Introduction

 Elasticity
 A body regains its original configuration (length, shape or volume) after you remove the deforming
forces. This is elasticity.

 Perfectly Elastic Body

 A perfectly elastic body regains its original configuration immediately and completely after the
removal of deforming force from it. Quartz and phosphor bronze are the examples of nearly
perfectly elastic bodies.
 Stress
 It is the ratio of the internal force F, produced when the substance is deformed, to the area A over
which this force acts. In equilibrium, this force is equal in magnitude to the externally applied force.
In other words,

 The SI Unit of stress is newton per square meter (Nm-2).In CGS units, stress is measured in dyne-cm-
2. Dimensional formula of stress is ML-1T-2
 Strain
 It is the ratio of the change in size or shape to the original size or shape. It has no dimensions, it is
just a number.
 Defination
 Elasticity:
 The property by virtue of which material bodies regain their original dimensions (size, shape or
both) after removal of deforming force is called elasticity.
 The material exhibiting elasticity is called elastic material and the body is called the elastic body.
 e.g. Rubber, Steel, Aluminum, Sponge etc.
 Stress:
 The net internal elastic force (restoring force) acting per unit area of the surface which is subjected
to deformation is called stress.
 Stress = F / A
 Stress is denoted by letter ‘σ’. S.I. Unit of stress is N m-2 or Pa (pascal) and its dimensions are [L-
1M1T-2]. Units and dimensions of stress are the same as that of pressure.
 Strain:
 The change in dimension per unit original dimension of a body subjected to deforming forces is
called as Strain.
 Strain = Change in dimension / Original dimension

 A strain is denoted by letter ‘e’. It is a pure ratio, (Ratio of two similar quantities) hence it is unitless,
dimensionless quantity [L0M0T0] .
 Strain is tensor quantity. (Neither scalar nor vector).
 Hooke’s Law of Elasticity:
 Statement: Within the elastic limit, the stress developed in the body is directly proportional to the
strain produced in the body.
 Types of stress and strain

Stress
 Normal stress: It is the restoring force per unit area perpendicular to the surface of the body. It is of
two types: tensile and compressive stress.
 (Tangential stress: When the elastic restoring force or deforming force acts parallel to the surface
area, the stress is called tangential stress.

Strain
 Longitudinal strain: If the deforming force produces a change in length alone, the strain produced in
the body is called longitudinal strain or tensile strain. It is given as:

 Volumetric strain: If the deforming force produces a change in volume alone, the strain produced in
the body is called volumetric strain. It is given as:

 Shear strain: The angle tilt caused in the body due to tangential stress expressed is called shear
strain. It is given as:
 The maximum stress to which the body can regain its original status on the removal of the
deforming force is called the elastic limit.
 Hooks low

 Hooke's law: the force is proportional to the extension

 Bourdon tubes are based on Hooke's law. The force created by gas pressure inside the coiled metal
tube above unwinds it by an amount proportional to the pressure.

 The balance wheel at the core of many mechanical clocks and watches depends on Hooke's law.
Since the torque generated by the coiled spring is proportional to the angle turned by the wheel, its
oscillations have a nearly constant period.
 Hooke's law is a law of physics that states that the force (F) needed to extend or compress a spring
by some distance x scales linearly with respect to that distance. That is: {\displaystyle F_{s}=kx},
where k is a constant factor characteristic of the spring: its stiffness, and x is small compared to the
total possible deformation of the spring. The law is named after 17th-century British physicist
Robert Hooke. He first stated the law in 1676 as a Latin anagram.[1][2] He published the solution of
his anagram in 1678[3] as: ut tensio, sic vis ("as the extension, so the force" or "the extension is
proportional to the force"). Hooke states in the 1678 work that he was aware of the law already in
1660.

 Hooke's equation holds (to some extent) in many other situations where an elastic body is
deformed, such as wind blowing on a tall building, a musician plucking a string of a guitar, and the
filling of a party balloon. An elastic body or material for which this equation can be assumed is said
to be linear-elastic or Hookean.

 Hooke's law is only a first-order linear approximation to the real response of springs and other
elastic bodies to applied forces. It must eventually fail once the forces exceed some limit, since no
material can be compressed beyond a certain minimum size, or stretched beyond a maximum size,
without some permanent deformation or change of state. Many materials will noticeably deviate
from Hooke's law well before those elastic limits are reached.

 On the other hand, Hooke's law is an accurate approximation for most solid bodies, as long as the
forces and deformations are small enough. For this reason, Hooke's law is extensively used in all
branches of science and engineering, and is the foundation of many disciplines such as seismology,
molecular mechanics and acoustics. It is also the fundamental principle behind the spring scale, the
manometer, and the balance wheel of the mechanical clock.

 The modern theory of elasticity generalizes Hooke's law to say that the strain (deformation) of an
elastic object or material is proportional to the stress applied to it. However, since general stresses
and strains may have multiple independent components, the "proportionality factor" may no longer
be just a single real number, but rather a linear map (a tensor) that can be represented by a matrix
of real numbers.

 In this general form, Hooke's law makes it possible to deduce the relation between strain and stress
for complex objects in terms of intrinsic properties of the materials it is made of. For example, one
can deduce that a homogeneous rod with uniform cross section will behave like a simple spring
when stretched, with a stiffness k directly proportional to its cross-section area and inversely
proportional to its length.
 Reference
 ^ Landau LD, Lipshitz EM. Theory of Elasticity, 3rd Edition, 1970: 1–172.
 ^ Treloar, L. R. G. (1975). The Physics of Rubber Elasticity. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-
1985-1355-1.
 ^ Sadd, Martin H. (2005). Elasticity: Theory, Applications, and Numerics. Oxford: Elsevier. p. 70. ISBN
978-0-1237-4446-3.
 ^ de With, Gijsbertus (2006). Structure, Deformation, and Integrity of Materials, Volume I:
Fundamentals and Elasticity. Weinheim: Wiley VCH. p. 32. ISBN 978-3-527-31426-3.