It can be explained from the complexity attribute that majority
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of the respondents are not feeling any complexity while learning and handling. The only
issue which needs attention with complex nature of ICTs is it demand skills and
expertise which can be mitigated with providing trainings to its various users. With
reference to compatibility of the ICTs, a same percentage of the respondents (90.00%)
agreed that ICTs have no social barriers in use and applicable to all beneficiaries
followed by no cultural barriers (93.33%) and no Language barriers (48.33%). Near
about a same percentage of respondents have their positive opinion towards trialbility
attribute of ICTs, about 79 per cent respondents said that ICTs has ease in trying
majority of features and try even without purchasing (75.00%). This attribute may be
better utilize whenever an anyone wants to implement any new technology/ICT at the
grass root level. Accurate information (90.11%) and immediate feedback (91.67%)
fulfills the criteria of obsevability attribute of ICTs. Predictability attribute was
measured on three criteria. The information shows that about 97 per cent respondents
agreed that future needs, due to impact of ICTs, can be identified followed by results
may easily predictable (93.33%) and impacts (both positive and negative) may
predictable easily (93.33%).
SDA sector respondents also opined positive with the attributes of innovation.
Cent percent respondents agreed that ICTs have positive relative advantage in terms of
time saving (100.00%), informative (100.00%), upto date (95.00%), economical
(95.00%), easy to use (80.00%), social recognition (70.00%) and no time limitation to
use (75.00%). About 97 per cent respondents agreed that ICTs needs skills and expertise
to use ICTs, expensive (78.33%), difficult to learn and handle (63.33%), difficult to
maintain (75.00%) and difficult to use (58.33%). A same percentage of respondents
(84.00%) agreed that ICTs are compatible with social (83.33%), language (81.67%) and
culture (73.33%). Near about a same percentage of respondents agreed that ICTs have
positive trialability in terms of try even without purchasing (96.67%) and ease in trying
majority of the features (95.00%). About 98 per cent respondents agree that ICTs gives
accurate information most of the times followed by immediate feedback (95.00%).
Easily predictable results (95.00%), future needs identification (95.00%) and easily
predictable results (96.67%) also shows the predictable attributes of the ICTs.
Cent per cent respondents from the private sector opined that ICTs have relative
advantage attributes in terms of time saving followed by economical, informative, up to
date and easy to use. A same percentage of respondents (100.00%) agreed that initial
investment is high followed by needs skills and expertise. Half of the respondents
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agreed that ICTs are difficult to maintain followed by difficult to learn and handle
(38.33%) and difficult to use (26.67%). Cent per cent respondents agreed that ICTs
have positive compatibility, good trialability, observability and predictability.
5.6.5. Utility of ICTs in Extension
A list of ICTs tools was prepared with possible areas where ICTs may be used.
From the below table it can be understood that the use of ICTs tools depends on the
purposes and organizational work priority i.e., research, extension or teaching. The use
of ICTs tools may be from the planning to final transfer of the technology. However this
is a primitive work regarding utility of ICTs in extension and more in depth work is
needed in future. All the listed ICTs tools were perceived useful by all respondents. The
only difference was the utility of particular tool with the particular use. For easy
understanding ICTs tools were classified into audio visual aids, telecommunication
facilities, computer networks, computer software and other specific tools. It can be
concluded from the table that majority of the ICTs tools are useful in transfer of
technology except few like Satellite Tele Communication, Internet, intranet,
Spreadsheets, Learning Management System (LMS), Global Positioning System (GPS)
units/Geographical Information System, Statistical Package for Social System and
Decision Support System. The use of online social networking sites for various
extension activities is still very less. The reason of this may be personnel are unaware
about the diverse and innovative use of online social networking.
5.6.6. Methods of learning ICTs
R&D and SDA sector respondents learned ICTs skills majorly as guidance from
colleagues/friends whereas private sector respondents majorly learned ICTs skills from
trainings. So, it can be summarized from the above table that trainings to learn ICTs
skills are a major method in private sector in comparison to R&D sector and SDA
Sector. Thus, trainings are a major area where both R&D and SDA sector should focus
to update knowledge and skills on ICTs. Besides, trainings, guidance from
colleagues/friends is also a major contributing factor in method of learning ICTs skills.
Here, one more interesting finding suggest that colleagues/friends are major source of
learning ICTs so if any single person may be trained in ICTs, he/she can train the others
colleagues/employees in their department on ICTs. So it also becomes necessary that by
keeping in mind the total strength of the employees in the department, proportionate
extension personnel can be trained on ICTs skills and these trained extension personnel
can be further utilized to train other personnel in their department.
266
5.6.7. Trainings received by the respondents on ICTs
With respect to R&D sector respondents, about 37 per cent respondents received
trainings on ICTs. Out of 37 per cent, only 25 per cent R& D sector respondents had
undergone on ICTs training by their respective departments whereas exclusively 12 per
cent respondents received training on ICTs by themselves. The same trend is also
followed with the SDA sector respondents whereas in only 07 per cent respondents
were trained on ICTs by their respective departments followed by 14 per cent
respondents who learned ICTs exclusively by their own paid training. 25 per cent
private sector respondents attended trainings on ICTs by doing exclusively on external
course whereas 80 per cent respondents nominated by the their respective departments.
The reasons behind the training gap in R & D and private sector is that in R&D sector
the training focus is more on issues/areas related to agriculture whereas in private
sector, ICTs is a major area of training along with the other areas. Also, in private
sector, the respondents are immediately trained on ICTs skills after recruitment as per
their job needs and criteria besides focus on other training areas whereas in R&D and
SDA sector, the respondents are not trained immediately on ICTs after the recruitment.
It depends on the as and when need arises. So, there is a wide gap between R& D sector,
SDA sector and private sector respondent trainings with respect to ICTs and this should
be taken care well.
5.6.8. Extent of use of ICTs
The extent of use of ICTs includes the Experience in use of ICTs tools, Purposes
of accessing ICTs tools, Access and frequency of use of ICTs tools and Pattern of use.
use of the ICTs at individual level is more in comparison to the use at organizational
level. The reason of this gap may be due to availability of the ICTs tools at
organizational level, accessibility, freedom and time available to use, lack of skills
required to use available technologies, promotion of the latest ICTs tools or the working
conditions of the tools. So, the focus should be given on the lacking factors which are
inhibiting the use of the ICTs tools. about 87 per cent respondents frequently access the
ICTs tools for knowledge, followed by 15 per cent accessed ICTs tools sometimes.
With respect to storing information, majority (80.00%) of the respondents frequently
accessed the ICTs tools followed by 20 per cent accessed sometimes. About 81 per cent
respondents frequently used ICTs tools for processing and analysis of data followed by
about 20 per cent accessed ICTs tools sometimes for the same purpose. About 84 per
cent respondents accessed ICTs tools for sharing and dissemination information
267
frequently whereas about 17 per cent respondents accessed ICTs tools for sometimes.
About 67 per cent respondents accessed ICTs tools for networking with other
organizations frequently while about 38 per cent respondents accessed ICTs tools
sometimes for the same purpose. It can be also evident from the table that every
respondents accessed ICTs tools either frequently or sometimes for the above
mentioned purposes. Not a single respondent was found that he/she never utilized the
ICTs tools. So, it‘s an interesting finding that all respondents had utilized ICTs tools for
various purposes and are aware about its varied purposes. Availability of the ICTs tools
are also varying with respect to R & D sector, SDA sector and private sector.
Availability of ICTs tools is better both in R&D sector and private sector in comparison
to SDA sector. Again the use of the ICTs also affecting the availability of ICTs tools in
different sectors. Majority of the respondents (37.22%) were using computers/laptops
daily less than five hours a week followed by 5-10 hours (35.00%) and more than 10
hours per week (27.38%). The mobile use shows that majority of the respondents
(60.00%) were using mobile more than 10 hours per week followed by 5-10 hours
(31.11%) and less than 10 hours (08.89%). E-mail use shows that majority were using
it less than 5 hours per week (52.78%) followed by 5-10 hours (35.00%) and more than
10 hours (12.22%). The less percentage of use of e-mail shows that its use is generally
limited to contact the other persons either for information purposes or other non-official
purposes. Internet use trend shows a very good trend that majority of the respondents
(44.44%) were utilizing the internet facility for more than 10 hours per week for various
purposes. Again, it can be concluded that internet is the ICT tool which be further
utilize in various productive purposes. Social networking sites use shows that majority
of the respondents were using it less than five hours a week (56.67%) followed by 5-10
hours (31.67%) and more than 10 hours (11.67%). The use of social networking sites is
generally limited for contacting friends only. The use of social networking sites can be
better utilize for extension purposes also which needs to be focused.
5.6.9. Psychological profile of the respondents
Private sector respondents have high level of psychological orientation on an
average, followed by R&D sector respondents and SDA sector respondents. Both R&D
sector and private sector respondents have high level achievement orientation whereas
majority of the SDA sector respondents have medium level of achievement orientation.
Innovativeness is high among the private sector respondents and found medium in both
R & D and SDA sector respondents. Majority of the respondents from all the three
268
sectors have medium level of economic motivation. Majority of the R&D sector
respondents have medium level of management orientation, medium level of scientific
orientation, medium level of risk orientation, high level of technology management
orientation, medium level of information management orientation and high level of
orientation towards extension service profession. Majority of the SDA sector
respondents showed low level of management orientation, high level of scientific
orientation, low level of risk orientation, low level of technology management
orientation, low level of information management orientation and medium level of
orientation towards extension service profession. Majority of the private sector
respondents have high level of management orientation, high level of scientific
orientation, high level of risk orientation, high level of technology management
orientation, high level of information management orientation and high level of
orientation towards extension service profession.
5.6.10. Attitude of the respondents towards use of ICTs in agriculture extension
Majority (40.00%) of the R & D sector respondents have favourable attitude
towards use of ICTs in agricultural extension followed by highly favourable (33.33 %)
and neutral (20.00 %). With respect to SDA respondents, 45 per cent respondents have
favourable attitude towards use of ICTs in agricultural extension followed by neutral
(25.00 %) and unfavourable attitude (18.33%). About 42 per cent private sector
respondents have more favourable attitude towards use of ICTs in extension followed
by favourable attitude (33.33 %). Not a single respondent from all three respondents‘
categories having the highly unfavourable attitude.
5.6.11. e-Readiness of the Respondents
Total respondents on an average have average to good working knowledge of
ICTs with good motivational level. Also the availability and accessibility shows that
respondents can better utilize the ICTs services in their department. So, in future, the
training programme can be planned and delivered to the respondents while being in the
job.
5.6.12. Problems and suggestions with reference to ICTs and the possible strategies
for ICTs in agricultural extension system
Problems faced in effective utilization of ICTs are categorized into six broad
categories, i.e., problems related to acquisition of ICTs facilities and services, problems
related to information acquisition, problems related to information processing, problems
related to information storage and retrieval, problems related to information diffusion
269
and problems related to information utilization. Two main problems were identified by
the respondents under the category problems related to acquisition of ICTs facilities and
services. The very first problem was provision of fewer funds received far below the
standard costs of ICTs facilities. The second one was the poor perception of ICTs
services by the top officials in the parent institutions. Normally there are no specific
funds allocated for acquisition of ICTs facilities. This implies that funds for acquisition
of new ICT facilities and services can only be found by reallocating or redirecting the
funds obtained. Lack of knowledge about the potential and value of ICTs in TOT by the
top officials will discourage the employees to use the ICTs in their job which is
correctly perceived by the respondents. The development of content in local language is
pivotal to ensuring equitable access to ICTs. Linguistic diversity and widespread
illiteracy are the particular challenges. Development of matching content for all the
stakeholders is really a herculean task and need a lot of expertise and familiarization.
For storage and retrieval it requires strong centralization network with latest hardware
and should rapidly adapt to changing demands and resources. The most important
problem identified was lack of trainings on ICTs followed by lack of proper knowledge
on usage of different internet modules, latest ICTs mostly not available and no timely
availability of resource person. It could be interpreted from the table trainings are vital
in developing ICTs starting from the information acquisition to diffusion and utilization.
Besides trainings, availability of experts and the knowledge of using ICTs are also very
important.
For effectiveness of the technology, there is a need to focus on the regular and
frequent update of the information which is to be provided to its end users as
information is the first and foremost requirement of not only the farming community but
the other stakeholders in the agricultural extension system. The updation of information
should be supported by the frequent updation of the software or the hardware of the
technology as both are complementary to each other. Besides, regular updation of
information and software, there is also need to see the compatibility of technology with
the technology components itself, with other methods used and definitely with the end
users. Awareness of ICTs initiatives in agricultural extension system should be
compulsory and promotional activities can be utilized for the same purpose. Before
planning or implementing ICTs initiatives, proper feasibility study and location
specificity should also be kept in consideration. If any initiative is already
implementing, the feedback mechanism also should be given priority for the success of
270
ICTs in agricultural extension system. for all this effective implementation and
utilization of the technology, regular flow of power is also a critical factor, so it is the
responsibility of the policy makers or the ICTs initiative developers to take care of this
issue.
271
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304
Appendices
305
APPENDIX I
Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University

Department of Agricultural Extension
College of Agriculture
A.N.G.R. Agricultural University
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad – 30
Dr. I. Sreenivasa Rao

Professor & Head
ANGRAU
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am glad to inform you that Ms. Raksha, Ph.D. scholar of Department of
Agricultural Extension, ANGRAU has undertaken a research study entitled ―A study
on Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in Agricultural
Extension System in Andhra Pradesh” as part of her Doctoral Degree Programme
under my guidance. I am pleased to inform that you have been selected as one of the
respondents for the purpose of this investigation.
We would very much appreciate if you can spare some of your valuable time
from busy schedule in responding to the interview schedule. I assure that all your
responses shall be kept strictly confidential without disclosing identity. Therefore,
please be objective and free in responding.
Please return the filled questionnaire at the address mentioned below within
fifteen days after receiving the questionnaire so that the research work can be completed
on time. I hope you will extend your valuable co-operation in giving early valid
responses.
With regards,
Yours
(SD/-)
(DR. I. SREENIVASA RAO)
Address for Communication
Ms. Raksha
C/o Dr. I. Sreenivasa Rao
Deptt. of Agricultural Extension, College of Agriculture
ANG Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030
Contact No. +91-84660-89466
306
A.N.G.R. Agricultural University
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad – 30
A Study on Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in Agricultural

Extension System in Andhra Pradesh
QUESTIONNAIRE
[Note: In this context, Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) refer to an
expanding assembly of technologies that are used to handle information and aid
communication. These include hardware, software, media for collection, storage,
processing, transmission and presentation of information in any format (i.e., voice, data,
text and image), Computer, Mobile, Internet, CD-ROMs, email, Telephone, Radio,
Television, Video, Digital Cameras etc.]
1. Personal profile of the respondent

Name :
Age :
Gender : Male /Female
Mobile no.(s) :
e-mail id(s) :
Postal Address :
Education : Graduate/Post-Graduate/Doctorate/Diploma/Any
Other (Please Specify) -
Subject of Specialization :
Occupation : Service (Public/Private/Any other please specify)
Name of the organization where :
working
Nativity : Rural/Semi-urban/Urban
Designation/ post held :
No. of years of service :
Major Job responsibility area : Teaching/Research/Extension/Training/Administ
ration/ Any Other (Please Specify) -
2. Possession of Smart Gadgets

Please give your response with a tick mark (√).
Yes No
S.No. Question
1. Do you have a personal computer / laptop?

2. Do your personal computer/ laptop have internet connection?
3. Do you have a mobile phone?
4. Do you have a smart phone?
5. Do you have internet facility to your mobile phone/smart phone?
307
3. Sources of awareness about ICTs
Please indicate the source of information from where you got information about
ICTs.
S.No. Source of information Yes No
i. Interpersonal communication (Family members,
Friends/Colleagues)
ii. Mass media (Newspaper /Magazines/Books,
Office/Institution etc.)
iii. Trainings
iv. Internet
v. Any other (Please specify)
4. Attitude towards ICTs

A set of statement given below represents attitude of extension personnel‘s
towards use of ICTs in transfer of technologies. Please express your feelings about these
statements by indicating the degree of your agreement or disagreement on the five point
continuum by ticking in the appropriate column viz., SA: Strongly Agree, A: Agree,
UD: Undecided, DA: Disagree, SDA: Strongly Disagree.
Response Categories
S.No. Statements
SA A UD DA SDA
1. ICTs are best possible bridges between research
system and farming system to reduce the
technology dissemination gap.
2. ICTs help in reducing the trainings and
demonstrations cost.
3. ICTs reduce face to face contact between extension
personnel and farmers.
4. ICTs demands more time and creativity to develop
qualitative content for ICTs in agriculture.
5. ICTs involve more cost for installation and
maintenance.
6. Feedback is fast through ICTs than traditional
methods.
7. ICTs use creates problems to those extension
personnel who lack knowledge and inexperience
with online technologies.
8. ICTs may replace the traditional extension methods
in agriculture in near future.
9. ICTs enable to interact with more personnel at the
same time for dissemination of agricultural
technologies.
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10. With the use of ICTs, working ability and capacity
of the agricultural extension personnel can be
upgraded.
11. ICTs are potentially faster tools of TOT for remote
and diversified areas where agricultural extension
services are not easily and frequently available.
12. Transferring relevant information through ICT is
not an easy task.
13. ICTs based extension services are better alternative
to present and future agricultural extension system.
14. Existing ICTs infrastructure is not enough to meet
the needs of the intended users.
15. ICTs alone cannot solve all the problems related to
agriculture.
16. With the help of ICTs, a new skilled and
knowledge society can be developed.
17. While using ICTs, It is necessary to develop
material in local language.
18. Excess use of ICTs can create health hazards to its
users (like back pain, neck pain, eyesight problems
etc.
19. ICTs enable better integration of various
information sources for technology dissemination.
20. ICTs effectiveness is affected by interrupted power
supply and lack of funds.
5. E-readiness of Agricultural Extension Personnel

A set of statement given below represents the e-readiness of extension
personnel‘s towards use of ICTs in transfer of technologies. Please express your
feelings about these statements by indicating the degree of your agreement or
disagreement on the two point continuum in the appropriate column.
Response
S.No. Statements Categories
Yes No
1. e-readiness Availability
i. Ability to use computer/Laptop without any other‘s assistance.
ii. Ability to use the internet properly in desktop.
iii. Ability to handle the smart phone for my work.
2. e-readiness Accessibility
i. Accessibility of ICTs to every employee to utilize
ii. Accessibility of official computer/laptop to every employee
iii. Use of available ICTs only by technicals
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3. e-readiness Basic ICT Skills
i. Ability to use the computers and its peripherals
ii. Ability to use MS windows
iii. Ready to participate in online programmes
iv. Use of modern ICTs
4. e-readiness Internet skills
i. Knowledge of online technologies
ii. Proper and safe use of the e-mail
iii. Knowledge of internet explorer and can use it
iv. Knowledge of group mails , online file sharing, discussion
boards and chat tools etc.
v. Working knowledge of video chatting
vi. Working knowledge of social networking sites
vii. Knowledge of online surveys
viii. Working knowledge of specialized services like yousendit
ix. Knowledge of online library and other resource database
5. e-readiness Software literacy
i. Know the use of file compression or zip
ii. Knowledge of using several applications at same time
iii. Interest towards online learning through seminars/workshops
iv. Interest to learn more about ICTs proper courses
v. Knowledge of Online Learning Management System
6. e-readiness Motivational factors
i. Overcoming physical and psychological distractions
ii. Motivation to learn despite the online distractions
iii. Motivation to learn without distractions at home or workplace
iv. Motivation to learn without any formal training
v. Demanding nature of ICTs
vi. Speed of ICTs
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6. Utility of ICTs in Extension
Please provide your opinion whether the following ICTs are useful for carrying out extension activities or not by putting Tick mark (√) on the
following options provided below. You can tick on more than one option, if it is used in more than one purpose.
Planning=P, Implementation=I, Evaluation=E, Monitoring=M, Feedback=F, Group Meetings=GM, Group Discussions=GD, Field Visits=FV,
Awareness=A, Farmers‘ Meetings=FM, Exhibition=E, Demonstration=D, Training=T, Transfer of Technologies=TOT, Lectures= L,
Conferencing=C
Purpose of Utility
Not useful
P I E M F GM GD FV FM A E D L C T TOT Any
Useful
S.N ICTs Technologies other
(Please
specify)
1. Audio-visual systems
i. Television sets
ii. Radio
iii. Over Head Projector
2. Telecommunication facilities
i. Telephone
ii. Satellite Tele Communication
iii. Video Conferencing
iv. Tele Conferencing
v. Digital Camera
vi. Video Camera
1. 3. Computer Electronic/ Communication
networks
i. Internet
ii. Search engines
iii. Email
iv. Intranet
2. 4.. Computer software
i. Spreadsheets
5. Community Radio/Farm Radio
6. Specific Knowledge Portals (Rice Doctor,
311
Honey bee, RKMP, AGMARKNET,
Digital Mandi, e-Sagu etc.)
7. Mobile telephony ( Mobile SMS, Mobile
learning)
8. Landline (Kissan Call Centre)
9. Farmers Call Centre
10 Online social networking
11 Digital video transmissions
12 Expert database /Expert system
13 Kiosks/Common Service Centers (CICs)
14 Learning Management System (LMS)
15 Global Positioning System (GPS)
units/Geographical Information System
16 Statistical Package for Social System
17 Decision Support System
312
7. Experience in ICT Tools use
Please indicate by a tick mark (√) for how long you and your organization have been
using the following ICTs Tools
Self Organization
Less 1-5 More Less 1-5 More
S.N ICTs Tools than 1 years than 5 than years than 5
year years 1 years
year
1. Computer hardware (e.g.
personal computer,
printer, CD ROM)
2. Audio-visual systems
(e.g. Camera, video
camera/decks, speakers,
facilities(Telephone,
satellite, Facsimile,
radio and TV
transmitters)
communication/networks
(e.g. Internet, email,
teleconferencing, e-
commerce)
5. Computer software
(word processors,
presentation,
multimedia,
spreadsheets)
6. Community Radio
7. Video Conferencing
8. Mobile telephony
9. Mobile SMS
10. Online social networking
11. Digital video
transmissions
12. Kiosks
13. VCD/DVD Players
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14. LCD
15. Any other (Please
specify)
8. Purpose of accessing ICTs tools
Please tick (√) on the following options for which purpose you are using the ICTs
tools
S.No. Purposes Frequently Rarely Never
1. For accessing Knowledge
2. For storing information
3. For process and analysis (data, information etc.)
4. For sharing or disseminating information
5. For networking with other organizations
6. Any Other (Please Specify)
9. Access to ICTs Tools and frequency of Use

Please indicate by a tick mark (√) against each ICTs resource for its use and
frequency.
(Some of the below mentioned ICTs resources may be available as central facility,
office facility, lab/classroom facility. In that case please also mention it by abbreviating as,
Central facility –C, office facility-O and lab/classroom facility-L)
Available If If Yes, Frequency

available,
ICTs
S.N. in use
resources
Yes No Yes No Daily Weekly Less than Fortnightly
Twice Fortnightly
1. Computer/
Laptops/Desk
tops
2. Internet
3. e-mail
4. Scanner
5. Printer
6. Radio
7. Television/L
CDs
8. LCD
Projector
9. Digital
Camera
10. Video camera
11. Handy cam
12. Tele
conferencing
314
13. Video
conferencing
14. CD/DVD
Player
15. Mobile
16. Fax
17. Landline
10. Pattern of use of ICTs tools
S.No. Duration ICT Tools

of ICTs Social
e-
Tools Computer/Laptop Mobile Internet networking
mail(s)
use sites
1. Days per week
i. 1-2 days
ii. 3-5 days
iii. More
than 5
days
2. Hours per week
i. Less than
5 hours
ii. 5-10
hours
iii. More
than 10
hours
Attributes of ICTs
Please tick mark (√) on the attributes mentioned below which you think, is
appropriate as attribute of ICTs. You are also free to add other attributes as well.
Agree Disagree
Perceived
S.No. Components
Attributes
1. i. Time saving
ii. Relative Economical as to reach many people at a

advantage time
iii. Informative
315
iv. No Time limitation (24x7 service)
v. Low investment
vi. Upto date
vii. Easy to use
viii. Social recognition
2. i. Needs skills and expertise
ii. Difficult to learn and handle

Complexity
iii. Difficult to maintain
iv. Difficult to understand
3. i. Applicable to all beneficiaries without any

social discrimination
ii. Compatibility No Language barriers
iii. No cultural barriers
iv. No social barriers
4. i. Try even without purchasing

Trialability
ii. Ease in trying majority of features
5. i. Immediate feedback
ii. Observability Gives accurate information most of the

times
6. i. Impacts (both positive and negative) may

predictable easily
ii. Predictability Results may easily predictable
iii. Future needs, due to impact of ICTs, can

be identified
11. Problems faced with reference to Information and Communication

Technologies (ICTs)
a. Please enlist the problems related to acquisition of ICTs facilities and

services
316
Problems
b. Please enlist the problems related to information acquisition
Problems
c. Please enlist the problems related to information processing

Problems
d. Please enlist the problems related to information storage and retrieval

Problems
e. Please enlist the problems related to information dissemination

Problems
f. Please enlist the problems related to information utilization

Problems
12. Please provide the suggestions with reference to Information and

Communication Technologies (ICTs) based on your practical experience
317
FUNDAMENTAL INFORMATION ON ICTs
A. Methods of learning ICT skills
Have you ever learned ICTs skills? Yes/No
If yes, by what methods, you learnt ICT skills. Please indicate by a tick (√) mark against
the method/methods through which you learnt ICT skills.
S.N. Methods Yes No
1. Trial and error method
2. Guidance from colleagues/friends
3. Guidance from family members
4. External courses (on payment by self)
5. Self instruction
6. Training under gone
If no, how you learned the use of ICTs (Please mention)
a.
b.
c.
Please provide information about the courses you have done for ICTs
S.No. Course Title Duration Organization Self-
Paid/Nominated
by employer
1)
2)
3)
g. Training received in ICTs

1. Have you participated in any training related to ICTs? Yes No
2. If yes, please furnish the following information (last ten year)
Is it useful to
Name of
S. carrying out day
Title of the Training Duration Year the
N. to day extension
institution
activities
To some
Useful
Useful
extent
Not
i.
ii.
318
Psychological profile of the respondents
Below are a set of statements pertaining to different domains. Please feel free to
express your feelings about these statements by indicating degree of your agreement or
disagreement on the five Point continuums.
a. Achievement Motivation
Please indicate your agreement or disagreement by putting tick ( √ ) mark for the
following item in the appropriate column viz., SA: Strongly Agree A: Agree UD:
Undecided DA: Disagree SDA: Strongly Disagree.
SN Statements SA A UD DA SDA
1. One should work like a slave at every time one
undertakes until he/she is satisfied with the results.
2. One should have determination and driving ambition to
achieve certain things in life even if these qualities make
one unpopular
3. An individual should regard work first, even if one
cannot get rest in order to achieve one‘s goal.
4. One should set different goals for oneself and try to reach
them.
5. Even when one‘s own interests are in danger, one should
concentrate on the work and forget his/her obligations to
others.
6. It is better to be content with whatever little one has than
to be always struggling for more.
7. The way things are happenings now a days discourages
one to work hard
8. When working in groups one should try to excel than
others in similar tasks.
9. Individual should work hard in a given tasks, regardless
suitable rewards.
b. Innovativeness
Undecided DA: Disagree SDA: Strongly Disagree
1. a. I tryA to keep myself up to date on new ICTs but
that does not mean that I try out all new ICTs.
b. I feel
b restless till I try out new ICTs, I have heard
about.
c. They c talk of many of new ICTs these days but
who knows they are better than the old ones.
2. a. From A time to time, I have heard of many ICTs and
I have tried out most of them in the last few years.
b. I usually
b wait to see the results obtained by my
colleagues before I try out the new ICTs
methods/practices.
c. Somehow,
C I believe that the traditional ICTs are
319
the best.
3. a. I amAcautious about trying a new ICTs
b. After
B all, it is wise to use old practices and I do
not see any reason for changing it.
c. Often
c new ICTs are not successful however, if
they are promising, I would surely like to adopt
them.
c. Economic Motivation
1. A person should work towards larger profit and economic
gains.
2. The most successful person is one who makes more profits.
3. A person should make maintain his/her to increase
monetary profits in comparison to maintain indigenous
4. The person should try the new methods/techniques which
may earn him more money.
5. It is difficult for the person‘s children to make good start
unless he provides them with economic resistance.
6. A person must earn his living but the most important thing
in life cannot be defined in economic terms.
d. Management Orientation
1. Everyone should think fresh about the ICTs, one wants to
adopt.
2. It is not necessary to think a head of the cost involved in
laying out the ICTs infrastructure.
3. An amount of input(s) needed for ICTs should be assessed
before laying out ICTs infrastructure.
4. One need not consult technical experts in laying out the
ICTs infrastructure.
5. It is necessary to make prior decision about laying out the
ICTs infrastructure.
6. It is impossible to decrease the cost of ICTs usage by any
means.
e. Scientific Orientation
1. ICTs are better modern communication channel for
320
disseminating timely information than traditional ways of
information dissemination.
2. Modern ICTs are far better than traditional ICTs.
3. Maintenance of ICTs for timely information dissemination
requires lot of efforts and experience.
4. ICTs are worthy enough even though it is somewhat
expensive.
5. A successful person experiments with new ICTs more
easily.
6. Traditional communication channels should be
changed/improved in order to be updated.
f. Risk Orientation
1. A person should know other technologies to avoid greater
risks involved in new technologies.
2. One should take more of a chance in making big profit
that to be content with a smaller but less risky.
3. One who is willing to take greater risks than average,
success is fairly high.
4. It is good to take risks when someone knows the chance
of success is fairly high.
5. It is better not to try new ICTs/technologies unless most
of others have used them with success.
6. Trying an entirely new practice involves risks but it is
worth trying.
g. Technology Management Orientation
1. Research/Extension scientist has to organize the actual
problem existing in a farming situation and transfer/assess
suitable technology.
2. Without prior identification of technological needs of
farmers, extension strategies should not be finalized for
effective transfer of technologies.
3. Technologies developed and transferred by scientists
should not create any kind of ambiguity in minds of
farmers about its expected consequences.
4. The extension scientist must understand not only his
problems but also problems of researchers and ultimate
users of technologies.
5. Research/Extension scientist should consider the problems
321
of farmers in field and in market and propose market
based/lead extension strategies.
6. Research/Extension scientist working in a particular zone
must exchange information with other extension scientists
in competing organizations.
7. Research/Extension scientist should have more information
about development agencies, govt. policies affecting their
proposed strategies of transfer of technology.
8. Research/Extension scientist has to assess the technologies
before they are given for dissemination among farmers.
9. Research/Extension scientist should give feedback to
researchers for refining ICTs from time to time.
10. Research/Extension scientist has to transfer the developed
technologies to development department officers and
progressive farmers which in turn will be transferred to its
ultimate users- the farmers.
11. Research/Extension scientist should not transfer the
developed technologies to its potential adopters.
12. Research/Extension scientist should take care of
consequences of the developed technology (ICTs).
h. Information management orientation
1. One should see that the agricultural information has to
reach the doorsteps of the farmers.
2. One should go on for searching the new information.
3. One should get exposed to more and more to ICTs for
updating technical knowledge.
4. One should have more linkages with different research
and extension agencies for getting latest agricultural
information.
5. Whatever information one get, one should store it well.
6. Whatever information one gets, use it timely and
efficiently for giving to users.
7. One need not to be contended about the already collected
information but have to get more and more information
as and when required.
8. Whatever technologies and information we have, we
have to share it with others.
9. One should handle/use different information sources
more frequently for dissemination of technologies.
10. The researcher has to make use of all possible linkages of
his own for better dissemination of technologies.
11. The researcher has to coordinate the extension personnel
322
in proper planning for dissemination of technologies.
12. The technologies available with a researcher have to flow
to extension worker and farmer to its adoption.
i. Orientation towards ICT extension service profession

1. I think doing this job, I can do something for agricultural
development.
2. I dislike this profession as it requires working in rural
areas.
3. The job gives me an opportunity to mingle with rural
people and share their problems.
4. I dislike this job as it does not have adequate social status
compared to other professions.
5. This job gives sufficient opportunity to develop
leadership qualities of a person.
6. Close to interaction with poor and farmers reduces my
status in the society.
7. I like this job because through this job I can help people
help themselves.
8. I joined this project as I did not get in other organization.
Thanks for giving your valuable time and

providing the information to complete the survey.
323
APPENDIX II
Attitude statements on use of ICTs in agricultural extension system
Calculated „t‟
S.No. Statements
values
1. ICTs are best possible bridges between research system and 3.37*
farming system to reduce the technology dissemination gap.
2. ICTs help in reducing the trainings and demonstrations cost. 2.14*
3. ICTs reduce face to face contact between extension personnel 2.78*
and farmers.
4. ICTs demands more time and creativity to develop qualitative 3.16*
content for ICTs in agriculture.
5. ICTs involve more cost for installation and maintenance. 1.98*
6. Feedback is fast through ICTs than traditional methods. 2.91*
7. ICTs use creates problems to those extension personnel who 3.35*
lack knowledge and inexperience with online technologies.
8. ICTs may replace the traditional extension methods in 1.93*
agriculture in near future.
9. ICTs enable to interact with more personnel at the same time for 3.56*
dissemination of agricultural technologies.
10. With the use of ICTs, working ability and capacity of the 2.21*
agricultural extension personnel can be upgraded.
11. ICTs are potentially faster tools of TOT for remote and 3.13*
diversified areas where agricultural extension services are not
easily and frequently available.
12. Transferring relevant information through ICT is not an easy 3.89*
task.
13. ICTs can help the extension agents to share the work pressure as 1.10
it makes the technology dissemination faster.
14. ICTs will broaden the knowledge horizons of experts, extension 1.09
personnel and farmers.
15. ICTs based extension services are better alternative to present 2.73*
and future agricultural extension system.
16. ICTs may be used to provide rich information on agriculture. 1.34
17. Catalytic role of ICTs pave the way for demand driven 1.21
extension.
18. Existing ICTs infrastructure is not enough to meet the needs of 2.81*
the intended users.
19. ICTs alone cannot solve all the problems related to agriculture. 2.45*
20. With the help of ICTs, a new skilled and knowledge society can 3.13*
be developed.
324
21. While using ICTs, It is necessary to develop material in local 3.09*
language.
22. Excess use of ICTs can create health hazards to its users (like 3.71*
back pain, neck pain, eyesight problems etc.).
23. ICTs are really boon to agriculture as it provides accessibility to 0.98
information at the intended user‘s doorstep.
24. Use of ICTs will make the agriculture more profitable and 1.31
promising.
25. ICTs enable better integration of various information sources 2.61*
for technology dissemination.
26. With the use of ICTs, speedy development of a region is 1.21
possible than the use of conventional methods of TOT.
27. ICTs effectiveness is affected by interrupted power supply and 3.41*
lack of funds.
28. ICTs based extension services assists in all aspects related to 0.82
agriculture.
29. With the use of ICTs, there is no further need of the extension 1.43
personnel.
30. I am comfortable to use ICT in technology dissemination. 0.72
* Selected statements for the finals attitude scale
325
APPENDIX III
Statements on e-Readiness Index
S.No. Statements SA A UD DA SDA

1. e-readiness Availability
i. Availability of Personal computer/laptop with adequate
and necessary software(s)
ii. Availability of Internet facility at home in mobile as
well
iii. Availability of smart phone with necessary information
softwares installed
2. e-readiness Accessibility
i. Accessibility of ICTs to every employee to utilize

ii. Accessibility of official computer/laptop to every
employee
iii. Use of available ICTs only by technicals
3. e-readiness Basic ICT Skills
i. Ability to use the computers and its peripherals
ii. Ability to use MS windows
iii. Ready to participate in online programmes
iv. Use of modern ICTs
4. e-readiness Internet skills
i. Knowledge of online technologies
ii. Proper and safe use of the e-mail
iii. Knowledge of internet explorer and can use it
iv. Knowledge of group mails , online file sharing,
discussion boards and chat tools etc.
v. Working knowledge of video chatting
vi. Working knowledge of social networking sites
vii. Knowledge of online surveys
viii. Working knowledge of specialized services like
yousendit
ix. Knowledge of online library and other resource
database
5. e-readiness Software literacy
i. Know the use of file compression or zip
ii. Knowledge of using several applications at same time
iii. Interest towards online learning through
seminars/workshops
326
iv. Interest to learn more about ICTs proper courses
v. Knowledge of Online Learning Management System
6. e-readiness Motivational factors
i. Overcoming physical and psychological distractions
ii. Motivation to learn despite the online distractions
iii. Motivation to learn without distractions at home or
workplace
iv. Motivation to learn without any formal training
v. Demanding nature of ICTs
vi. Speed of ICTs
SA: Strongly Agree A: Agree UD: Undecided DA: Disagree SDA: Strongly Disagree
327

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A STUDY ON INFORMATION AND

THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE

CHAIRPERSON: Dr. I.SREENIVASA RAO

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION

Communication Technologies (ICTs) in Agricultural Extension System in Andhra

of Doctor of Philosophy in Home Science Extension is the result of original work

earlier in any manner.

entitled “A Study on Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in

Agricultural Extension System in Andhra Pradesh” submitted is the result of

previously submitted by her for a degree of any University.

(Dr. I. SREENIVASA RAO)

Date: 25th July 2014

This is to certify that the thesis entitled, ―A Study on Information and

(Dr. I. SREENIVASA RAO)

Thesis approved by the Student Advisory Committee.

Date of Final Viva-Voice : 19th July 2014

Writing of the acknowledgement, signals the completion of a milestone of my

Chapter No. Title Page No.

III MATERIAL AND METHODS

IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

4.1 Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs)

4.10 Categorization of respondents working in R&D, SDA and

4.12 Methods of learning ICT skills by the respondents

4.13 Trainings received by the respondents on ICTs

4.14 Distribution of respondents according to their psychological

4.22 Categorization of respondents as per Experience in ICT Tools

4.25 Experience in ICT Tools use by Private sector respondents

4.26 Distribution of Respondents according to purpose of accessing

4.30 Access to ICTs Tools and frequency of Use of available ICTs

4.35 Pattern of use of ICTs by R & D Sector respondents

4.36 Pattern of use of ICTs by SDA sector respondents

4.37 Pattern of use of ICTs by Private Sector respondents

4.39 e-Readiness of the Respondents

4.40 e-readiness of Agricultural Extension Personnel working in R

Fig. No. Title Page No.

It is important to go through some relevant facts, which are already known,

MATERIAL AND METHODS

3.1 Research Design

3.2 Sampling Procedure

3.3 Construction of Questionnaire

3.4 Documentation of Indian ICTs initiatives in Agricultural Extension System

3.5 Variables and their measurement

3.6 Tools and techniques of data collection

3.7 Statistical techniques used for the data analysis

3.8 Reference period

3.9 Interpretation of results and report writing

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

3.2 SAMPLING PROCEDURE

3.5.1 Independent Variables

S. No. Category Score

3.5.1.5 Number of years of service

3.5.1.6 Major Job responsibility area

S.N. Respondent category Category Score Range

3.5.1.8 Sources of awareness about ICTs

S. No. Category Score Range

3.5.1.9 Perceived attributes of ICTs

S. No. Category Score Range

3.5.1.10 Utility of ICT tools in Extension

3.5.1.13 Achievement Motivation

3.5.1.15 Economic Motivation

It refers to the occupational success in terms of profit maximization and relative

3.5.1.16 Management Orientation